Relevant bibliographies by topics / Iraq

Academic literature on the topic 'Iraq'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Iraq"

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Kiianytsia, V. "THE EVOLUTION OF IRAN-IRAQ RELATIONS IN THE SADDAM AND POST-SADDAM ERA." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. International relations, no. 1 (55) (2022): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2292.2022/1-55/46-53.

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The evolution of relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Iraq from the end of the Iran-Iraq War (1988) to the Iraqi political crisis (2021-2022) is considered. The key stages of Iraq's political transformation and the impact of such changes on the state of Iran-Iraq relations are examined. The position of the Republic of Iraq in the Iran's regional policy is determined. The character of Iran-Iraq relations at the current stage is established, the challenges and prospects for its further development are formulated.
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Ahmad, Mumtaz. "IRAQ." American Journal of Islam and Society 2, no. 2 (December 1, 1985): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v2i2.2774.

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At the end of 1979 when the fall of the Shah of Iran was imminent, all eyeswere set on Iraq. Iraq was then seen as the new giant of the Gulf. It had remainedcompletely aloof from all the major inter-Arab disputes and contnwersiesfor almost a decade and had exclusively focused its attention on its ownsocio-economic development. Its development performance during the 1970shad been phenomenal. Iraqi economic planning was rated by internationaldevelopment experts as the most prudent, rational and well-implemented inthe entire Middle East. Notwithstanding-or perhaps because of- its oppressivepolitical apparatus, the Ba'thist state had imposed a code of strict, puritanicalfinancial ethics on its international economic transactions. Iraqi developmentexperience was thus regarded as unique in the Third World in that it was theleast hog-tied by malpractices, pay-offs and personal empire-building by theleadership.Iraq in 1979 was thus a nation with great promise. The size of its oil reservesand potential oil revenues, its capacity for sustained economic developmentbased on a non-oil economy, and its vast water resources that offered thepossibility of an expanded economic base in both agriculture and industry,were some of the major advantages Iraq enjoyed over other Arab oil-producingstates. Its geographical position bordering Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Syria, Jordan,Turkey, and Iran placed it in an area of great geostrategic concern forboth regional and global ewers. Its pivotal position between Israel to thewest and the Gulf to the east, where it forms what Christine Moss Helmshas called "the eastern flank of the Arab World" was regarded as unique inthe Middle East.But then, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein took the greatest gamble of hislife-and lost. He misjudged the vulnerability of the newly installed IslamicRepublic of Iran under the leadership of Ayatullah Khomeini and, believingin his own rhetoric about the invincibility of the Iraqi armed forces, decidedto invade Iran on some filmsy pretexts. Five and a half years after the war ...
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Bardan, Falah Mubarak. "The Iranian Impact on Iraqi-Jordanian Relations after 2003." Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences 50, no. 6 (December 30, 2023): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/hum.v50i6.7082.

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Objectives: The study aims to examine the possibilities and challenges associated with repairing ties between Jordan and Iraq. Additionally, it explores how Iraq's foreign policy priorities towards other nations are influenced, in part, by Iran. Methods: The historical evolution of relations between Iraq and Jordan is tracked using the historical technique described in the first section of the article. The second section employs an analytical and descriptive technique to investigate the impact of the Iranian variable on the Iraq-Jordan relationship. Results: Iranian influence on Iraqi political decision-making has significantly shaped Iraq's political, economic, and security orientations concerning other Arab nations. Iran assesses Iraq's international relations through the zero-sum game theory, viewing alliances between Iraq and its Arab neighbours or nations close to the United States as detrimental to its interests. Conclusion: Since 2003, Iran has actively interfered in Iraq, directly impacting its foreign policy. The constraints on Iraqi political decision-makers limit their ability to advance Iraq's national interests. Consequently, the post-2003 relationship between Iraq and Jordan serves as a model illustrating the impact of the Iranian component in Iraq, leading to minimal changes in Iraq's foreign policy concerning the Arab regional environment.
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Sassoon, Joseph. "The East German Ministry for State Security and Iraq, 1968–1989." Journal of Cold War Studies 16, no. 1 (January 2014): 4–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00429.

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Despite the close relationship between the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and Iraq from the late 1960s until the mid-1970s, new evidence from documents of the former East German Ministry for State Security (Stasi) and the Iraqi Ba'th Party archives, combined with interviews of senior East German diplomats who served in the Arab world, indicates that the Stasi changed its policy in the second half of the 1970s and persisted with that policy in the 1980s after the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq War. This article gives an overview of relations between the Stasi and Iraq following the rise of the Ba'th to power in 1968 under Saddam Hussein (who later became president of Iraq in 1979) and examines Iraq's efforts to obtain assistance from the Stasi. The Iraqi regime's persecution of Communists within Iraq and its targeting of Iraqi Communists in Eastern Europe were important in discouraging the Stasi from establishing close cooperation with Iraq.
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Al-Sheikhly, Omar F., Heimo Mikkola, and Seyd B. Mousavi. "PHARAOH EAGLE-OWL BUBO ASCALAPHUS (SAVIGNY, 1809) (STRIGIFORMES, STRIGIDAE), THE “SHROUDED IN MYSTERY” OWL OF IRAQ AND IRAN." Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 16, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2020.16.2.0219.

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The easternmost extent of the Pharaoh Eagle-Owl Bubo ascalaphus (Savigny, 1809) distribution has remained enigmatic due to identification problems and lack of owl research. In Iraq, B. ascalaphus has been reported from only few localities in western Iraqi deserts; while its occurrence in Iran has not been reported before this study. In 2017–2020, several new records of B. ascalaphus in western through southeastern Iraq were made and a new distribution range in western Iran was confirmed. Furthermore, field identification, interspecific relationships and conservation status of B. ascalaphus in Iraq and Iran were comprehensively discussed.
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Mohsen Al-Gimavi, Sadegh, Mahmoud Bakhshi, Akram Ghanbari Moghaddam, Vahid Ghavami, and Hasanain Al-Khalidi. "A Comparative Study of Healthy Lifestyle of Iranian and Iraqi Elderly and Its Predictors." Salmand 18, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/sija.2022.3420.1.

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Objectives Lifestyle is influenced by differences in societies and changes in culture, social and environmental conditions, hence this study was conducted to determine and compare healthy lifestyle and its predictors in the elderly living in Iran and Iraq. Methods & Materials This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 800 elderly people over 60 years old who were referred to health centers in Najaf City, Iraq, and Mashhad City, Iran in 2021. The research units were selected by cluster probability sampling. Data were collected by demographic characteristic form, healthy lifestyle questionnaire for the elderly, and questionnaire of predictors of a healthy lifestyle at the time of the presence of the elderly in the health center. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 23 with descriptive statistics, and the Chi-Square, Mann Whitney U, independent t test, and regression. Results The Mean±SD age of the elderly in Iran and Iraq was 66.89±6.68 and 66.42±5.23 years, respectively. About 75% of the Iranian elderly and 59% of the Iraqi elderly had a moderate lifestyle. The mean and standard deviation of total lifestyle scores in Iran and Iraq were 145.75±14.97 and 152.29±13.46, respectively, and the independent t test showed a significant difference (P<0.001). Multiple linear regression tests showed that variables of age, self-assessment of health, drug abuse, income and job satisfaction, and marital status and companions had a significant relationship with a healthy lifestyle in the Iranian elderly, while in the Iraqi elderly, variables of age, sex, self-assessment of health, smoking, income, and job satisfaction, and companions had a significant relationship with a healthy lifestyle (P<0.05). Predictor factors predicted 25% of healthy lifestyle scores in Iran and 37% in Iraq. Conclusion It is recommended to improve the lifestyle of the elderly in both Iran and Iraq from the current situation to the desired level. For this purpose, health officials must pay more attention to the most effective factors for a healthy lifestyle, especially drug abuse and income satisfaction in Iran and Iraq, respectively.
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Al-Khafaji, Murtadha, Noorh Sajit, Shabnam Bazmi, and Mehrzad Kiani. "Patient’s Rights in Iran and Iraq." International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine 11, no. 4 (January 8, 2022): 34653. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijmtfm.v11i4.34653.

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Background: The aim of this study was to compare, review, and evaluate the studies on patients right in Iran and Iraq. Methods: This is a review study conducted by searching the Iranian and Iraqi databanks, such as Scientific Information Database (SID), Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology, Iran Medex, Iraqi Academic scientific journals, and Google Scholar for both Iranian and Iraqi articles from 2002 to 2017 using the keywords, such as “Patient Rights”, “Patient Rights Charter”, “Patient Rights Observance”, “Iraq”, “Iran”, and “Patient Awareness and Rights”. Results: Of a total of 32 Iranian and Iraqi articles, only 25 articles met the aim of our study. Conclusion: The growing number of articles published indicates that from 1999 forwards, this topic began to attract the attention of Iranian researchers in a gradual manner, as for the Iraqi researchers, their attention has been attracted from 2013 onwards. Also, despite the poor knowledge of physicians about the patients’ rights in Iran, they have shown acceptable awareness and attitude regarding some patients’ rights. The same is true for Iraqi doctors and health care providers, but they have shown unsatisfactory consequences for some of the rights of Iraqi patients. Patient education through media and careful observation of the patient rights charter, and educating healthcare professionals, and developing professional training on patients’ legal rights by engaging them in educational sessions and lectures on patient rights is necessary. Adequate monitoring of practice according to the patient charter is strongly suggested.
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Hairi, Nur Atika. "The Justifications for Saddam Invading Kuwait and the World Reaction." Sains Insani 8, no. 1 (May 31, 2023): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/sainsinsani.vol8no1.408.

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Abstract: This study examines the justification of Saddam in the Gulf War I. After settling the war with Iran, Saddam continues his action with the invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi forces. These actions got many reactions and responses, especially from Arab states, Iran, the Libyan Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), the United States (US), and United Nations (UN). This paper also tends to analyze the reaction towards the violence afflicted Kuwait, the UN’s role to overcome this conflict, as well as the reasons why Saddam invaded Kuwait. The impacts of this war will be highlighted in terms of domestic and global aspects. The highlighted chronology of this war assists the researcher to evaluate and justify the situation of the war as well as the impact on Iraq’s economy, rebellions of ethnics, politics in the Middle East, international economics, and the relationship between Iraq and Iran. This research uses the qualitative method of content analysis. Analysis indicated that the factors behind the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait are closely related to the economic problems after the eight-year war with Iran. Therefore, by invading Kuwait, Saddam Hussein hopes to take a shortcut to immediately recover the poor economic situation in Iraq. However, this step taken by Saddam Hussein was a disaster for Iraq. At the same time, the very slow action of United Nations (UN) to put pressure on this war and insisting Iraq to stop the war, have made things become worse. Abstrak: Kajian ini mengkaji kewajaran Saddam dalam Perang Teluk I. Selepas menyelesaikan perang dengan Iran, Saddam meneruskan tindakannya dengan pencerobohan tentera Iraq ke Kuwait. Tindakan ini mendapat banyak reaksi dan tindak balas terutama daripada negara Arab, Iran, Majlis Perintah Revolusi Libya (RCC), Amerika Syarikat (AS), dan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB). Kajian ini turut menganalisis reaksi terhadap keganasan yang menimpa Kuwait, peranan PBB untuk mengatasi konflik ini dan sebab-sebab Saddam menceroboh Kuwait. Kesan perang ini akan diketengahkan dari segi domestik dan global. Kronologi perang yang ditonjolkan ini membantu penyelidik menilai dan mewajarkan situasi perang serta kesan terhadap ekonomi Iraq, pemberontakan etnik, politik di Timur Tengah, ekonomi antarabangsa, dan hubungan antara Iraq dan Iran. Penyelidikan ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif analisis kandungan. Analisis menunjukkan bahawa faktor di sebalik pencerobohan Iraq ke atas Kuwait berkait rapat dengan masalah ekonomi selepas perang lapan tahun dengan Iran. Oleh itu, dengan menceroboh Kuwait, Saddam Hussein berharap dapat mengambil jalan pintas untuk segera memulihkan keadaan ekonomi yang lemah di Iraq. Namun, langkah yang diambil oleh Saddam Hussein ini sebenarnya merupakan satu malapetaka bagi Iraq. Manakala, tindakan yang sangat perlahan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) untuk memberi tekanan kepada perang ini dan mendesak Iraq menghentikan semua ini telah memburukkan lagi keadaan.
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Zavada, Ya, and O. Tsebenko. "IRAN-IRAQ RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF REGIONAL SECURITY." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 1(53) (July 8, 2022): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2022.1(53).261111.

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The article analyzes Iran-Iraq relations in the context of regional security. It has been studied that the eight-year Iran-Iraq war became the most bloody and destructive armed conflict of the second half of the XX century. It is worth noting that the beginning of the war caused rivalry: ethnic and religious, political and economic, ideological and personal. Also, the struggle for leadership in the region played a special role. It is established that the USA intervention in Iraq in 2003 changed the geopolitical conditions not only in this country, but in the region as a whole. Although the IRI did not support the USA military operation and condemned it, the invasion of Iraq was in Iran’s interests. After all, the overthrow of Hussein’s regime eliminated one of the main threats to Iran’s national security and, as a result, contributed to the development of bilateral relations. Iran has close relations with the Shiite government in Iraq. Tehran’s foreign policy strategy in the neighboring state is to unite Iraqi Shiite parties to strengthen Shiite rule in Baghdad. It was found that the Iraqi authorities have not formed a unified position on the development of Iran’s nuclear program, because society is divided into supporters of Iran and its opponents. Typically, Shiites who actively support Tehran want to cooperate with it and, accordingly, support the development of Iran’s nuclear program, the signing of the JCPOA, and thus criticize the change in USА policy toward Tehran and the withdrawal from the nuclear deal. At the present stage, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Iraq are actively developing bilateral cooperation and cooperating in many areas, primarily security, economic and political.
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Raič, David. "The Gulf Crisis and the United Nations." Leiden Journal of International Law 4, no. 1 (April 1991): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500001862.

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1. INTRODUCTIONAs a result of the Iraq-Iran war, Iraq's economy has been exhausted. It had a foreign debt of nearly 80 billion dollars. Iraq apparently failed in its attempts to borrow in foreign capital markets the amounts for investment-in particular for the reparation and expansion of oil production capacity-which it needed to restore its economy. In June 1990, Iraq stated that Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates had undermined the Iraqi economy by persistently producing more than their OPEC quotas. On July 18, 1990, the Iraqi Minister of Foreign Affairs Tariq Aziz stated in the Arab League that Kuwait had stolen Iraqi oil worth 2.4 billion dollars from the Rumaila Oilfield and that Kuwait had built military installations on Iraqi territory. The President of Egypt, Mubarak, then stated that Iraq and Kuwait would negotiate in Jeddah about the Iraqi claim. At the OPEC conference in Geneva on July 26, the minimum reference price was raised to $21.0/b. This despite Iraq's pressure to raise it to $25.0/b. Iraq then warned Kuwait that it had legitimate and historical rights in respect of the Rumaila Oilfield and two islands in the Persian Gulf. On August 1 it turned out that the negotiations in Jeddah had failed. Kuwait stated that it had refused to cede territory. On August 2 Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait. Because of the small capacity of the Kuwaiti army to offer resistance, Kuwait was occupied by Iraq in a very short time.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Iraq"

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Talalaj, Janusz Joseph. "Soviet relations with Iraq and Iran /." Title page and contents only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09art137.pdf.

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Cass, Stephen John Robert. "The US takes sides : US policy towards Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386486.

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Gutzwiller, Ryan. "Realpolitik and Iran's Post-Saddam strategy for Iraq /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FGutzwiller.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): Vali Nasr, James Russell. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-82). Also available online.
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Workman, W. Thom. "The social origins of the Iran-Iraq war /." Boulder (Colo.) ; London : L. Rienner publ, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb374585518.

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Hunter, Robert C. "BROTHERS OR RIVALS? IRAN AND THE SHI'A OF IRAQ /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA457514.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2006.
Thesis Advisor(s): James R. Russell. "June 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-148). Also available in print.
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Al=Ameri, Maan Hameed Ibrahim. "Effectiveness of a psychosocial rehabilitation programme for Iraqi repatriated prisoners of the Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.582875.

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The literature related to war captivity has reported that most former prisoners of war are still distressed by memories of traumatic experiences of their capture and captivity decades after repatriation. In addition, the earliest investigations of the effects of this traumatic experience on those repatriates have revealed that they are still suffering from numerous psychological and physical disturbances which are directly related to the traumatic experiences of their captivity. The present study has tested the effectiveness of a psychosocial rehabilitation programme on Iraqi former prisoners of the Iran-Iraq war, 1980-1988. Ninety two participants participated in this study and were randomly divided in two groups; intervention group and control group. The intervention group underwent a 12-week intervention, for an hour a week and completed a questionnaire on 4 occasions; before starting the intervention; half-way through the intervention (6 weeks); at the end of the intervention (12 weeks); and finally, 9 months after completion of the programme. The results ofthis study indicate that the majority of IRPOWs have some level of: PTSD (78.3%); anxiety (62.0%); and depression (63.0%). 85.9% of IRPOWs have a degree of satisfaction ranging from 2-5; and 80.5% of them have a good number of support persons (3-6), and 95.5% of them have medium to good levels of coping. These results reveal that many IRPOWs are still displaying problematical symptoms despite good levels of social support. I The study found no differences at pre-intervention between the Control group and Intervention group for demographic characteristics (current age, age at capture, duration of captivity, time since release, and monthly income, level of education, and rank), PTSD, anxiety, or depression. This gives the researcher confidence that the sampling was effective in eliminating selection bias between the control and intervention group and that change in PTSD and other conditions are likely to be related to the intervention. The study did not find any strong associations between demographic characteristics and outcome variables (PTSD, anxiety, and depression), suggesting that there was no effect of the age of IRPOWs at the time of capture or at the time of the study, duration of captivity, the period since release, rank, level of education, and monthly income on the severity of the symptoms of anxiety and depression or on the level of PTSD. The main finding of the study was that there were changes in levels of PTSD, anxiety and depression over time and following the intervention; with significant differences between the control group and Intervention group (For PTSD: the main time effect: F= 18.39, P= 0.01; between groups effect: F= 16.93, P= 0.01; and groups interaction overtime: F= 28.64, P= 0.01, for Anxiety: the main time effect: F= 6.41, P= 0.01; between groups effect: F= 4.20, P= 0.05; and groups interaction overtime: F= 30.93, P= 0.01, and for Depression: the main time effect was NS: F= 1.94, P= 0.16; between groups effect: F= 6.33, P= 0.01; and groups interaction overtime: F= 8.62, P= 0.01). It suggests the intervention was successful in reducing PTSD symptoms but there was a lack of any differences for anxiety and depression. This might have been due to the difficult security situation which made the increased travel that the intervention group had to undertake very stressful. The study recommends that improved mental health services should be provided in primary care and confidential counselling provided through employee-assistance programmes for IRPOWs; construct further psychosocial rehabilitation programmes for IRPOWs in other Iraqi provinces; and set plan to identify and evaluate the psychological conditions for other IRPOWs groups, including those living in other towns and rural areas and to set follow-up studies to explore their progress. IV
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Bradley, Judah C. "Iraq Reconstruction." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11492.

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The invasion planning, execution and ongoing reconstruction operations in Iraq are extremely complex. Using research, personal experience and experience of deployed members, this paper documents reconstruction events which led to the current situation in Iraq, discusses reconstruction lesson learned and offers alternative approaches which may decrease time and budget requirements for future reconstruction operations.
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Brewer, Joshua J. "Iraq, Reconsidered." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/27.

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This paper sets itself upon analyzing the Iraq War of 2003 through the lens of modern Just War Theory. We will begin with a curt summary of Iraq’s history, focusing particularly on its determinedly odious leader, Saddam Hussein. Thereon, we will be analyzing a pro-war security argument, the aim of which is to assess the threat of Hussein’s weaponry ambitions and what that threat meant to the world. Next, we will be going over the tenets of Just War Theory itself, tracing its history from Rome to the modern doorstep, and applying the security argument to its dictum. Afterwards, we move into the anti-war segment and shall unpack the subject of Iraq's oil resources and whether or not the United States' actions disqualify the intervention from achieving Just War status. Then, our next section shall be addressing the same question of potential disqualification, only this time from the angle of the war’s questionable legality. Finally, we shall conclude on the ultimate query of this paper: was the U.S. decision to intervene in 2003’s Iraq compatible with the modern principles of Just War Theory?
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Kh, hussen Murad. "Developments In Northern Iraq And Turdish-iraqi Relations 1990-2005." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12606803/index.pdf.

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This study is a historical analysis of Turkish-Iraqi relations from the Gulf War of 1990 up to the Iraqi elections of 2005 and the end of Transitional Administration Law (TAL) and prior to the permanent constitution. This study attempted to explain how Turkish-Iraqi relations entered into a new phase with the Gulf War of 1990. In this year, Iraq invaded Kuwait. Following this invasion, Iraq was attacked by coalition forces and at the end of this war, Iraq was nearly divided when a safe haven was created for the Kurds in northern Iraq. In this regard, this thesis paid attention to three factors that had significant impact on the foreign policy of Turkey towards Iraq: a de facto Kurdish state in northern part of this country and apprehension about the possibility of an independent Kurdish state, the existance of PKK in northern Iraq as a result of a power vacuum there and concerns about the future fate of Turkomans in Iraq and attempts to protect their rights. This study has demonstrated how Kurdish question has influenced Turkey&rsquo
s policy towards Iraq and restricted its options.
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Lemon, Michele. "The use of Islam as propaganda in the Iran-Iraq War /." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65960.

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Books on the topic "Iraq"

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E, McCuen Gary, ed. Iran Iraq war. Hudson, Wis: G.E. McCuen, 1987.

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Sreedhar. Iraq-Iran war. New Delhi: ABC Pub. House, 1985.

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Iraq-Iran war. New Delhi: ABC Pub. House, 1985.

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United States. Dept. of State. Bureau of Public Affairs, ed. Iran-Iraq war. [Washington, D.C.?]: Bureau of Public Affairs, Dept. of State, 1985.

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United States. Dept. of State. Bureau of Public Affairs, ed. Iran-Iraq war. [Washington, D.C.?]: Bureau of Public Affairs, Dept. of State, 1985.

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Bangash, Ghulam Taqi. Iran Iraq relations. [Peshawar]: G.T. Bangash, 1991.

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Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, ed. Iran-Iraq war. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1988.

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Johnson, Rob. The Iran-Iraq War. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-26778-8.

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Karsh, Efraim, ed. The Iran-Iraq War. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20050-4.

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Souresrafil, Behrouz. The Iran-Iraq war. Plainview, NY: Guinan Lithographic Co., 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Iraq"

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Walsh, James J. "Iran and Iraq." In Security and Bilateral Issues between Iran and its Arab Neighbours, 81–122. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43289-2_5.

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Chehabi, H. E. "Iran and Iraq." In Iran Facing Others, 193–218. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137013408_10.

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Rasheed, Amjed. "Iran-Iraq War." In Power and Paranoia in Syria-Iraq Relations, 49–66. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003344889-7.

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Hiro, Dilip. "The Iran-Iraq War." In Iran and the Arab World, 42–68. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22538-5_4.

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O’Ballance, Edgar. "The Iran-Iraq War." In The Kurdish Struggle 1920–94, 123–45. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230377424_9.

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Ali, Sheikh R. "The Iran-Iraq War." In The Middle East, 217–24. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003419044-25.

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Entessar, Nader. "Kurdistan-Iraq and Iran." In Between Diplomacy and Non-Diplomacy, 263–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09756-0_13.

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Tripp, Charles. "The Consequences of the Iran-Iraq War for Iraqi Politics." In The Iran-Iraq War, 58–77. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20050-4_5.

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Taylor, Ann C. M. "Iraq." In International Handbook of Universities, 475–77. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12912-6_68.

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Chaichan, Miqdam Tariq, and Hussein A. Kazem. "Iraq." In Generating Electricity Using Photovoltaic Solar Plants in Iraq, 11–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75031-6_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Iraq"

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علوان عبدالله, نزار. "" Stages of Genocide Against the Kurds in Iraq 1975 – 1988 Historical study"." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/57.

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Following the collapse of the Kurdish revolution in 1975 in the wake of Algiers Agreement1975 between Iraq and Iran, the governing Baath regime in Baghdad found itself free against the National Kurdish Movement, carrying out a series of genocide and ethnic cleansing operations against Kurds in Iraq. The government lunched wide arrest campaign against members of Kurdish opposition and destroyed many border villages in order to create a 20-kilometer security belt alongside the borders with Turkey and Iran with mines planted there. That area was declared to be a military zone accessed only by the Iraqi army. That required evacuating 500 villages which caused thousands of Kurds to seek refuge in Iran in fear of apprehension or murder. These developments were accompanied by a displacement process carried out by the Iraqi government on March 31st 1975 against member of Al-Barzani clan in Barzan area, who were displaced to the desert in Al-Qadisiya province and were only allowed to return to Kurdistan in the 1980 in the condition that they do not go back to their original areas. This was followed by the Anfal campaign which destroyed more than four thousand villages and displaced more than half a million Kurds to the Iraqi southern deserts while other thousands fled to Iran. It was in the Anfal campaign that the tragedy of Halabja occurred where chemical weapons were used on March 16th 1988 causing the death of more than five thousand Kurds and horrible unprecedented scene.
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AL-SHAHRISTANI, HUSSAIN. "IRAQ AFTER SADDAM: AN IRAQI PERSPECTIVE." In Fourth Centenary of the Foundation of the First Academy of Sciences: “Academia Lynceorum” by Federico Cesi and Pope Clemente VIII. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702753_0022.

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Ied Abdullah ABDULLAH, Ahmed. "THE ROLE OF E-GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS IN COMBATING ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL CORRUPTION IN IRAQ." In VI. International Congress of Humanities and Educational Research. Rimar Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/ijhercongress6-01.

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Iraq faces many challenges as a result of the spread of financial and administrative corruption in most state institutions, especially with the multiplicity of decision-making sources and the lack of clarity of the economic system in force in Iraq, as the economy moved after the invasion of Iraq in 2003 by the United States and its allies to a rentier economy with almost complete dependence on oil revenues Without benefiting from the rest of the resources that Iraq enjoys, such as industry, agriculture, and services, many researchers believe that applying the concept of good governance leads to helping the Iraqi state gain more transparency, accountability, independence, and freedom in managing its affairs and actions. This study discusses the challenges and problems facing the Iraqi state, the concept and importance of applying good governance, its standards and models, and its role in reducing administrative and financial corruption. The study concluded that the Iraqi state suffers from financial and administrative corruption, and this is due to many problems, including weak application of good governance and the absence of systems of transparency and accountability. Transparency levels, and considering combating financial and administrative corruption a national task in which everyone participates
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Abbas, Amjed, Muhannad Abbas, Ibrahim Al-Ani, and Havan Salman. "Investigating the Effect of Different Roughness on Velocity Pattern at a Reach of Shatt-Al-Arab." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARCHITECTURAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING 2020. Cihan University-Erbil, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.321.

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Shatt al-Arab River is the only international navigational river in Iraq, extending from the city of Qurna to its mouth in the Arabian Gulf at the city of Al-Fao within the governorate of Basrah for a length of approximately 204 km. Its width ranges from 400 m to 2000 m and its depth ranges from 8 m to 20 m. Since many years Shatt al-Arab River suffer from scouring at the right side (Iraqi side), that is led to displace the borders between Iraq and Iran (Al- Thalweg Line) towards Iraqi territory and thus led to loss of Iraqi land to Iran. Reducing flow velocity along the Iraqi side can led to reducing or preventing erosion in the right bank. Increasing the riverbed roughness will reduce the velocity of flow and then reducing the erosion. This principle was adopted in this study. In this research, a reach of Shatt Al-Arab with a length of 2.5 km located at 34 km northern Fao city was selected to represent the study area. A small area at the upstream of the reach mentioned earlier (700 m length) was selected and called strip in order to change the bed roughness for three different heights. This scenario was simulated with full scale (prototype scale) to investigate the effect of increasing the bed roughness on the velocity pattern at river cross sections and along the reach. The simulation done by using 3D numerical modeling CFD solver (ANSYS fluent 19). For each allocated area, as increasing the roughness height (ks), the longitudinal velocity (v) decreased at the right side by about 10% to 70% and increased by about 5% to 260% at left side along the river reach.
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Pástor, Rudolf, and Matej Vallo. "Vybrané externé a interné vplyvy na stabilitu bezpečnostnej situácie Iraku." In Národná a medzinárodná bezpečnosť. Akadémia ozbrojených síl generála Milana Rastislava Štefánika, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52651/nmb.c.2023.9788080406516.333-343.

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The article aims to provide a broader overview on situation in the Middle East particularly in Iraq. Iraq represents the key factor to achieve security and stability in the Middle East, therefore international coalition and other global actors are focusing their actions to gain influence in Iraq. The impact of many disputes, wars, political fights, Saddam Hussein terroristic regime and the recent rise and fall of terroristic Islamic State left Iraq in ruins. Iraq is just standing at the beginning of its journey to become a prosperous state. In this article author is providing basic breakdown of threats, which are challenging the Iraqi government. Author divided them into two sections – internal and external, even though they are both connected and the overall success will depend on national and international solutions. In the last chapter the author is providing his opinion on the future development of Iraq in 2 years period. This article consist of facts from scientific publications and the author expertise based on his gained knowledge during his time period spent in Iraq.
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عزيز داخل, سعد. "Gulf concerns about the development of the situation in Iraq during the events of 1991." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/59.

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" Summary: The situation in Iraq after the events of the first Gulf War witnessed developments that contributed to the emergence of fears among the Arab Gulf states about the situation in Iraq, as the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait and the coming of foreign forces to the Arabian Gulf and Iranian interference in the region raised fears of those events that took place in the region, so I worked The Gulf states should pay attention to ensuring its regional security and changing its policy towards the situation in Iraq, after it supported the fall of the regime. "
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Saeed, Nawsherwan. "Is the constitution the problem in front of the democratic transition in Iraq?" In REFORM AND POLITICAL CHANGE. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdiconfrpc.pp171-183.

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Nearly 17 years after the US invasion, Iraq ranks first in the list of the most corrupt and least stable countries in the world. The state of instability and rampant corruption in Iraqi society since 2003 made some critics blame the constitution itself as the main obstacle to the country's democratic transition. For them, the hasty method of drafting the constitution, the absence of Iraqi constitutional expertise, and the lateral representation of Sunni Arabs are among the factors that have contributed to the precarious situation in Iraq over the past years. Likewise, critics argue that the ambiguity and ambiguity in some constitutional articles hindered its application. Amid these readings, the October revolution erupted on October 1, 2019 in Baghdad and the rest of the southern governorates of Iraq in protest against the deteriorating economic conditions of the country, unemployment, and the spread of administrative corruption. The demands of the demonstrators reached to change the constitution and amend the electoral law. Thus, the question posed in this paper is to what extent can the constitution really be an obstacle to the democratization process in Iraq? This paper discusses that the nature of Iraqi society as a deeply divided society, the absence of the previous democratic experience among the citizens, the weakness of the political culture of cooperation and tolerance among the political elites, and external interference are among the main obstacles to the democratic transformation in the country. Finally, the conclusion of the study is that despite all the criticisms and criticisms about the democratic experience in Iraq, the process of democratic transformation is slow in itself, and therefore it can be said that the process is still ongoing and has not failed yet.
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Abdalhusein Almtlak, Asmar. "The genocide crimes of ISIS gangs in Iraq 2014-2017." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/41.

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During the period confined between 2014-2017, the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) took control of a number of important cities in Iraq, and the organization led a wide campaign of violence and systematic violations of human rights and international law, which amounts to war crimes and crimes against humanity. 0 The Iraqi people were subjected to the largest brutal crime in the history of humanity when these terrorist elements targeted women, children, civilians and minorities, as well as religion and belief, and committed many crimes of genocide against them.
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فهد حسين, محمد. "Forced displacement in Iraq 1990-2003." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/63.

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"Summary of research / forced displacement in Iraq 1990- 2003 Prof. Dr. Muhammad Fahad Al-Qaisi College of Education for Human Sciences / University of Wasit mfahad@uowasit.edu.iq 07706925308 The process of forced displacement is one of the most severe cases that a person or group can be exposed to, and its cruelty may be equivalent to the death penalty, because it represents a moral death for all the values, ties and belonging of the human soul, and it strips man of his relationship with his homeland and all kinds of decent living, and makes him A homeless being without affiliation and communication, and the consequent economic, political and even moral problems affecting the individual or the group. In view of the peculiarity of the nineties of the last century for Iraq, as it witnessed the most violent war that Iraq witnessed after its invasion of Kuwait and the subsequent political and social disintegration and economic hardship. Many cases of forced displacement in which Iraq was a party in one way or another have been noted. Forced displacement of his people, in addition to the presence of population groups that were forcibly displaced to him, with the addition of an important matter, which is the return of those who were forcibly displaced in his lands or to his lands. The research aimed to discuss all these matters and on a number of themes, namely: The first axis: cases of forced displacement of the Iraqi people The second axis: cases of forced displacement of other peoples who passed through Iraq The third axis: cases of return of the forcibly displaced We sincerely hope that we have contributed regarding the danger of the phenomenon of forced displacement, and the fairness of its victims with regard to their inherent rights that prevent their deportation from their areas of origin in any way. "
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Saeed, Kurdistan, and Chawan Salah. "Electoral systems applied to the Iraqi parliament elections after 2003 (comparative analytical study)." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF DEFICIENCIES AND INFLATION ASPECTS IN LEGISLATION. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicdial.pp277-289.

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This study deals with the electoral systems applied in Iraq after 2003 for the Iraqi Parliament elections. The issue's importance lies in the fact that elections are the legitimate means adopted by modern political systems based on the separation of powers. Therefore, after changing the political system in Iraq in 2003 from a one-party system to a democratic parliamentary system, the permanent constitution of 2005 granted the right to political participation for citizens. Including the right to participate in elections through nomination or candidacy for the Iraqi Council of Representatives, this study examines the electoral systems applied after 2003 and the reasons for the instability of the Iraqi parliament elections on a specific law. The study dealt with the types of electoral systems by focusing on the concept and emergence of elections and the most critical electoral systems adopted by political systems. Furthermore, the electoral systems applied after 2003 in the Iraqi parliament elections by focusing on the electoral laws or their amendments that preceded each electoral cycle since 2003 until now. The study concluded that the electoral system in Iraq was not legally stable; several amendments have been made to the laws regulating the elections for the House of Representatives. So the two elections did not repeat under one law because of political parties' criticism leveled at it. Moreover, the attempt by the large parliamentary blocs, through their control of the Iraqi Council of Representatives, to legislate laws that limit the victory of the blocs and small parties.
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Reports on the topic "Iraq"

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Cramer, Joseph F. Operational Insights of Iraq Gleamed from the Iran-Iraq War. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada236758.

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Trafton, Dwight, and Mike Isherwood. Saddam and the Iran-Iraq War. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada441580.

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Torrez, Karla, and Vincent Difronzo. The Iran-Iraq War: Exceeding Means. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada441679.

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Johnston, Angelina, Kevin O'Connor, and Yogin Rawal. Iraqi Civil Defense Headquarters Baghdad, Iraq. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada493380.

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Rokosz, Ronald F. Clausewitz and the Iran-Iraq War. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada207262.

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Pelletiere, Stephen C., II Johnson, and Douglas V. Lessons Learned: The Iran-Iraq War. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada232451.

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Bucknam, Mark, and Frank Esquivel. Saddam Hussein and the Iran-Iraq War. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada441842.

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Naff, Thomas. Gulf Security and the Iran-Iraq War. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada229581.

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Post, Jerrold M., and Amatzia Baram. Saddam is Iraq: Iraq is Saddam"". Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada424787.

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Xavier, Francis V. Iran and Iraq: A Prediction for Future Conflict. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada397846.

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