Relevant bibliographies by topics / Iranian

Academic literature on the topic 'Iranian'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Iranian"

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Hassanzadeh, Fatemeh, and Shima Moallemi. "L’art populaire : un outil d’éveil identitaire chez l’apprenant iranien." Voix Plurielles 10, no. 2 (November 28, 2013): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/vp.v10i2.846.

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Actuellement la vague d’émigration des jeunes Iraniens a provoqué un état conflictuel dans le contexte de l’enseignement et de l’apprentissage du français en Iran. Loin d’arriver à un enrichissement, l’apprenant iranien lors du choc culturel, se trouve dans une position d’acceptation absolue de la culture occidentale ; ce qui mènerait une démarche interculturelle, s’adressant dans sa première phase à l’identité de soi, vers un échec. Cette recherche consiste à voir où se trouve l’origine de cet échec menant à une crise identitaire et comment, à l’aide d’une démarche pratique, l’art populaire dans le cadre du théâtre expérimental pourrait créer un espace d’éveil identitaire implicite chez l’apprenant iranien. Popular art: an identity awaking tool on the part of the Iranian learner Currently the wave of immigration of young Iranians has caused a state of conflict in the context of teaching and learning French in Iran. When the Iranian learners confront the cultural shock, far from becoming a cultural enrichment, they find themselves in a position of absolute acceptance of Western culture, which would lead to an intercultural approach, addressing itself to identity in its first phase, then to a complete failure. This research tries to see the origin of this failure which results in an identity crisis and also to see how the use of popular art in the framework of an experimental theatre could create a space of implicit awakening in the identity of the Iranian language learner.
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HOJAT, MOHAMMADREZA, REZA SHAPURIAN, DANESH FOROUGHI, HABIB NAYERAHMADI, MITRA FARZANEH, MAHMOOD SHAFIEYAN, and MOHIN PARSI. "Gender Differences in Traditional Attitudes Toward Marriage and the Family." Journal of Family Issues 21, no. 4 (May 2000): 419–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251300021004001.

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This study compares Iranian male and female immigrants in the United States on their attitudes toward marriage and the family. Participants were 160 Iranians in the United States. A 10-item attitude scale measured the degree of traditional attitudes (a stand taken in the prevalent Iranian culture as opposed to that in the mainstream American society) toward premarital sex, marriage, and the family. Results showed Iranian men scored significantly higher than Iranian women on the traditional attitude scale ( p < .05, effect size estimate = .39). Gender difference remained significant after adjusting for participants' age. The attitudinal disparity between Iranian male and female immigrants observed in this study can provide an explanation for a high rate of marital dissolution among Iranians in the United States. Findings can also help in understanding some underlying issues that contribute to intra- and interpersonal tension among the immigrants with implications in marital and family therapy.
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Nurboev, Qurbon, and Achil Buriyev. "“Iranian” term as ethnonym." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 11-2 (November 1, 2022): 262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202211statyi34.

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This article will talk about one of the ethnographic groups living in the Republic of Uzbekistan - Iranians, including the emergence and application of the term “Iranian". The authors analyze the use of the term “Iranian", as well as other historical terms: “Persian", “Marvi", and others.
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Shenkar, Michael. "Temple Architecture in the Iranian World before the Macedonian Conquest." Iran and the Caucasus 11, no. 2 (2007): 169–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338407x265423.

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AbstractThe article offers a survey of temple architecture in the Iranian world before the Macedonian conquest. Despite the observations that ancient Iranians worshipped in the open air, structures of cultic significance have been discovered in some areas of Eastern Iran. While the attribution of the earliest, second millennium temples to the Iranian tribes is still disputable, Iranians definitely had temples before the Achaemenids. The earliest temples found in the Iranian settlements are the ones from Tepe Nush-i Jan (for Western Iran) and Dahān-i Ghulāmān (for the Eastern). However, it seems that the majority of ancient Iranians, including the first Achaemenids, worshiped under the open sky. Given the nomadic background of the ancient Iranians they probably became acquainted with temple architecture once they came into close contact with the highly developed civilisations, which preceded them in some areas of what was later to become the Iranian World. In general it is impossible to speak of one “Iranian culture” or a unified “Iranian cult” in the second and first millennia BCE; instead, temple architecture demonstrates a variety of different regional traditions. More temples have been discovered in Eastern Iran than in Western. The architectural evidence from Eastern Iran in this period also suggests a complex picture of heterogeneous local cults, at least some of which made use of closed temples. Another kind of cultic structure was the open air terraces. There is also some evidence for domestic cults. Iranian cults also share a number of common, dominant features. Special significance was attributed to fire and ashes. Most temple altars (often stepped) were at the centre of the cult and rituals. Another important feature is the absence of cult statues and images. It is remarkable that most of the temples were erected on the highest point of the site or on an artificial elevated platform.
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Sattari Sarbanqoli, Sina, and Sirus Jamali. "A comparative study of painting and architecture stylistics of contemporary Iranian and western arts." Journal of Art and Architecture Studies 10, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54203/jaas.2021.5.

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Iranian art reflects the spirit and inclinations of Iranians, regardless of place and time of origin. Another point is the diversity of works of art which shows that the ancient Iranians had high skills in different regions. Iranian architecture and painting have always been present side by side and influentially throughout history, and this connection persists until today in contemporary Iranian art. The present article is a research on the features and concepts of architectural and painting styles in contemporary Iranian art and a comparative comparison of these two arts which is centered on the concept of architecture and painting. The contemporary architectural styles and tendencies in question date back to the first and subsequent Pahlavi rule. The general objectives of the research are to apply the styles of painting and architecture in Iranian art to achieve the same conceptualism of these two arts. For this purpose, three main categories have been studied: the first part is contemporary Iranian architecture, the second part is contemporary Iranian painting and the third part is a comparative comparison of contemporary Iranian architectural and painting styles. The present research is an analytical and comparative research and the research method is based on the application of styles and logical reasoning. Documentary and library studies and theories of experts are also the basis of this article.
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Abedinifard, Mostafa. "Iran's “Self-Deprecating Modernity”: Toward Decolonizing Collective Self-Critique." International Journal of Middle East Studies 53, no. 3 (May 12, 2021): 406–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743821000131.

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AbstractExtant studies of Iranian nationalism accentuate the self-aggrandizing side of Iranian modernity, mainly achieved through, and informing, a process of otherizing certain non-Persians/Iranians, particularly the Arabs. I argue that equally important to understanding Iranian modernity is its lesser recognized, shameful and self-demeaning face, as manifested through a simultaneous 19th-century discourse, which I call “self-deprecating modernity.” This was an often self-ridiculing and shame-inducing, sometimes satirical, discourse featuring an emotion-driven and self-Orientalizing framework that developed out of many mid-nineteenth-century Iranian modernists’ obsessions with Europe's gaze; with self-surveillance; and with the perceived humiliation of Iranians through the ridiculing laughter of Other (especially European) nations at Iran's and Iranians’ expense. To explore this discourse, I re-examine the works of three pre-constitutionalist thinkers and writers within the broader sociopolitical context of late Qajar Iran, surveying their perspectives on shame, embarrassment, and ridiculing laughter, and showing how they were significantly informed by, while also helping to form, self-deprecating modernity. Given the strong, self-colonizing presumptions of this discourse, I conclude the article with a stress on the importance of re-exploring collective self-critical practices in modern Iranian history, culture, and literature with an eye toward decolonizing self-criticism.
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Gholami, Reza, Arezoo Koohzad, Behzad Ghonsooly, and Zargham Ghapanchi. "Relationship between Students’ Gender and their Use of Politeness Strategies in the “Results and Discussions Section” of PhD Dissertations." Dinamika Ilmu 19, no. 1 (June 11, 2019): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21093/di.v19i1.1475.

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The researcher analyzed the Result and Discussion Sections of 10 dissertations of Iranian PhD students and 10 British PhD students by aiming to investigate their use of politeness strategies using Brown and Levinson’s (1987) taxonomy and its relationship with the gender of the authors. The results proved that Iranian writers most frequently used negative politeness strategies, followed by positive politeness strategies. British writers, like Iranians, used negative politeness strategies more than the others. The next frequent strategy was positive politeness strategies. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the frequency of politeness strategies used by Persian and British writers. Considering the gender, there is a significant difference between the positive strategies used by male and female Iranians. In fact, unlike the Male Iranian authors who used more positive strategies, the female Iranian authors used fewer strategies and this difference was significant. However, that there was no significant difference between the positive strategies used by British male and female participants. Also, there was a significant difference between the negative strategies used by male and female Iranians. In fact, the results show that the female Iranian authors used fewer strategies and this difference was significant. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the negative strategies used by British male and female participants.
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Afzali, Mehdi, Ayşem Biriz Karaçay, and Sergey V. Ryazantsev. "IRANIAN IMMIGRANTS’ LIVING CONDITION IN RUSSIA AND TURKEY DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. SERIES 1. ECONOMICS AND LAW, no. 3 (2021): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2021-3-09.

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COVID-19 has emerged in a world tightly related to local and international population movements. International migrants are a group of very vulnerable people who are directly and indirectly affected by Covid-19. They face additional barriers rather than the locals, such as language barrier, border closure, visa barrier, etc. The aim of this article is to discuss impacts of Coronavirus COVID-19 on Iranian immigrants’ lives in Russia and Turkey. The 1979 Islamic Revolution led to unprecedented numbers of Iranians leaving their home country. Although many Iranian have immigrated to both countries in the last decades, the forms and patterns of migration of Iranians to these two countries are different. And Turkey has been one of the main countries of destination for Iranian immigrants and it also acted as a transit country for Iranian refugees that left Turkey to Europe. And Russia on the other hand, in the last years, hosts Iranian students who form the most number of immigrants in this country. The qualitative approach, grounded theory is used in this research. We interviewed four Iranian immigrants in Russia and three Iranian immigrants in Turkey online in platform zoom in the Persian language, the age range of our interviewees was from 18-35 years old, two of the interviewees were women and five men. Findings in this study show that language barrier, financial instability, access to information, and in some cases discriminations have been the most important problems that Iranians faced during the pandemic in these two countries. However, they believe that the two countries were quite successful in adapting themselves to the new pattern of life.
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Sabaliauskienė, Dalia. "Ritualinis mandagumas (ta’ârof) šiuolaikinio Irano visuomenėje ir tarpkultūrinėje komunikacijoje: Teherano šiaurinės dalies atvejis." Lietuvos etnologija / Lithuanian ethnology 19 (28) 2019 (December 19, 2019): 169–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/25386522-1928008.

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This paper examines the concept and practices of the Iranian ritual courtesy ta’ârof in northern Tehran, based on field-study findings, and analyses its expression in intercultural communication. It examines how contemporary Iranians perceive ta’ârof, what practices of ritual courtesy are commonly found, and whether configurations of the Iranian code of courtesy remain stable in the changing cultural environment. The study employs the theory of face maintenance and data from Iranian face and diaspora research. It shows emic perceptions of ta’ârof, and reveals its practices in Tehran, alongside tendencies of expression among Iranians living in Lithuania. Key words: ta’ârof, ritual courtesy, capital-city culture, intercultural communication, contemporary Iran.
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Fayyaz, Sam, and Roozbeh Shirazi. "Good Iranian, Bad Iranian: Representations of Iran and Iranians inTimeandNewsweek(1998–2009)." Iranian Studies 46, no. 1 (January 2013): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2012.740899.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Iranian"

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Sadeghinia, Sara. "Défis de quelques pratiques artistiques contemporaines de la jeune scène iranienne." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON30024.

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La culture en général et l’art, en particulier, occupent une position unique dans la structuration d’une société. En dépit des conflits, des convulsions politiques et idéologiques qu’a connu depuis un siècle, l’Iran d’aujourd’hui n’est plus un pays sous le joug politique d’une théocratie obscurantiste. Contrairement aux discours bruyants et actions hostiles de dirigeants islamiques qui provoquent si facilement l’attention du grand public en Occident, l’expression artistique iranienne reste très peu connue du public du monde entier. C’est à partir d’une réalisation plastique personnelle qu’ont été évalués que les véritables représentants et porte-parole d’une société iranienne progressiste ne sont plus ses politiques, mais bien ses artistes. Les artistes iraniens essaient de montrer la voix d’un autre Iran, celle d’un pays à l’histoire plurimillénaire, mais toujours aussi épris de culture et avide de liberté.Très attachées à leur histoire et leur culture, les oeuvres des artistes iraniens s’élaborent entre héritage et innovation. Lesquelles font état d’univers où un langage symbolique, ostensiblement hybride, se construit entre traditions ancestrales et modernité postrévolutionnaire. Par le biais de différents types médiums contemporains, comme la photographie, la performance, l’installation, la vidéo, ces oeuvres témoignent de la recherche d'un geste et d'un langage susceptibles de reconstruire la mosaïque du réel. Le regard des artistes, construit par leurs codes culturels, ne les empêche cependant pas de prendre en considération les actuels problèmes sociaux et politiques. Par contre, les artistes iraniens détournent intelligemment la réalité de façon métaphorique et symbolique pour transmettre le contenu de leur message au monde entier. De cette manière, l’art contemporain iranien, a pu s’épanouir sur la scène internationale et a pu attirer l’attention de quelques collectionneurs du marché de l’art et de commissaires d’exposition internationaux, durant ces dernières décennies
Culture in general and art in particular, occupy a unique position in the structure of society. Despite the conflicts, political and ideological convulsions has been known for a century, Iran today is no longer a country under the political yoke of theocracy obscurantist. Unlike the noisy speech and actions hostile Islamic leaders who so easily cause the attention of the general public in the West, Iranian artistic expression is very little known to the public worldwide. This is from a personal realization plastic what evaluated as true representatives and spokespersons of Iranian society progressive are no longer policies, but its artists. Iranian artists trying to show the voice of another Iran, a country with a history thousands of years, but still as loving culture and eager for freedom. Very attached to their history and culture, the works of Iranian artists to develop between heritage and innovation which indicate universe where a symbolic language, ostensibly hybrid builds between traditions and modernity post-revolutionary. Through different mediums contemporaries, such as photography, performance, installation, video, these works reflect the research gesture and language may reconstruct the mosaic of reality. The regard of artists, built by their cultural codes, however, does not prevent to consider the current social and political problems. By against, Iranian artists intelligently divert the reality of metaphorical and symbolic way to transmit the content of their message to the world. In this way, Iranian contemporary art, has been able to flourish on the international scene and has attracted the attention of some collector’s art market and international exhibition curators, in recent decades
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Moghimi, Habib Allah. "Exploring Iranian Daily Life by Analysing Iranian Cinema." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/25763.

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My PhD thesis explores Iranian urban daily life by analysing Iranian cinema. Many scholars from different perspectives have focused on Iranian society in various political, social and cultural fields, although less attention is still being paid to Iranian daily life from the perspective of critical studies of everyday life. Moreover, many scholars have investigated Iranian films from macro- and micro-perspectives. Macro-sociological approaches have focused on the social, political and historical structures of Iranian cinema. These research are done in the field of sociology of cinema. Micro-sociological methods have analysed the representation of different features of everyday life, such as gender representation or consumption, but not daily life. These research are done in the field of sociology of film. However, to achieve a comprehensive understanding of any social phenomenon we have to make a connection between micro-sociology and macro-sociology. By problematising the concept of everyday life, this research tries to keep its distance from the dualism noted above and outlines Iranian urban daily life. Therefore, the thesis constructs an applicable theoretical framework to explore Iranian everyday life by a local approach. Through a new methodological approach, the thesis connects the sociology of cinema and sociology of film in order to make a connection between everyday life and its representation in films. The theoretical framework consists of the work of various critical theorists of everyday life (for example, Lefebvre and Simmel) which enables me to recognise the outline of everyday life and analyse power relations in daily life. By a Foucauldian approach I read the theories to conceptualise Iranian daily life. Moreover, I connect the theory of everyday life to Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse analysis. I answer the research questions by using the following fourteen key signifiers: FilmFarsi, Sacred Defense Cinema, Value-based Cinema, Big Production Films, New-wave, Social Films, Children’s films, Entertaining Movies, Festival Cinema, Poetic Cinema, Underground Cinema, Accented Cinema, Independent Cinema, and Art and Experimental Films. The first research question focuses on the discursive context of cinema and everyday life. Describing the discursive structures of Iranian cinema in different periods enables an in-depth understanding of the role of cinema both as a modern social institution and as culture industry. The second research question focuses on ‘subject positions’ and the processes of representation of everyday life in Iranian films. The third question relates to the connections between daily experiences, subject positions, and the social structures located within discourses which shape daily life. This question explains the problematic Iranian urban daily life in terms of uncertainty and precariousness. By highlighting the importance of contextuality in everyday life studies, the thesis concludes with methodological suggestions for further research on everyday life and cinema.
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Afshani, Hadieh. "Double Displacement: The Iranian Immigrant Experience." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/368180.

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In a TED talk given in 2010, Iranian visual artist Shirin Neshat articulated the two battles that the Iranian diaspora are engaged in—one is against their government, whose regime gives cause to flee, and the other is against the Western perceptions of Iranian identity that Iranians face after immigrating. My experience of emigrating from Iran to Australia is consistent with Neshat’s statement. I call the feeling of being a nomad or not belonging anywhere ‘double displacement’, an idea central to this Master of Visual Arts project. Through painting, I have considered the ways in which people maintain their identity and cultural vision after experiencing the disruption and displacement of immigration. I am interested in what the experience of double displacement (from the birth country and the new destination country) means and how it feels, especially from a Middle Eastern perspective. The end result of this series of works is something like a visual diary recorded by a woman with a Persian-poetic view of experience. To describe double displacement, I have used metaphoric and metonymic visual elements that refer to transience, including doorways, corridors, or light coming from one space to another sited within intimate places and interiors. The purpose of this research is to visually encapsulate the experience of doubly displaced immigrants. Through this research, I have attempted to find a more nuanced language with which to understand double displacement via the visual and material language of painting.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Visual Arts (MVA)
Queensland College of Art
Arts, Education and Law
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Ashtari, Nilufar. "Unveiling Iranian cinema." Thesis, Swansea University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497200.

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This thesis examines the history of Iranian cinema in its wider social and political context and establishes the link between gender, nationalist political and cultural processes in contemporary Iran. It argues that women's representation was central to the politics of state-formation and that the unveiled and veiled woman came to signify two conflicting political ideologies: modernisation and Islamisation. This volume maintains that in both the monarchy and the Islamic Republic, women and cinema were transformed into cultural symbols, representing the nation and national identity. The cooption of the women's question by nationalist politics and the regulation of cinema through censorship and propaganda was intended to consolidate the power of the successive regimes and construct a particular national identity, based on the constituent elements of a pre-Islamic past, and of Shi'i Islam, respectively. Because of the official cooption of the women's question and cinema, in monarchical times, as in the Islamic Republic, a counter discourse and culture developed, which became manifest in the work of an increasing number of filmmakers. If in the pre-revo lutionary period, the opposition coopted the symbol of the veiled woman, in the post-revolutionary period, the symbol of the unveiled woman is increasingly making inroads. More and more filmmakers reveal and unveil the "veiling" methods and practices of power upon which the Islamic Republic depends. However, despite the defiance, in both the Islamic Republic and the monarchy, the cinematic discourse remains dependent on the political and ideological constructions of power, which it can never fully defy.
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Mokhtabad-Amrei, Seyed Abdolhossein. "Iranian contemporary art music." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500084.

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Uzmez, Sena. "Iranian Nuclear Crisis And Its Impact On Us-iranian Relations Between 1953-2008." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612879/index.pdf.

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ABSTRACT IRANIAN NUCLEAR CRISIS AND ITS IMPACT ON US-IRANIAN RELATIONS BETWEEN 1953-2008 Ü
zmez, Sena M.S., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ö
zlem Tü
r December 2010, 101 pages This thesis analyzes the U.S.-Iran relations in accordance with Iranian Nuclear Crisis from a historical perspective. Analyzing the U.S.-Iran relations since 1953 until 2008, it is possible to see that as the two countries&rsquo
perceptions towards each other change, their policies towards the nuclear issue change, too. While nuclear developments were not a threat for the two states that were close allies during the Shah Era, the perceptions totally changed after the Islamic Revolution. However, even if US and Iran started to perceive each other as a threat, nuclear issue lost its importance because of Khomeini&rsquo
s approach in this period. With the September 11, 2001 attacks, the American approach has changed not only regarding the Middle East, but also regarding the nuclear issue in Iran. The Nuclear Crisis that started in 2002 by the announcement of secret nuclear centrals escalated to its peak with the election of Ahmedinejad as the president. Different historical facts that were experienced at different periods shaped perceptions of two nations towards each other. As these perceptions change towards each other, their perceptions regarding the nuclear issue and their policies have changed, too. In this study, how these two nations&rsquo
perceptions towards each other were shaped and their approaches regarding the nuclear issue influenced by the historical events will be examined and analyzed.
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Mirfakhraie, Amir Hossein. "Transmigration and identity construction, the case of Iranians in Canada, 1946-1998." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0028/MQ51421.pdf.

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Ziabakhsh, Shabnam. "The relationship between the Iranian self and the acculturative patterns of Iranian immigrant women." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ61699.pdf.

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Navabi, Hesamedin. "Iranian politics and the origins of the Anglo-Iranian oil dispute of 1950-1951." Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1225/.

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This study is primarily concerned with answering several important questions surrounding the Anglo-Iranian Oil Dispute of 1950-1951 which have remained unanswered. What were the detailed origins of the disputes between the Iranian Government and the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company? Why was such a favourable oil concession granted to a British citizen? What was the impact of the occupation of Iran on the Iranian people's way of political thinking and how did oil become an issue for public debate? Why was there an oil crisis in 1951 ? What were the motivations of the parties to the oil dispute? Was the crisis mainly over economic grievances ? What was the role of nationalism ? These are answered within a framework that highlights the salient variables such as politics, economy, international relations and diplomacy. The methodology adopted is a descriptive analysis of archival material and literature on the related subjects. The emphasis is on the Iranian view of the crisis for the reason that, although it received international attention and was in many ways an international crisis, it originated in Iran. There were features unique to it which were Iranian. Given the nature of Iranian society with its strong oral traditions, the past is important to an explanation of the crisis. It is alive in Iranian mind in a way not apparent to western society. Conceptions of the past and an awareness of the weakness of Iranian autonomy are important in the context of the 1950 crisis.Consequently, it is necessary to examine the concept of history prevalent in Iran. This takes the staring point of the thesis to the D'Arcy oil concession. In 1900, Iran was bankrupt in Western terms, the Shah needed immediate cash payment,I authorities were financially corrupt and politics was riddled with foreign intrigue. Oil had been sought in Iran since 1878 without much success. By 1900, the demand for Iranian oil was supported by the British Legation. D'Arcy, an English financier, managed to obtain, through connections with a string of individuals, an oil concession for 60 years. The Iranian authorities had every reason to believe that this oil concession, like all other oil concessions would eventually lapse. However, D' Arcy worked the concession to the point of bankruptcy and his engineer, to the point of exhaustion. As a result an oil industry was established which "was to see the Royal Navy through two world wars, and to cause Persia more trouble than all the political manoeuvrings of the great powers put together". 2The world oil rivalry, compounded with the British government's desire for oil independence, turned the Iranian oil industry into the largest oil industry of the time and an important source of income for the British Treasury. The exploitation of the oil reserves of Iran by an industrial power soon became a matter of great controversy as disputes developed between two parties which extended over several decades. Iran received some funds in revenues. However, the revenues did not improve the Iranian standard of life considerably although they affected the balance of payments, currency reserves and purchase of arms. Iranian society was in the process of transition from a traditional society to a modern one. The Constitutional Movement of 1906 had an impact on the public's political way of thinking. Reza Shah suppressed the society but the desire for a democratic system continued to exist. During the reign of Reza Shah (1925-1941), a large portion of the rural population moved to urban areas. The industrialisation of Iran helped in developing a new class of urban middle class and artisans. It was obvious that the relationship between Iran and the oil company needed readjusting. However, the oil company officiIs did not show much interest in this until it was too late. The occupation of Iran in 1941 helped several political forces appear on the political scene. The released communist prisoners quickly formed the Tudeh Party. The communists were assisted by the Soviet forces in the North to the extent that the Tudeh, a communist party, became one of the main political parties of this period in an Islamic society. However, several factors helped monarchists overcome the communists. One such factor was an increasing American involvement in Iran after Pearl Harbour which functioned as a third power to reduce the dominance of the others. The Tripartite Treaty of 1942 regularised the presence of American troops. The Tehran Declaration of 1943 provided for economic aid at the end of the war. In 1947, the ideological basis for American involvement in Iran was provided by Truman Doctrine. The final blow to the Tudeh Party was delivered in 1949. The attempt on the Shah's life gave the monarchists an excuse to outlaw the Tudeh. Contrary to their ideology, Moscow provoked discontented Iranian minorities rather than encouraging class struggle ! Moscow menaced Iran several times. At least at two occasions Moscow demanded an oil concession. They also threatened Iranian integrity and caused a great deal of public anxiety which directed public attention to Iranain problems. The Azarbaijan crisis of 1945-1946 turned Iranian problem into an international one. Moscow's pressure on Greece and Turkey threatened Western interests in the Near and Middle East and caused inter-Allied friction. In 1941, Iran appeared to have become a model for Allied cooperation. By 1944, however, the first post-war oil crisis seemed to haye turned Iran into a battleground between foreign powers ; the early stages of the cold war. On the Iranian side, at least since 1944 there was a demand for oil nationalisation. The idea developed first into a law forbidding negotiating or granting new oil concessions to foreign powers until Iran was occupied. Mosaddegh was mainly responsible for this. Then in 1947, an overwhelming majority of Majles deputies rejected a Soviet proposal for an oil concession in the North. The Majles instructed the government to negotiate with the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company for better terms. This set in motion a chain of events which resulted in a proposal to supplement the 1933 oil concession which had replaced the D' Arcy concession. In 1949, a small group of nationalists fiercely fought the proposals. The press criticisms, the Majles debates and public gatherings helped ordinary people understand the oil issue. However, despite strong opposition, the monarchists were III favour of the Supplementary Agreement and attempted to resolve the issue by appointing a strong military man, General Razmara, as prime minister in June 1950. The idea, however, backfired as public desire for the removal of foreign influence was now strong. The Majles opposition, the press and the public appeared to be united. Nationalist feelings were fuelled by long-term resentment over the oil company's handling of the oil issue. By early 1951 nationalist sentiment was too strong to be curtailed. By this time Razmara had become a threat both to the Shah and to the nationalists and acted like an obstacle on the way to the oil nationalisation. His assassination, in March 1951, removed this obstacle. By this time the support for the movement, the demand for oil nationalisation and respect for Mosaddegh covered far-right to the far-left as both clergy and communists supported the nationalists. The communists were represented by the banned Tudeh Party. The political activities of the clergy was mainly associated with Kashani. His role in the movement and relationship with Mosaddegh were vital to the existence of the movement. However, Mosaddegh and Kashani were on a collision course. The Western-educated Mosaddegh was secular. Kashani, on the other hand, was in favour of an Islamic state. The same definition applied to their supporters. However, although they differed in their outlook, the unifying figure of Mosaddegh brought them together over the oil issue; a process which was reversed after 1951. Kashani and some nationalists weakened Mosaddegh and assisted in his downfall. Mosaddegh initiated the first petrodiplomacy in Iranian history. He dedicated his life to fight foreign domination and the nation trusted him. Without him it would be impossible for the nationalists to acquire a political standing strong enough to nationalise the oil. Regrettably, his downfall in 1953 brought an end to his efforts to remove foreign influence from Iran. Iran has been a centre of major political events for over 2000 years. In recent history, the development of two superpowers, Russian and British empires, on either side of Iran changed Iran's geopolitical situation to the extent that they fought within Iran for the dominance of Asia. As a result Iran's independence was weakened, its integrity was threatened, domestic feud was encouraged, corruption and intrigue were promoted, and self-interest and low morality became a feature of life.Whether a victim of international power politics, or a victim of internal strife. low political culture, and short-sightedness of Iranian politicians, the super powers could not tolerate the upset of the oil control in the Middle East. The country-by-country flare-up effect of such an achievement would be disastrous for the Western economy. In their view, the nationalist movement of Iran had to be defeated. Indeed, no other oil-producing country considered oil nationalisation for many years to come.
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Catt, Adam Alvah. "Studies in Indo-Iranian HistoricalLinguistics." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/188403.

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Books on the topic "Iranian"

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Zahrā, Rahnavard, and Dānishgāh-i. al-Zahrā, eds. Contemporary Iraninan [i.e. Iranian] art & the Islamic world. [Tehran, Iran]: Al-Zahra University, 2002.

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Ahmadi, Nader, and Fereshteh Ahmadi. Iranian Islam. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230373495.

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Rezaei, Shahamak, Leo-Paul Dana, and Veland Ramadani, eds. Iranian Entrepreneurship. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50639-5.

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Pirbadian, Anousheh. Iranian caravanserais. Tehran: Nazar Publishers, 2012.

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L, Baker Patricia, and Victoria and Albert Museum. Department of Textiles and Dress, eds. Iranian textiles. London: V&A Pub., 2010.

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Maghsoudlou, Bahman. Iranian cinema. [New York, N.Y.]: Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies, New York University, 1987.

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Pavry, Cursetji Erachji. Iranian studies. Mumbai: K.R. Cama Oriental Institute, 2006.

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Kamalkhani, Zahra. Iranian immigrants and refugees in Norway. [Bergen]: Dept. of Social Anthropology, University of Bergen, 1988.

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T͡Sagaraev, Valeriĭ. Zolotai͡a i͡abloni͡a nartov: Istorii͡a, mifologii͡a, iskusstvo, semantika. Vladikavkaz: Respublikanskoe izdatelʹsko-poligr. predprii͡atie im. V.A. Gassieva, 2000.

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Fārābī, Bunyād-i. Sīnimāyī-i. Iranian new cinema. Tehran: Farabi Cinema Foundation, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Iranian"

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Koo, Gi Yeon. "The Choice for the “Zendegie Normal (Normal Life)”: Changes Among Iranian Young Immigrants." In Gulf Studies, 249–67. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7796-1_15.

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AbstractUp to a few years ago, reasons of Iranians’ migration and immigration were personal development, free life, better educational environment, and social welfare among others. However, the situation appears dire as it is circulated on social media that today’s Iranian youth migrate overseas for “air to breathe, basic living, and COVID-19 vaccination for survival”—it is their choice for a “normal life”. Iranian dream of breaking away from the day-to-day politics of surveillance and escaping to foreign countries are like virtual worlds in their reality. This chapter seeks to examine the Iranian’s forms of migration and the social context.
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Peasnall, Brian L. "Iranian Chalcolithic." In Encyclopedia of Prehistory, 160–95. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0023-0_19.

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Peasnall, Brian L. "Iranian Mesolithic." In Encyclopedia of Prehistory, 198–214. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0023-0_21.

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Peasnall, Brian L. "Iranian Neolithic." In Encyclopedia of Prehistory, 215–35. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0023-0_22.

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Shukurov, Rustam. "Iranian actualities." In Byzantine Ideas of Persia, 650–1461, 134–86. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003205197-8.

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Payne, J. R., and Behrooz Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari. "Iranian Languages." In The World's Major Languages, 447–54. Third edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, [2018] | “First edition published by Croom Helm 1987.”: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315644936-25.

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Kardooni, Neda. "Iranian Vendors." In Social Media and the Contemporary City, 95–112. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003026068-9.

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Rezaei, Shahamak, Léo-Paul Dana, and Veland Ramadani. "Introduction to Iranian Entrepreneurship." In Iranian Entrepreneurship, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50639-5_1.

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Ratten, Vanessa, Léo-Paul Dana, Veland Ramadani, and Shahamak Rezaei. "Transnational Entrepreneurship in a Diaspora." In Iranian Entrepreneurship, 181–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50639-5_10.

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Light, Ivan, and Parvin Shahlapour. "Transnational Iranian Entrepreneurs in the Import/Export Industry of Los Angeles." In Iranian Entrepreneurship, 195–205. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50639-5_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Iranian"

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Boroujerdi, Sarah. "Mapping Out Race: How Afro-Iranian Migrations Redefine the ‘Aryan Myth’." In GLOCAL Conference on Mediterranean and European Linguistic Anthropology Linguistic Anthropology 2022. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/comela22.5-4.

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If maps refer to geographies, the transing of cultural histories, and an arrival of migrant bodies, what might it mean to map out race in Iran? This work examines the ethnocentric biases that stem from the ‘Aryan Myth’—a terminology influenced by The First Persian Empire (550-330 B.C.) and further associations with the ancient Indo-Europeans by 19th century Western scholars. The kindred ties between Iranian identity and homeland through the Aryan label formulated a romanticized narration of race in Iran. The bridge between linguistics, as emphasized by theocratic terminology and ancient language associations, and geography uniformly synthesized racial affiliations between Iranians and the Aryan racial categorization. Aryan ancestry and its association with land as homeland, while formulating a singular Iranian identity, subsequently separated Iranians from Afro-Iranian populations residing north of the Persian Gulf in the next few millennia to come. Limited scholarship has been shown of the Afro-Iranian community’s presence in southern Iran, particularly during and after the period of the slave trade from East Africa in the 1800s into southern Iran. However, archives on the aftermath of slavery from within Iran and England are critical to scholarship on Afro-Iranian migrations (Mirzai 2002, p. 231), where a reclaiming of multi-ethnic identity and a renovated epistemological lens comes centerfold. This work begins with an analysis of the Indo-European migrations of 4,000 and 3,500 B.C. by examining the Iranian family origins through Nichols (1997) "The epicenter of the Indo-European linguistic spread." This will be accompanied by the Ara’s (2005) Eschatology in the Indo-Iranian traditions: The genesis and transformation of a doctrine to define the history of the term “Aryan” and its rooted ties with Indo-European migrations and geography as homeland during Achaemenid rulership. The concluding section will review Mirzai’s (2002) “African presence in Iran: identity and its reconstruction,” with an analysis of the African diaspora during the mid eighteen and early nineteen hundreds, and subsequent growth of Afro-Iranian heritage within southern Iran. Through the establishment of Afro-Iranian societies within southern Iran during the 19th and 20th centuries, socioeconomics resulting from the slave trade, and race relations during the African population settlement of the eighteen hundreds, the blossoming of an Afro-Iranian ethnic heritage led to subsequent ostracism from the larger Iranian host society.
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Mansour Falamaki, Mohammad. "The Role of the Scale -Measure-Distance in Achieving Unity in the Iranian Architecture." In SPACE International Conferences April 2021. SPACE Studies Publications, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51596/cbp2021.jgsp1257.

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Extended Abstract Introduction: Research Aim and Objectives From Architecture to Urbanism, the concept of unity can be defined as integrated with a spectrum of physical-to-intangible factors raised from or affected by each particular context. To this end, this investigation aims to introduce a three-fold incorporated analysis about the scale, measure and distance in the past and present of Iranian Architecture. First, a profound introduction is necessary to consider the underlying antique manner of living in Iran. This research depicts an analytical vision of thoughts about the use of time and space in architecture as well as in the urban and social life of Iran. Considering the built environments in the diverse parts of Iran, including the majority of villages and cities, clarifies that the six universal directions of space have already formed the manner of fundamental Iranian thoughts about the time in architectural units, urban and constructed environments. Second, the paper elaborates on the unique manner of architectural design in the various regions of the country, in which the physical space is understood by every single individual who, in turn, considers the time with his or her personal feelings accordingly. Third, the concept of time is regarded as a key to the comprehension of the architectural space within the Iranian context. These three basic but fundamental elements can be perceived in any architectural realisation, from houses to public baths, religious architectural compositions and ceremonial places, and in various regions of Iran while indicating an active role in the urban human life of Iranians.
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Tourani, Ali, Sajjad Soroori, Asadollah Shahbahrami, and Alireza Akoushideh. "Iranis: A Large-scale Dataset of Iranian Vehicles License Plate Characters." In 2021 5th International Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (IPRIA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipria53572.2021.9483461.

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Irajizad, A., A. Pourghazi, and M. Houshiar. "Iranian Women in Physics." In WOMEN IN PHYSICS: The IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1505319.

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Izadi, Dina, Azita Seiedfadaei, Beverly Karplus Hartline, Renee K. Horton, and Catherine M. Kaicher. "Iranian Women in Physics." In WOMEN IN PHYSICS: Third IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3137824.

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Абеди, М., and Н. Ю. Митрофанова. "IRANIAN GARDEN CARPET AS A SYMBOL OF HEAVEN." In КОДЫ. ИСТОРИИ В ТЕКСТИЛЕ. Crossref, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54874/9785605162971.2024.3.01.

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Иранские сады, известные как Чахарбаг, являются символом рая. Садовый дискурс развился и процветал в период Сефевидов (1501–1736 гг.) и оказал значительное влияние на многие виды искусства, включая ковроткачество. К этому же времени относят появление особого типа садового ковра под названием «чахарбаг». Иранские ковры стали своеобразной гетеротопией иранского сада. Они не только повторяют ландшафтную структуру, но и отражают важные концептуальные аспекты иранского садового искусства. Iranian gardens, known as Chaharbagh, are symbols of paradise. Garden discourse developed and flourished during the Safavid period (1501–1736) and had a significant influence on many arts, including carpet weaving. The appearance of a special type of garden carpet called Chaharbagh dates back to this time. Iranian carpets have become a kind of heterotopia of the Iranian garden. They not only follow the landscape structure, but also reflect important conceptual aspects of Iranian garden art.
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Alirezaee, Shahpour, Majid Ahmadi, Ali Alijamat, and Mohamad Ali Alahiari. "Segmentation of Iranian bank checks." In IEEE INMIC 2008. 12th IEEE International Multitopic Conference. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/inmic.2008.4777782.

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Zad, Azam Iraji, and Saba Mosivand. "Iranian female faculties in physics." In WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 6th IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5110094.

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Feofilova, Tatyana, Iuliia Alekseeva, Evgeny Radygin, and Mehdi Imani. "Innovation in the Iranian economy." In DTMIS '20: International Scientific Conference - Digital Transformation on Manufacturing, Infrastructure and Service. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3446434.3446511.

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Shirali-Shahreza, M. Hassan, and Sajad Shirali-Shahreza. "Large corpus of Iranian music." In 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology (ISSPIT). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isspit.2009.5407527.

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Reports on the topic "Iranian"

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Bachman, Michael. Iranian Oil Smuggling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1762948.

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Thompson, Christiane. Iranian Tentacles into Iraq: The Basis and Extent of Iranian Influence into Southern Iraq. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada513319.

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Kerstanski, Paul. U.S. Policy and the Iranian Threat. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada293784.

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Alneyadi, Matar J. Gulf Security and the Iranian Threat. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada347197.

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Laquinta, Philip G. The Emergence of Iranian Sea Power. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada348948.

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Buck, Peter D. The Iranian Hostage Rescue Attempt, A Case Study. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada403974.

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Anderson, Paul B. Space-Time-Force and the Iranian Shahab-3. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada414631.

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Afkhami, Shirin, and Máté Szalai. Evaluating the current state of the Saudi-Iranian reconciliation. Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.ke-2021.74.

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The article aims at assessing the current state of Saudi-Iranian relations and the reconciliation process taking place between the two Middle Eastern countries since 2021 by overviewing the main factors both on the domestic and international levels which can serve as either incentives for cooperation or obstacles. In the domestic realm, economic considerations are the primary drivers for both governments to get closer to each other. Regionally, the Yemeni conflict, Lebanese domestic politics, as well as the Iranian nuclear question are the most important issues affecting the process. In themselves, these factors are not enough to directly lead to a break-through in negotiations, which is why the reconciliation between Iran and Saudi Arabia continues to be unstable and uneven.
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Schripsema, Auke, and Ben Meijer. Food losses in the Iranian potato sector : Identification mission. Wageningen: Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/416401.

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Kittle, John I. Iranian Strategic and Operational Planning Against the United States. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada325133.

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