Journal articles on the topic 'Iranian'
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1
Hassanzadeh, Fatemeh, and Shima Moallemi. "L’art populaire : un outil d’éveil identitaire chez l’apprenant iranien." Voix Plurielles 10, no. 2 (November 28, 2013): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/vp.v10i2.846.
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Actuellement la vague d’émigration des jeunes Iraniens a provoqué un état conflictuel dans le contexte de l’enseignement et de l’apprentissage du français en Iran. Loin d’arriver à un enrichissement, l’apprenant iranien lors du choc culturel, se trouve dans une position d’acceptation absolue de la culture occidentale ; ce qui mènerait une démarche interculturelle, s’adressant dans sa première phase à l’identité de soi, vers un échec. Cette recherche consiste à voir où se trouve l’origine de cet échec menant à une crise identitaire et comment, à l’aide d’une démarche pratique, l’art populaire dans le cadre du théâtre expérimental pourrait créer un espace d’éveil identitaire implicite chez l’apprenant iranien.
Popular art: an identity awaking tool on the part of the Iranian learner
Currently the wave of immigration of young Iranians has caused a state of conflict in the context of teaching and learning French in Iran. When the Iranian learners confront the cultural shock, far from becoming a cultural enrichment, they find themselves in a position of absolute acceptance of Western culture, which would lead to an intercultural approach, addressing itself to identity in its first phase, then to a complete failure. This research tries to see the origin of this failure which results in an identity crisis and also to see how the use of popular art in the framework of an experimental theatre could create a space of implicit awakening in the identity of the Iranian language learner.
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HOJAT, MOHAMMADREZA, REZA SHAPURIAN, DANESH FOROUGHI, HABIB NAYERAHMADI, MITRA FARZANEH, MAHMOOD SHAFIEYAN, and MOHIN PARSI. "Gender Differences in Traditional Attitudes Toward Marriage and the Family." Journal of Family Issues 21, no. 4 (May 2000): 419–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251300021004001.
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This study compares Iranian male and female immigrants in the United States on their attitudes toward marriage and the family. Participants were 160 Iranians in the United States. A 10-item attitude scale measured the degree of traditional attitudes (a stand taken in the prevalent Iranian culture as opposed to that in the mainstream American society) toward premarital sex, marriage, and the family. Results showed Iranian men scored significantly higher than Iranian women on the traditional attitude scale ( p < .05, effect size estimate = .39). Gender difference remained significant after adjusting for participants' age. The attitudinal disparity between Iranian male and female immigrants observed in this study can provide an explanation for a high rate of marital dissolution among Iranians in the United States. Findings can also help in understanding some underlying issues that contribute to intra- and interpersonal tension among the immigrants with implications in marital and family therapy.
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Nurboev, Qurbon, and Achil Buriyev. "“Iranian” term as ethnonym." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 11-2 (November 1, 2022): 262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202211statyi34.
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This article will talk about one of the ethnographic groups living in the Republic of Uzbekistan - Iranians, including the emergence and application of the term “Iranian". The authors analyze the use of the term “Iranian", as well as other historical terms: “Persian", “Marvi", and others.
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Shenkar, Michael. "Temple Architecture in the Iranian World before the Macedonian Conquest." Iran and the Caucasus 11, no. 2 (2007): 169–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338407x265423.
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AbstractThe article offers a survey of temple architecture in the Iranian world before the Macedonian conquest. Despite the observations that ancient Iranians worshipped in the open air, structures of cultic significance have been discovered in some areas of Eastern Iran. While the attribution of the earliest, second millennium temples to the Iranian tribes is still disputable, Iranians definitely had temples before the Achaemenids. The earliest temples found in the Iranian settlements are the ones from Tepe Nush-i Jan (for Western Iran) and Dahān-i Ghulāmān (for the Eastern). However, it seems that the majority of ancient Iranians, including the first Achaemenids, worshiped under the open sky. Given the nomadic background of the ancient Iranians they probably became acquainted with temple architecture once they came into close contact with the highly developed civilisations, which preceded them in some areas of what was later to become the Iranian World. In general it is impossible to speak of one “Iranian culture” or a unified “Iranian cult” in the second and first millennia BCE; instead, temple architecture demonstrates a variety of different regional traditions. More temples have been discovered in Eastern Iran than in Western. The architectural evidence from Eastern Iran in this period also suggests a complex picture of heterogeneous local cults, at least some of which made use of closed temples. Another kind of cultic structure was the open air terraces. There is also some evidence for domestic cults. Iranian cults also share a number of common, dominant features. Special significance was attributed to fire and ashes. Most temple altars (often stepped) were at the centre of the cult and rituals. Another important feature is the absence of cult statues and images. It is remarkable that most of the temples were erected on the highest point of the site or on an artificial elevated platform.
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Sattari Sarbanqoli, Sina, and Sirus Jamali. "A comparative study of painting and architecture stylistics of contemporary Iranian and western arts." Journal of Art and Architecture Studies 10, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54203/jaas.2021.5.
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Iranian art reflects the spirit and inclinations of Iranians, regardless of place and time of origin. Another point is the diversity of works of art which shows that the ancient Iranians had high skills in different regions. Iranian architecture and painting have always been present side by side and influentially throughout history, and this connection persists until today in contemporary Iranian art. The present article is a research on the features and concepts of architectural and painting styles in contemporary Iranian art and a comparative comparison of these two arts which is centered on the concept of architecture and painting. The contemporary architectural styles and tendencies in question date back to the first and subsequent Pahlavi rule. The general objectives of the research are to apply the styles of painting and architecture in Iranian art to achieve the same conceptualism of these two arts. For this purpose, three main categories have been studied: the first part is contemporary Iranian architecture, the second part is contemporary Iranian painting and the third part is a comparative comparison of contemporary Iranian architectural and painting styles. The present research is an analytical and comparative research and the research method is based on the application of styles and logical reasoning. Documentary and library studies and theories of experts are also the basis of this article.
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Abedinifard, Mostafa. "Iran's “Self-Deprecating Modernity”: Toward Decolonizing Collective Self-Critique." International Journal of Middle East Studies 53, no. 3 (May 12, 2021): 406–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743821000131.
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AbstractExtant studies of Iranian nationalism accentuate the self-aggrandizing side of Iranian modernity, mainly achieved through, and informing, a process of otherizing certain non-Persians/Iranians, particularly the Arabs. I argue that equally important to understanding Iranian modernity is its lesser recognized, shameful and self-demeaning face, as manifested through a simultaneous 19th-century discourse, which I call “self-deprecating modernity.” This was an often self-ridiculing and shame-inducing, sometimes satirical, discourse featuring an emotion-driven and self-Orientalizing framework that developed out of many mid-nineteenth-century Iranian modernists’ obsessions with Europe's gaze; with self-surveillance; and with the perceived humiliation of Iranians through the ridiculing laughter of Other (especially European) nations at Iran's and Iranians’ expense. To explore this discourse, I re-examine the works of three pre-constitutionalist thinkers and writers within the broader sociopolitical context of late Qajar Iran, surveying their perspectives on shame, embarrassment, and ridiculing laughter, and showing how they were significantly informed by, while also helping to form, self-deprecating modernity. Given the strong, self-colonizing presumptions of this discourse, I conclude the article with a stress on the importance of re-exploring collective self-critical practices in modern Iranian history, culture, and literature with an eye toward decolonizing self-criticism.
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Gholami, Reza, Arezoo Koohzad, Behzad Ghonsooly, and Zargham Ghapanchi. "Relationship between Students’ Gender and their Use of Politeness Strategies in the “Results and Discussions Section” of PhD Dissertations." Dinamika Ilmu 19, no. 1 (June 11, 2019): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21093/di.v19i1.1475.
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The researcher analyzed the Result and Discussion Sections of 10 dissertations of Iranian PhD students and 10 British PhD students by aiming to investigate their use of politeness strategies using Brown and Levinson’s (1987) taxonomy and its relationship with the gender of the authors. The results proved that Iranian writers most frequently used negative politeness strategies, followed by positive politeness strategies. British writers, like Iranians, used negative politeness strategies more than the others. The next frequent strategy was positive politeness strategies. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the frequency of politeness strategies used by Persian and British writers. Considering the gender, there is a significant difference between the positive strategies used by male and female Iranians. In fact, unlike the Male Iranian authors who used more positive strategies, the female Iranian authors used fewer strategies and this difference was significant. However, that there was no significant difference between the positive strategies used by British male and female participants. Also, there was a significant difference between the negative strategies used by male and female Iranians. In fact, the results show that the female Iranian authors used fewer strategies and this difference was significant. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the negative strategies used by British male and female participants.
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Afzali, Mehdi, Ayşem Biriz Karaçay, and Sergey V. Ryazantsev. "IRANIAN IMMIGRANTS’ LIVING CONDITION IN RUSSIA AND TURKEY DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. SERIES 1. ECONOMICS AND LAW, no. 3 (2021): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2021-3-09.
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COVID-19 has emerged in a world tightly related to local and international population movements. International migrants are a group of very vulnerable people who are directly and indirectly affected by Covid-19. They face additional barriers rather than the locals, such as language barrier, border closure, visa barrier, etc. The aim of this article is to discuss impacts of Coronavirus COVID-19 on Iranian immigrants’ lives in Russia and Turkey. The 1979 Islamic Revolution led to unprecedented numbers of Iranians leaving their home country. Although many Iranian have immigrated to both countries in the last decades, the forms and patterns of migration of Iranians to these two countries are different. And Turkey has been one of the main countries of destination for Iranian immigrants and it also acted as a transit country for Iranian refugees that left Turkey to Europe. And Russia on the other hand, in the last years, hosts Iranian students who form the most number of immigrants in this country. The qualitative approach, grounded theory is used in this research. We interviewed four Iranian immigrants in Russia and three Iranian immigrants in Turkey online in platform zoom in the Persian language, the age range of our interviewees was from 18-35 years old, two of the interviewees were women and five men. Findings in this study show that language barrier, financial instability, access to information, and in some cases discriminations have been the most important problems that Iranians faced during the pandemic in these two countries. However, they believe that the two countries were quite successful in adapting themselves to the new pattern of life.
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Sabaliauskienė, Dalia. "Ritualinis mandagumas (ta’ârof) šiuolaikinio Irano visuomenėje ir tarpkultūrinėje komunikacijoje: Teherano šiaurinės dalies atvejis." Lietuvos etnologija / Lithuanian ethnology 19 (28) 2019 (December 19, 2019): 169–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/25386522-1928008.
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This paper examines the concept and practices of the Iranian ritual courtesy ta’ârof in northern Tehran, based on field-study findings, and analyses its expression in intercultural communication. It examines how contemporary Iranians perceive ta’ârof, what practices of ritual courtesy are commonly found, and whether configurations of the Iranian code of courtesy remain stable in the changing cultural environment. The study employs the theory of face maintenance and data from Iranian face and diaspora research. It shows emic perceptions of ta’ârof, and reveals its practices in Tehran, alongside tendencies of expression among Iranians living in Lithuania. Key words: ta’ârof, ritual courtesy, capital-city culture, intercultural communication, contemporary Iran.
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Fayyaz, Sam, and Roozbeh Shirazi. "Good Iranian, Bad Iranian: Representations of Iran and Iranians inTimeandNewsweek(1998–2009)." Iranian Studies 46, no. 1 (January 2013): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2012.740899.
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Baghoolizadeh, Beeta. "Seeing Black America in Iran." American Historical Review 128, no. 4 (December 1, 2023): 1618–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhad383.
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Abstract From the 1960s onwards, many Iranians closely followed Black American protests during the Civil Rights and Black Power movements in the United States. This period proved pivotal for Iranian understandings of race, where intellectuals, revolutionaries, and those in media would use US-centric histories of enslavement, racism, and Black Americans to erase nineteenth-century histories of enslavement and racism in Iran, tacitly displacing the existence of Black Iranians across the national landscape. Black American Muslims, particularly Malcolm X, emerged as the ideal form of Blackness. After the 1979 revolution, non-Black Iranians and the Iranian government would continue this focus on US-based racism through an official narrative that repeatedly defined racism as a US-only problem, ultimately cementing the erasures around histories of enslavement and Black Iranians that began with abolition in 1929. Through an analysis of speeches, memoirs, poetry, newspaper articles, photography, and other illustrated media, this article weaves together vignettes to demonstrate how the pervasiveness of racial hierarchies fashioned around US histories came to shift an Iranian vocabulary and conceptualization of race. This article traces the changes in racial discourse during the 1960s and 1970s, the 1979 revolution, and the Iran-Iraq War from an Iranian perspective.
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Van den Bos, Matthijs, and Wahideh Achbari. "Cultural migration: Networks of Iranian Organizations in the Netherlands." MIGRATION LETTERS 4, no. 2 (January 28, 2014): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v4i2.219.
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While distrust and divisiveness amongst Iranians in different diaspora environments have been commonly acknowledged, there are additional indications suggesting that Dutch-Iranian organizations are relatively scarce. In this article, we compare the organizational networks of Dutch-Iranians to those of Turks and Moroccans in the Netherlands. The results show that organization density is lower and fragmentation higher for Dutch-Iranians. We explain this by Iranian forms of organization, which have been transplanted to and interact with the diaspora. However, Dutch-Iranians are also exceptionally well integrated in the Dutch society. This puts the relationship between integration and ethnic organization into question.
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Hojabri, Afsaneh. "Iranian Women’s Food Writing in Diaspora." Anthropology of the Middle East 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ame.2020.150213.
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Abstract: In light of the recent surge of Iranians’ autobiographies and fictions in the West, this article will examine ‘food writing’ as an emerging genre of diasporic narrative dominated by Iranian women. It will explore the multiple avenues through which these cookbooks/food memoirs seek not only to make accessible the highly sophisticated Persian culinary tradition but also to ameliorate the image of Iran. Such attempts are partly in response to the challenges of exilic life, namely, the stereotypical portrayal of Iranians in the Western media. Three books with strong memoir components will be further discussed in order to demonstrate how the experiences of the 1979 revolution, displacement, and nostalgia for prerevolutionary Iran are interwoven with the presentation of Iranian food and home cooking abroad.Résumé : À la lumière de la vague récente d’autobiographies et de fictions d’Iraniens dans l’ouest cet article examinera “l’écriture culinaire” en tant que genre émergent de récit diasporique dominé par les femmes iraniennes. Il explorera les multiples voies pas lesquelles ces livres de cuisine / mémoires culinaires cherchent non seulement à rendre accessible la tradition culinaire persane très sophistiquée, mais aussi à améliorer l’image de l’Iran. Une telle tentative est une réponse aux défis de la vie en exil, à savoir la représentation stéréotypée des Iraniens dans les médias occidentaux. Trois livres avec de fortes composantes de mémoire seront discutés plus en détail afin de démontrer comment les expériences de la révolution de 1979, le déplacement et la nostalgie de l’Iran pré-révolutionnaire sont entrelacés avec la présentation de la cuisine iranienne et de la cuisine maison à l’étranger.
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Jadidi, Rahmatollah, Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi, Narges Mohammadsalehi, Hossein Ansari, and Ebrahim Ghaderi. "Inequity in Timeliness of MMR Vaccination in Children Living in the Suburbs of Iranian Cities." International Journal of Biomedical Science 11, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.59566/ijbs.2015.11093.
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Introduction: High coverage of immunization is one of the indicators of good performance of health system but timely vaccination is another indicator which is associated with protective effect of vaccines. The present study aimed at evaluating the inequity in timely vaccination with a focus on inequities in timeliness by gender, birth order, parents' education and place of residence (rural or urban). Methods: A historical cohort study was conducted on children of 24-47 months of age who were living in the suburbs of big cities in Iran and were selected through stratified proportional sampling method. Only children who had vaccine cards –i.e. 3610 children -were included in data analysis. The primary outcome was age-appropriate vaccination of MMR1. Inequity was measured by Concentration Index (C) and Relative Index of Inequity (RII). Inequity indexes were calculated according to the mother and father's education, child birth order, child's sex and the family's place of residence at the time of vaccination. Results: The overall on-time MMR1 vaccination was 70% and 54.4% for Iranians and Non-Iranians, respectively. The C index of mother and father's education for timely MMR vaccination was 0.023 and was 0.029 in Iranian children as well as 0.044 and 0.019 for non-Iranians, respectively. The C index according to child order in Iranians and Non-Iranians was 0.025 and C=0.078. With regard to children who lived in cities, the on-time vaccination was 0.36% and 0.29% higher than that in rural areas . In male children it was 0.12% and 0.14% higher than that in female children for Iranians and Non-Iranians, respectively. Conclusion: Timeliness MMR vaccination in Iranian children is higher than that in non-Iranian children. Regarding the existence of differences in timely vaccination rate in all Iranian and Non-Iranian children, no evidence was observed for inequity by focusing on parents' education, birth order, gender or place of residence. So, increasing timeliness of vaccination for enhancing the protective effect of vaccines can be considered a health-related goal in Iran after receiving high immunization coverage.
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Kholdani, Asef. "The Iranian Time Reckoning and the Periodization of Iranian History into the ‘Pre Islamic’ and ‘Islamic’ Periods." Journal of Persianate Studies 6, no. 1-2 (2013): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18747167-12341259.
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Abstract This paper, as part of a greater study, aims to shed light upon the failure of Western scholars to acknowledge the chronological schema adopted by Iranians themselves with respect to their own history. It also addresses the confusion, and negative consequences, resulting from when Iranian history was divided two centuries ago into “Pre-Islamic” and “Islamic” periods. This paper will argue for the validity of the time reckoning system developed by Iranians themselves, and by Biruni in particular, as a means to understand this history in the context of Iranian history and cultural traditions. An argument will be made for the fallacy of a chronological system that uses the development of an ideology, as opposed to a historical event, for the lens through which Iranian history is examined.
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Budarick, John. "Localised Audiences and Transnational Media: Media Use by Iranian-Australians." Media International Australia 148, no. 1 (August 2013): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1314800108.
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This article investigates the ways in which Iranian-Australians engage with Iranian state and diasporic media. Through a series of in-depth interviews, the article analyses the social, geographical and political factors that influence the use of Iranian media. While media have an important role to play among Iranians in Australia, the diverse nature of the audience, as well as the continuing importance of the political, social and cultural space of media production and consumption, must be taken into account. Participants in this study have an ambivalent relationship with Iranian media, with media produced in Iran, Australia and by the diaspora approached in different ways.
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Behbahani, Leyli I. "Defining Iran." American Journal of Islam and Society 29, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v29i2.1207.
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Shabnam Holliday’s Defining Iran: Politics of Resistance is a timely investigationof the Iranian national identity. Through careful discursiveanalysis of a number of texts, including primary sources – speeches, statements,and interviews – as well as articles on the Iranian identity in generaland national identity in particular, Holliday seeks to show how discoursesand counter-discourses emerge and shape the ways Iranians imagine anddefine their national identity. Such deconstruction regards texts producedsince the Pahalvis reign as a preface to her main focus on those producedduring and after Seyyed Mohammad Khatami’s presidency. By lookingat the genealogy of tensions and dynamics between Irānīyat (referring topre-Islamic Iran), Islāmīyat (referring to Islam, namely Persian Shi’i), andthe Western influences in defining what it means to be Iranian, Hollidayillustrates the roots of the “contemporary Iranian national identity” and“Iranian cosmopolitanism” (127) ...
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Dadkhah, Kamran M. "The Inflationary Process of the Iranian Economy, 1970–1980." International Journal of Middle East Studies 17, no. 3 (August 1985): 365–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800029251.
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During the past decade, the Iranian economy has experienced two severe shocks. The first was the huge increase in oil revenues and the subsequent increase in government expenditures. The second was the Iranian revolution, with the concomitant flight of capital and production setbacks. The first shock produced in the Iranian economy severe inflation that, although not unfamiliar to the Iranians, has been unprecedented in scale and is still accelerating. Analysis of the causes of this inflation is important for understanding the course of events and for predicting future trends.
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Vahdati-Mashhadian, Nasser, Mohammad K. Hassanzadeh, Javad Hosseini, and Ali A. Saffareshargh. "Ethnic differences in the frequency of distribution of serum cholinesterase activity in the Iranian population." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 82, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y04-030.
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One thousand Iranians belonging to 5 different Iranian ethnic groups were tested for butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity and phenotype. The phenotype was measured as percent inhibition in the presence of dibucaine. It was found that the Iranian population had an extraordinarily high frequency of the atypical variant of butyrylcholinesterase. 70% to 80% of Iranians carried the atypical mutation (Asp70Gly) on one allele. This contrasts with European and American populations where only 4% carry the atypical allele. The atypical variant of butyrylcholinesterase is known to be associated with prolonged apnea after administration of the muscle relaxants succinylcholine and mivacurium, and is also thought to be associated with abnormal sensitivity to cocaine toxicity. This study demonstrates that the ethnic background of a person has an important role in a person's response to drugs.Key words: butyrylcholinesterase, dibucaine number, heterozygous genes, different Iranian ethnics, metabolic polymorphism.
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Kusumo, Aditya Aryo Nur. "Factors Driving Contemporary Islamic Civilization From Iran's Shiah Perspective." Journal of Islamic Civilization 5, no. 2 (May 3, 2024): 222–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/jic.v5i2.5483.
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During Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi’s regime, around 250,000 shops were closed, 31,000 traders were imprisoned, and many clerics and civilians were killed. Additionally, 70% of the newspapers in Iran were shut down. However, in 1979, the Iranian revolution took place, led by Imam Ayatullah Khomeini. This revolution was a turning point for Iran as it aimed to restore the glory of Islamic civilization in Iran. The Iranians believe that Islamic civilization is the best civilization and can bring justice. This paper aims to discuss the efforts made by Iranian Shiites in restoring the glory of Islamic Civilization from various perspectives such as religious, cultural, educational, and psychological. The research method used for this paper is qualitative, involving library research with data collection techniques through literature study and content analysis of research journals related to Iranian Shia civilization. After the Iranian revolution, Iranian Shiites reconstructed religious thought and cultural engineering. They also implemented the Imamiyah education system as the primary driving force. Moreover, the Iranian Shiite community can achieve their lofty ideals with good psychological aspects.
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Mokhtari, Fariborz. "No One Will Scratch My Back: Iranian Security Perceptions in Historical Context." Middle East Journal 59, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/59.2.12.
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Iranians support a policy of deterrence because their perception of Iran's security is colored by historical experiences. For Iranians, geopolitical realities together with national psychology define national security. This article attempts to explain the national psychology, and in doing so point to a path of US-Iranian policy convergence. The United States should avoid making the mistake Britain made in 1951, making an oil royalty issue a matter of national pride for Iranians. The current nuclear dispute could turn into an object of Iranian national pride, liberty, and independence. The question whether a nation without access to a nuclear fuel cycle could be anything other than a dependent consumer, has already been posed.
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Sariolghalam, Mahmood. "Iran in Search of Itself." Current History 107, no. 713 (December 1, 2008): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2008.107.713.425.
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Hopkins, Philip O. "Modern Western Christian Missions in Iran: The Connection Between Government and Missionary." IRAN and the CAUCASUS 19, no. 4 (December 14, 2015): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20150402.
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Iran and Christianity are not typically associated with one another in the modern period. However, in the context of the greater historical narrative, a connection becomes apparent, a montage showing that Christianity in Iran includes ethnic Iranian Christians from Assyrian and Armenian backgrounds as well as Western missionaries. Western missionaries came to Iran to convert Iranians, including ethnic Iranian Christians. In their efforts, their activity played a role in Iranian state and society. This paper examines the connection between the government and the Western missionary in the modern period, suggesting the influence was not completely positive.
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Arakelova, Victoria. "On the Number of Iranian Turkophones." Iran and the Caucasus 19, no. 3 (October 9, 2015): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20150306.
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The main body of the Iranian Turkophone mass generally consists of two parts: proper Turkic groups (the Turkmens par excellence) and the Turkic-speaking ethnic Iranians, predominantly the Azaris, inhabiting the north-west provinces of Iran roughly covering historical Aturpatākān. The number of the latter, usually depicted as a huge multimillion conglomeration, has remained one of the most speculative issues of the field.The article analyses the statistical data concerning namely this segment of the Iranian citizenry.
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Al-e Ahmad, Jalal. "To Mohassess, For the Wall." ARTMargins 10, no. 2 (June 2021): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artm_a_00297.
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Abstract “To Mohassess, For the Wall” is an article written in 1964 by Jalal Al-e Ahmad, one of the most influential and charismatic Iranian intellectuals of the time. Three years before writing this article, Al-e Ahmad had published Weststruckness, discussing the Iranians’ cultural alienation caused by the dependence on the west. In “To Mohassess, For the Wall”, Al-e Ahmad shifts his analysis to Iranian painting, arguing that Iranian painters during the 1960s merely repeat Western cultural processes and strategies instead of constructing Iranian ones. The context for Al-e Ahmad's argument is the Pahlavi regime's radical program of rapid modernization, which in the area of the arts was systematically expanded. Critical, provocative or problematic, the article offers a crucial window into the adoption of Western-style modernism by Iranian painters during the 1960s and into how an “insider” intellectual such as Al-e Ahmad evaluated the modernization of Iranian art before the background of what he perceived as the critical neglect of Iranian traditions. The text is addressed to Bahman Mohassess, a painter whom Al-e Ahmad considered to be one of the few who had not been coopted by the cultural policies of the Shah's regime.
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Mirzaei, Mohammadreza. "Introduction to Jalal AL-E Ahmad's “To Mohassess, For the Wall”." ARTMargins 10, no. 2 (June 2021): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artm_a_00296.
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Abstract “To Mohassess, For the Wall” is an article written in 1964 by Jalal Al-e Ahmad, one of the most influential and charismatic Iranian intellectuals of the time. Three years before writing this article, Al-e Ahmad had published Weststruckness, discussing the Iranians’ cultural alienation caused by the dependence on the west. In “To Mohassess, For the Wall”, Al-e Ahmad shifts his analysis to Iranian painting, arguing that Iranian painters during the 1960s merely repeat Western cultural processes and strategies instead of constructing Iranian ones. The context for Al-e Ahmad's argument is the Pahlavi regime's radical program of rapid modernization, which in the area of the arts was systematically expanded. Critical, provocative or problematic, the article offers a crucial window into the adoption of Western-style modernism by Iranian painters during the 1960s and into how an “insider” intellectual such as Al-e Ahmad evaluated the modernization of Iranian art before the background of what he perceived as the critical neglect of Iranian traditions. The text is addressed to Bahman Mohassess, a painter whom Al-e Ahmad considered to be one of the few who had not been coopted by the cultural policies of the Shah's regime.
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Miller, Duane Alexander. "Power, Personalities and Politics." Mission Studies 32, no. 1 (April 10, 2015): 66–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733831-12341380.
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While Christianity has existed in Iran/Persia since the fourth century, if not earlier, at the middle of the twentieth century almost all Iranian Christians belonged to an ethnic minority, especially the Assyrians and the Armenians. Ethnic Iranians were almost all Muslims, and then mostly Shi’a Muslims. Since the Revolution of 1979 hundreds of thousands of ethnic Iranians have left Islam for evangelical Christianity, both within and outside of Iran. This paper seeks to explore the multifaceted factors – political, economic and technological – that have helped to create an environment wherein increasing numbers of ethnic Iranians have apostatized from Islam and become evangelical Christians. A concluding section outlines Steven Lukes’ theory of power and analyzes the growth of Iranian Christianity in the light of his theory.
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Tortolini, Alessia. "The Defence of National Identity as a Revolutionary Concept: Gharbzadigī, Islamic Modernisation, and Anticolonialism." International Journal of Islam in Asia 1, no. 1 (December 17, 2020): 91–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25899996-01010006.
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Abstract The framework of Iranian national identity has been the cornerstone of the discourse of different social groups that aimed to establish their hegemony over the ‘imagined community’ of Iranians. The difficulty in determining the territorial delimitation of identity, as well as the process of creation-assimilation of a unitarian paradigm of identity characterised, and still characterises, Iranian politics. Therefore, the interdependence between domestic and foreign affairs and national identity can be explained under the lens of the struggle of hegemony of dominant powers and, specifically, through the theoretical framework of specific traditional or organic social groups that developed their political discourse around the different shades of Iranian ‘nationalism’.
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Koyagi, Mikiya. "THE VERNACULAR JOURNEY: RAILWAY TRAVELERS IN EARLY PAHLAVI IRAN, 1925–50." International Journal of Middle East Studies 47, no. 4 (October 14, 2015): 745–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743815000963.
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AbstractExploring how railway technology was incorporated into the everyday lives of Iranians during the second quarter of the 20th century, this article focuses on spatial discourses and practices around the Iranian railway. The first part investigates Iranian journalists' construction of the railway traveler prototype as the propagator of modernity prior to the completion of the Trans-Iranian Railway in 1938. The second part shows how in the 1940s the railway space became a microcosm of the heterogeneous Iranian nation, and explores how middle-class travelers experienced the railway space. I argue that the railway space, rather than creating a homogeneous experience of railway journeys, was conducive to fragmented experiences among its diverse occupants, who were divided by religion, socioeconomic status, cultural orientation, and ethnicity. The visibility of heterogeneity in the railway space compelled modern middle-class travelers to consolidate their class identity and distinguish themselves from the rest of Iranian society. Wanting to achieve a homogeneously Europeanized Iran, they also felt compelled to travel the country more extensively to create a national community connected through direct interaction.
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Alaa, Assist Lecturer Nashwan. "Iranian National Security: Repercussions of Negotiations with the Great Powers." International and Political Journal, no. 56 (September 1, 2023): 497–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/ipj.i56.263.
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Negotiations constitute the first step on which countries rely to settle their differences peacefully, especially as they realize that the alternative to negotiations will have exorbitant and disastrous consequences.
There is no doubt that the negotiation process is a series of activities that need a comprehensive program to define the goals and means of achieving the required results, anticipating what the negotiation process mechanism will interpret, which is known as the negotiation strategy.
The Iranian negotiations with the great powers do not deviate from this framework, as each party seeks to implement several strategies to achieve the greatest possible gains. These negotiations received wide attention because of their significant impact on security stability in the region in general and the Arabian Gulf region in particular.
The Western and Iranian negotiating parties regarding the Iranian nuclear project used both strategies of common interest and conflict at the same time. While the Iranians seek to achieve the goal of producing nuclear energy with minimal losses, the Western powers seek to stop the Iranian nuclear program and subject Iranian policy to their will.
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Azarpanah, Sayeh, and Maedeh Maktoum. "The Problematic Confrontation of "Us" with the Other: One Dream and Multiple Interpretations." Freedom of Thought Journal, no. 11 (April 2022): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.53895/dpjs1022.
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"Stranger, talk! Tell me, what should I do to awaken Iranians?" This question from Abbās Mirzā clearly portrays an encounter between Iranians and “the other” at the beginning of Iran's modern age. The Stranger is assumed to hold some kind of truth, the revelation of which would lead to the awakening of Iranians. This article considers an Iranian "we" that arises from imaginative confrontations with “the other”, beginning with Akhundov's Maktūbat and tracing "our" imagination up to the 1979 revolution. The 1979 revolution was a unique turning point in the life of "our" dream; its strange difference made “the other” interested to ask, with Foucault: “What are the Iranians dreaming about?” Foucault’s account of the Iranian dream has often been criticized. In favor of the "spirituality" of the revolutionary events, he separated spirituality from violence, and even considered the violence of revolution inevitable. As the fundamentalist government that longed for the Islamic Caliphate continued using violence, the dream turned into a nightmare and Foucault no longer pursued his discussion. To better understand this nightmare, the article examines the 2009 protests in Iran and focuses on Nikfar's argument around "religious truth" that emerges in prison. The article concludes by relating the 1979 revolution and 2009 protests to Žižek’s reading of the “Iranian event”, and argues that the emancipatory potential of Islam should not be ignored because of its violence.
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Esmaeili, Saharnaz, Nazanin Malek Mohammadi, Sarvin Khosravani, Ladan Eslamian, and Saeed Reza Motamedian. "Effects of Age and Gender on Hard and Soft Tissue Cephalometric Features of an Iranian Population Over 12 Years Old." Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences 29, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jkmu.2022.62.
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Background: This study aimed to investigate age- and gender-specific soft and hard tissue cephalometric features in an Iranian population with normal class I occlusion. Methods: A total of 111 Iranians (56 females and 55 males) in two age groups including individuals aged between 12-16 years and individuals aged over 16 years, with well-balanced faces and class I occlusion, were selected. Overall, 81 (40 soft tissue and 41 hard tissue) cephalometric measurements of the selected samples were traced on all cephalograms. The obtained values were compared in terms of gender and age differences and also ethnic differences between Iranian and European races. Results: This study indicated significant differences between Iranian men and women of different ages and Caucasians in terms of hard and soft tissue cephalometric measurements, which should be considered in orthodontic and surgical treatments. Some of the most important differences are greater values of facial convexity angle, nasolabial angle, and soft tissue chin thickness in Iranians than in Caucasians. Conclusion: In general, slightly more convex profiles, more protruded lips, less prominent noses, higher nose tips, and proclined and protruded central incisors are acceptable in the Iranian population. Also, Iranian women have more convex soft and hard tissue profiles, shorter anterior and posterior facial heights, larger interlabial gaps, less deep superior sulci, thinner and shorter upper lips, and thinner soft tissue chins than men. Also, non-growing adults have more advanced mandibles, larger noses, more sloping nasal tips, and larger skeletal dimensions compared with growing ones.
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Allanore, Yannick, Farhad Gharibdoost, Ahmad Reza Jamshidi, Ali Javinani, Jérôme Avouac, Elnaz Rastkar, Sadid Hooshmandi, and Hoda Kavosi. "Comparison of the clinical phenotype of systemic sclerosis patients in Iran and France in two university centers." Journal of Scleroderma and Related Disorders 4, no. 2 (November 20, 2018): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2397198318809224.
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Objectives: Systemic sclerosis is a severe and rare chronic auto-immune multisystem disorder characterized by vasculopathy and skin stiffness. Ethnic and geographical origin can influence the outcomes. In this study, we compared the phenotypic characteristics of Iranian and French patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 200 Iranian and 268 French systemic sclerosis patients. Iranian patients collected from the Iranian systemic sclerosis cohort of the Rheumatology Research Center, Shariati hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The French population was monocentric, and it was constituted by the patients included locally in the EUSTAR database in December 2016. Results: The mean age at onset was significantly lower in Iranian patients (35.58 ± 11.68 vs 47.06 ± 13.54, p-value < 0.001). The female-to-male ratio was approximately 5.2:1 and was not different in the two populations. The prevalence of diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis was significantly higher in Iranian patients (60.2% vs 42.85%, p-value < 0.001). Calcinosis cutis and joint synovitis were more prevalent in French patients ( p-value = 0.013, <0.001). The positivity of anti-topoisomerase antibody was higher in Iranian patients, whereas the anti-centromere antibody predominated in French cases ( p-value < 0.001). Restrictive pattern of pulmonary function test was more common in Iranian patients ( p-value < 0.001), while estimated pulmonary arterial pressure by echocardiography was higher in French patients ( p-value < 0.001). Conclusion: It seems that systemic sclerosis occurred in younger ages among Iranian female with the predominance of diffuse cutaneous subtype. In addition, lung interstitial disease appeared to be more prevalent and severe in Iranians than French patients.
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Ahmadi, Shaherzad. "Smugglers, Migrants, and Refugees: The Iran–Iraq Border, 1925–1975." International Journal of Middle East Studies 52, no. 4 (September 16, 2020): 703–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743820000380.
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AbstractDue to the illegal movement of goods and people, the Khuzistan-Basra frontier, like many other borderlands in the region, represented a liminal space for border dwellers and the Iranian state. Although scholars have written about the migration that was endemic to the early nation-building period, the consequences of this movement in the latter half of the 20th century require further exploration. Well into the 1970s, Iranian migrants and border dwellers complicated citizenship, evinced by the Pahlavi monarchy's failure or refusal to offer them their rights. The Iranian archives prove that, decades into the nation-building project, local dynamics continued to exert tremendous influence on Iranians and even superseded national policies.
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Amirpur, Katajun. "Iran’s Policy towards Jewish Iranians and the State of Israel. Is the Present Iranian State Islamofascist?" DIE WELT DES ISLAMS 52, no. 3-4 (2012): 370–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700607-201200a6.
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Ever since his inauguration in 2005, Iranian president Maḥmūd Aḥmadīnezhād keeps the world on its toes with his attacks against Israel. One could easily come to the conclusion that anti-Semitism and a hostile attitude towards Jews are deeply rooted in Iranian society. Moreover one could assume that the present Iranian state has to be called Islamofascist. To come to a sounder judgment, this article looks at the situation of the Jewish Iranians—present and past—and asks how the different regimes, before as well as after the revolution, treated the Jewish minority. Iran counting today some 25,000 Jews harbors the biggest Jewish community in the Middle East with the evident exception of the State of Israel.
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Lucas, Ann. "Understanding Iran Through Music: A New Approach." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 40, no. 1 (June 2006): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400049439.
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Within the realm of Iranian studies, music remains mostly outside the purview of larger social and political discussions of the region. At first glance this may seem appropriate, since even musicians often consider their work beyond the reach of sociological discussions. But the behavior of Iranians suggests that music has a broader social and political role beyond narrowly defined musical contexts. Music is a common part of everyday life in Iran. In traditional contexts such as weddings and other family gatherings as well as in modern settings such as the car, the computer, or the concert hall, most Iranians experience music on a daily basis. Music's influential role in Iranian society has made it the target of constant government scrutiny both before and after the Islamic Revolution. The current Islamic government's need to control and approve of every aspect of music making demonstrates a keen understanding of music's influence in the country. Hence whether Iranians are listening to it, dancing to it, performing it, or banning it, the message is the same: music is a powerful force that affects key aspects of Iranian society. For this reason music can offer a unique perspective on a variety of topics relevant to students and scholars of modern Iran.
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Douzandeh, Ebrahim, Adnan Bataineh, Aisha AbdulAziz Al Marbuii Al Marbuii, and Halima Saif Al Badi. "Exploring National Identity (Re)production: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Iran's Representation on its Official Tourism Website." International Journal of Linguistics Studies 4, no. 2 (June 11, 2024): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijls.2024.4.2.5.
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Given the significance of tourism in national identity construction and promotion in current era along with Iran’s need for such an international image promotion, the present study investigated the linguistic texts on the discourse of the Iranian official tourism website to achieve two objectives. Firstly, considering the convoluted interplay among discourse, tourism, and national identity, it investigates how Iranians, in terms of their identity, are represented in the linguistic texts of the discourse used on the Iranian official tourism website. Secondly, it identifies how the discourse either maintains, challenges, or transforms the existing stereotyped perceptions of its identity, embracing its Western represented portrayal in Western media. The current study adopted critical discourse analysis as its framework and used Fairclough’s three-dimensional model as its approach to CDA. The findings of the study demonstrated that Iranians’ authentic and genuine identity, by which they wish to be seen, contests the Western mainstream perceptions of Iranian national identity. Therefore, there is a tendency to transform the prevailing Western stereotypical perceptions of their identity from the producers of the analyzed discourse.
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Ghanbari, Ali, and Seyed-Alireza Derakhshan Rad. "Post publication peer review in Iranian biomedical journals." Galen Medical Journal 4, no. 1 (February 19, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v4i1.180.
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Background: letters to the editor provide an opportunity for readers to state their views about published articles. Research on this issue has been mainly on western journals and there is no study on the Iranian journals. The present study aimed to investigate this subject in Iranian biomedical journals.Materials and Method: This was a bibliometric study. The databases of Iran Medex, Medlib, and SID were searched to find the letters published in Iranian biomedical journals. The letters in formats such as commentaries, concise articles, and the preliminary results of studies or brief reports were excluded from the study.Results: 184 letters were found in Iranian journals; 49 of them were responses of authors to the criticism made by readers. As a result, the number of letters that commented on or criticized the original articles reduced to 135. For every 1198 articles published in Iranian journals, there is only one letter written in correspondence to published articles. 76% of letters published in 2010 to 2012.Conclusions: the Iranian readers are much less productive in writing letters to Iranian biomedical journals compared to their peers in other places. The low number of letters could be attributed to several issues including a broad unawareness of the importance of the letters and little incentive for writing letter.The sharp rise in the number of letters after 2009 indicates a boosted motivation of Iranians for writing more letters to the editor.
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Ghorashi, Halleh, and Nayereh Tavakoli. "Paradoxes of transnational space and local activism." Focaal 2006, no. 47 (June 1, 2006): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/092012906780646497.
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The Iranian revolution of 1979 promised to bring freedom and equality, but as soon as one group gained power, it turned out to be oppressive of both its political opposition and women. This resulted in the formation of a large Iranian diaspora bound together by its hatred for the Iranian regime. Years of suppression in the 1980s in Iran resulted in a deep gap between Iranians living inside and outside Iran. During the 1990s, however, cross-border relationships started to change as a result of two major factors: transnational activities and the influence of cyberspace. This paper focuses on the paradoxes of transnational connections in local protest with a focus on the women’s movement. We show both how transnational links have empowered women activists in Iran and how they have led to new dangers at the local level. We also reveal how support from the Iranian diaspora can be patronizing as well as supportive.
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Obara, Norbert. "Krótka historia politycznej ekonomii Iranu w XX wieku." Studia Orientalne 5, no. 1 (2014): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/so2014106.
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There are five main political and economical events in Iran history and five people who made history.First of all there is time of first iranian constitution and discover and exploration oil in Iran. Iran signed the agreement with British businessman and british government on exploration Iranian oil.It was not good deal for iranian economy.Second is time of Reza Khan who wanted changed Iran country in to modern, secular republic on the based of Ataturk Turkey.Third is time of nationalisation and prime minister Mossadeq who was the hero of Iranian nation. He wanted establish secular, national democratic republic based on independed expolartion Iranian oil and build reach , independent country.Next was time of Reza Pahlavi, who started to rural reform called White Revolution was depended on British and USA support and loans.Economy based on oil and foreign adviser step by step declined.The last period on Iranian political and economic history is Green Revolution and born Islamic Republic of Iran.In spite of dynamic development of Iranian population and schools economy is still in regress because of sanction , state protecion a lot of sectors, war with Iraq and still feudal structure of Iran economy.There is rentier economy in Iran but still with chance based on natural sources like oil and gas.
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Shahghasemi, Ehsan, D. Ray Heisey, and Goudarz Mirani. "How do Iranians and U.S. Citizens Perceive Each Other: A systematic Review." Journal of Intercultural Communication 11, no. 3 (November 10, 2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v11i3.539.
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Whenever we turn our TV news channel on, we are likely to hear about an Iran-U.S. conflict. Images of the leaders of these two countries intimidating each other can be seen in news channels all over the world. When we are talking about Iran-U.S. international relations, most people think of the political relations which this study takes as intergovernmental rather than international relations. In this study, as we are Iranian and U.S. scholars, we tried a systematic review of studies focusing on perceptions the Iranian and American people have of each other. Our systematic review of studies reveals that, Americans have more negative perceptions of Iranians than the Iranians have of their American counterparts. Moreover, we discussed sources for these perceptions as well.
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Matin, Alireza Azeri. "The Making of Iranianness in the Kitchen: A Textual Analysis of the Cooking Game Show Befarmaeed Sham." Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication 39, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2023-3901-08.
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The emergence and rapid proliferation of the predominantly anti-regime Farsi satellite TV channels (FSTCs) and their productions since early 1990s have not only transformed the Iranian mediascape, but also challenged the state’s definition of Iranianness. Among the new generations of these free-to-air transnational channels, is MANOTO, a London-based television network which became a familiar name among Iranians since 2010 after premiering Befarmaeed Sham, a cooking game show copied from the successful British TV show Come and Dine with Me. Being broadcast for more than a decade, this reality show depicts the lives of ordinary Iranians in diaspora who have to deal with the unaccustomed culture of the West. Since FSTCs are strictly regarded by Iranian authorities as means of cultural invasion, the representations in Befarmaeed Sham are naturally seen to be in contrast with the Islamic regime’s views on what it means to be Iranian. Yet, what remains less known is how this new form of popular cultural programme redefines Iranianness. Therefore, by performing a series of textual analyses on 7 sequences selected from various episodes of Befarmaeed Sham, and with a focus on the contestants’ utterances, the present study uncovers some of the key representational aspects of this reality show. Ultimately, while highlighting the subtleties in cultural representation that render Befarmaeed Sham political, it is argued that this television programme offers audiences a new space for rethinking their Iranian selves. Keywords: Iranianness, satellite TV, cooking game show, representation, textual analysis.
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Talattof, Kamran. "The "Women, Life, Freedom" Movement in Iran: The Anatomy of a Slogan." Freedom of Thought Journal, no. 13 (June 2023): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.53895/ftj1313.
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This article analyzes Iranians' struggle for democracy and women's quest for gender equality in connection with the 2022 uprising called the "Women, Life, Freedom" movement. It will explain why and how the central slogan "Women, Life, Freedom" epitomizes the many aspects and elements of this unprecedented movement, including its emphasis on women, nation, and unity against the ruling regime as an occupying force. In doing so, the article distinguishes Iranian quests for modernity, women's struggle for equality particularly expressed in their literary output, and Iranian youths' access to information as the roots and backgrounds of this new movement. Given women's literary discourse over the past decades and the profound changes in Iranian popular culture, the notion of such an uprising and the resulting paradigm shift should not have been unimaginable.
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Shabrang, Hoda. "Every Man is an Island: Decanonisation and Fragmentation in Reza Ghassemi’s <i>The Nocturnal Harmony of Wood Orchestra</i>." Asiatic: IIUM Journal of English Language and Literature 14, no. 1 (June 7, 2020): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/asiatic.v14i1.1834.
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Reza Ghassemi’s first Novel, The Nocturnal Harmony of Wood Orchestra, is a unique example of Iranian postmodern novel. First published in the US in 1996 (Nashr-e Ketab-e America) and then by the Iranian publisher Cheshmeh, it was lauded as the Best Novel of the Year 2002 by Hooshang Golshiri Literary Award and as the 2002 Novel of the Year by the Press Critics’ Awards. The protagonist/narrator of the story has fled the post-revolutionary Iran to Paris and ended up dwelling with a variety of typical exilic Iranians – a macrocosm of Iranian society. On the one hand, he has lost his roots; on the other, he cannot adapt to French culture and community. The present study explores the novel in the light of postmodernist point of view and posits that, aside from enjoying features of postmodern fiction in its narrative labyrinths, this work depicts a world with many of its elements rooted in superstitions, religious beliefs and contradictions that are unique to the Iranian mind. In the novel, prominent postmodern elements are traceable and concepts such as metafiction, vicious circles, grand narrative collapse and paranoia are incorporated; however, it is not merely an artificial collection of technical details. After the revolution, many Iranians left the country either because they were related to the previous regime and staying would have been fatal to them, or they could not tolerate the drastic changes in society which made living intolerable. This study aims to show how an Iranian immigrant turns to a specter (he belongs neither to the native culture nor the French) in exile and eventually metamorphoses to a dog. It is in fact a natural consequence of narrating the confusion of a contemporary man in exile who reflects the confusion and turmoil of the dystopian world around him.
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Ebrahimian, Mojtaba. "ʻAbd al-Rahim Talebof’s Promotion of Nationality and National Sociopolitical Reform in Kitab-i Aḥmad (1890–1894)." International Journal of Persian Literature 8 (September 1, 2023): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/intejperslite.8.0041.
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Abstract Scholars of Persian literature approach ‘Abd al-Rahim Talebof’s Kitab-i Aḥmad (1890–1894) either as a pedagogical treatise exemplifying his stance on the importance of modern education for Iranian children or as an informative text presenting modern European-style scientific advances and discoveries to Iranians. Moreover, they look at contemporary European intellectuals and intellectual thought informing Talebof’s work, especially Jean Jacques Rousseau’s Émile, ou de L’Éducation (1763). In this way, they overlook the role of the contemporary Iranian intellectual discourse in forming Talebof’s work and thought. This article demonstrates that Talebof wrote his book in conversation with the works of both his eminent Iranian intellectuals and their European counterparts. Building upon the current scholarship, this article argues that in Kitab-i Aḥmad, Talebof, in addition to promoting his educational mission and informative goals, lays out his most developed social philosophy, in particular, his theorization of “nationality” (millīyat) or allegiance to an imagined nation. Talebof espouses the idea that Iranians need to own moral and religious commitment to a national community and posits “nationality” as the essential framework within which modern educational and sociopolitical reforms can be implemented.
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Podrezov, M. A. "Memory of Persian campaign of Peter the Great in modern Iran." MGIMO Review of International Relations 15, no. 6 (December 30, 2022): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2022-6-87-179-193.
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The article investigates the modern historical memory in Iran of the Persian campaign of Peter the Great that became the first serious attempt of Russia to conquer a part of its southern neighbor’s territory. The article analyses Iranian historical memory of these events using relevant research publications of Persian-speaking authors, Iranian news agencies, and schoolbooks. It compares the Iranian perceptions of the Peter’s Persian campaign and of other Russo-Iranian conflicts at the beginning of the 19th century. The author concludes that the Iranians do not view Peter’s campaign as a war and distinguish it from other conflicts of the century. This perception can be accounted for by the short life of the results of the campaign; by the quick, peaceful restoration of the status quo; by the lack of an official state of war between Russia and the governments of Tahmasp II and the shahs from the Hotak dynasty and clashes between the armies of the countries. The Iranian media and educational literature do not mention the Persian campaign, even in the few publications and sections devoted directly to Peter I. Historical literature hardly mentions it either. Such “oblivion” of the main event in Peter’s of the first Russian emperor related to Iran does not stem from the degree of attention to his personality in Iran. He appears in the media more often than many other Russian rulers and draws comparatively much attention in the educational and scientific literature even in comparison with other significant historical figures. Iranian historiography perceives Peter the Great as a ruler who defined a new vector of Russo-Iranian interrogation but not as a person who attempted expansion on the territory of Iran. This experience helps to analyze the history of bilateral relations and the factors influencing the Iranian perception of the Russian image.
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Wang, Yongliang, and Ali Derakhshan. "Teacher Confirmation and Caring as Predictors of Chinese and Iranian EFL Students’ Willingness to Attend EFL Classes." Porta Linguarum Revista Interuniversitaria de Didáctica de las Lenguas Extranjeras, no. 39 (January 31, 2023): 165–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/portalin.vi39.23625.
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This mixed-methods cross-cultural study examined the role of instructor confirmation and care in EFL students’ willingness to attend classes (WTAC). For the quantitative phase, 1006 and 605 EFL university students were chosen respectively from Chinese and Iranian universities, and for the qualitative phase, sub-groups of 43 Chinese and 34 Iranian participants were selected. Three close-ended scales and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Results of confirmatory factor analysis approved the factor structure and validity of the three scales. Results of correlation and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analyses indicated the positive associative/predictive role of perceived teacher caring and confirmation in Chinese and Iranian students’ WTAC. The independent samples t-tests results showed significant differences in perceptions of caring, confirmation, and WTAC, with Chinese participants significantly outperforming Iranians. Frequency counts of qualitative data revealed that both Chinese and Iranian students believed in the facilitative role of confirmation and caring in WTAC. Further content analysis of the data through MAXQDA presented four themes of teacher-, student-, context, and task-related factors, among which the teacher-related factors theme and its teacher interpersonal factors sub-theme were deemed very influential by Chinese and Iranian students in predicting WTAC.
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Shahvar, Soli, and Anatoly Mishaev. "Illegal Trafficking of Ammunition Along the Iran–Caucasian Border in the Early 20th Century." Iran and the Caucasus 26, no. 3 (August 10, 2022): 289–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20220307.
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In the early years of the 20th century, unprecedent waves of Iranian subjects poured into Russia, especially to the Southern Caucasus region, in search of better income and better life. Most of them experienced extremely difficult life, which passed in search of food for themselves and their families. However, among the vast majority of the Iranian émigrés, there were those few who were able to succeed in gaining fortune, through business and their personal skills, but there were also those who did it through illegal activities. This article delves on two such Iranians, Piyadadi Jafar Mashadi Jafar-Ogli (Piyadadah Jaʻfar Mashhadi Jaʻfar-Oǧlu) and Yusif Gadji Karbalai (Haji Yusif Karbalaʼi), who were involved in cross-border smuggling activity, with ammunition from Russia to Iran being one of them. Their cases shed light on the dark and secretive corners of the illegal interaction between Russian administrative and military authorities in the Southern Caucasus region and some of the Iranian migrants. In turn, these interactions enable us to ponder on their exceptional expressions in comparison with the interactions with most of the Iranian migrants.
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Hessami Arani, S., and M. A. Kerachian. "Rising rates of colorectal cancer among younger Iranians: is diet to blame?" Current Oncology 24, no. 2 (April 27, 2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/co.24.3226.
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Background Colorectal cancer (crc) is one of the most prevalent cancers in the world. Although the incidence of crc is currently very low in the older Iranian population compared with Western populations, young Iranians show a rising trend of crc—that is, the age-adjusted rate is close in the young Iranian population compared with the U.S. population, and the rate in older Iranians is much lower.Methods To assess a putative relationship between diet and a rising rate of crc in younger Iranians, a combined text word and mesh heading search strategy identified relevant studies through Google Scholar and medline.Results A critical look at diet among Iranians shows major issues that might be raising the risk for crc. There are also scenarios other than diet for the rise, such as the young age structure of the country. However, the actual scenario is more complex.Conclusions In Iran, crc is one of the most common incident cancers and a common cause of cancer death. Primary and secondary prevention—with attention to a healthy lifestyle, physical activity, and screening—should be enhanced in the general population.
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Dabiri, Ghazzal. "Historiography and the Shoʿubiya Movement." Journal of Persianate Studies 6, no. 1-2 (2013): 216–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18747167-12341247.
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Abstract This article examines the ways in which Iranian mytho-history was woven into the narratives of Islamic history. It argues that the inclusion of narratives such as the ones that equate several of the earliest Iranian mytho-historical kings to the earliest Koranic prophets or claim that Persian was the language of the prophets from Ādam to Esmāʿil, reflects the concerns of the Shoʿubiya movement. The paper also analyzes the ways in which these Iranian kings are represented in the Avesta as paradigmatic rulers and how their essential function as good rulers is retained in the later mythos and, hence, texts so that they are equatable to the prophets. The paper argues that these narratives reflect not only a concern for equality among Iranians as Muslims, but also the ways in which intellectuals negotiated the interstitial spaces between culture and politics.