Journal articles: 'Iranian tribe'

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BIRANVAND, AMIR, WIOLETTA TOMASZEWSKA, OLDŘICH NEDVĚD, MEHDI ZARE KHORMIZI, VINCENT NICOLAS, CLAUDIO CANEPARI, JAHANSHIR SHAKARAMI, LIDA FEKRAT, and HELMUT FÜRSCH. "Review of the tribe Hyperaspidini Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from Iran." Zootaxa 4236, no. 2 (February 22, 2017): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4236.2.6.

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The Iranian species of the tribe Hyperaspidini Mulsant, 1846 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) are reviewed. The current list includes 12 species, all placed in a single genus Hyperaspis Chevrolat, 1836. Hyperapsis asiatica Lewis, 1896 and H. pumila Mulsant, 1850 are excluded from the Iranian list of Coccinellidae. Diagnoses of the tribe Hyperaspidini and the genus Hyperaspis are given. Images of adult beetles and diagnostic characters of the male genitalia of all species distributed in Iran are shown. A key to identification of the species is presented. Distribution records are provided for each species along with information on host plants and prey species when available.

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GHAHARI, HASSAN, SARA I. MONTEMAYOR, PIERRE MOULET, and RAUNO E. LINNAVUORI. "An annotated catalogue of the Iranian Tingidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)." Zootaxa 3207, no. 1 (February 27, 2012): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3207.1.2.

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An updated list of Iranian Tingidae Laporte is presented and discussed in this paper. For Iranian fauna, there are recordsof 74 species and subspecies of tingids distributed in 20 genera and subgenera, of which 72 of them belong to the subfam-ily Tinginae and 2 species to the subfamily Cantacaderinae (tribe Cantacaderini). In some species we list host plants, in Iran.

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HAJIESMAEILIAN, ABOLFAZL, REZA VAFAEI SHOUSHTARI, FARIBA MOZAFFARIAN, and EBRAHIM EBRAHIMI. "Tribe Myrmeleontini (Neuroptera: Planipennia: Myrmeleontidae) in Iran." Zootaxa 4751, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4751.1.9.

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During a study of the family Myrmeleontidae of Iran, specimens of the tribe Myrmeleontini, housed in Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum were examined. Specimens of Euroleon nostras and Myrmeleon noacki were identified for the first time from Iran. An identification key, illustrations and distributional maps are presented for the Iranian species of Myrmeleontini.

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Ghaderpanah, Mahboubeh, Feraidoon Farrahi, Gholamreza Khataminia, Ahmad Jahanbakhshi, Leila Rezaei, Ashraf Tashakori, and Mohammad Mahboubi. "Comparing Intelligence Quotient (IQ)among 3 to 7-year-old strabismic and nonstrabismic children in an Iranian population." Global Journal of Health Science 8, no. 3 (June 25, 2015): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n3p26.

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This study was designed to compare the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) among 3 to 7-year-old strabismic and nonstrabismic children in an Iranian population. In this cross-sectional study, 108 preschool children with equal numbers of strabismic/non-strabismic disorder (age 3-7 years) were randomly selected from exceptional strabismus clinics of Ahvaz and were evaluated with the preschool and primary scale of intelligence versions of Wechsler (WPPSI). In the current study, 108 children were evaluated. In strabismic patients the mean performance, verbal and total IQ were 89.46±19.79 , 89.57±21.57 and 91.54±22.08 respectively.These mean scores in normal children were 91.89±47.53 , 87.56±15.6 and 89.96±17.62consecuently .The results showed that these three different IQ subscales were not significantly different among 3 to 7 years old strabismic and nonstrabismic children ((P>0.05 for all comparisons). There was no significant difference in IQ between two sexes (P>0.05) while Persian tribe children had greater IQ score compared to other tribes (P<0.05). Also, higher paternal educational status of children related to higher IQ score. IQ score was better in combined deviations and was higher in exotropes than esotropes; however, these differences were not statistically significant.(p>0.05) In this evaluation, we did not found a significant negative interference of strabismus on IQ score of preschool children. It can be concluded that paternal educational level and tribe have a significant effect on intelligent quotient, while this is not the case on sex and ocular deviation. Keywords: Intelligence quotient, Strabismus, Deviation

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Boyajian-Sureniants, Vahe. "A Baluchi Episode from the Hoseyn-kord-e Shabestari Cycle." Iran and the Caucasus 11, no. 2 (2007): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338407x265478.

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AbstractThe paper presents a small text in the Sarāwānī dialect of Baluchi about the famous hero Hoseyn-kord. The Baluchi story is a well-known episode from the cycle of Hoseyn-kord-e Shabestari, where the hero shows his supernatural strength and gains a high social status. At the same time, for the Kord tribe in Iranian Baluchistan, Hoseyn-kord is not only a folkloric personage, but features already as an eponym, the legendary forefather of the tribesmen.

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Boyajian, Vahe S., and Azim Shahbakhsh. "Remarks on the Identity and Language Situation in Sangan." Iran and the Caucasus 19, no. 3 (October 9, 2015): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20150303.

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The paper presents a brief description of the current language situation in Sangan and its impact on the identity formation on the local level. Sangan, an emerging township with around 9,000 inhabitants, is situated in the western hillside of Daptan (Taftan) mountain in Sarḥadd, 50 km to the north of the city of Khash in Iranian Baluchistan. Most of the population of Sangan are Baloches from the Kord tribe, speaking an idiom, which—although claimed to be a Kurdish dialect by the local pundits—has, in fact, nothing to do with proper Kurdish.

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HEYDARI, MARYAM ZARDOUEI, EHSAN RAKHSHANI, AZIZOLLAH MOKHTARI, and MARTIN SCHWARZ. "Additions to the knowledge of the fauna of the tribe Cryptini Kirby, 1837 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae) of Iran." Zootaxa 5005, no. 4 (July 28, 2021): 569–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5005.4.5.

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Using Malaise traps, sweep nets and yellow pan traps during 2013–2015 in various localities of Iran, 18 species belonging to 11 genera in the tribe Cryptini Kirby, 1837 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae) were collected. Among them, five species including Aritranis longicauda (Kriechbaumer, 1873), Gambrus ornatus (Gravenhorst, 1829), Mesostenus dentifer (Thomson, 1896), Mesostenus kozlovi Kokujev, 1909 and Stenarella domator (Poda, 1761) are new records for the fauna of Iran. Sixty other species previously recorded from Iran are considered credible, bringing the number of known Iranian Cryptini to 65 species.

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Bivar, A. D. H. "Bārgīrī." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 54, no. 3 (October 1991): 571–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00000914.

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Bārgīrī is a New Persian term seemingly of transparent meaning: ‘the taking up of loads’. As such, it is listed by Steingass, with various special meanings ‘Conviction, criminal charge; taking-in of a ship's cargo’, none of which covers its full, or perhaps most important, semantic range. Moreover, the word is of note both for its relation to the nomadic life-style, and its interest to Orientalist scholarship. It seems worth collecting the references to provide a wider setting.Leyla Azami (sister of the Iranian folklorist, Cheragh Ali Azami), recently discussed the word in connexion with the transhumant life of the Sangsarī tribe in the south-eastern Elburz. Here it is defined as tahiya-i muqaddamāt-i safar ‘the preparation of the preliminaries for a journey’, events which take place ‘in the third decade of the month of Urdibihisht’—the second month of the Iranian calendar, April–May, when the pastoralists assemble, preparing for their move to high ground with the advent of spring.

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KRUPITSKY, ANATOLY V., IGOR G. Pljushtch, and OLEG V. Pak. "Taxonomic notes on the genus Satyrium Scudder, 1876 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) of Afghanistan with description of two new taxa." Zootaxa 3985, no. 3 (July 13, 2015): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3985.3.6.

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А new species and a new subspecies of Satyrium Scudder, 1876 (subfamily Theclinae, tribe Eumaeini) from the subgenera Superflua Strand, 1910 and Armenia Dubatolov & Korshunov, 1984 respectively are described from Bamyan Province, Central Afghanistan—S. (S.) skrylniki sp. n. and S. (A.) hyrcanica bamiana ssp. n. The new species of Superflua belongs to the Iranian complex of species. It inhabits the territory of Afghanistan, being isolated from two other species of the subgenus known from the territory in question. The new subspecies of Armenia is also found in isolation both from the nominate subspecies and two Middle and Central Asian subspecies. Both findings clarify some aspects of zoogeography of the Central Afghanistan mountains.

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MOZAFFARIAN, FARIBA, THIERRY BOURGOIN, and MICHAEL R. WILSON. "Nomenclatural changes in the higher classification of the family Tettigometridae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) with description of a new tribe and new species and a review of the Iranian tettigometrid fauna." Zootaxa 4392, no. 3 (March 11, 2018): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4392.3.3.

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The first part of this paper provides a historical review of the classification of the family Tettigometridae, including the description of a new tribe, Plesiometrini trib. nov. to accommodate three Afrotropical genera of the subfamily Tettigometrinae. The name Nototettigometra Muir 1924, is proposed to replace Hilda Kirkaldy 1900, homonym of Hilda Hörnes & Auinger 1884, and corresponding new combinations are given, including Nototettigometrinae nom. subst. to replace Hildinae Fennah 1952. An identification key to suprageneric taxa of Tettigometridae including both male and female characters is provided. In the second part, 18 tettigometrid species are recorded from Iran. A new species, Tettigometra (Tettigometra) parihana sp. nov. is described. Tettigometra (Metroplaca) longicornis and Tettigometra (Tettigometra) impressifrons are reported as new records for the Iranian fauna. An identification key and distribution maps are provided for the Iran fauna.

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Dashieva, N. B. "Genealogical Myth of the Buryats of the Hori Tribe: Calendar and Ritual." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 3 (March 27, 2021): 363–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-3-363-379.

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The plot of the genealogical myth of the Buryats of the Khori tribe is studied in the article as a historical and cultural source reflecting ideological attitudes, which were also a historical fact. It has been established that the myth about the origin of the Khori-Buryats is the plot of the areal cosmogonic myth. It is stated that the historical-genetic and cultural-semantic interpretation of the main events of the myth, when identified with information from archaeological, historical, ethnographic, folklore and linguistic sources, makes it possible to see in the plot of the myth the cult of the sun, the type of calendar of the solar year caused by it and the model of calendar rites of the early nomads of the steppes of Central Asia. It was revealed that the plot of the myth came to the northern shore of Lake Baikal with the carriers of the culture of tiled graves — the ethnic ancestors of the Turkic-Mongol peoples with Indo-Iranian cosmological ideas expressed in the calendar, calendar holidays, calendar rituals and calendar culture in general. It is proved that the main events of the myth are reflected in the rock paintings of the Sagan-Zaba Bay on the northern coast of Lake Baikal. It is shown that the plot of the genealogical myth of the Khori-Buryats acts as a text of culture, which is a means of preserving information about the picture of the world, which in the traditional culture of the tribe was controlled by a rite. It is noted that the historical and cultural origins of the myth go back to the archaeological Scythian-Siberian culture of the Iron Age (VI—III centuries BC).

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Chigray, Ivan, Maxim Nabozhenko, Gayirbeg Abdurakhmanov, and Bekir Keskin. "A systematic review of the genus Dila Fischer von Waldheim, 1844 (= Caenoblaps König, 1906, syn.n.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from the Caucasus, Turkey and boundary territories of Iran." Insect Systematics & Evolution 51, no. 4 (July 28, 2020): 753–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1876312x-00001006.

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The taxonomic history, composition, morphology, distribution, and bionomics of the genus Dila Fischer von Waldheim, 1844 are discussed. The following new generic synonymy is established: Dila Fischer von Waldheim, 1844 = Caenoblaps König, 1906, syn.n. As a result, four species are transferred from Caenoblaps to the genus Dila: Dila difformis (König, 1906), comb.n., Dila nitida (Schuster, 1920), comb.n., Dila baeckmanni (Schuster, 1928), comb.n., Dila kulzeri (Schuster, 1928), comb.n. A new synonymy is established: Blaps kulzeri Pierre, 1964 = Caenoblaps kulzeriana Pierre, 1964, syn.n. A taxonomic review of the eight known Caucasian, Turkish and Iranian species is given. Lectotypes of Caenoblaps nitida and Caenoblaps difformis are designated. Three new species are described: Dila hakkarica sp.n. and Dila svetlanae sp.n. from the Hakkary Province of Turkey and Dila crenatopunctata sp.n. from West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. The position of the genus Dila within the tribe Blaptini and subtribal classification are discussed.

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PIRANI, ATEFEH, SHAHIN ZARRE, RICHARD RABELER, MOSTAFA ASSADI, MOHAMMAD REZA JOHARCHI, and BENGT OXELMAN. "Systematic significance of seed morphology in Acanthophyllum (Caryophyllaceae: tribe Caryophylleae) in Iran." Phytotaxa 387, no. 2 (January 8, 2019): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.387.2.3.

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Acanthophyllum, with ca. 90 spiny cushion-forming species, is one of the largest genera of Caryophyllaceae. Although taxonomic utility of seed morphology has already been highlighted in different genera of Caryophyllaceae, the systematic value of seed characters in Acanthophyllum has not been adequately addressed. In order to evaluate the application of seed morphology in infrageneric classification of Acanthophyllum, we surveyed seed characters in the five Iranian sections of Acanthophyllum. Seed morphology of 32 accessions of Acanthophyllum representing 21 species and four sections were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Seed morphological characters of two species from one additional section were included based on previous studies in the Caryophyllaceae. Seeds in the majority of examined species are oblong in outline. Five types of seed surface can be considered: reticulate, reticulate-papillate, colliculate, colliculate-papillate, and colliculate-columellate. Papillae type is a reliable character for separation of certain natural groups within Acanthophyllum. Seed features provided strong evidences for separating sections, especially the following ones: Acanthophyllum, Macrostegia and Pleiosperma, whose seeds showed a high degree of uniformity among the sampled species. Morphological characteristics of seeds were less useful for discriminating Acanthophyllum species. While seed characters are consistent within individual populations, they can vary among different populations of an individual species. Our results show that variation in seed morphological characters are in agreement with phylogenetic patterns within Acanthophyllum.

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ALIPANAH, HELEN. "Synopsis of the Cochylini (Tortricidae: Tortricinae: Cochylini) of Iran, with the description of a new species." Zootaxa 2245, no. 1 (October 2, 2009): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2245.1.1.

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Eighty-two species of Cochylini are recorded from Iran. Previous studies dealing with the tribe are summarized, and new data on the distribution of the Iranian species are provided. Aethes kandovana sp. n. is described; three genera, viz. Ceratoxanthis Razowski, Gynnidomorpha Turner, and Cochylidia Obraztsov, and the species Phtheochroa durbonana (Lhomme), P. syrtana Ragonot, P. inopiana (Haworth), P. decipiens (Walsingham), P. kenneli Obraztsov, P. subfumida (Falkovitsch), Cochylimorpha alternana (Stephens), C. armeniana (Joannis), C. kurdistana (Amsel), C. langeana (Kalchberg), C. montana (Razowski), C. nodulana (Möschler), C. nuristana (Razowski), Phalonidia manniana (Fischer von Röslerstamm), Gynnidomorpha permixtana ([Denis & Schiffermüller]), Ceratoxanthis iberica Baixeras, Eugnosta lathoniana (Hübner), Aethes conversana (Walsingham), A. deutschiana (Zetterstedt), A. eichleri Razowski, A. fennicana (Toll), A. scalana (Zerny), A. williana (Brahm), Cochylidia moguntiana Roessler, C. rupicola (Curtis), C. implicitana (Wocke), and Diceratura ostrinana (Guenée) are newly reported. The previously unknown male of Cochylimorpha fluens (Razowski) and the previously unknown females of C. scrophulana Razowski and C. montana (Razowski) are described.

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Piller, Christian Konrad. "The Cadusii in Archaeology? Remarks on the Achaemenid Period (Iron Age IV) in Gilan and Talesh." IRAN and the CAUCASUS 17, no. 2 (2013): 115–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20130202.

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According to some classical authors, the region south-west of the Caspian Sea was inhabited by the large tribe of the Cadusians (Greek Καδουσιοι, Latin Cadusii). During the Achaemenid Period, several armed conflicts between the Imperial Persian forces and the warlike Cadusians occurred. Of particular importance is the disastrous defeat of Artaxerxes II in 380 B.C. From the archaeological point of view, little has been known about the material culture of the Achaemenid Period (Iron Age IV) in Talesh and Gilan. Until recently, only a few burial contexts from the South of Gilan could be dated to the period between the 6th and 4th centuries B.C. However, during the last two decades, Iranian archaeologists excavated numerous Bronze and Iron Age graveyards in the Talesh Region. A number of burial contexts at sites, such as Maryan, Mianroud or Vaske can securely be dated to the Achaemenid Period. With this new material basis, it was possible to subdivide the Iron Age IV into different subsequent phases. Furthermore, it is likely that the material culture described in this article could be at least partially attributed to the Cadusians.

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Shenkar, Michael. "Temple Architecture in the Iranian World before the Macedonian Conquest." Iran and the Caucasus 11, no. 2 (2007): 169–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338407x265423.

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AbstractThe article offers a survey of temple architecture in the Iranian world before the Macedonian conquest. Despite the observations that ancient Iranians worshipped in the open air, structures of cultic significance have been discovered in some areas of Eastern Iran. While the attribution of the earliest, second millennium temples to the Iranian tribes is still disputable, Iranians definitely had temples before the Achaemenids. The earliest temples found in the Iranian settlements are the ones from Tepe Nush-i Jan (for Western Iran) and Dahān-i Ghulāmān (for the Eastern). However, it seems that the majority of ancient Iranians, including the first Achaemenids, worshiped under the open sky. Given the nomadic background of the ancient Iranians they probably became acquainted with temple architecture once they came into close contact with the highly developed civilisations, which preceded them in some areas of what was later to become the Iranian World. In general it is impossible to speak of one “Iranian culture” or a unified “Iranian cult” in the second and first millennia BCE; instead, temple architecture demonstrates a variety of different regional traditions. More temples have been discovered in Eastern Iran than in Western. The architectural evidence from Eastern Iran in this period also suggests a complex picture of heterogeneous local cults, at least some of which made use of closed temples. Another kind of cultic structure was the open air terraces. There is also some evidence for domestic cults. Iranian cults also share a number of common, dominant features. Special significance was attributed to fire and ashes. Most temple altars (often stepped) were at the centre of the cult and rituals. Another important feature is the absence of cult statues and images. It is remarkable that most of the temples were erected on the highest point of the site or on an artificial elevated platform.

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Farahani, Samira, Ali Asghar Talebi, and Ehsan Rakhshani. "A contribution to the tribe Chelonini Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Cheloninae) of northern Iran, with first records for eight species and an updated check list of Iranian species." Zoosystematics and Evolution 89, no. 2 (September 2013): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoos.201300009.

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Salehi, Mousa, S. M. Kimiagar, M. Shahbazi, Y. Mehrabi, and A. A. Kolahi. "Assessing the impact of nutrition education on growth indices of Iranian nomadic children: an application of a modified beliefs, attitudes, subjective-norms and enabling-factors model." British Journal of Nutrition 91, no. 5 (May 2004): 779–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041099.

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In order to teach suitable feeding and hygiene practices to a group of randomly selected Qashqa'i tribe families with 406 children aged 0–59 months, a culturally appropriate community-based education intervention approach was used. To assess the impact of the intervention on the study group, another group of families with 405 children were randomly selected to serve as the controls. At the beginning of the intervention programme both groups of children had access to a similar diet, consisting of cereals, beans, oil, sugar, milk and yoghurt. Baseline data, age, gender, weight, height and mean arm circumference (MAC), were obtained before the intervention. Using Hubley's behavioural change model, the components of which deal with beliefs, attitudes, subjective norms and enabling factors, the research team studied the behaviour of the family members and tried to change their nutritional behaviour. This was achieved by designing a suitable education programme to be carried out for 12 months. During the programme, families were instructed to follow different methods of food preparation and cooking practices. The final data were collected 3 months after the end of the intervention programme. The results indicated that the children in the study group gained: 1·16 (SD 1·2) kg body weight, 0·033 (SD 0·05) m in height, 0·0067 (SD 0·015) m in MAC, 0·8 (SD 1) in weight-for-age Z-score, 0·97 (SD 1·7) in height-for-age Z-score and 0·28 (SD 1·8) in weight-for-height Z-score by the end of the study. The corresponding values for the control group were 0·42 (SD 1·0), 0·0167 (SD 0·047), 0·0017 (SD 0·012), 0·35 (SD 1·1), 0·56 (SD 1·5) and 0·014 (SD 1·6) respectively and the differences were statistically significant (P<0·05). These findings suggest that educational interventions involving parents and/or other family members who might play a role in the care behaviour and care resources are important in feeding the children energy- and protein-enriched, hygienic, simple and cheap foods. Such practices could improve child growth even under conditions of poverty.

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KAPRUS, IGOR, MASOUMEH SHAYANMEHR, and ELHAM YOOSEFI LAFOORAKI. "Three new species of Onychiuridae Lubbock, 1871(Collembola, Poduromorpha) from Iran." Zootaxa 4291, no. 2 (July 12, 2017): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4291.2.6.

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Iranian Onychiuridae found so far in various provinces by different researchers have been reviewed. At present, sixteen species belonging to the family Onychiuridae are recorded from Iran, six of which need confirmation. Three new species from different tribes of the family, namely Heteraphorura iranica sp. nov., (Hymenaphorurini), Protaphorura golestanica sp. nov. (Protaphorurini) and Spinonychiurus persicus sp. nov. (Thalassaphorurini), are described and illustrated. H. iranica sp. nov. belongs to the oriental species-group of the genus characterized by granulated vesicles in PAO, P. golestanica sp. nov.––to the group of Protaphorura species without pso on subcoxa 1 of all legs and with 2+2 pso ventrally on the head, S. persicus sp. nov.––to the group of Spinonychiurus species with 11 chaetae in distal whorl of tibiotarsi. A key of the Palearctic species of Heteraphorura is provided.

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Ghalekhani, Golnar, and Leila Fatemi Bushehri. "The Analysis of Sacrificial Rituals in Iran Based on Avesta and Pahlavi Texts." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 73 (September 2016): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.73.29.

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Sacrifice is a ritual with an antiquity as long as history in all the areas of human civilization and it is a guide for understanding the ancient ideology of all millennia. This study is an attempt to illustrate a general scheme of sacrifice and its generative thoughts throughout old cultural eras of Iran. This paper tries to identify sacrifice in Iran by considering every details mentioned in religious texts. Due to the fact that Iran has been a land of coexistence of different tribes and cultures in history, and that the Iranian religion is a combination of native Iranian tribes, Elamite, Indo-European, Magus and Mazdeism beliefs it seems impracticable to segregate rituals to specific nations and epochs. Nevertheless, single Gnosticism finds a very unique and distinct position in Iranian religion. This research aims not only to collect the viewpoints, examples and Iranian religion documents about sacrifice but to be a manifestation of the dynamics of Iranian thought.

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Khazeni, A. "The Bakhtiyari Tribes in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 25, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 377–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-25-2-377.

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GHAHARI, HASSAN, and MARK G. VOLKOVITSH. "Contribution to the Iranian Buprestidae (Coleoptera) with one genus new for the country." Journal of Insect Biodiversity 20, no. 1 (November 17, 2020): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2020.20.1.13.

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This paper deals with additional data on Iranian Buprestidae (Coleoptera) which appeared after the publication of the Annotated Catalogue of Iranian Buprestidae. Sternocera (Sternocera) chrysis Fabricius, 1775 as a new country record, and 22 species from 11 genera published by other authors are listed for the fauna of Iran. Totally, 502 species and subspecies from 41 genera belonging to 20 tribes and six subfamilies are reported from Iran so far. Key words: Buprestidae, new record, fauna, catalogue, Iran

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YAHYAPOUR, ELIYE, MASOUMEH SHAYANMEHR, REZA VAFAEI-SHOUSHTARI, and JAVIER I. ARBEA. "A review of the Iranian species of the family Onychiuridae (Collembola, Poduromorpha), with description of five new species from Hyrcanian Forests in Iran." Zootaxa 4861, no. 1 (October 15, 2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4861.1.1.

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Five new species from different tribes of the family Onychiuridae, namely Heteraphorura kaprusi sp. nov. (Hymenaphorurini), Deuteraphorura dashtenazensis sp. nov. and Onychiuroides mazandaranensis sp. nov. (Onychiurini), Protaphorura hyrcanica sp. nov. and P. iranica sp. nov. (Protaphorurini), from different Caspian Hyrcanian Mixed Forests in the Northern Iranian province of Mazandaran are described and illustrated. H. kaprusi sp. nov. belongs to the oriental species-group of the genus characterized by granulated vesicles in PAO, D. dashtenazensis sp. nov.—to the group of Deuteraphorura species with 1+1 pso on Th. I, and with 3+3 pso on the posterior part of head and Th. II–Abd. III tergites, O. mazandaranensis sp. nov.—to the group of Onychiuroides with 4 papillae and 5 chaetae on AIIIO, P. hyrcanica sp. nov. and P. iranica sp. nov.—to the group of Protaphorura species with 3 pso on Ant. base, 2+2 pso on Th. II and subcoxae 1 of legs II–III without pso. In addition two other species have been found in the same forests: Protaphorura sakatoi (Yosii, 1966) and Protaphorura golestanica Kaprus’, Shayanmehr & Kahrarian, 2017 (second record of the species). An identification key of the 30 species of Onychiuridae recorded so far from Iran is given.

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TREMBLAY, XAVIER. "Irano-Tocharica et Tocharo-Iranica." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 68, no. 3 (October 2005): 421–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x05000248.

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This paper attempts a periodization and dialectal attribution of Iranian loan words found in Tocharian A and B, two Indo-European languages attested in c. 10,000 fragments unearthed in Chinese Turkestan since 1892. More than 100 loan words are scritinized and classified in eight sections, according to their origin: Old Iranian (probably issued from the common ancestry of the ‘Sakan’ languages, Khotanese, Tumshuqese and Waxi), three different stages of Khotanese, ‘Śaka’, (the language of the Iranian invaders of northern India), Parthian, Bactrian and Sogdian. Tocharians had dealings with all neighbouring Iranian peoples, but Khotanese and its ancestors clearly exerted the most durable influence. No loan word from more remote dialects (e.g. Persian and Ossetic) can be evidenced. The predominance of war-related and political vocabulary among the loan words and the direction of borrowing, overwhelmingly from Iranian to Tocharian, both point to a political ascendancy of Sakan-speaking tribes, and later of Bactria, on Tocharians.

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Mukhidinov, Saydali. "Ancestral Home of Indo-Aryan Peoples and Migration of Iranian Tribes to Southeastern Europe." SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001237.

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The article attempts to clarify and analyze the opinions, hypotheses, ideas and assumptions of scientists studying the issues of ancestral home of the Indo-Aryan peoples from the historical, archaeological and linguistic points of view. The Eastern European localization of the ancestral home of the Indo-Aryan peoples in Southeastern Europe and their migration is considered in the article. The territory of Central Asia was occupied by the Iranian nationalities in the beginning of the historical period (VII-VI centuries BC): Bactrians, Sogdians, Khorezmians, Parthians, Saka tribes. The analysis of relict phenomena in the languages and culture of modern population of Central Asia, in particular the population of the Pamirs, shows the presence of an ancient Indo-Aryan layer. In this case, a specific convergence is identified, which is precisely oriented on the ancient Indian tradition. At the same time, even more ancient traces associated with the pre-Indo-Iranian population of Central Asia are revealed. The substrate layer played a huge role in the genesis of the culture, ideology and ethnos of the most ancient Iranian-speaking population of Central Asia. It had a huge impact on the establishment of its social and economic basis.

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Ábjet, B. S. "Arıılyq taıpalar jáne olardyń dіnı nanym-senіmderі [Aryan Tribes and Religious Beliefs]." Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 3, no. 117 (October 10, 2020): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2020/2664-0686.013.

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In this article, the author examines the influence of States that existed on the ancient Iranian territory, such as Babylon, the Sumero-Akkadian Kingdom, and Bactria, as well as their traces, cultural layers, and beliefs. After the collapse of the Kingdom of Media, the Persian and Aryan tribes entered the historical scene, which created a powerful Empire on Iranian soil. The article highlights ancient religious beliefs and the new religion of Zoroastrianism that was born in Iran at that time, shows the difference between Ahura Mazda and other minor deities and the reasons for its rise to a higher level. It also refers to the influence of the religions of the Aryan tribes that migrated from North to South and settled on the Iranian land on the religion of the peoples who inhabited this territory, which later played a role in strengthening the position of Zoroastrianism in the region. Өз мақаласында автор Вавилон, Шумер-Аккад патшалығы, Бактрия сияқты ежелгі Иран территориясында болған мемлекеттердің әсерін, сондай-ақ олар қалдырған іздерді, мәдени қабаттарды, нанымдарды қарастырады. Мидия патшалығы құлағаннан кейін Иран жерінде қуатты империя құрған парсы және арий тайпалары тарих сахнасына шықты. Олардың сол кезеңдердегі діни сенімдері мен зороастризм дінінің дүниеге келуі, Ахура Мазда құдайының басқа ұсақ құдайлардан айырмашылығы және оның жоғары деңгейге көтерілуінің себептері көрсетілген. Сондай-ақ солтүстіктен оңтүстікке қарай жылжи отырып қазіргі Иран жеріне орныққан арий тайпаларының ұстанған наным-сенімдері осы территорияны мекендеген жергілікті халықтардың дініне де әсер етіп, соның нәтижесінде кейіннен зороастризм дінінің күшеюіне өзіндік ықпалы болғандығы сөз болады.

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ИЛИАДИ, А. И. "SLAVO-ALANICA." Известия СОИГСИ, no. 39(78) (March 31, 2021): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/vnc.2021.78.39.006.

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В статье рассматривается ряд лингвистических свидетельств контактов древних славян и алан – восточноиранского кочевого народа, который, согласно средневековым хронистам, а также по данным археологии, в VI в. н. э. заселял южнорусские степи, Приазовье и отчасти Крым. Фактологическую базу, на которую опирается автор в своих выводах, образует сумма этимологий, среди которых: а) славяно-аланские сепаратные семантико-этимологические тождества на уровне формульных выражений поэтического, правового языка, образованных по общим для обоих языков клише (псл. *bьrati sьrdьce ~ алан. *zard [?]-varun; псл. *čariti kъrtǫ ~ ср.-иран. (алан.?) *karda kar[n]-; псл. *činiti koranǫ ~ алан. *kar[a]na, согд. vadu-karanāk); б) вероятные аланские заимствования в славянский словарь (*mā-goša ʻлентяйʼ, *ba-kandak или *ba-kandag ʻритуальный хлебʼ, *bārag или *barg[a] ʻпастуший мешокʼ, *barn[a] ʻобязательствоʼ, ʻгарантия попеченияʼ); в) весьма близкие типологические аналогии (псл. *ne-orbъ/*ne-orba ~ осет. magūsa | magosa и пр.). Ареал вероятных следов Slavo-Alanica, обозреваемых в статье, очерчивается степными говорами Украины, говорами Одесской и Херсонской областей, т.е. территориями, отчасти входившими в регион контактов асо-славянского племени антов и алан. На основании сказанного делается вывод о возможной принадлежности перечисленных лексических и фразеологических единиц к остаткам алано-антского адстрата, унаследованного местной славянской речью. The paper views a number of linguistic evidences of contacts of the ancient Slavs and the Alans – an eastern Iranian nomadic ethnos, which, according to medieval chroniclers and evidence from archeology, in VI century A.D. settled Southern Russian steppes, Azov Sea region and partially Crimea. The author makes his conclusions, drawing on the factual basis, formed of a sum of etymological versions, including such categories: a) exclusive Slavic and Alanian etymological parallels on the level of formulaic expressions, related to the poetic and legal language and formed on the patterns, which were common for both languages: (Proto-Slav. *bьrati sьrdьce ~ Alan. *zard [?]-varun; Proto-Slav. *čariti kъrtǫ ~ Middle Iran. (Alan.?) *karda kar[n]-; Proto-Slav. *činiti koranǫ ~ Alan. *kar[a]na, согд. vadu-karanāk); b) probable borrowings in Slavic vocabulary from Alanian dialects (*mā-goša ʻlazybonesʼ, *ba-kandak or *ba-kandag ʻritual breadʼ, *bārag or *barg[a] ʻshepherd’s sackʼ, *barn[a] ʻobligationʼ, ʻguarantee of careʼ); c) quite close analogies. The areal of probable Slavo-Alanica traces, overviewed in the paper, can be limited to the steppe dialects of Ukraine, dialects of Odessa and Kherson regions that are lands, which lay within the boundaries of the contacts between the Aso-Slavic tribe Antae and Alans. Based on what is told in the paper the author makes the conclusion about probable belonging listed lexical and phraseological units to the relicts of Alanian-Antae adstratum, inherited by Slavic languages.

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Sahebari, Farnaz Seyyedi, Samad Khaghaninia, and Ali Asghar Talebi. "New records for fauna of the subfamily Dexiinae (Diptera: Tachinidae) in Iran." Polish Journal of Entomology 87, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjen-2018-0011.

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Abstract This study was carried out to identify the Tachinidae fauna in northern Iran during 2010-2011 and ten species belonging to nine genera and two tribes of the subfamily Dexiinae were found. The species Estheria petiolata, Periscepsia spathulata, Stomina caliendrata and Thelaira nigripes are new records for the Iranian tachinid fauna.

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MAKARCHENKO, EUGENYI A., ALEXANDER A. SEMENCHENKO, and DMITRY M. PALATOV. "Taxonomy of some Boreoheptagyiini Brundin (Diptera: Chironomidae: Diamesinae) from the mountains of Central Asia and the Middle East, with description and DNA barcoding of new taxa." Zootaxa 4790, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4790.1.5.

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Chironomids of the tribe Boreoheptagyiini from the mountains of Iran, China and East Kazakhstan are revised using both morphological characters and partial DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. Using adult males, Palatovia lorestanica gen. nov. sp. nov., as well as Boreoheptagyia iranica sp. nov. both from Iran (Lorestan Province, Zagros Mountains), B. joeli sp. nov. from China (Tien Shan Mountains), and B. sarymsactyensis sp. nov. from Eastern Kazakhstan (Kazakh Mountain Altai), are described and figured. A brief redescription of the rare species B. brevitarsis (Tokunaga) from Iran (Mazandaran Province), previously known only from Japan, is also given. The DNA barcoding analysis shows well-supported genetic divergence between all studied taxa (four species of the genus Boreoheptagyia and one of Palatovia). Combining DNA barcodes obtained in this study with available sequences in GenBank, the phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Boreoheptagyiini are reconstructed. In the resulting Bayesian and maximum likelihood (ML) tree the polyphyly of the genus Boreoheptagyia is recognized. B. iranica is placed as a sister species to P. lorestanica, despite the lack of confirmation of their morphological similarity.

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Shahbazi, Mohammadreza, Saeed Yazdani, and Somayeh Avarand. "An Anthropological Study of Animals and Their Connections with the Iranian Tribes." Anthropologist 24, no. 2 (May 2016): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2016.11892033.

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Sylvester, Charles, Mysore Siddaiah Krishna, Jaya Sankar Rao, and Adimoolam Chandrasekar. "Maternal genetic link of a south Dravidian tribe with native Iranians indicating bidirectional migration." Annals of Human Biology 46, no. 2 (February 17, 2019): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2019.1599067.

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FARHANI, TAYYEBEH, SHAHROKH KAZEMPOUR-OSALOO, HASSAN ZARE-MAIVAN, and VALIOLLAH MOZAFFARIAN. "Evolutionary history of the tribe Astereae in the Flora Iranica area: Systematic implications." Phytotaxa 379, no. 1 (November 27, 2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.379.1.9.

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The present study reconstructs the phylogenetic relationships of the tribe with emphasis on Psychrogeton using both nuclear (ITS, ETS) and chloroplast (trnL intron and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer) markers. Divergence times for main lineages were estimated using BEAST analysis. Based on results of molecular analyses, tribe Astereae is circumscribed here as containing 16 genera and 38 species and comprising strongly supported five major clades: Aster, Chamaegeron, Erigeron, Galatella and Psychrogeton. Among the Eurasian asteroid taxa, Aster bachtiaricus formed the basal most diverging lineage far distantly from the Aster s.str. clade. Lachnophllum and Chamaegeron are sister taxa in nuclear tree, although weakly united in plastid topology. Galatella with the inclusion of Crinitina (= Crinitaria) constitutes a well-supported clade, which along with Tripolium forms the Galatella group. Eurasian Erigeron species were derived within the Erigeron clade. Erigeron uniflorus subsp. daenensis and subsp. elborsensis are distinct from the type subspecies and are resurrected here as species in their own right. Our analyses of the datasets revealed that all examined species of Psychrogeton, except P. obovatus, emerged in a single clade comprising four distinct subclades. Molecular dating analyses indicate that tribe Astereae originated in the Late Eocene at 38.6 Ma. The most genera of Astereae diverged during the Middle Miocene whereas the diversification of lineages began mostly through the Pliocene and Pleistocene. On the basis of the molecular data as well as the morphological characteristics, Aster bachtiaricus was elevated to the generic rank and this new monospecific genus was named Iranoaster. Psychrogeton obovatus was treated as a member of the recently established genus Neobrachyactis. The conflicting position of some taxa including Lachnophyllum gossypinum, Dichrocephala, Myriactis and Asterothamnus in nuclear and plastid trees might be the result of ancient hybridization/introgression events.

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Matthee, Rudi. "OLIVIER BAST, Les Allemands en Perse pendant la première guerre mondiale d'après les sources diplomatiques françaises (Paris: Peeters and Institut d'études iraniennes, 1997). Pp. 208." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 2 (May 2000): 292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800002385.

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Although the vicissitudes of the Ottoman Empire during World War I are well known, the fate of Iran during the same period remains relatively unappreciated. Officially neutral in the conflict, Iran in fact found itself overrun and occupied by various foreign powers. Following a 1907 accord with Britain that divided the country into two spheres of influence, Iran by 1911 found much of its northern half practically occupied by Russia. Intent on safeguarding its Indian possessions, Britain, meanwhile, controlled most of the south. With the outbreak of the Great War, these traditional rivals were joined by the Ottomans, who, supported by local tribes and Iranian nationalists loath to see half of the country controlled by Russians, invaded Azerbaijan in early 1915. Finally, there were the Germans, who, supported by an alliance with the Ottomans, infiltrated Iran later in 1915 as part of a grand strategy designed to destabilize the country by inciting its population against the British and eventually to forge a German–Iranian alliance.

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Rahmati, Mohsen. "Factors Affecting the Demographic Compositional Change of Transoxiana in the Early Islamic Centuries." Review of European Studies 10, no. 2 (May 2, 2018): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v10n2p141.

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Despite the frequent attacks of Nomad tribes of the northern plains, the demographic composition of Transoxiana had remained Iranian in ancient era; nevertheless, after Muslim Arabs prevalence until the Mongol invasion, the demographic composition of this area completely changed under the influence of different factors. In addition to identifying the demographic composition of Transoxiana in the first Islamic centuries, this study is intended to introduce the factors affecting the transformation of the demographic change of this area. This study shows that in the Early Islamic centuries, the political structure and ethnic-racial of Transoxiana changed under the influence of different factors as Arab Conquests, Geographical Location of Transoxiana, Refuge of the opponents of caliphs, Commerce, Ghaza, The Religious Importance and Prosperity of Scientific Schools, Political Centralization in the Region by the Samanids, conversion of Turk Nomads to Islam, Migration of Turk Tribes to the region and Migration of that Inhabitants.

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PLONSKI, ISIDOR S., and HASSAN GHAHARI. "An annotated checklist of the Iranian Dasytidae and Rhadalidae (Coleoptera: Cleroidea)." Zootaxa 4472, no. 3 (September 11, 2018): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4472.3.2.

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We herein provide an annotated checklist for the Iranian Dasytidae and Rhadalidae (Coleoptera: Cleroidea). A total of 54 species and three subspecies of Dasytidae in 16 genera, four tribes and three subfamilies, and 11 species of Rhadalidae in five genera and three subfamilies are reported and discussed where necessary. Of these, 27 (sub-) species of Dasytidae (48%) and eight species of Rhadalidae (73%) are currently known only from Iran, and are here considered as endemic species. However, some species occurences are doubtful or need confirmation. One species (Dasytes xanthocnemus Kolenati, 1846) is reported from Iran for the first time. Furthermore, Danacea micans astrabadensis Pic, 1922 is resurrected from synonymy and given subspecific status.

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Dariush, Shanehb, i, Dafe Alireza, Alizadeh Ainaz, Khayyat Leila, Sadigh Eteghad Saeed, Akbarmehr Jafar, and Zarredar Habib. "Motal cheese of Iranian nomadic tribes as an untouched source of potentially probiotic Lactobacilli." African Journal of Microbiology Research 7, no. 22 (May 28, 2013): 2751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr12.1993.

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Çiftçi, Erdal. "Migration, memory and mythification: relocation of Suleymani tribes on the northern Ottoman–Iranian frontier." Middle Eastern Studies 54, no. 2 (November 6, 2017): 270–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2017.1393623.

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Wang, Menglin, and Thierry Bourgoin. "A new genus of the tribe Sarimini (Fulgoromorpha, Issidae) from the Guangxi Province of China." ZooKeys 912 (February 17, 2020): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.912.39589.

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A new genus with a new species Eusarimissus hezhouensisgen. nov. et sp. nov. from Guangxi Province of China are described in the tribe Sarimini of the family Issidae. Molecular sequences of 18S, 28S and COXI genes are provided for the new taxon. Phylogenetic analysis places this taxon sister to a previously sequenced but not yet described Sarimini genus ‘Eusarima sp. 4’. Taxonomic notes are provided for the genus Eusarima Yang, 1994. The species Eusarima (Nepalius) iranica Gnezdilov & Mozaffarian, 2011 is transferred to the genus Sarima Melichar 1903.

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NAQINEZHAD, ALIREZA, and HAJAR HAMEDANI. "Puccinellia poecilantha (Poaceae) in Iran." Phytotaxa 313, no. 2 (July 14, 2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.313.2.4.

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Puccinellia is one of the most taxonomically difficult grass genera in the Poeae tribe. The genus is represented by ten species in Iran confined mainly to saline habitats. Based on new collections from northeast Iran, we verify P. poecilantha as occurring in Iran. The specimen identified as P. poecilantha in the Flora Iranica was misidentified, and is corrected to P. gigantea. Puccinellia poecilantha differs from P. bulbosa and P. gigantea, the two most morphologically similar species in Iran, by shape and sizes of their lemmas and glumes, and indumentum. Anatomical features of P. poecilantha are discussed and a distribution map for the new record is provided.

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Ivanova, S. V., A. G. Nikitin, and D. V. Kiosak. "PENDULUM MIGRATIONS IN THE CIRCUM-PONTIC STEPPE AND CENTRAL EUROPE DURING THE PALEOMETAL EPOCH AND THE PROBLEM OF GENESIS OF THE YAMNA CULTURE." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 26, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 101–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2018.01.07.

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This article is dedicated to the problem of the origin and spread of the Yamna cultural-historical community (YCHC) in the context of the hypothesis recently expressed by geneticists about the massive migration of population groups genetically related to YCHC and carrying the genetic determinants of the Iranian Neolithic agrarians and hunters and fishers of the North Caucasus from the Ponto- Caspian steppe to central and northern Europe at the beginning of the Bronze Age. Based on an in-depth archeological and genetic analysis, we propose that the genetic «invasion» of the Iranian-Caucasian genetic element into Europe at the beginning of the Bronze Age, recently proposed by paleogenetisits on the basis of a large-scale study of ancient DNA, was not the result of a large-scale migration of representatives of YCHC from the Ponto-Caspian steppes to central and northern Europe, but the result of global population and cultural changes in Eurasia at the end of the Atlantic climatic optimum. We further suggest that before the steppe genetics appeared in Europe at the beginning of the Bronze Age, central European genetic determinants appeared in the steppe in the Eneolithic, and that the movement of the steppe genetic element to Europe was at least in part the second phase of the «pendular» migration of European expatriates, returning to the historical zone of habitation. We also come to the conclusion that the very concept of distinguishing YCHC as a monolithic entity is inappropriate, and that the groups of nomadic tribes of the Ponto-Caspian steppe most likely existed as discrete communities, although united by a common ideology and a genetic relationship that included both the Iranian-Caucasian (throughout the entire range), and European / Anatolian agricultural (locally) genetic elements.

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Albasoos, Hani, Zeinab Mohammed Ali, Asila S. Al Hasni, and Sara Al Shizawi. "The Nature of Oman’s Relations with Iran." Journal of Arts and Social Sciences [JASS] 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jass.vol10iss1pp5-14.

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Relations between the Sultanate of Oman and the Islamic Republic of Iran extend back to the ancient civilisations that inhabited both regions. At first, trade was the only connection between the two countries. This later evolved into the Persian occupation of Oman which ended in the first century BC after the battle of Saloot. However, these ancient relations are irrelevant to this paper which seeks to examine the nature of the relations between the two states in current times. Oman recognizes Iran as an ancient civilization, not just a new or modernized state. Oman does not ignore the role of Iran in the region and gives it its deserved attention. This is because Oman understands Iran’s significant contemporary and historical position in the Middle East.It is undoubted that Omani influence reached the Iranian territories through the message of Islam. This was the result of Omani merchants and travelers who sailed through the golden strait (Hormuz) to the Iranian border. Moreover, some Persian and Arab tribes settled in the north cost of Oman and lived peacefully together till the modern days. Oman-Iran’s relationship is based on reciprocal respect and not interfering in the internal affairs of both states. The security and logistic cooperation between the two states was very strong in the 1970s and reached its peak in 1977, when the Shah of Iran visited Oman. In the 1970s, Oman signed several agreements, many of which were with Iran, to secure itself from communist threats.

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Kyriakidis, Kleanthis. "Fragmentation as a Challenge: Tribal and Sectrarian Identities in the Middle East." 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(85).

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In the Arabian Gulf two identities can be really considered almost as important as the national one: the tribal and the sectarian ones. Someone should expect that the reinforcement of these identities is a direct response to inequality and processes of exclusion. Furthermore, parochial tribalism is expected to arise as the protector of cultural heritage, especially in a region where the ex-pats vastly outnumber the locals. Nonetheless, both statements are far from truth. In this paper we will analyze how in the Gulf, sectarian identity came to play a significant role only after the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran and it keeps on surviving through mainly instigations and Iranian propaganda, provocations and support. It should be noted that Sunni identity has been allegedly subjugated in other Middle East States (mainly in Syria and Iraq) but in the Gulf the sectarian challenge stems from the Shia communities, openly supported by Tehran. Strangely enough, the tribal identity does not pose that much of a challenge, since tribes are more the friend than the enemy of all Gulf States. Actually, these countries could not have survived without the loyalty and commitment of the tribes not only to the Royal families but also to the idea of the State and the ideal of the Nation – and Gulf Nations do protect their cultural heritage. Keywords: Gulf, Globalization, Fragmentation, Sectarianism, Tribalism

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Udodova, Anastasiya D. "ON THE LOCALIZATION AND ETHNIC ATTRIBUTION OF THE IRANIAN-SPEAKING TRIBES IN THE CONTEXT OF EARLY SCYTHIAN HISTORY." Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University (History and Political Science), no. 1 (2018): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2310-676x-2018-1-14-21.

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Mohammadpur, Ahmad. "Disembedding the Traditional Family: Grounded Theory and the Study of Family Change among Mangor and Gaverk Tribes of Iranian Kurdistan." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 44, no. 1 (January 2013): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.44.1.117.

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DEHQAN, MUSTAFA. "Zîn-ə Hördemîr: A Lekî Satirical Verse from Lekistan." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 18, no. 3 (July 2008): 295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186308008523.

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With the exception of a minor mention, which Sharaf Khān (b.1543) made in theSharafnāma, the first information about the most southern group of Kurdish tribes in Iranian Kurdistan, the Lek, first became available to modern readers inBustān al-Sīyāḥa, a geographical and historical Persian text by Shīrwānī (1773–1832). These hitherto unknown Lek communities, were probably settled in north-western and northern Luristan, known as Lekistan, by order of Shāh ‘Abbās, who wished in this way to create some support for Ḥusayn Khān, thewālīof Luristan. Many of the centres of Lekî intellectual life in the late Afshārīd and early Zand period, which is also of much importance in that the Zand dynasty arose from it, are located in this geographical area. One has only to call to mind the names of such places as Alishtar (Silsila), Kūhdasht, Khāwa, Nūr Ābād, Uthmānwand and Jalālwand in the most southern districts of Kirmānshāh, and also the Lek tribes of eastern Īlām. The very mention of these cities and villages already sets in motion in one's imagination the parade of Twelver Shiites, Ahl-i Haqq heretics, and non-religious oral literary councils which constitutes the history of Lekî new era. But unfortunately little of this is known in the West and Lekî literature remains one of the neglected subjects of literary and linguistic Kurdish studies. This important oral literature and also some written manuscripts are unpublished and untranslated into western languages. The subject of this article is the translation ofZîn-ə Hördemîr, as an example of a genre of Lekî written literature which also provides linguistic data for the Lekî dialect of southern Kurdish.

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Yousefi, Nafiseh, Shahin Zarre, and Günther Heubl. "Molecular phylogeny of the mainly Mediterranean generaChaenorhinum, KickxiaandNanorrhinum(Plantaginaceae, tribe Antirrhineae), with focus on taxa in the Flora Iranica region." Nordic Journal of Botany 34, no. 4 (May 12, 2016): 455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/njb.01000.

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Vertiienko, Hanna. "Precious Metals in the Worldview System of Ancient Iranian-Speaking Peoples on the Texts of Avesta." Archaeology, no. 1 (March 16, 2021): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2021.01.029.

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An overview and contextual-semantic analysis of the cases of usage the lexeme ‘gold’ (zaraniia-) and ‘silver’ (ərəzata-) in corpus of Avestan sources (Yasna, Yashts, Videvdat, Aogəmadaēca, etc.) are provided in the article. ‘Gold’ is used in the Avesta 101 times. ‘Silver’ — only 12 uses, while this metal is always contextually linked with gold. Silver has a semantic connection with the aquatic sphere. Gold is the material from which, according to the texts, the garments of several deities are made (Vayu, Aredvi Sura (partially)). Gold attributes or decorated with this metal tools have a number of gods and heroes (Yima, Mithra, Verethragna, Tishtria, Sraosha) are made completely or partially from it. In the myth of Yima, the divine instruments, the golden suβrā and gilded aštrā, are endowed with reproductive features and help to create the first kingdom (Videvdat 2.6—38). This ideal mythical world turns into the Afterworld. A set of semantic attributes show that gold is directly related to the Otherworld, where the souls of the righteous deceased receive gold places, golden or silver clothes (Videvdat 19.31—32; Aog. 12, 17). The fact that silver and other «colors» are added to gold may indicate the expansion of the spectrum of precious metals and their penetration into the sphere of funeral beliefs. In the treatise of Aogəmadaēca (84), silver-gold (a metaphor of wealth), along with cattle, horses and bravery, is included in the system of concepts related to the Thanatological worldview of the pre-Zoroastrian representations of ancient Iranian tribes.

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Dehqan, Mustafa. "Nehrî Documents from the Institute of Persian National Records: A Catalogue." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 41, no. 2 (2007): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400050537.

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The Kurdish nationalist tradition is surely not very old. The earliest origins of Kurdish nationalism coincide with the beginning of modernity in Kurdistan, which emerged with the secular humanism of the ‘Western Enlightenment,’ ushering in a gradual decline of traditional Islamic identity. The nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries in Kurdish history were a period for the incubation and growth of nationalism in Kurdistan. The famous temporary conquest of Iranian Kurdistan by Sheikh ‘Ubaydullah Nehrî (d. 1883), son of Sheikh Sayyid Taha, is the most important event in the history of early Kurdish nationalism. What I want to present here is in no way a complete investigation of the revolt of ‘Ubaydullah and his nationalist efforts. This is no more than an introduction to some newly-found Persian documents from the Institute of Persian National Records (IPNR) in Tehran, a schema of basic subjects surrounding the rebellion of ‘Ubaydullah and the Kurdish tribes as reflected in Persian diplomatic reports. Here I can only list the documents without entering into much detail. This collection has attracted little attention yet, but is well worth intensive investigation.

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Gadjiev, Murtazali S. "Armenia and the Land of the Mazkut‘ (3rd–5th Centuries AD): Written Sources and Archaeological Data." Electrum 28 (2021): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.21.014.13372.

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Since the early 4th century, ancient Armenian authors (P‘awstos Buzand, Movsēs Xorenac‘i, Agat‘angełos, Movsēs Dasxuranc‘i, the Ašxarac‘oyc) begin to mention the Land of the Mazk‘ut‘ (Arm. ašharh Mazk‘t‘acʻ), located in the East Caucasus. The Sarmato-Alan burial mounds of plain Daghestan of the 3rd–5th centuries (Lvov, Palasa-Syrt, etc.) are attributed to this ethnic community. In 216 AD these tribes invaded Armenia through the Derbent pass (Arm. durn Čoray) (Khorenatsi 2,65), and took part in the Armenian-Iranian war in the middle of the 3rd century. At the beginning of the 4th century the post of “bdeašx from the Mazk‘ut‘s” (Agatangełos. 874) appears in administrative apparatus of Armenia, which shows the military and strategic value of the Land of Mazk‘ut‘s. At the same time, the family dynastic ties are apparently established between the ruling houses of Armenia and the kingdom of the Mazk‘ut‘ (Ašxen, Ašxadar, Trdat, Sanesan, Xosrow). The importance of this kingdom can be seen by the events of the 330s’—the struggle for the Armenian throne after the king Trdat’s death in c. 330 AD, in which the different tribes led by Sanesan, the King of the Mazk‘ut‘, took active part. The discontinuance of the Mazk‘ut‘ burial mounds in the middle of the 5th century might be explained, on the one hand, by the possible annexation of the Mazk‘ut‘ by the Huns during the invasion of Transcaucasia and the seizure of the Derbent pass in circa 440 AD; on the other hand, by the subsequent forceful displacement of the Mazk‘ut‘s and the Huns from the territory to the south of Derbent along with the strengthening of Sasanian Iran in the East Caucasus in the 440s’ and regain of control over the Derbent pass, which can be traced both in written sources (Ełishe, History of Karka de Beth Selok) and fortification monuments (mud-brick fortifications of Derbent and Torpakh-kala).

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Anikeeva, Olga, and Galina Kolganova. "Jewellery from Burial 2 Kurgan 1 Filippovka 1 Cemetery: Manufacturing Techniques, Purpose and Semantics of Images." Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik, no. 1 (July 2020): 6–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2020.1.1.

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The article is dedicated to the publication of the unique jewelry which was found in the untouched noble female’s grave-pit of the Early Sarmatian elite burial ground located at Southern Urals. It stands out with an unordinary complicated construction, polychrome style, a variety of materials and techniques used in its manufacture, central disc containing cloisonne artwork. Analysis of the item’s burial context convincingly showed this item was not worn as a decoration in social life, but it was the precious relic used in religious ceremonies and ritual practices for short periods of time. A detailed study of manufacturing technology allows us to reconstruct the fastening ways and application methods for this jewelry. The search of analogies for images placed on the central medallion, made it possible to clarify its compositional semantics. Its central character is the sacred tree, guarded by the divine power of “khvarenah” deity. “Khvarenah” is presented by two guises - the winged sun disc and the sacred Veraghna birds. General meaning of the ritual reflects the idea of increasing fertility: ensuring the well-being and increasing offspring numbers, health, wealth and prosperity of the family. New Assyrian compositional scheme used in the medallion. It appeared at the beginning of the IX century BC and actively spread in Urartu and pre-Achaemenid Media since the VIII-VII centuries BC. This relic was found in the early nomadic burial site dating back to the IV century BC. All these show the significant continuity of ancient Iranian religious cults. They continue to exist in the satrapies of Achaemenid Iran, they are perceived by the elite of the Sarmatian tribes of the Southern Urals and they spread in a nomadic environment.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Iranian tribe'

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