Journal articles on the topic 'Iranian speakers'
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Nikoobin, Atefeh, and Mohsen Shahrokhi. "Impoliteness in the Realization of Complaint Speech Acts: A Comparative Study of Iranian EFL Learners and Native English Speakers." International Journal of English Linguistics 7, no. 2 (January 20, 2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n2p32.
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This study was conducted to investigate the impolite complaint strategies that are used by Iranian EFL learners and native speakers in relation to social distance. This study also aimed at determining if there were significant differences among the strategies used by each group and if there was a significant difference between Iranian native speakers of English. To this end, 40 Iranian EFL learners and 20 Americans who were native speakers of English participated in this study. To make sure about the homogeneity of Iranian participants the Oxford Placement Test (OPT) was conducted. A questionnaire containing 12 different situations was designed by the researchers and was given to the participants to express their complaints for each situation. The results revealed that there were significant differences among the strategies used by each group; the most common strategy that was used by both groups of participants was positive impoliteness and the least common one was bald-on-record. Although the most and least common strategies used by both groups were the same, Iranians had a stronger tendency for using sarcasm in low social distance situations while natives had a stronger tendency for using bald-on-record in high social distance contexts. This study has implications for EFL curriculum designing in Iran and can make Iranian EFL instructors familiar with the importance of impoliteness as an indispensable part of language.
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Masjedi, Narges, and Shamala Paramasivam. "Complaint and Politeness Strategies used by Iranian Speakers of English." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 7, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.3p.38.
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Complaint is a face threatening act and it happens when a speaker reacts with anger to things which go wrong or to a speech or an action which affected him/her unfavorably. Therefore, complaints can engender social relationship breakdown. However, a complainer can use politeness when he/she aims to maintain a good relationship with complainee or to mitigate the severity of his/her complaint and face threat. This study aims to investigate the complaint speech act with regard to the strategies and structure used as well as the politeness strategies employed by Iranian learners in communication with other nationalities in the academic context of a university. Searle’s (1969) speech act theory and Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory comprised the theoretical framework of the study. The data were elicited through open-ended discourse completion task questionnaire from 50 Iranian learners. The data were analyzed using pragmatics as the approach within discourse analysis. The findings show that Iranians are able to draw on a variety of strategies and structures and adapt them in a flexible manner when faced with various complaint-provoking situations. Culturally, the findings show that Iranians are indirect and exercise negative politeness as they try to minimize the face threatening act of complaining. However, when the situation demands for it, they can be direct in their manner of speech.
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Alemi, Minoo, Niayesh Pazoki Moakhar, and Atefeh Rezanejad. "A cross-cultural study of condolence strategies in a computer-mediated social network." Russian Journal of Linguistics 25, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 417–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-2-417-442.
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Among the various speech acts, an under-investigated one is condolence speech act. The present study sought to investigate the verbal strategies of expressing condolence used by (1) Iranian native speakers of Persian, (2) Iranian EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners, and (3) American native speakers of English. Accordingly, a total of 200, 42, and 50 responses were collected respectively from the informants who responded to an obituary post followed by a picture consisting of a situation related to the news of a celebritys death on Instagram (In the case of Iranians: Morteza Pashaii , a famous singer in the case of Americans: B. B. King , an American singer-songwriter). After creating a pool of responses to the death announcements and through careful content analysis, the utterances by native Persian speakers, EFL learners, and native English speakers were coded into seven, nine, and seven categories, with expression of affection ( n = 109, 46.38%), wishes for the deceased ( n = 34, 59.64%), and wishes for the deceased ( n = 32, 23.70%) being the most prevalent ones, correspondingly. Moreover, tests of Chi-square revealed that there was a statistically significant difference among the three groups. The results showed that there were significant differences among the participants in terms of using condolence strategies in Expression of affection (love and grief), Wishes for the deceased, Expression of shock, use of address terms, expression of gratitude, Offering condolences, expression of happiness for his peaceful death, and Seeking absolution from God categories, with Expression of affection being the most prevalent one among Iranian Persian speakers. The findings have pedagogical implications for EFL teachers as wells as textbook and course designers.
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Eshraghi, Atefeh, and Mohsen Shahrokhi. "The Realization of Complaint Strategies among Iranian Female EFL Learners and Female Native English Speakers: A Politeness Perspective." International Journal of English Linguistics 6, no. 2 (March 29, 2016): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v6n2p9.
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<p>Speech acts are interesting areas of research and there has been much research on speech acts. Complaint is a type of speech act and how to use it in interaction is important to EFL learners. The complaint strategies employed by Iranian female EFL learners and female English native speakers were compared in this study. Also, the effects of contextual variables (Social distance and Social power) on the choice of complaint strategies by Iranian female EFL learners and female native English speakers were studied in this research. Thirty Iranian female EFL learners and thirty female native English speakers participated in this study. The two instruments which were used in this study included Oxford Placement Test (OPT) and Discourse Completion Test (DCT). The (DCT), as an open-ended questionnaire was administrated to them to elicit complaint speech acts. Then, the collected data were analyzed according to a modified taxonomy of complaint strategies proposed by Trosoborg (1995). The results indicated that there was a significant difference between Iranian female EFL learners and female native English speakers in terms of using complaint strategies. Iranian female EFL learners used indirect complaint, while female native English speakers used the direct complaint more frequently; and contextual variables had a great influence on complaint strategy choice by participants of two groups.</p>
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Zakeri, Dina, and Fazlollah Samimi. "A Cross-Linguistic Study on the Reflection of Metadiscourse Markers in the Acknowledgements of the Iranian and Native English Dissertations." Language Teaching Research Quarterly 26 (December 2021): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32038/ltrq.2021.26.04.
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The acknowledgement section in a thesis or dissertation expresses gratitude for the people who have helped the author in the process of conducting the research and writing the paper. The study sought to explore the extent to which metadiscourse markers have been employed in the dissertation acknowledgements. Excluding the rhetorical moves, emotional tones and cultural backgrounds, the research has primarily contrasted dissertation acknowledgements written by Iranian EFL doctoral graduates and English native speakers at an identical level. Hyland’s metadiscourse model features and his four-tier main obligatory thanking move was applied to determine and interpret the features predominantly used in the thesis acknowledgements. A qualitative analysis of the results revealed that except for a meaningful difference in attitude markers, Iranian acknowledgements were consistent with the model and not any noticeable difference detected in using interactive metadiscourse features between Iranians and native speakers when writing their dissertation acknowledgements.
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Namazi, Mahchid. "Cultural and Linguistic Considerations: The Case of Persian." Perspectives on Communication Disorders and Sciences in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) Populations 21, no. 3 (December 2014): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/cds21.3.88.
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The purpose of this paper is to introduce the reader to the Persian language of Iran while embedding it in the larger context of Persian culture and Iranian-Americans. It will provide the practicing speech-language pathologist's (SLPs) basic information about the linguistic structure of Persian, as spoken by Iranian-Americans to facilitate the provision of a culturally and linguistically appropriate evaluation of Persian heritage language speakers living in the United States. According to the language use data collected by the United States Census Bureau of the 67 Indo-European languages spoken in U.S. homes, Persian ranked 9th above Greek, Urdu, and Gujarathi (U.S. Census Bureau, n.d.). This is a surprising fact given the dearth of published research on Heritage speakers of Persian learning English and living in the United States. This phenomenon may partly be a consequence of the fact that the majority of Iranians value education and literacy and report high proficiency in English. Nevertheless, the potential risk that Iranian-Americans may be over- or under- identified may be greater than for other minority groups in the US due to the lack of information readily available to clinicians.
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Farnia, Maryam, and Elham Yazdani. "Politeness Strategies in Remindings A Cross-cultural Study of Iranian EFL learners and Americans." Journal of Intercultural Communication 18, no. 1 (March 10, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v18i1.752.
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This cross-cultural study examines the speech act of reminding by Iranian English learners and American English native speakers. The primary objective is to study how Iranian EFL learners perform much understudied speech act of reminding in English. To this end, the participants are selected from Iranian learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and American English native speakers through an open-ended questionnaire in the form of a Discourse Completion Task (DCT).The collected data are then analyzed based on a framework adopted from Peterson’s (2012) study of speech act of reminding. The findings show that whereas English native speakers utilize more indirect strategies in reminding their interlocutors to cope with the required activity, EFL learners tend to use direct strategies more frequently.
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Farahani, Mehrdad Vasheghani. "Investigating the Application and Distribution of Metadiscourse Features in Research Articles in Applied Linguistics between English Native Writers and Iranian Writers: A Comparative Corpus-based Inquiry." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 8, no. 1 (November 17, 2017): 1268–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v8i1.6441.
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Metadiscourse features are the elements that can show the presence of writer(s) in the writing process. The main objective of the present study was to run a quantitative corpus-based study on the way metadiscourse features (elements) were used by English native writers and Iranian non-native writers in the field of Applied Linguistics. To this end, 29 articles in the field of Applied Linguistics written by native speakers of English and Iranian non- native speakers of English were randomly selected; compiling together a corpus of 173839 words. Also, for the raw data and corpus analysis, the Sketch engine software was exploited by the researcher. The results of the study couldreveal the fact that in overall, writers of both corpora made use of interactive metadiscourse features more than interactional metadiscourse ones and that the texts written by native speakers enjoyed more metadiscourse markers compared to texts written by Iranian non-native speakers.
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Farnia, Maryam, Atena Farhangi, and Masoud Saeedi. "Cross-cultural Study of Perception of Humor by English Native Speakers and Iranian EFL Learners." Asian Journal of University Education 16, no. 2 (August 6, 2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v16i2.7914.
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As an instance of foreign language comprehension, L2 humor perception is proved to be challenging for the foreign language learners. However, the body of literature is heavier on the side of humor production than humor perception. The current study explores the extent to which Iranian English as foreign language (EFL) learners perceive different types of English humor in comparison with the English native speakers. The participants were 153 Iranian EFL learners at intermediate level of language proficiency who were randomly selected from English language learners from several English language institutes in Shiraz, Iran, and 30 American English native speakers who voluntarily participated in this study. A questionnaire consisting of six contextualized jokes of three major types of universal, cultural and linguistic (with morphological, phonological, lexical and syntactic subcategories)was developed based on Schmitz's classification of verbal humor to obtain the quantitative data. Moreover, a semi-structured interview was conducted to elicit the perception of those participants who did not find the jokes humorous. The results showed that the majority of Iranian EFL participants did not realize the humor in the jokes. Also, the findings revealed that generally speaking, Iranian EFL learners' perception of humor is significantly lower in all types of jokes examined. The best perceived type of humor was found to be the linguistic humor of morphological type for the Iranian EFL learners and the lexical type for English native speakers. It was also discovered that the phonological humor was the least perceived type of humor for both Iranian EFL learners and English native speakers.
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Salehi, Mohammad, Aydin Neysani, and Maria Popescu. "Receptive intelligibility of Turkish to Iranian-Azerbaijani speakers." Cogent Education 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 1326653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2017.1326653.
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Shahsavari, Somayeh, Bita Alimohammadi, and Abbas Eslami Rasekh. "Compliment Responses: A Comparative Study of Native English Speakers and Iranian L2 Speakers." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 98 (May 2014): 1744–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.602.
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Dehqan, Ali, Hossein Ansari, and Mehdi Bakhtiar. "Objective Voice Analysis of Iranian Speakers with Normal Voices." Journal of Voice 24, no. 2 (March 2010): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2008.07.005.
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Moradi, Negin, Nader Maroufi, Mahmood Bijankhan, Tahereh Hosseinzadeh Nik, Mahyar Salavati, Toktam Jalayer, Seyed Mahmoud Latifi, and Majid Soltani. "Long-Term Average Spectra of Adult Iranian Speakers' Voice." Journal of Voice 28, no. 3 (May 2014): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2013.09.002.
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Anonby, Erik John. "Update on Luri: How many languages?" Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 13, no. 2 (July 2003): 171–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186303003067.
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AbstractLuri is an Indo-Iranian language cluster with over four million speakers. The Luri ethnic area is found in southwestern Iran and southeastern Iraq, although smaller numbers of speakers have emigrated to elsewhere in Asia and a number of cities in the West.
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Farnia, Maryam, and Safoora Barati. "WRITING INTRODUCTION SECTIONS OF RESEARCH ARTICLES IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS: CROSS-LINGUISTIC STUDY OF NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE WRITERS." Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 7, no. 2 (September 30, 2017): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v7i2.8357.
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Genre studies allow researchers to observe the repeated communicative functions and their linguistic components in different genres (Brett, 1994). Writing the introduction section is a tough and burdensome task for both native and non-native speakers (Swales & Feak, 1994). Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the generic organization of English research article introductions written by native English and Iranian non-native speakers of English. A total of 160 published articles were selected from established journals in Applied Linguistics. Following Swales’ (2004) Create A Research Space (CARS) model, the researchers analyzed the articles for their specific generic patterns. Findings displayed that native English writers used significantly more strategies than Iranian non-native speakers of English, yielding richer texts. The findings of the present study contribute to the current knowledge of cross-cultural studies in academic writing to non-native English speakers in general and to non-native English novice writers in particular. Built on Swales’ (2004) CARS model, the study describes how introduction sections are developed in English by native and non-native speakers, offering insights into ESP/EAP writing pedagogy.
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Williamson, Paul. "Munji." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 47, no. 2 (November 25, 2016): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100316000256.
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Munji (aka Munjani or Munjiwar; ISO 639-3: [mnj]) is spoken in the Kuran wa Munjan district of Badakhshan province in Afghanistan. Munji is classified as an Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir language (Lewis 2009). There are about 5,300 Munji speakers (Beyer & Beck 2011). There are two main dialects, which divide into the northern and southern halves of the valley (see Figure 1). These dialects exhibit some regular sound changes and a small percentage of lexical differences. Munji speakers are aware of the differences, but there is no trouble in mutual understanding.
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Worrall, James, and Alam Saleh. "Persian Pride and Prejudice: Identity Maintenance and Interest Calculations among Iranians in the United Arab Emirates." International Migration Review 54, no. 2 (September 10, 2019): 496–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918319860154.
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Given the ongoing tensions between Iran and the Gulf States, it is odd that Persian speakers, and Iranians in particular, living in the Gulf’s Arab States have received so little scholarly attention. Based on extensive fieldwork in both the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Iran, this article examines conceptualizations of identity and interests within Iranian communities in the UAE. In building an understanding of the diversity of Iranians, while highlighting commonalities across their diverse spectrum, it paints a complex picture of people trapped between pride in their identity and the prejudice they face because of that identity. The article develops the concept of identity maintenance as a key tool, placing this approach within wider calculations of interests and hedging processes embarked on by Iranians within an environment that increasingly securitizes Iranian identity. The case both enriches our understanding of the mosaic of migration in the Gulf and highlights key drivers within processes of identity maintenance. These processes represent a logical outcome of the context of precarity and suspicion that pertains in the UAE, making identity maintenance both similar to and considerably different from more typical migration environments in the West.
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Zarepour, Fatemeh, and Masoumeh Imani Saidloo. "An Analysis of Iranian EFL Learners’ English Written Requestive E-mails." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 7, no. 3 (May 1, 2016): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0703.20.
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Electronic mail is one of the widely used medium for institutional communication particularly in academic institutions. The main focus of this study was determining requesting strategies and mitigating elements used by the Iranians’ EFL learners in English written requestive e-mails to their professors. This study also determined opening and closing strategies and supportive moves. To this aim, 61 e-mail were collected using DCT and analyzed by means of CCSARP (Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Pattern) coding scheme. The results showed that Iranian students, under the effect of L1 norms, used more direct strategies and to soften the force of requests they tended to use mitigating elements and pre-request supportive moves. It had been concluded that Iranian EFL students have lack of pragmatic knowledge; therefore, it is necessary to make them aware of norms of requestive e-mails written by English native speakers.
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Ginanti, Endah, and Eko Fachtur Rochman. "THE EFFECT OF LEARNER DIFFERENCES AND TEACHING OF COLLOCATION ON STUDENTS’ COLLOCATION COMPETENCE." Journey (Journal of English Language and Pedagogy) 3, no. 1 (February 22, 2020): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33503/journey.v3i1.707.
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Collocation has a fairly prominent role in English Language. For non-native speakers, the years learning English does not mean non-native speakers are able to apply collocation correctly. Non-native speakers will face great difficulty in collocation because they have limited quantity of doing much exposure and their learner differences such as motivation. This current study critically reviews Mansoor Ganji’s (2012) work which investigated the influence of Gender and Years of Instruction on Iranian EFL learners’ Collocational Competence. Ganji’s found that Iranian English majors were weak in lexical collocation in spite of English had been taught at least 6 years and teachers seemed not to pay attention to collocation teaching in Iran. This study is descriptive qualitative. This study shows that teachers teach collocation both implicitly and explicitly. However, most of students are still weak in collocation. This study also shows that lack of exposure influences students’ collocational competence.
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Darani, Laya Heidari, and Hourieh Heidari Darani. "Language and Gender: A Prosodic Study of Iranian Speakers’ Talks." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 70 (January 2013): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.080.
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Battenburg, John. "The status of Kumzari and its speakers." Language Problems and Language Planning 37, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.37.1.02bat.
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The Kumzari language, with approximately 3,000 speakers in the Musandam Governorate of Oman, is an Iranian language spoken in the Arabian Peninsula. Although Kumzari speakers have lived along the Persian Gulf for hundreds of years, little research has been conducted on this language community. Issues related to constructing a systematic approach for analyzing language minority groups are considered in the context of the Kumzari language and community. In addition, factors and degrees of endangerment suggested in the 2003 UNESCO document entitled “Language Vitality and Endangerment” as well as classifications proposed by other researchers are addressed. Finally, the future status of this endangered language community is discussed.
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Tabatabai, Sara, Bella Akhmedovna Bulgarova, Ketan Kotecha, and Shruti Patil. "Decoding Iran's meme culture and implications in journalism." Litera, no. 4 (April 2024): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2024.4.70410.
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The study of digital humour and meme culture as a complex phenomenon, given the growing consumption and popularity of memes, especially among digital technology speakers, coupled with the scarcity of scholarly attention and research on this topic in Iran, has become increasingly relevant. This article focuses on the complex interplay between memes, culture and technology. By analysing the integral role of humour in Iranian digital culture, the study aims to explore the nature and functions of Iranian meme culture. The analysis shows that Iranian digital humour and meme culture function as a platform for equal opportunities to laugh, challenge established cultural norms and question prevailing ideologies. The research methodology is based on the reproduction of gender conventions and power hierarchies in Iran through internet memes. The methods applied are: content analysis, distributive and comparative. The study also builds on Bakhtin's concept of "chronotope" in multimodal analysis of memes common among Iranian immigrants. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that it makes a valuable contribution to the field of journalism and media studies, highlighting the importance of understanding the role of humour and memes in shaping public perception and navigating complex ideological landscapes, as well as the ways in which memes can be used to disrupt or alter these dynamics. The results of the analysis of Iranian digital humour and memes show that meme culture functions as a means to combat inequalities in power and status. In addition, the study demonstrated the Iranian population's reinterpretation of the immigrant experience, thereby reaffirming and refining their hybrid identity as transnational Iranians. This process unfolds through the recreation of different spatio-temporal configurations within the meme.
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Salman, Ahmed Rawdhan. "Compliment Responses among Non-native English Speakers: Evidence of Pragmatic Transfer from Persian into English." International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education 14, no. 1 (March 17, 2022): 864–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/int-jecse/v14i1.221101.
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Pragmatic failure contributes to misunderstanding in intercultural communication. Hence, language learners must not only acquire the correct forms of the target language, but also the knowledge of how to use the language pragmatically appropriate in the target culture. This study probes the evidence of pragmatic failure in the English Complement Responses (CRs) of Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. The participants were EFL students in a national university in Iran who were asked to take part in a Discourse Completion Test (DTC). This test included some hypothetical situations where the participants were requested provide responses to the compliments. Herbert’s (1986) taxonomy was used to classify the types of the CRs. Findings indicated that the participants transferred some of the Iranian cultural schemas to their CRs expressed in English. It is implied from this study that the teachers should make the EFL learners sensitive to the form and the sound use of CRs in intercultural communication with native English speakers. The results have useful implications for stakeholders in the field of TEFL in general and in Iran in particular.
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Baronciani, Luciano, Flora Peyvandi, Anne Goodeve, Reinhard Schneppenheim, Zahra Badiee, Mohammad-Reza Baghaipour, Javier Battle, et al. "Profile of Mutations Identified in the 3WINTERS-IPS Project on European & Iranian Patients with Previously Diagnosed Type 3 Von Willebrand Disease." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-114702.
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Abstract Background: The type 3 Von Willebrand International RegistrieSInhibitor Prospective Study (3WINTERS-IPS) is a no-profit, investigator initiated, multicenter, European-Iranian observational, retrospective and prospective study on patients with diagnosis of type 3 VWD. Patients with type 3 von Willebrand Disease (VWD3) have markedly reduced levels of von Willebrand factor (VWF) and very severe bleeding phenotype. Due to the recessive inheritance pattern, VWD3 is by definition a rare bleeding disorder (1:Million) but its prevalence may increase in countries like Iran with consanguineous marriages. Aim: To identify the VWF genetic defects in a cohort of European and Iranian patients with previously diagnosed VWD3 enrolled into the 3WINTERS-IPS project. Methods: Patients classified locally as VWD3 were enrolled in the study following informed consent. 141 patients were from 9 different European countries and 119 patients were from the Islamic Republic of Iran. Plasma/buffy-coat samples were sent to expert labs to confirm patient's laboratory phenotype and to perform molecular analysis. PCR and Sanger sequencing/ next generation sequencing and multiplex-ligation dependent probe amplification were used in Hamburg, Sheffield and Milan to confirm previously identified variants or to seek previously unidentified variants. Results: DNA samples from 122 patients from Europe and 114 patients from Iran were analyzed at the molecular level. Of the 236 VWD3 patients under evaluation 24 are still in progress. Of the 212 fully evaluated patients 139 were homozygous (EU/IR=46/93) and 43 were compound heterozygous (EU/IR=36/7). In the remaining 30 patients no variants were identified in 19 samples (EU/IR=6/13) and only one variant was found in the remaining 11 cases (EU/IR=10/1). 135 (EU/IR=82/53) different gene defects were identified among the 375 (EU/IR=174/201) alleles found in this study. Of these 135 variants identified 51(EU/IR=22/29) were not reported on the www.ensembl.org database. The distribution of the different type of variants identified in the two populations is shown in the Figure. The two charts are showing quite similar percentages of the variants identified, with a main exception for the Small deletions and Small insertions. Only five variants are shared among the two populations. Three of these are the "hotspot" variants at the Arg codon, p.Arg1659* (EU/IR=9/8), p.Arg1853* (EU/IR=2/3) and p.Arg2535* (EU/IR=1/2). However, a missense variant , p.Cys275Ser (EU/IR=1/2) and a large deletion, delEx1_Ex5 (EU/IR=1/2) were also found in both populations. Fifteen variants were recurrent and were found in 154 alleles, whereas 49 variants were found only once in the heterozygous state (EU/IR=40/9) and 50 variants were found only twice, mainly in the homozygous state (EU/IR=25/25). Six large deletions were identified (delEx1_Ex3, delEx1_Ex5, delEx14_Ex15, delEx17, delEx35_Ex52 and delEx1_Ex52) and a duplication (dupEx1_Ex28), nevertheless 52 alleles with missense variants were identified (EU/IR=20/32). Discussion: As expected, the majority of the Iranian patients were found to be homozygous (Homozygous/Compound Heterozygous=93/7) reflecting a high rate of consanguinity, nevertheless half of the European patients were found to be homozygous (Homozygous/Compound Heterozygous=46/36). The European populations demonstrated a higher heterogeneity of variants with 82 different variants among the 175 mutated alleles vs 53 different variants among the 201 mutated alleles identified in the Iranian population. Nevertheless, a higher number of previously unreported variants was found in the Iranian population (29) vs the European one (22), probably due to bias of previous investigations performed in European patients. Figure Figure. Disclosures Peyvandi: Ablynx: Other: Member of Advisory Board, Speakers Bureau; Shire: Speakers Bureau; Roche: Speakers Bureau; Grifols: Speakers Bureau; Grifols: Speakers Bureau; Novo Nordisk: Speakers Bureau; Sobi: Speakers Bureau; Sobi: Speakers Bureau; Novo Nordisk: Speakers Bureau; Kedrion: Consultancy; Novo Nordisk: Speakers Bureau; Octapharma US: Honoraria; Novo Nordisk: Speakers Bureau; Sobi: Speakers Bureau; Ablynx: Other: Member of Advisory Board, Speakers Bureau; Kedrion: Consultancy; Novo Nordisk: Speakers Bureau; Kedrion: Consultancy; Ablynx: Other: Member of Advisory Board, Speakers Bureau; Octapharma US: Honoraria; Shire: Speakers Bureau; Roche: Speakers Bureau; Kedrion: Consultancy; Kedrion: Consultancy; Ablynx: Other: Member of Advisory Board, Speakers Bureau; Octapharma US: Honoraria; Octapharma US: Honoraria; Sobi: Speakers Bureau; Roche: Speakers Bureau; Octapharma US: Honoraria; Shire: Speakers Bureau; Sobi: Speakers Bureau; Roche: Speakers Bureau; Roche: Speakers Bureau; Shire: Speakers Bureau; Ablynx: Other: Member of Advisory Board, Speakers Bureau; Grifols: Speakers Bureau; Grifols: Speakers Bureau; Grifols: Speakers Bureau; Shire: Speakers Bureau. Schneppenheim:CSL Behring: Consultancy; SHIRE: Consultancy. Berntorp:Octapharma: Consultancy; CSL Behring: Consultancy; Shire: Consultancy, Other: honoraria for lecturing . Eikenboom:CSL: Research Funding. Mannucci:Bayer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Kedrion: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Grifols: Speakers Bureau; Alexion: Speakers Bureau; Baxalta/Shire: Speakers Bureau; Novo Nordisk: Speakers Bureau. Mazzucconi:Baxalta-Shire: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Bayer: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Novartis,: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Novo Nordisk: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; CSL Behring: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. Oldenburg:Swedish Orphan Biovitrum: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Shire: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Roche: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Grifols: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Biogen Idec: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Chugai: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Biotest: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; CSL Behring: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novo Nordisk: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Octapharma: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Bayer: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding.
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Alekseev, Konstantin Aleksandrovich. "To the question of origin of Indo-Iranians and Tocharians in light of the newest genetic data." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 12 (December 2020): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2020.12.34080.
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The subject of this research is the ethnogenesis of Indo-Iranian and Tocharian groups of Indo-European language family. The author analyzes the data on genetic composition of the population of Gandhara grave culture, which is an undisputable archeological evidence of expansion of Indo-Iranians into the Indus Valley, i.e. the place of dwelling of the speakers of Indo-Iranian languages that will be subsequently recorded in the written sources. The results of analysis are compared to the data acquired on the ancient population of the Tarim Basin in Eastern Turkestan, which supposedly is proto-Tocharian. The comparison of mitochondrial DNA detected the only admissible localization of population, which is ancestral for both linguistic groups, as well as outlined the logical chain of migration of Indo-Europeans. The novelty of this research consists in application of the comparative-genetic method for detecting the localization of origin of a particular human population (in this article – Indo-Iranians and Tocharians). The following conclusions were made: additional arguments in confirmation of the genesis of Indo-Iranians and Tocharians from the area of Danubian culture of the Neolithic (linear pottery – Linearbandkeramik, Lengyel, Alföld), as well as well reasons in support the migration model of Indo-Iranians and Tocharians from the area of agricultural cultures of Europe through Eurasian steppes, which can serve as the new foundation for hypotheses on the formation of steppe culture (like grave culture) by the people of European descent.
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Minavandchal, Amirmahdi, and Mahmood Salimi. "Predicting EFL Learners’ Susceptibility to Various Disfluency Types Based on Gender and Age." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 30, no. 2 (November 9, 2021): 174–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2021-30-2-174-198.
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The aim of the current study is to investigate the relationship of production of speech disfluencies in EFL learners based on gender and age through regression modeling. Gender and age have been examined to influence the production of disfluencies in both native and nonnative speakers so it’s an important issue since fluency and disfluency are crucial aspects of language learning, however, the influence of age and gender on disfluency remains a controversial issue with studies often producing conflicting results with one another.
Methods. This study took a new approach to this subject as we produced regression models which can predict the likelihood of production of each disfluency type based on speakers’ age and gender. In order to do this 40 Iranian advanced EFL learners (20 male, 20 female) in four age groups (youth 19–24, young adults 25–30, adults 31–44, and older adults 45+) took part in the study. Later semi-structured interviews with a variety of questions regarding different topics were conducted and participants’ responses were first recorded and then transcribed. The frequency of occurrence of each disfluency type in participants’ speech samples formed our data. This data was then used for our regression analysis.
Results. Our findings indicated that, while filled pauses are the most frequently produced disfluency in both genders and all age groups, female speakers are more likely to produce hesitations in their speech compared to male speakers. We also found out that, older adults are less likely to produce filled pauses in their speech compared to younger speakers. With Further analyses, we also investigated the likelihood of producing certain disfluency types over other ones based on age and gender and how this may help instructors.
Conclusions. Based on our findings, it can be concluded that all six types of disfluencies are produced by the Iranian EFL learners. Also, we found that, filled pauses, hesitations, and repetitions are by far the most frequently produced disfluency types by Iranian EFL learners, respectively.
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Sadeghi, Karim, and Zahra Jalilzadeh Mohammadi. "Compliment Response (CR) patterns among English vs. Persian teachers: Cultural transmission of CR behavior?" Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 17, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2021): 153–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpp-2021-0008.
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Abstract The purpose of the present study was to compare differential functioning of Iranian English versus Persian teachers in responding to compliments and to investigate the possibility of sociolinguistic transmission of speech act of responding to compliments from English culture to native Iranian Persian speakers. Following Chen and Yang (2010), we hypothesized that exposure to English would affect the complimenting behavior of Persian speakers, leading to more acceptance of compliments compared to those with little or no exposure to English. Participants of the study were 50 English teachers, regarded as “exposed-to-English” or E group, and 50 Persian teachers, considered as “unexposed-to-English” or U group. The participants’ age ranged from 20 to 35 and they were selected through non-randomized convenience sampling. A Discourse Completion Test (DCT) comprising eight complimenting situations was developed in two versions, i.e. English and Persian, in light of Mane’s (1983) taxonomy. The results revealed a significant difference in performance between groups and that Iranian English teachers’ Compliment Response (CR) behavior changed due to exposure to English and approached English culture. Further findings and implications are discussed in the paper.
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Jamshedov, Parvona. "New data on kinship terminology in the Pamir and Tajik languages of modern Tajikistan." Rodnoy Yazyk. Linguistic journal, no. 1 (June 2021): 118–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2313-5816-2021-1-118-141.
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The article presents data on kinship terminology in the Pamir and Tajik languages. With the help of native speakers the author collected and analysed modern-day kin terms in the unwritten Iranian languages and dialects of southern Tajikistan.
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Ebrahimsharifi, Shler, and Ferial Tayebianpour. "Common Mistakes Made by Persian Speakers When Using Russian Prefixed Verbs of Motion." Prepodavatel XXI vek, no. 2, 2020 (2020): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2073-9613-2020-2-160-169.
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Movement in space and its expression is one of the linguistic universals, which is lexicalized in the languages of the world in different ways. The Inter-language differences in lexicalization of the motion causes problems in the study of this subject in a foreign audience and lead to grammatical errors. The verbs of motion are of significant importance in terms of everyday communication. They are used in communication at all stages of training and the learning of prefixed verbs of motion significantly develops the students’ potential vocabulary. In the Iranian audience, the subject of “Russian verbs of motion” is very difficult. The article analyzes some common mistakes made by Iranian students learning Russian prefixed verbs of motion, defines their causes and determines the optimal methodological solutions to eliminate these errors. The subject of the study is verbs of motion with the prefixes vi -, pri -, po -, pro -, c -. The article uses descriptive and comparative methods of linguistic research.
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Dabir-Moghadam, Mohammad, and Hossein Raeesi. "A Critical Discourse Analysis of Iranian Sport Media: A Case Study." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 8, no. 3 (May 31, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.8n.3p.84.
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Sport media can go beyond reflecting sport events and shape and direct public opinions. However, few, if any, studies have addressed this area in an Iranian context. Therefore, the present study sought to critically analyze Iranian sport media texts by focusing on a particular subject. To do so, a corpus of sampled texts, which reflected official and semi-official stances on the two Iranian footballers’ act of playing against an Israeli team, was analyzed using Fairclough’s three-dimensional model. The findings of the study indicated how speakers use linguistic means to highlight the desired points of view, establish power relations, and control readers’ mind and thinking. The findings also revealed that sport media can be used to strengthen dominant ideologies already legitimatized and approved by sportspeople.
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Moghadam, Farzane Deliery. "Persuasion in Journalism: A Study of Metadiscourse in Texts by Native Speakers of English and Iranian EFL Writers." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 7, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0706.11.
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Metadiscourse is a set of linguistic devices used to communicate attitudes and mark the structural properties of a text. This study explored the frequency of occurrence of metadiscourse devices, and the role they play in the construction of persuasion in opinion articles written by English native speakers and Iranian EFL (English as a Foreign Language) writers. A corpus of 60 opinion articles, 30 by American writers and 30 by Iranian EFL authors, was collected and examined using Hyland’s (2005) model of metadiscours. The articles were taken from newspapers and news websites in October 2014 and were published in the period from May, 2013 to October, 2014. A quantitative analysis was conducted to determine the frequency of occurrence of metadiscourse devices. The non-parametrical Mann-Whitney U test was used to see if the frequency counts in the two corpora differ statistically. Findings suggested that metadiscourse devices were present in the both groups; however, there were variations as to the number of code glosses, hedges, self-mentions and engagement markers. Genre-driven conventions, culture-driven tendencies and Iranian columnists’ extend of English command were the factors affecting the choice and frequency of metadiscourse markers.
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Nakhle, Mahboube, Mohammad Naghavi, and Abdullah Razavi. "Complaint Behaviors among Native Speakers of Canadian English, Iranian EFL Learners, and Native Speakers of Persian (Contrastive Pragmatic Study)." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 98 (May 2014): 1316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.548.
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MAZEPOVA, O. "Iranian communicative culture through the prism of theory of speech acts." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Oriental Languages and Literatures, no. 27 (2021): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-242x.2021.27.17-21.
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This article explores the specifics of the application of the theory of Speech acts (SAs) in the context of the study of communicative behavior of Persian native speakers in general, and the Persian system of politeness ta'ārof in particular. The history of formation and development of this theory, the structure and classification of SAs, proposed by researchers, are briefly described. The particularities of the use of the SAs theory in the linguistic theory of politeness by P. Brown and S. Levinson are also highlighted. In their conception, based on the principle of ‘face-work' by E. Goffman, they propose to distinguish two types of face: ‘positive' and ‘negative'. The positive aspect of the face is the want of an individual to be accepted by a certain group of people, the negative one is his desire to feel free and prevent other people from violating his privacy. Immediately after the concept of dividing the face into positive and negative aspects had been announced it faced a flurry of criticism from researchers of Eastern politeness systems. They questioned the importance of the negative face for Eastern cultures, arguing that in the East in social interaction the public interests prevail over an individual's, unlike Western cultures, where individualism is a cultural value. The article also analyzes the system of SAs the researchers proposed, which poses a threat to the interlocutor's face (FTA), and the specifics of the application of this system for the study of Iranian communicative culture. The analysis allows concluding that some SAs identified by American researchers as face-threatening SAs are not the ones in terms of the Persian system of politeness. These are suggestions, invitations, compliments, apologies, thanks, and denials. It is concluded that such SAs are perceived by Persian speakers as an integral part of polite communication, and failure to comply with the appropriate rules may result in the speaker's losing face before the interlocutor. Therefore, we may assume that in the context of Iranian communicative culture, these SAs showing a brilliant ethnic specifics, might be qualified not as face-threatening ones, but as those that promote harmonious communication.
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Ghodrati, Asghar, and Alexander Polishchuk. "STANDARD STABLE WORDINGS TO EXPRESS THANKING AND EMPATHY IN TRANSLATION OF THE IRANIAN TAAROF CEREMONY INTO RUSSIAN." Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University 475, no. 5 (August 17, 2023): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/1994-2796-2023-475-5-80-87.
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The speech act “gratitude” in the Iranian linguocultural environment can convey not only the direct meaning of lexical units in which it is customary to express gratitude on various occasions; but also a wide range of psychic emotions — the speaker’s empathies in various forms and formulas of a specific Iranian politeness code known as taarof. The variety of forms of politeness in the Persian language and their non-coincidence with the forms of expressing gratitude in Russian sometimes hampers understanding between recipients due to the lack of adequate correlates in translation. Based on the analysis of the forms of expression of the speech act “gratitude” in Persian and Russian and their comparison, we have made an attempt to translate these forms of politeness into Russian and show their great variability in various situations of communication. The performed analysis will make it possible to better and more fully understand the difference in the cultural code of the speakers of both languages and help them avoid possible misunderstandings in communication, as well as focus teachers of Persian and Russian on creating educational materials and methods for more targeted teaching of students of both languages, taking into account the speech pragmatics.
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Salehi, Reyhaneh. "A Comparative Analysis of Apology Strategy: Iranian EFL Learners and Native English Speakers." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 98 (May 2014): 1658–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.590.
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Razi, Nafise. "A Contrastive Study of Compliment Responses among Australian English and Iranian Persian Speakers." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 70 (January 2013): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.038.
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Sharif, Maryam, Lotfollah Yarmohammadi, Firooz Sadighi, Mortaza Yamini, and Mohammad Sadegh Bagheri. "Iranian EFL Learners’ Realization of Condolence Speech Act: An Interlanguage Pragmatics Study." Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal 20, no. 1 (February 16, 2018): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/22487085.11780.
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This study was an attempt to compare and contrast the realization patterns of condolence speech act in English and Persian and to examine Iranian EFL learners’ realization of this speech act in English. The study was further interested in investigating whether Iranian EFL learners’ realization of condolence speech act is associated with their level of L2 proficiency. To this end, a Discourse Completion Test (DCT) was administered to 82 undergraduate Iranian EFL students in English. The participants were divided into three levels of language proficiency (elementary level, intermediate level, and advanced level) based on their scores on the Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT). For baseline comparisons, the EFL learners also received the translated version of the same DCT in Persian, and the English DCT was administered to 20 native speakers (NSs) of American English. The data were analyzed based on Elwood’s (2004) coding scheme. The results revealed that English and Persian NSs and Iranian EFL learners had access to the same condolence strategies, yet they differed in the semantic formulas, content, or forms they adopted to formulize their condolence expressions. In addition, level of L2 proficiency was found to be associated with Iranian EFL learners’ realization of condolence speech act.
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Borjian, Habib. "Tabari Language Materials from Il'ya Berezin's Recherches sur les dialectes persans." Iran and the Caucasus 10, no. 2 (2006): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338406780346005.
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AbstractThe paper studies and summarises the linguistic materials on Tabari found in I. N. Berezin's "Recherches sur les dialectes persans". This book was the first attempt in Iranian dialectology, but due to the inaccuracies and incoherent transcription it has largely been ignored since its publication in 1953. Tabari, one of the Iranian languages studied in the book, has more than three million speakers in the Persian province of Mazandaran on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. It sheds light on certain grammatical characteristics of Tabari not so clearly stated in other contemporaneous sources. From materials documented by Berezin, 24 sentences and a glossary (including a separate list of verbs) are extracted and listed in the article.
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Khosravi, Akram. "The process of acquiring the heritage or home language by children in immigrant families (A case study of Iranian migrant families to Georgia)." International Journal of Multilingual Education X, no. 3 (November 11, 2021): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22333/ijme.2021.19009.
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In this study, we are researching the impact of immigration on acquiring the heritage language in Iranian immigrant families to Georgia whose children age was between 3 to 15 years. The methodology used in this research is a survey study in the Iranian community, and the results methodology is questionnaires. According to the answers and the independent variable which is immigration, the result has shown that Iranian immigrant families to Georgia try to keep their heritage language even though some families were multinational. People are immigrating in the 21st century more than ever. This result is that people are being separated from their mother tongue and joining a new world and language. One of the challenges people face is how to preserve their heritage language while it faces a variety of obstacles that may be lost by its speakers. In this research, we study the effects of immigration on language knowledge from each side in addition to find out how the immigrant family’s children acquire languages.
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Zolfaqari, Ardashir. "The Avromani-speaking Area in Iran." Iran and the Caucasus 14, no. 2 (2010): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338410x12743419190304.
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AbstractOne of the difficult tasks of linguistic geography is the clear delimitation of dialectal borders in a multi-dialectal and multi-lingual environment. Western Iran is exactly such a region, hosting a number of Iranian and non-Iranian dialects: Kurdish, Avromani, Gurani, Laki, Kalhori, Luri, Azari Turkish, etc. The demographic situation is rather complicated here as well: along with the localities that are inhabited by a single ethnic group, there are many townships and rural settlements having mixed populations of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds. In addition, the indiscriminate use of the ethnonym Kurd, applied as a common label to almost all Iranian-speakers of the area, except for, of course, Persians. This paper tries to identify the area populated by the Avromans in the abovementioned region, with possibly accurate statistical data on the number of inhabitants, obtained through the author's personal efforts during several fieldwork periods. This is a part of a larger project on Gurani dialects, including Avromani.
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Marzban, Afrooz, Mohammad Sadegh Bagheri, Firooz Sadighi, and Ehsan Rassaei. "Probing into Native and Nonnative Students’ Mental Lexicon: a Case of Word Association Comparison." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 25, no. 2 (April 18, 2019): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2019-25-2-197-213.
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The present study compared British English speakers’ (native) and Iranian EFL learners’ (nonnative) mental lexicon structure focusing on how words are selected and used by the two groups. The types of word association links, syntagmatic and paradigmatic, more frequently applied by the two groups of the participants, were probed into. To this end, 40 native and 40 nonnative college students, both male and female, were compared as far as mental lexicon was concerned. Accordingly, through the Oxford Placement Test (OPT), the nonnative subjects were assigned to three ability levels; namely, high, mid and low. Next, the Word Association Test (WAT) was administered respectively to all native and nonnative participants. The comparison of the WAT results through a series of Chi-square tests and a test of Mann-Whitney indicated that the employed word association links varied among the native and nonnative participants. The findings revealed that the low and mid level nonnatives which comprised a majority of Iranian EFL learners employed the syntagmatic relation to a greater extent than the high level nonnatives. However, only one resemblance was observed between the natives and the high level nonnatives who frequently applied the paradigmatic link. Thus, it was concluded that the advanced Iranian learners performed in a similar way as that of the native English speakers; as a result, it was suggested that the improvement in the proficiency level could lead to a change in making mental links. The findings would contribute to the psychological concerns in language teaching and learning in most academic contexts of higher age ranges.
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Parpola, Asko. "Location of the Uralic proto-language in the Kama River Valley and the Uralic speakers' Expansion east and west with the 'Sejma-Turbino transcultural phenomenon’ 2200-1900 BC." Археология Евразийских степей, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 258–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2022.2.258.277.
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Volgo-Kama Neolithic resulted from an expansion of the Elshan culture to Lower Kama c. 5700 BCE. Corresponding “Indo-Uralic” linguistic parallels attest to an expansion of pre-Proto-Indo-European speakers to the area of pre-Proto-Uralic speakers. This supports the evidence of linguistic palaeontology (Proto-Uralic words for ‘cembra pine’ and for ‘bee’ and ‘honey’) for the Kama River Valley as the Uralic homeland. Proto-Uralic had loanwords from pre-Proto-Indo-Iranian, whose speakers can now be traced to the Abashevo culture of 2200–2000 BCE: the Abashevo expansion from Lower Kama to the Ural-Tobol interfluve created the Sintashta culture (2000–1900 BCE), which has the earliest archaeological evidence for horse-drawn chariots, matching Proto-Indo-Iranian chariot vocabulary. Between 2200 and 1900 BCE, the Sejma-Turbino network (ST) of warrior-smith-traders distributed high-quality weapons along the border of taiga and steppe between the Upper Ob and Finland. This long but narrow corridor matches the distribution of the intermediate proto-languages of the Uralic family. It is argued that the ST came into being when Abashevo smiths moved from Balanbash on Lower Kama to Turbino on Mid-Kama and there created the ST metal axe-celt to replace the local stone-celt. The metal axe and Abashevo-like lance-heads and other weapons were then traded west and east, to hunter-fisher-cultures of Europe and Siberia (where weapons of tin-bronze were produced), establishing Proto-Uralic as the language of the areas of ST rule.
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Schulze, Wolfgang. "Historische und areale Aspekte der Bodenschatz-Terminologie in den ostkaukasischen Sprachen." IRAN and the CAUCASUS 17, no. 3 (2013): 295–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20130305.
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The present paper discusses the historical background of selected terms in the world of East Caucasian languages that are related to the domain of metallurgy (copper, iron, tin, plumb, gold, and silver) augmented by terms for ‘coal’ and ‘salt’. A closer inspection of these terms shows that none of them can be reconstructed for Proto-East Caucasian. Rather, we have to deal either with terms that have been coined in the intermediate protolanguages (Nakh, Avar-Andian, Tsezian, Lezgian, Lak, Dargwa, and Khinalug) or with more or less recent loans stemming mainly from the Iranian and Turkic languages. The absence of reconstructable terms for the items under review suggests that the speakers of the East Caucasian proto-language had not been involved expressively in metallurgic traditions (as opposed to farming traditions). Tentatively, these speakers can thus be associated with the early farming culture within the complex of the Kuro-Araxes Culture. Only after the protolanguage disintegrated due to the migration of most of its speakers in the Dagestan and the regions of Chechnya, some societies related to these intermediate proto-languages must have been involved more expressively in metallurgic traditions. The more recent loans, e.g. for copper, gold, and silver, stemming from Iranian (Persian) and Turkic (Kumyk and Azeri) illustrate a shift in conceptualising these objects: They were now interpreted as artifacts (rather than as natural resources) that were associated with the cultures of the dominant ‘Oriental’ societies. The paper can be seen as a preliminary study concerning the areal distribution of lexical patterns in the Eastern Caucasus from a historical perspective.
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Massoum, Yassaman Hosseini, and Elham Yazdanmehr. "A Genre-analysis of the Discussion Section of Iranian and English ELT Theses: A Comparative Study." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 9, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1611. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0912.19.
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The present research aimed to conduct a genre analysis of native (English) and non-native (Iranian) English speakers’ M.A theses of Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) students to find any significant differences in their Discussion section structures according to the constitutive moves and steps. It also aimed to explore and compare the distribution of obligatory, conventional and optional moves and steps in the two corpuses. To this aim, 20 theses were randomly selected from well-known English Speaking Universities (Portland State University, University of Toledo, Ohio State University and University of Birmingham) to compare with 20 theses from Iran. The move analysis model by Yang and Allison (2003) was employed, which was specifically used in Applied Linguistics. Chi-squared test was run to make the comparison. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the genre followed in the Discussion sections of Iranian and non-Iranian TEFL M.A. theses. The most significant divergence was found in summarizing the study. English-speaking TEFL thesis writers tended to summarize the study in Discussion section significantly more than Iranian writers. Statistically significant differences were also found in the distribution of obligatory, conventional and optional moves. English-speaking writers indicated limitations in the Discussion section significantly more than Iranian writers. This shows Iranian TEFL M.A. writers are more reserved to discuss limitations. These results can be used effectively in M.A. courses of TEFL to raise students’ awareness and prevent them from overstating or understating certain constituent parts of the Discussion section in theses.
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Goudarzi, Elahe, Behzad Ghonsooly, and Zahra Taghipour. "Politeness Strategies in English Business Letters: a Comparative Study of Native and Non-Native Speakers of English." Psychology of Language and Communication 19, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/plc-2015-0004.
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Abstract This study investigated the use of politeness strategies in a corpus of English business letters written by Iranian non-native speakers in comparison with business letters written by English native speakers. The positive and negative politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson’s (1978) theory were employed. A corpus of 46 business letters written by non-native employees of four companies and 46 letters written by native speakers who were in correspondence with these companies were analyzed to examine their use of politeness strategies. Th e results collected from the analysis of letters written by nonnative parties as senders were compared to those written by native speakers as receivers in response. Th e findings showed that although both parties used both types of politeness strategies in their letters, non-native participants employed both types (negative and positive politeness strategies) more than native speakers, especially positive politeness strategies, which were found to be used more frequently than negative ones. Additionally, the results demonstrated that social distance plays an important role in the employment of different strategies, particularly in choosing the type of salutation, which is an act requiring the positive politeness strategy to reduce face threatening act. Th us, more frequent use of positive politeness strategies by non-native speakers could be an effect of this factor.
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Ahmadi, Leila. "Interactional Metadiscourse Markers in Scientific Texts (Based on Research Articles Written by Native and Non-Native Speakers)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 4 (August 2022): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2022.4.7.
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The present research investigated textual representations of writer-reader interaction in academic writing. The focus of the study was on the use of metadiscourse markers, i.e., stance and engagement markers, in applied linguistics research articles (RAs) published in English and Persian, the former written by Persian and English-speaking researchers, and the latter by Persian-speaking researchers. A cross-cultural analysis of RAs revealed similarities and differences in how academic writers express their stance and interact with their readers. Among the stance markers, hedging devices were found to be more frequently used in English RAs for expressing the authors' position, regardless of their native language. Persian RAs, on the other hand, predominantly used attitude markers for that purpose. In terms of the engagement markers, directives were the most prominent linguistic features employed by the writers in their native language. However, they were significantly less frequent in English RAs written by Iranian scholars. Compared to native English writers, Iranian writers showed a slightly stronger tendency to use reader pronouns and personal asides in their native language. This study reinforces the impact of the writers' linguistic and contextual awareness of the first- and second-language academic discourse conventions on the establishment of a successful writer-reader interaction and effective communication of arguments in academic writing.
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Hussain, Qandeel, Michael Proctor, Mark Harvey, and Katherine Demuth. "Punjabi (Lyallpuri variety)." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 50, no. 2 (June 5, 2019): 282–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100319000021.
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Punjabi (Western, ISO-639-3 pnb) is an Indo-Aryan language (Indo-European, Indo-Iranian) spoken in Pakistan and India, and in immigrant communities in the UK, Canada, USA, and elsewhere. In terms of number of native speakers, it is ranked 10th among the world’s languages, with more than 100 million speakers (Lewis, Simons & Fennig 2016). Aspects of the phonology of different varieties of Punjabi have been described in Jain (1934), Arun (1961), Gill & Gleason (1962), Singh (1971), Dulai & Koul (1980), Bhatia (1993), Malik (1995), Shackle (2003), and Dhillon (2010). Much of this literature is focused on Eastern varieties, and the phonology of Western Punjabi dialects has received relatively less attention (e.g. Bahri 1962, Baart 2003, 2014).
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Jahdhami, Said Al. "Kumzari: The Forgotten Language." International Journal of Linguistics 8, no. 4 (August 16, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v8i4.9898.
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<p>Arabic is the first widely used language in Oman. It is not uncommon, however, to come across Omanis who converse in minority languages other than Arabic. Remarkably, these languages are of three different families: Indo-Iranian languages such as Kumzari, Lawati, Zadjali, Baluchi; Modern South Arabian languages such as Harsusi, Bathari, Hobyot, Mehri, and Jabbali /Shehri; and Bantu language family which includes Swahili. Named after the ethnic groups speaking them as mother tongues side by side with Arabic, the number of speakers of these languages varies as some are spoken by thousands of speakers while other languages may claim only a few hundred speakers. Academic work geared towards exploring these languages is scarce indeed, especially languages such as Kumzari, Harsusi, Zadjali, Bathari and Hobyot, a fact that makes them lesser-known and uninvestigated as opposed to their counterparts. In view of this, the focus of this paper lies on one of the lesser-known and unexplored minority languages spoken in Oman, namely Kumzari. In line with this, the study highlights the genetic affiliation of Kumzari, its speakers and their location, views on the origin of its name and its future status.</p>
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Abarghooeinezhad, Mahjoobeh, and Shahla Simin. "Analyses of Verb Tense and Voice of Research Article Abstracts in Engineering Journals." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 47 (February 2015): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.47.139.
Full textAbstract:
This paper seeks to analyze the research article abstracts among native English speakers and non-native (Iranian) speakers in the field of Electronic engineering. The analysis mainly focuses on the rhetorical structure, i.e. the constituent Moves/Sub-Moves. In addition, Verb choices and the voice and tense of the verbs in Move 2 and Move 4 respectively were examined. To this end, 25 published abstracts from each field (a total of 50 abstracts), all appearing in established, ISI journals, were selected. The model proposed by Santos (1996), composed of 5 moves along AntMover software was employed as a general guideline in order to identify Moves/SubMoves. The results compared and contrasted the dominant move patterns of each field, their unique Move/SubMoves, and the typical voice and tense of verbs employed in Move 4. It was also found that there were some variations between the abstracts written by native English speakers and nonnative speakers of English. It is hoped that with detailed analyses of abstracts, the results of this study may serve as a complement to the guidelines for novice writers to construct a proper research article abstract in electronic engineering.
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Shooshtari, Zohre G., Anahita Bordbar, and Reza Banari. "Pragmatic Knowledge and Its Reflection in ESP Textbooks: The Case of Unauthentic Textbooks." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 7, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0708.14.
Full textAbstract:
Textbooks play a crucial role in language teaching particularly in English as a foreign language (EFL) classrooms since they are considered as an important and primary source of linguistic input. EFL textbooks are expected to develop EFL students’ knowledge, no difference in linguistic or pragmatic competences (Gholami & Mahboobrezaei, 2011). As some scholars believed pragmatics is the fifth skill in language learning, then, it is essential to incorporate it like an integral component of EFL textbooks. However, there exists little knowledge on how well pragmatic perspectives of language are taken into consideration in expanding EFL textbooks generally and Iranian English for specific purposes (ESP) textbooks particularly. In fact, ESP textbooks are written by non-native authors and are considered as unauthentic textbooks. This study, therefore, attempted to explore pragmatic knowledge incorporation into ESP textbooks that have been published for computer engineers by SAMT publication as university textbooks. This study was also an attempt to investigate the frequency and rate of ‘politeness principle’ and ‘irony principle’ from the subcategories of inter-personal rhetoric as the umbrella term in two textbooks in the field of psychology. Book A was an authentic book written by natives for native speakers; however, book B was written by Iranians writers for Iranian university students (SAMT book). This paper then presented some results abstracted from the whole research project. EFL teachers and researchers whose professional and academic interests lie in syllabus design and ESP field may benefit from the findings of the study.