Journal articles on the topic 'Iran – Civilization – To 640'
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Akram, Ejaz. "International Conference on Dialogue of Civilizations." American Journal of Islam and Society 17, no. 3 (October 1, 2000): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v17i3.2057.
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The International Conference on Dialogue of Civilizations was held in theheart of London, at the Islamic Centre of England in Maide Vale, October27-28. A group of eminent scholars from several countries convened toparticipate and present their points of view on this quite important and popularsubject: Dialogue of Civilizations!The conference was hosted by the Institute of Islamic Studies of London(11s) and sponsored by Shahid Beheshti University (Iran), AllameTabataba’ee University (Iran), the Institute for Political and InternationalStudies (Iran) and the Islamic College for Advanced Studies (UnitedKingdom). Several participants attended from local colleges and universitiesin and around London. Journalists from different organizations coveredthe event for newspaper and television. The two-day program, whichincluded panel sessions, a play and a music section, was video-recordedand documented. Overall, the conference can certainly be regarded as asuccessful one, although, as in many other fora, there was room forimprovement in few of its parts.Implicit in the title of the project is a rather grand albeit a noble ambition:the reconciliation of civilizations that are on a colision course. In pursuingthis lofty goal, participants came face-to-face with the difficulty of definingthe concept of ‘civilization’ across civilizations. Perhaps it was this difficultythat contributed to the meeting’s success, and helped participants discoverhow definitional problems can be overcome and how, indeed, understandingbetween conflicting entities can be achieved.Most papers in the first panel, titled “Globalization,” started with a ratherrosy picture for possibilities of a dialogue. The second panel reversed thetone, while presenting several definitions of civilization, it questionedwhether ‘modem civilization’ can be called a civilization at all. Some presentationstied the definition of civilization to its primordial religious tradition,thus disqualifying modem civilization as a civilization and characterizingit as anti-civilization. The third panel used Cultural Studies and ...
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Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz. "Iran: An Old Civilization and a New Nation State." Focus on Geography 49, no. 4 (March 2007): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8535.2007.tb00179.x.
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Shah, Syed Raheem Abbas, and Muhammad Akram Zaheer. "Educational System and Institutions in Persian Civilization: An Historical Description and its Impacts on Present Iran." Journal of South Asian Studies 9, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/jsas.009.03.3945.
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Persian civilization had its rich culture since the pre-Islamic era. It left its impacts on those areas where the Persian language had adopted like contemporary India, Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Tajikistan, and the Central Asian States. Its pre and post-Islamic educational system-generated hundreds of scholars which are well-nominated all over the world along with their inventions, philosophies, literature, and poetry. This article highlights an educational system in the Persian civilization since 2500 BC. Educational institutions before the conquest of Islam and post-Islamic changing patterns in it are going to be discussed in this article. There is also a focus upon educational institutions in modern Iran before the Islamic Revolution of 1979 that became the reason for the end of Pehlavi dynasty. Its hypothesis is that the present socio-economic and political development in Iran is a reason to strengthen the educational system that is protecting Persian civilization for centuries. The research is based on theoretically and historically descriptive, analytical, comparative, and qualitative and methods. The data is collected from books, research journals, newspapers, internet interviews, results of different dissertations, and personal visits to Iran in which attending several seminars, workshops, and training classes including visiting several universities and Research Centers in Qom and Tehran
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Abdullah, Harith Qahtan. "Sectarian struggle in the Middle East and the new Alliances." Tikrit Journal For Political Science, no. 16 (August 26, 2019): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v0i16.156.
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Our Islamic world passes a critical period representing on factional, racial and sectarian struggle especially in the Middle East, which affects the Islamic identification union.
The world passes a new era of civilization formation, and what these a new formation which affects to the Islamic civilization especially in Syria, Iraq, Yemen, and Lebanon.
The sectarian struggle led to heavy sectarian alliances from Arab Gulf states and Turkey from one side and Iran states and its alliances in the other side. The Sunni and Shia struggle are weaken the World Islamic civilization and it is competitive among other world civilization.
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Semati, Mehdi, Mehdi Faraji, and Yalda N. Hamidi. "Elite Discourse on Technology in Iran." Sociology of Islam 4, no. 4 (October 21, 2016): 323–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00404002.
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This paper examines the elite discourse on technology in Iran. The paper examines how concepts such as progress (taraqqi), civilization (tamaddon), and modernity (tajaddod), and later notions such as backwardness (‘aqab-mandegi), authenticity (isalat), and “Westoxication” (gharbzadegi) have articulated an elite discourse of technology in Iran. The paper argues that a utilitarian view of technology dominates the elite discourse. Although intellectuals view modernity with ambivalence, their outlook on technology remains utilitarian in their discourse of authenticity.
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Mortazavi, Mehdi. "Economy, Environment and the Beginnings of Civilization in Southeastern Iran." Near Eastern Archaeology 68, no. 3 (September 2005): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/nea25067608.
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Dalimunthe, Latifa Annum. "PERADABAN ISLAM MASA KHALIFAH UMAR IBN AL-KHATHTHAB (13-23 H/634-644 M)." FORUM PAEDAGOGIK 10, no. 2 (September 28, 2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24952/paedagogik.v10i2.2819.
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Abu Bakr appointed Umar ibn khaththab to be caliph to avoid divisions among Muslims. Umar was born in 513 A D into a family of the Quraish tribe. At first he was called by the title Abu Hafs, and after converting to Islam he received the title al-Faruq and was most persistent in defending Islam. This research examines how the Islamic civilization in Umar's era. The research was conducted by taking a literature study from the literature books. The results showed that Umar's leadership included the territory of the Arabian Peninsula.Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Persia, and Egypt. Umar formed departments (diwan) such as the police, baitul mal to manage state finances. Umar succeeded in restoring the stability of the Islamic government and even strengthening the country. Umar died of a sharp knife stabbed by Abu Lu'luah or Fairuz who was going to offer the dawn prayer at the Nabawi mosque.
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Purnama, Fahmy Farid. "LIBERASI TEOLOGI DI IRAN PASCA-REVOLUSI: Telisik Pemikiran Abdul Karim Soroush." Jurnal THEOLOGIA 27, no. 1 (October 8, 2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/teo.2016.27.1.923.
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<p class="Iabstrak"><strong>Abstract:</strong> <em>This paper will discuss the identity struggle and discourse of thought in the Islamic world, especially in the Islamic civilization and culture of Iran. That is, by trying to explain various religio-philosophical discourse presented by Soroush to restore Iranian civilization from an identity crisis, psychological deterioration, to the ontological dislocation that have obscured the authenticity of existential society. This paper will also explain why Soroush calls for new directions in theology and Islamic political discourse, particularly in Iran, which is supported by various philosophical discourse. By involving the philosophy of science (epistemology) in understanding human religiosity, Soroush philosophical thought also necessitates a new perspective of looking at reality, both the reality of individual, social, or global.</em></p><strong>Abstrak: </strong>Tulisan ini akan mengurai pergulatan identitas dan wacana pemikiran di dunia Islam, khususnya di kancah peradaban dan kebudayaan Iran. Yaitu dengan berusaha menjelaskan pelbagai wacana filsafat-keagamaan yang diketengahkan Soroush untuk memulihkan peradaban Iran dari krisis identitas, keterpurukan psikologis, hingga dislokasi ontologis yang telah mengaburkan otentisitas eksistensial masyarakatnya. Tulisan ini juga akan menjelaskan mengapa Soroush menghendaki adanya arah baru dalam diskursus teologi dan politik Islam, khususnya di Iran, yang ditopang oleh pelbagai wacana filosofis. Dengan melibatkan filsafat ilmu (epistemologi) dalam memahami religiusitas manusia, pembacaan Soroush juga meniscayakan suatu perspektif baru dalam memandang realitas, baik realitas individual, sosial, maupun global.
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Amin, Tahir. "Iran." American Journal of Islam and Society 2, no. 1 (July 1, 1985): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v2i1.2923.
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INTRODUCTIONPolitical and economic developments in the post revolutionary Iranpresent a special dilemma to outside observers in general and to socialscientists in particular as many developments do not seem to fit theusualpolitical and economic categories with which the social scientists arenormally familiar. As a result, most analysts of contemporary Iran,approaching the reality from the rigidly preconceived conceptual lenses,tend to grossly distort the actual picture. The contemporary situation inIran is usually portrayed as one of utter chaos and turmoil with little orno hope for any progress in the future. It is seen as ruled by “emptyheadkid”,“conservative”, “brutal,” and “incompetent” mullahs who arebent upon destroying any signs of progress and civilization. Eventhe moderate analysts who seem to be less preoccupied with their biasesand more cognizant of the new realities, appear to dismiss any long-termconsequences of the current changes taking place in contemporary Iran.My major objective in the following pages is to develop an alternativeimage of the same reality. I argue here that slowly and gradually, a newpolitical and economic order is emerging in Iran, whose broad objectivesand outlines are clear. A major distinguishing characteristic of thisorder is its public welfarist orientation with special attention to thelower-middle and lower classes. And this order has the potential of sofundamentally transforming the political scene in Iran in the long runwhere the old issues and the old actors are most likely to be irrelevant tothe new type of politics. Once successful, the political implications of thisorder will have a much wider effect on the Muslim world than commonlyassumed.This paper has four sections. The first section deals with the ideology ofthe Islamic republic. Examining the ideas of the leading revolutionarythinkers, we shall try to establish a criteria against which the regime’spolitical and economic performance is to be assessed. The second sectionof the paper describes the nature of key political and economicinstitutions established in the aftermath of the revolution and their modeof functioning. The third part of the paper is concerned with theeconomic performance of the regime over the past five years. We shallassess its performance in two ways: (a) in light of the criteria establishedin the first part of the paper and (b) a brief comparison of the IslamicRepublic’s five year performance with the prerevolutionary Iran’s lastfive-year plan (1973-1978). The final section of the paper summarizes themajor conclusions of this study and also attempts to project a likelyfuture scenario ...
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Khurramov, Khayitmurod. "SOME COMMENTS ABOUT THE INFLUENCE OXUS CIVILIZATION IN THEARABIAN GULF." JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 4, no. 10 (October 30, 2021): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2021-10-12.
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It is known that the Oxus civilization in the Bronze Age, with its unique material culture, interacted with a number of cultural countries: the Indian Valley, Iran, Mesopotamia, Elam and other regions. As a result of these relationships, interactions and interactions are formed. Archaeologists turn to archaeological and written sources to shed light on the historiography of this period. This research is devoted to the history of cultural relations between the Oxus civilization and the countries of the Arabian Gulf in the Bronze Age. The article highlights cultural ties based on an analysis of stamp seals and unique artifacts.Key words: Dilmun, Magan, marine shell, Arabian Gulf, Bahrain, Mesopotamia, Harappa, Gonur, Afghanistan
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Young, Glennys. "Stephen Kotkin. Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. xxv, 640 pp. $55.00." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 31, no. 3 (1997): 338–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221023997x01428.
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Vartanyan, Egnara. "Moral and Valuable World of Iran of the Late 20th – Early 21st Centuries in the Context of “Cultural Heritage” and “Dialogue of Civilizations” Concepts." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (December 2020): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.5.7.
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Introduction. The article deals with the problem of studying the ethics and values of Iran in the period from the late 20th to the early 21st centuries in the context of “cultural heritage” and “dialogue of civilizations” concepts. Methods. The historical-typological and historical-systematic methods, the civilization approach used in the article have allowed to analyze the typology and transformation of the Iranian culture in the period from the late 20th to the early 21st centuries. Analysis. The specific historical characteristics of the Iranian civilization are the continuity of development and the civilization openness, which can be explained not only by invasions of other civilizations, but also by the active perception of the intellectual culture achievements of other peoples. The Iranian civilization came into contact with other civilizations, its origin and functioning were caused by the dialogue of cultures in a broad sense of this word. The psychological reorganization of the Iranians arose as a reaction to the introduction of western values in the life of the country during the shah modernization of the 1960s – 1970s, which led to forming new features in the national consciousness of the Iranians: the aspiration to revive national cultural traditions, desire not so much “to catch up with the West”, as to approve the priority of its culture in peoples consciousness. Those years the Iranian social thought was devoted to the intensive development of the concept of historical and cultural identity of the country, problems of the relationship between the West and the East. In the Iranian social thought the certain independent area of knowledge, namely “cultural heritage”, was formed, which gave the way to the national consciousness and encouraged the scientific search of a rational model of countrys development, looking for the reliance in the traditional experience. Results. The author draws the conclusion that the interpenetration and mutual enrichment of people, cultures, civilizations are important, especially in the era of globalization. But this process is the most valuable in the context of the development of national cultures, respect for the cultural heritage of every nation i.e. maintaining cultural diversity of the modern world. Today modernization of Iran is connected with the civilization principles of development (“dialogue of civilizations”) in combination with preservation of cultural heritage.
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Mancini-Lander, Derek J. "A History of Iran." American Journal of Islam and Society 26, no. 4 (October 1, 2009): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v26i4.1371.
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This survey of the history of Iranian civilization from ancient times to thepresent is intended for general audiences with little knowledge of Iranianhistory. The book’s nine chapters consist largely of chronological presentationsof political history, but occasionally make room for sections on religiousmovements, society, and the arts. The first two chapters briskly coverthe ancient period through the Sassanids. The third runs from the Islamicconquests through the fifteenth century and contains a long section on theevolution of Persian verse tradition. The fourth and fifth chapters cover theSafavids’ rise and fall, the development of early modern Twelver Shi`ism,and the tumultuous period leading up to the Qajars. The sixth surveys thelate Qajar period and the constitutional revolution, while the last three chaptersdetail the events of the twentieth century with an emphasis on the 1979Islamic revolution and what has happened since. As nearly a third of thebook deals with the twentieth century, the treatment of the ancient periodsand the first millennium of the Islamic era are comparatively spare.Axworthy’s main project is to trace the history of a sense of “Iranianness”or “Irananian identity” that he claims to have identified in ancientsources and uses to justify composing what he calls “a history of Iran.”Although he does not provide an explicit and comprehensive definition ofthis “Iranian identity,” he states clearly that he is not describing a sense ofnation (pp. xv-xvi and 117). Rather, he implies that this identity is a loosesense of affiliation based on the idea of a common land, language, andshared memory. But when he speaks, for example, of an “Iranian revival” inthe second century or an “Iranian reconquest” in the fourteenth, he uses thevery nation-centered paradigm of history that he seeks to avoid, even if herefrains from invoking a “national” sensibility ...
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Ahmadi, Hamid. "Iran and Tajikistan: How Culture and Civilization Fade in the Shadow of Politics and the Political." Iran and the Caucasus 23, no. 1 (2019): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20190110.
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Taking Iran-Tajikistan cultural relations as its case study, this article tends to say that despite the important role of culture and civilization in foreign policy, politics and the political factors also have a vital place in shaping the relations between states in global and regional levels. Moreover, as the author argues, political factors play even more important role and are able to somehow overshadow the common cultural and civilizational ties. The destiny of Iran-Tajikistan cultural cooperation, especially the efforts in reviving the ancestral Arabo-Persian alphabet to replace the Russian (Cyrillic) one, explains how politics in general and political differences in particular, brought those enthusiastic and cherished efforts into a stalemate if not a deadlock.
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Jamshidirad, Mohammad Sadeq, Mohammad Taher Yaghoubi, Seyyed Mohammad Reza Husseini, and Hussein Jamshidirad. "Factors Causing the Development of the Endowment in Safavid Dynasty." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 8, no. 10 (October 11, 2021): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i10.3112.
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The tradition of the endowment is one of the activities having existed in all human societies from past to now. In Iran, this tradition was seen as a belief from ancient civilization. It is developed and flourished in Safavid dynasty so that, in Isfahan (Iran), the endowed estate is found everywhere. The endowment is so important that public, rich people and imperial family participated in this tradition and endowed their properties. This study has aimed to answer this question: what reasons and factors developed the endowment and what is the role of endowment in Safavid time? To do so, library and descriptive-analytic methods were used in this study.
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Johnston, David. "Contours of an Islamo-Christian Civilization." American Journal of Islam and Society 23, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v23i4.1584.
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Books Reviewed: Jack Goody, Islam in Europe. Cambridge: Polity Press,2004; Richard W. Bulliet, The Case for Islamo-Christian Civilization. NewYork: Columbia University Press, 2004; James A. Bill and John Alden Williams,Roman Catholics and Shi’i Muslims: Prayer, Passion, and Politics.Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.There can be no doubt that the twenty-first century has begun – and continues– under the ominous cloud of enmity between Muslim groups or nationsand western ones, from the attacks on American soil on 11 September 2001to those in Madrid and London, to the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, andnow in the growing tension with Iran. Unsurprisingly, this has spurred amushrooming of publications on the troubled relations between “Islam andthe West,” with almost every book pointing out the bold Christian rhetoricemanating from a militarily aggressive White House.Kenneth Cragg, the veteran Christian expositor of the Qur’an, more prolificthan ever in his nineties (seven titles since 2002), astutely named one ofhis latest books The Qur’an and the West (Georgetown University Press:2006). Not only is “Islam” misleading in terms of the wide diversity of cultures,sects, and spiritualities inspired by the Qur’an and the Hadith literature,but for Cragg, Muslims in today’s globalized world, whether living as“exiles” in the West or within Muslim-majority states, will have to choosebetween the vulnerable faith proclaimed in the early years in Makkah andthe religion cum political rule exemplified by the Prophet in Madinah. Asusual, Cragg also challenges the Christian side, which, in its American incarnation,largely rationalizes the use of power to extend its hegemony fromIsrael-Palestine to Central Asia in the name of democracy.Though all three books under review here share Cragg’s motivation toreduce tension and foster greater understanding between Muslims andChristians, only the third (on Shi`ites and Catholics) represents the kind oftheological dialogue that Cragg and others have nourished over the years ...
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Marashi, Afshin. "Imagining Hāfez: Rabindranath Tagore in Iran, 1932." Journal of Persianate Studies 3, no. 1 (2010): 46–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187471610x505951.
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AbstractIn April and May of 1932, Rabindranath Tagore traveled to Iran on an official visit. He had been invited to Iran as the official guest of Rezā Shah Pahlavi. Using an array of primary source material, this article examines the cultural, political, and ideological implications of this trip for the emerging discourse of nationalism in interwar Iran. The article argues that Tagore’s visit played an important part in promoting the new official nationalism of the Pahlavi state. The emerging interwar ideology of “Pahlavi nationalism” sought to dissociate Iran from the Abrahamic-Islamicate “civilizational ethos” that was now understood to have long dominated Iranian culture, and instead sought to associate Iranian nationalism’s claim of cultural authenticity to a newly emerging notion of “Indo-Iranian civilization” rooted in the pre-Islamic culture of Zoroastrianism and Aryanism. Tagore’s visit to Iran was seen as an opportunity for his Iranian hosts to present him to the Iranian public as a living personification of this newly conceived idea of national authenticity. The public ceremonies and pronouncements that accompanied Tagore during the four-week trip all reinforced this basic message. The paper therefore argues that the Tagore visit to Iran was closely tied to the Pahlavi state’s policy of cultural nationalism.
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Shahriari, Kamyab. "Malkom Khan’s Approach Toward Political Modernization from above in Iran." International Journal of Culture and History 4, no. 1 (June 25, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijch.v4i1.10196.
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Malkom Khan (1833-1908) was a very significant scholar in the Qajar and constitutional era and the first to propose political modernization in order to change the traditional structure of government and replace it with a new and modern one. He was aware of the fact that Iran’s backwardness and chaotic situation was the result of the traditional and despotic political structure of government. This paper examines the political thought of Malkom Khan and his approach toward modernization of the political structure of government in the first period of his political life as activist and theorist. Research shows that his approach toward the political modernization program was political modernization from above or in other words, a form of state-building. His strategy to accomplish this goal can be described as getting Iranians to accept western civilization and the principles of order without changing them.
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Mutin, Benjamin, and Leah Minc. "The formative phase of the Helmand Civilization, Iran and Afghanistan: New data from compositional analysis of ceramics from Shahr-i Sokhta, Iran." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 23 (February 2019): 881–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.11.020.
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Ghalekhani, Golnar, and Leila Fatemi Bushehri. "The Analysis of Sacrificial Rituals in Iran Based on Avesta and Pahlavi Texts." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 73 (September 2016): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.73.29.
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Sacrifice is a ritual with an antiquity as long as history in all the areas of human civilization and it is a guide for understanding the ancient ideology of all millennia. This study is an attempt to illustrate a general scheme of sacrifice and its generative thoughts throughout old cultural eras of Iran. This paper tries to identify sacrifice in Iran by considering every details mentioned in religious texts. Due to the fact that Iran has been a land of coexistence of different tribes and cultures in history, and that the Iranian religion is a combination of native Iranian tribes, Elamite, Indo-European, Magus and Mazdeism beliefs it seems impracticable to segregate rituals to specific nations and epochs. Nevertheless, single Gnosticism finds a very unique and distinct position in Iranian religion. This research aims not only to collect the viewpoints, examples and Iranian religion documents about sacrifice but to be a manifestation of the dynamics of Iranian thought.
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Esmaeili, Mehrab, Yiwu Fang, Hongmei Li, and Ramin Heydari. "Description of Aphelenchoides huntensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) isolated from Pinus sylvestris in western Iran." Nematology 18, no. 3 (2016): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002963.
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Aphelenchoides huntensissp. n. is described and illustrated from wood and bark samples of a dead scots pine in Kermanshah Province, western Iran. The new species has a body length of 507-673 μm (females) and 636-640 μm (males). The cuticle is weakly annulated with four lateral lines. Lip region offset. The stylet is 9.5 (9.0-10.0) μm long with small basal swellings. The excretory pore is locatedcaone body diam. posterior to the metacorpus valve. The spicules are large with the dorsal limb 37 or 38 μm long (n = 2), and have a prominent rostrum and rounded apex. The female tail is conical, the terminus having a complicated step-like projection, usually with many tiny nodular protuberances. The male tail bears six (2 + 2 + 2) caudal papillae and a well-developed mucron. The new species belongs to the Group 2 category ofAphelenchoidesspecies. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 18S and 28S D2-D3 regions of rDNA confirmed its status as a new species.
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Albasoos, Hani, Zeinab Mohammed Ali, Asila S. Al Hasni, and Sara Al Shizawi. "The Nature of Oman’s Relations with Iran." Journal of Arts and Social Sciences [JASS] 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jass.vol10iss1pp5-14.
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Relations between the Sultanate of Oman and the Islamic Republic of Iran extend back to the ancient civilisations that inhabited both regions. At first, trade was the only connection between the two countries. This later evolved into the Persian occupation of Oman which ended in the first century BC after the battle of Saloot. However, these ancient relations are irrelevant to this paper which seeks to examine the nature of the relations between the two states in current times. Oman recognizes Iran as an ancient civilization, not just a new or modernized state. Oman does not ignore the role of Iran in the region and gives it its deserved attention. This is because Oman understands Iran’s significant contemporary and historical position in the Middle East.It is undoubted that Omani influence reached the Iranian territories through the message of Islam. This was the result of Omani merchants and travelers who sailed through the golden strait (Hormuz) to the Iranian border. Moreover, some Persian and Arab tribes settled in the north cost of Oman and lived peacefully together till the modern days. Oman-Iran’s relationship is based on reciprocal respect and not interfering in the internal affairs of both states. The security and logistic cooperation between the two states was very strong in the 1970s and reached its peak in 1977, when the Shah of Iran visited Oman. In the 1970s, Oman signed several agreements, many of which were with Iran, to secure itself from communist threats.
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Abdollahi, Hooman, and Seyed Babak Ebrahimi. "Modeling and Investigating the Economy and Production Structure of Iran Public Theater." International Journal of System Dynamics Applications 8, no. 1 (January 2019): 60–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsda.2019010104.
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Cultural productions are considered as a sign of civilization in modern societies. Theater is known as an important type of cultural productions, playing important role in the cultural economy of a society. Due to complexities of socio-economic interactions, this sector needs dynamic investigation to illuminate different aspects of possible potentials and threats. The present paper tries to find relationships between Iran public theater economy and production structure based on a dynamic model including all economic stages, namely production, distribution, and consumption to achieve a solid perception of Iran theater position. The authors use System Dynamics to create a model that can explain or mimic the behavior of the system in order to evaluate policies. Since Tehran City Theater complex is the sole place for the public theater in Iran, the authors assess it over the period 2012-2015 and predict its behavior to 2022. On the other hand, the investigation in this context is being directed in accordance with microeconomics principles. The results indicate that the position of Iran public theater is undesired due to vague managerial policy. Also, the findings offer insights into the problems and suggest practical solutions.
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Al-Imam, Ahmed, Marek A. Motyka, and Mariusz Z. Jędrzejko. "Conflicting opinions in connection with digital superintelligence." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v9.i2.pp336-348.
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<p>In 1964, Nikolai Kardashev proposed the Kardashev scale, a system for measuring the extent of technological advancement of a civilization based on the magnitude of energy consumption. We are approaching an inevitable type-1 civilization, and artificial superintelligence superior to that of humans can concur with a higher-hierarchy Kardashev civilization. We aim to survey public opinions, specifically video gamers, worldwide compared to those in Poland, concerning artificial general intelligence and superintelligence. We implemented an amalgam of cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the database of literature and Google search engine. The geographic mapping of surface web users who are interested in artificial superintelligence revealed the top ten contributing countries: Iran, Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, India, Peru, South Africa, Romania, Switzerland, and Chile. Developing countries accounted for 54.84% of the total map. Polish people were less enthusiastic about artificial general intelligence and superintelligence compared with the rest of the world. Futuristic technological innovations imply an acceleration in artificial intelligence and superintelligence. This scenario can be pessimistic, as superintelligence can render human-based activities obsolete. However, integrating artificial intelligence with humans, via brain-computer interface technologies, can be protective. Nonetheless, legislation in connection with information technologies is mandatory to regulate upcoming digital knowledge and superintelligence.</p>
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Othan, Eyyup. "Ahtar Gazetesi’nin Doğuş Serüveni ve İran Matbuatındaki Yeri ve Öneminin İncelenmesi." Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences 8, no. 16 (June 20, 2022): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.8.16.3.
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In this study, the place occupied by Akhtar newspaper in the Iranian printing press and the rationale for its emergence and publication adventure were examined by focusing on the importance of the newspaper. Ahtar has been a unique newspaper that has been growing in influence and surroundings since the first day it started publication. So much so that the group gathered around him was called the Ahteri sect. The newspaper has become a pioneer and model for Persian-language newspapers that will be published both outside Iran and inside Iran after him. The topics covered in the Ahtar newspaper range from politics to law, from literature to history, from education to trade. In order to enlighten Persian speakers in the political field, Akhtar has explained concepts such as civilization, freedom, equality, nation, homeland and ittihad-ı Islam and reinterpreted them by observing the conditions of the period. Ahtar newspaper informed people in Iran, the Caucasus, and India about these issues by including constitutional and constitutional debates in the Ottoman Empire in the newspaper. Key Words: Ahtar Newspaper, Persian, Iranian Printing Press, Ottoman Empire
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Hossein Esmkhani, Amir. "Iran – Infrastructure, historical and current developments in performative pedagogy." Scenario: A Journal of Performative Teaching, Learning, Research X, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/scenario.10.2.9.
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Theatre and other forms of art have played an unarguable part in the formation of cultures and civilizations all around the world. There is some proof that performance began even before language was invented by man. In their rituals and traditions, our earliest ancestors used their body to convey messages and performed rituals on different occasions. The history of our culture and civilization is replete with various forms of art and performance narrating the stories of generations. From mothers’ bedtime stories to religious ceremonies, for a wide range of purposes, art in general and performance-based art in particular gave shape and meaning to human’s everyday life experiences. This article will present an overview of the history of performative arts in Iran, how it has come to contribute to foreign language teaching, and outline its limitations and future projections. Performative arts have a rather long history in Iran. In one of the most authoritative books on Iranian Performance Tradition, William O’Beeman (2011) presents the rich “tapestry” of Iranian traditional performance which took root many centuries ago, before Iran came into contact with the West. He believes that those who are not familiar with Iranian culture may be truly surprised to discover ...
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Emami, Mohammadamin, Mehdi Razani, Nader Alidadi Soleimani, and Youssef Madjidzadeh. "New insights into the characterization and provenance of chlorite objects from the Jiroft civilization in Iran." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 16 (December 2017): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.10.004.
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Vidale, Massimo, Nasir Eskandari, Mojgan Shafiee, Irene Caldana, and Francois Desset. "Animal Scavenging as Social Metaphor: A Carved Chlorite Vessel of the Halil Rud Civilization, Kerman, Iran, Mid Third Millennium bc." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 31, no. 4 (October 19, 2021): 705–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774321000305.
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A fragmentary large chlorite vessel of the Halil Rud valley civilization (Kerman, Iran, mid third millennium bc), found in unknown circumstances and recently recovered by the police forces of Iran, is discussed in the wider scenario of coeval animal iconographies of middle and southwest Asia. Beginning from the imagery carved in the two superimposed friezes of the reassembled fragments, we review the different theoretical approaches in interpretation of similar animal iconography. The figuration of the vessel is interpreted as a scene of the scavenging of bovine carcasses by three different animal actors: lions and birds of prey/vultures, but also hyenas—a subject previously unknown in the art of the reference regions. Following a review of the interrelations of these species in scavenging and with humans, particularly in the coeval context of domestic animal exploitation and developing urban settlement, we investigate the potential semantic implications of the iconography in terms of the symbolism and ideology in the social context.
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Sutrisno, Sutrisno. "KISAH DAN MATERI DAKWAH NABI HUD." Al-Mishbah | Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah dan Komunikasi 13, no. 1 (July 15, 2017): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.24239/al-mishbah.vol13.iss1.82.
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Prophets and messengers have the same role, that is, to bring the teachings of monotheism. However, their exposure of tawhid varies, adjusted to the level of thinking maturity of their people. Hud is a prophet and messenger sent to the people of ‘Ad. They lived in Al-Ahqaf (the Sandy Plains) and built countless buildings that had never been before. They had superior civilization and skills in such fields as agriculture, livestock breeding, and architecture. The arrival of Hud was not appreciated, but insulted and mocked. They are repeatedly reminded to return the Oneness of Allah and to abandon idolatry, but only a few of those who accept it. Finally, they were persecuted, and their civilization was destroyed. An archeologist did the research in 1990 and found the ruins believed to be the pillars of building that was formerly owned by the people of Aad 'and Iran. This story has been told in the Quran in several Surah, its substance and value are permanently maintained. However, its impression and lessons are different.
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Świeca, Jerzy. "„Western“ Israel in the system of the oriental civilization." Review of Nationalities 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 161–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pn-2016-0010.
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Abstract The article concentrates on defining of the civilization creature of the state Israel on the Middle East scene and on conditionings belongings of Israel both to the western system as and the eastern oriental world. The author gets to the bottom of the dynamics of the evolution of the demographic matter states as and into his scene of party-political which determines the external strategy and the policy. Finds, with foundations of State created by David Ben Gurion, evidenced the double character of Israel: on one hand on the lay structure created by the Ashkenazic party Mapai and later Labor Party, and on the other hand on the strong presence of the religion and the synagogue to which one gave back civil cases. The promotion of Sephardim from the half of years 70, the height of the meaning of rightist Likud and small orthodox formations, caused that Israel more and more modern and technologically modernized, so western, had simultaneously stood up an oriental state, in compliance with a membership the regional and unstable authority which demanded religious coalition members that to rank. The work composition focus on facts concerning both the internal situation as and subregional, mostly in the collation context with Iran and his regional allies. The author is convinced, with the civilization visage of regional actors, he most put on weight manifests itself within a period of crises and wars. Because many places devoted to the Lebanese war with Hezbollah in 2006 as and later with Hamas organization (so called three-week) war. In them came to light opportunism political elites of Israel and minimalized strategic thinking. The work avoids prognoses even on nearest future. The author denies prognosing as the indispensable condition of the scientific correctness of the text.
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Ilahi, Badar, and Fathur Rohman. "The Need For Sharia Accounting On Sharia Business Institutions." Muhasabatuna : Jurnal Akuntansi Syariah 1, no. 1 (June 4, 2022): 017–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54471/muhasabatuna.v1i1.1701.
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Islam as a religion has been placed as an option and also its teachings are used as guidelines in the lives of human beings who embrace it. So that its existence has provided direction in the development of human civilization, especially in the fields of science and technology. The rise of thoughts, discussions and studies on Islamic economics, has had a major influence on the growth of sharia-based business systems in general and Islamic financial institutions in particular. The existence of such a system has been widely experimented with in several countries, such as: Iran, Pakistan and Sudan, as well as Malaysia, and recently Indonesia.
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Huzain, Muh. "Pengaruh Peradaban Islam Terhadap Dunia Barat." TASAMUH: Jurnal Studi Islam 10, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 355–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47945/tasamuh.v10i2.77.
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The emergence of Islam influenced the revolution and made a wave of culture toward a new world when experiencing an era of darkness. The progress of Greek civilization in the Westcould not be continued by the Roman empire and Roman domination in the classical era until the middle ages; which was then therise of the West in the era of renaissance in the 14-16th century.This paper will reveal the influence of Islam on the development of the Western world, since the emergence of contact between Islam with the West in the Classical era until the middle ages. There are different opinions among historians about who and when the first contact between Islam and the West took place. The first contact, however, occurred when the areas of East Roman government (Byzantium), Syria (638) and Egypt (640) fell into the hands of the Islamic government during the reign of Caliph 'Umar bin Khaţţāb. The Second contact, at the beginning of the eighth and ninth centuries occurred when the kings of Islam were able to rule Spain (711-1472), Portugal (716-1147), and important Mediterranean islands such as Sardinia (740-1050), Cicilia (827-1091), Malta (870-1090) as well as several small areas in Southern Italy and French Southern France. The third contact, took place in Eastern Europe from the fourteenth to early twentieth century when the Ottoman empire ruled the Balkan peninsula (Eastern Europe) and Southern Russia. The Ottoman empire's powers in Europe covered Yunāni, Bulgaria, Albania, Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, parts of Rhode, Cyprus, Austria and parts of Russia. Of the three periods of contact, the greatest influence was in the second contact period, where the decline of Western science in the dark era, while in the Islamic world developed advanced and produces scientists, thinkers and intellectuals in various sciences. This influence can be seen from the sending of students studying to the university of Islamic area, the establishment of the university, the translation and copying of various scientific literature such as natural science (Science of astronomy, Mathematics, Chemistry, Pharmacy, medicine, architecture etc) and Social Science history, philosophy, politics, economics, earth sciences, sociology, law, culture, language, literature, art, etc.). The Historians recognize that the influence of Islamic civilization is very great on the development of the West, which culminated in the renaissance or rise of Western civilization in Europe after the dark era.
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Huzain, Muh. "PENGARUH PERADABAN ISLAM TERHADAP DUNIA BARAT." Tasamuh: Jurnal Studi Islam 10, no. 2 (November 7, 2018): 355–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32489/tasamuh.41.
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The emergence of Islam influenced the revolution and made a wave of culture toward a new world when experiencing an era of darkness. The progress of Greek civilization in the West could not be continued by the Roman empire and Roman domination in the classical era until the middle ages; which was then the rise of the West in the era of renaissance in the 14-16th century. This paper will reveal the influence of Islam on the development of the Western world, since the emergence of contact between Islam with the West in the Classical era until the middle ages. There are different opinions among historians about who and when the first contact between Islam and the West took place. The first contact, however, occurred when the areas of East Roman government (Byzantium), Syria (638) and Egypt (640) fell into the hands of the Islamic government during the reign of Caliph 'Umar bin Khaţţāb. The Second contact, at the beginning of the eighth and ninth centuries occurred when the kings of Islam were able to rule Spain (711-1472), Portugal (716-1147), and important Mediterranean islands such as Sardinia (740-1050), Cicilia (827-1091), Malta (870-1090) as well as several small areas in Southern Italy and French Southern France. The third contact, took place in Eastern Europe from the fourteenth to early twentieth century when the Ottoman empire ruled the Balkan peninsula (Eastern Europe) and Southern Russia. The Ottoman empire's powers in Europe covered Yunāni, Bulgaria, Albania, Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, parts of Rhode, Cyprus, Austria and parts of Russia. Of the three periods of contact, the greatest influence was in the second contact period, where the decline of Western science in the dark era, while in the Islamic world developed advanced and produces scientists, thinkers and intellectuals in various sciences. This influence can be seen from the sending of students studying to the university of Islamic area, the establishment of the university, the translation and copying of various scientific literature such as natural science (Science of astronomy, Mathematics, Chemistry, Pharmacy, medicine, architecture etc) and Social Science history, philosophy, politics, economics, earth sciences, sociology, law, culture, language, literature, art, etc.). The Historians recognize that the influence of Islamic civilization is very great on the development of the West, which culminated in the renaissance or rise of Western civilization in Europe after the dark era.
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Yousef, Ahmadi Ghasemabad Sofla. "Analysis of the Formation Process of Modernization in Contemporary Iran and Its Effects on Globalization." Asian Social Science 12, no. 3 (February 23, 2016): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n3p58.
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<p>Certainly, modernity is one of the characteristics of the present age and we live in the era of modernity. Hence, modernity is the spirit of the new era. This was due to philosophical and intellectual evolution of the West which could put aside mentally worn out tissues and follow the new path. More than a century from modernization life passes in Iran and after the Constitutional Revolution grew and accelerated. In the meantime, Iran could influence from the western scientific and technical, economic, political evolutions and on the basis of its capacity achieves great developments and evolutions. West evolutions were created directly or indirectly by intellectual and philosophical evolutions of West after the Renaissance that it will be remembered modernity. This element in West civilization was endogenous. Hence, development of modernization and subsequently globalization are serious products of modernity which have been developed in the world and their shadow is heavy on the human head. So that escaping of them is impossible.</p>
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Maharlouei, Najmeh, Hossein Alibeigi, Abbas Rezaianzadeh, Pedram Keshavarz, Hadi Raeisi Shahraki, Hamid Nemati, and Kamran B. lankarani. "The relationship between maternal mental health and communication skills in children in Shiraz, Iran." Epidemiology and Health 41 (July 19, 2019): e2019035. http://dx.doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2019035.
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OBJECTIVES: Child development is a significant issue in global public health, and maternal mental health (MMH) can have a remarkable effect on children’s development of communication skills. We aimed to investigate the association between MMH and communication skills in a sample of Iranian children.METHODS: This study was conducted in Shiraz, Iran during 2016. In total, 640 mothers who lived in Shiraz and were registered in the Fars Birth Cohort (FBC) study were invited to attend the FBC clinic with their children. A trained physician evaluated MMH using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Additionally, a trained nurse assessed the children’s communication development status using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire for 60-month old children.RESULTS: The majority of the mothers were homemakers (82.8%) and had high school diplomas (38.9%). The mothers’ mean age was 33.7±4.6 years. Seventy-nine (12.3%) children had delayed communication skills, but no significant association was found between children’s communication skills and the mothers’ total GHQ score (p=0.43). In total, 493 mothers (77.0%) had abnormal somatic symptoms, 497 (77.7%) had abnormal anxiety/insomnia, 337 (52.7%) had social dysfunction, and 232 (36.3%) suffered from depression. Logistic regression indicated that after adjusting for confounders, the odds of delayed communication skills were 3-fold higher among the children of mothers with abnormal somatic symptoms than among other children (p=0.01).CONCLUSIONS: The study results confirmed that MMH had a significant impact on children’s communication skills. Moreover, maternal abnormal somatic symptoms exerted the strongest impact on the development of communication skills in 5-yearold children.
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Abbasi, Sima, and Khulkar Mirzakhmedova. "THE CULTURAL COMMONALITIES OF IRAN AND UZBEKISTAN (From the perspective of the Persian language and literature history)." Journal of Central Asian Social Studies 02, no. 01 (January 1, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/jcass/volume02issue01-a1.
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Iran and Uzbekistan are both countries with a very old history and are influential countries in the culture and civilization areas in Asia. Although the new political identity of Uzbekistan has not been formed recently since its independence, the historical background of this land and its important and crucial cities and great personalities and thinkers of this country is clear and evident. Uzbekistan, as part of the historical Transoxiana region, has been the ground for many cultural, linguistic, literary, and political events for its neighboring lands. Iran is also an ancient country with wide geographical latitude and longitude that has had a special effect on the cultures of different nations and ethnic groups in different historical eras. The overlap of these two cultures throughout history has led to the emergence of rich and dominant culture, in which the characteristics of Iranian-Islamic culture can be clearly observed. In the present study, cultural commonalities between these two countries were briefly investigated and identified with an emphasis on Persian language and literature as two important cultural origins. The common historical inseparable roots, common cultural and political history, influence on the formation, prevalence, and identification of Persian language and literature along with the similarity of traditions, rituals, and social beliefs are among the main factors in the formation of a close cultural relationship between Iran and Uzbekistan.
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Akbulut, Zeynep. "The Last Great Revolution." American Journal of Islam and Society 18, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v18i3.2009.
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Robin Wright's The Last Great Revolution reflects her 27 years of studyand observations of Iran's cultural and political transformations.She interviews thinkers, parliamentarians, administrators, and averagepeople on the streets as she portrays the radical shift in Iran since the 1979Islamic revolution.Wright starts with her "Personal Odyssey" as an introduction. Shedescribes her first encounter with Iran after the revolution at the airplane ina detailed way. Indeed, she wants her book to "help outsiders to see what isthere not just what [they] want to see." She distinguishes this book fromher previous ones, because this time, instead of giving only her ownimpressions, she lets Iranians "speak for themselves about their ideas,experiences, dreams, and frustrations." After the introduction, she providesbrief information about the geography, religion, and population of Iran.The first chapter analyzes the revolution as the Last Great Revolutionof the modem era, that will stand along with the French and Russianrevolutions. Wright explains the reasons which made the Iranian revolutionsuitable and unique. First, the Shi'ite character of Islam demands afaithful fight against injustice and tyranny. Secondly, Iran has a longpolitical experience that has not come under any colonial power. Thirdly,Iran is heir to a great civilization that had a role in shaping the wqrld.Finally, it is between the West and the East as a meeting point of cultures,which gives the opportunity for revolutionary ideas to reach the peoplefrom both directions. To sum up, Wright makes it clear that quest forempowerment in Iran did not ascend from heaven unpredictably in 1979.She notes that everything was already set for an upheaval.Wright's important analysis in this chapter is inspired by Brinton'sclassic work, The Anatomy of Revolution. Brinton argues that "Revolutionsare like fevers". Wright examines the Iranian revolution in three phases ...
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Ahmad, Khalil. "GEOGRAPHIC, HISTORIC, POLITICAL, RIPARIAN, AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS THAT LEAD TO PAKISTAN AS A LAND OF PENTA MESOPOTAMIA." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 01 (March 31, 2022): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i1.656.
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The research aims to investigate Pakistan’s geographic, historic, political, riparian, and socio-economic factors that lead to Pakistan as a Land of Penta Mesopotamia. Pakistan is situated in South Asia along the coast of Arabian Sea, bordering Afghanistan in west, China in north, Iran in southwest, Arabian Sea in South and Hindustan (India) lies in the east. Historically, the land of Pakistan has been the host of Neolithic period’s South Asian multi Indus valley civilization (IVC) that includes Gandhara, Harappan, Mehrgarh, Mohenjo-Daro, Takht-i-Bahi and Texila civilizations that emerged during 3,300 BCE to 1300 BCE. Muslim Civilizations emerged from 712 to 1857 and British colonial culture also developed from 1857-1947 in this area. The Indus valley civilization flourished parallel to the Mesopotamian civilizations. Mesopotamian civilization includes the Assyrian and Babylonian Civilization that emerged in Iraq in between the two rivers of Euphrates and Tigris from 3,100 B.C. to 332 B.C. and is referred to the “Cradle of Civilizations”. Since Mesopotamian civilization attracted all the ancient civilizations in West Asia to nourish because of its friendly ecological environments, fertile land and rich alluvium soils. Pakistan’s geography also attracted the Indus valley civilizations that emerged in the confluence of seven perennial rivers i.e. Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum, Indus, Swat and Kabul rivers, credited as the “Cradle of South Asian Indus valley Civilizations”. Pakistan’s strategic location in the region, her favorable ecosystem for biodiversity, favorable multi seasons, fertile land, friendly ecological conditions, rich agricultural environment, rich alluvium soils, strategic multiple riparian potentials that originate from Himalayan, Karakorum, and Hindu-Kush mountain ranges, remained lucrative for South Asian Indus valley civilizations. Pakistan’s geography also remained very attractive to the sub regions of Asia i.e. Central, South and West Asia because it has provided and has been providing the Mesopotamians agrarian transit economy to landlocked countries of Afghanistan and Central Asian States from the shortest possible sea route of Arabian Sea and visa-vi to oil rich states of Middle East via China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Mesopotamian’s cultural, ecological, geographic, historic, riparian, socio-economic, socio-political equilibrium and similar factors are founded in the Indus valley civilizations that erect the sufficient evidence to prove that “Pakistan is a Land of Penta Mesopotamia”. Keywords: Civilizations, Confluence, Fertile land, Mesopotamia, Riparian potentials.
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Mozaffari, Moslem. "Analysis of Iranian Political and Cultural Civilization Based on the Book Siyast Name (Known as the Encyclopedia or Political Encyclopedia of Iran) Written by Khajeh Nazam-al-Molk Tusi." Journal of Social Science Studies 9, no. 2 (December 26, 2022): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v9i2.20610.
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The valuable book of policy written by Nazam al-Mulk Tusi (author of the fifth century AH) is one of the most beautiful and valuable books of Iranian culture, which is a kind of indicator of the great civilization of the ancient Iranians. And it is necessary to introduce this civilization to the world. In every era of Persian literature, society is of utmost importance. In prose and poetic literature can be a source of social themes، customs and aspects of anthropology observed. One of the prose Policy Nazam al-Mulk Tusi's work at the fifty fifth century AD, including religious, political, cultural, social written. He is responsible for having sufficient knowledge of the Ministry for thirty years and deal with all classes in society, different issues, with an intellectual notion. He talks of rituals majority of tasks entrusted to him if the righteous jobs and everyone will have a job And justice occupations for their work and inspection and supervision and enforcement operatives are businesses; The result of the progress and prosperity of the society and people living comfort and use of public funds in place And the rights of a person by a crushing massive bribery of society.
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Mortel, Richard T. "Madrasas in Mecca during the medieval period: a descriptive study based on literary sources." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 60, no. 2 (June 1997): 236–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00036387.
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The madrasa as an institution dedicated to the teaching of one or more of the fourmadhhabs, or schools, of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence, often in conjunction with the ancillary Islamic sciences, including Arabic grammar, the study of quranic exegesis (tafsīr) and Prophetic Traditions (ḥadīth) alongside more secular disciplines such as history, literature, rhetoric, mathematics and astronomy, began to proliferate in the eastern Islamic lands from the fifth century/eleventh century, although its origins are traceable as far back as the early fourth/tenth century in eastern Iran. As the religion of Islam and its accompanying civilization spread into new territories, e.g., Anatolia, sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian subcontinent, the institution of the madrasa not only accompanied this diffusion but also lent it active support.
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Wafaei Baneh, Bira, and Koosha Wafaei Baneh Wafaei Baneh. "Review of the Methods for Strengthening and Retrofitting Cultural Heritage Structures." ISSUE SIX 4, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25079/ukhjse.v4n1y2020.pp45-56.
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Referring to the fact that the history of each country is the identity of its people and the preservation of originality and culture is also considered as a social value, the maintenance of valuable historical monuments, which indicates the path to the growth of human civilization, is of particular importance. Each country is trying to prevent the destruction of its historic buildings and cultural heritage by applying various methods of reparation and retrofitting. Iran, as a country with an ancient civilization, is a heritage of many valuable historical monuments. Traditional construction materials included masonry materials such as clay and mud, stone, wood and brick, and due to the weakness in physical structure and their low shear capacity and tensile strength, these materials do not have strength for example against strong forces from earthquakes and are suffered heavy damages. Unfortunately, in our country, fundamental work has not been performed on historical sites and complexes so far, and practically, the measures have been taken without any improvement in the structural performance of the buildings. Using special technical and specialized methods, the seismic behavior of such buildings could be enhanced against the seismic forces caused by the earthquake, and minimize the damage on the historical buildings to the least possible extent by strengthening historical monuments. In this paper, by separating the components, we examine a number of strengthening methods belonging to each of them.
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Wafaei Baneh, Bira, and Koosha Wafaei Baneh. "Review of the Methods for Strengthening and Retrofitting Cultural Heritage Structures." ISSUE SIX 4, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25079/ukhjse.v4n2y2020.pp45-56.
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Referring to the fact that the history of each country is the identity of its people and the preservation of originality and culture is also considered as a social value, the maintenance of valuable historical monuments, which indicates the path to the growth of human civilization, is of particular importance. Each country is trying to prevent the destruction of its historic buildings and cultural heritage by applying various methods of reparation and retrofitting. Iran, as a country with an ancient civilization, is a heritage of many valuable historical monuments. Traditional construction materials included masonry materials such as clay and mud, stone, wood and brick, and due to the weakness in physical structure and their low shear capacity and tensile strength, these materials do not have strength for example against strong forces from earthquakes and are suffered heavy damages. Unfortunately, in our country, fundamental work has not been performed on historical sites and complexes so far, and practically, the measures have been taken without any improvement in the structural performance of the buildings. Using special technical and specialized methods, the seismic behavior of such buildings could be enhanced against the seismic forces caused by the earthquake, and minimize the damage on the historical buildings to the least possible extent by strengthening historical monuments. In this paper, by separating the components, we examine a number of strengthening methods belonging to each of them.
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Cline, Eric H. "Revisiting 1177 BCE and the Late Bronze Age Collapse." Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.10.2.0181.
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ABSTRACT In 2021, a revised and updated version of 1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed was published, in order to include all the new data that had appeared in the intervening seven years. As noted there, we now have additional evidence for drought and climate change around 1200 BCE, in regions stretching from Italy and Greece to Egypt, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Iran. There is also new textual evidence for both famine and invaders in Ugarit immediately prior to its destruction. As outlined in this essay, taken from arguments in the revised edition, I continue to believe that there was no single “smoking gun” that can explain the upheaval that ended the Bronze Age and that it took a “perfect storm” of catastrophes to bring the era to an end in these regions.
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Fallahi, Esmaeil, Pontia Fallahi, and Shahla Mahdavi. "Ancient Urban Gardens of Persia: Concept, History, and Influence on Other World Gardens." HortTechnology 30, no. 1 (February 2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04415-19.
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The history of Persian gardens goes back to a few millennia before the emergence of Islam in Iran (Persia). Designs of Persian gardens have influenced and are used extensively in the gardens of Al-Andalus in Spain, Humayun’s Tomb and the Taj Mahal in India, and many gardens in the United States and other countries around the globe. Bagh in the Persian language (Farsi) means garden and the word Baghdad (the capital city of Iraq) is rooted from the words bagh and daad (meaning “the garden of justice”). Pasargadae, the ancient Persian capital city, is the earliest example of Persian garden design known in human civilization as chahar bagh or 4-fold garden design. Bagh-e-Eram, or Garden of Eden or Eram Garden, is one the most attractive Persian gardens and is located in Shiraz, Iran. There are numerous other urban ancient gardens in Iran, including Bagh-e-Shahzadeh (Shazdeh), meaning “The Prince’s Garden” in Mahan, Golestan National Park near the Caspian Sea; Bagh-e-Fin in Kashan; Bagh-e-El-Goli in Tabriz; and Bagh-e-Golshan in Tabas. The design of each Persian garden is influenced by climate, art, beliefs, poetry, literature, and romance of the country and the region where the garden is located. In addition, each garden may have a gene bank of fruits, flowers, herbs, and vegetables. Although countless gardens were destroyed in the hands of invaders throughout the centuries, Persians have attempted either to rebuild or build new gardens generation after generation, each of which has become a favorite destination to tourists from around the world.
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Eskandari, Mohammad. "Pierre Razoux , The Iran–Iraq War, trans. Nicholas Elliot (London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2015). Pp. 640. $39.99 cloth. ISBN: 9780674088634." International Journal of Middle East Studies 49, no. 1 (January 20, 2017): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743816001380.
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Othan, Eyyup. "Ahtar Gazetesinin İslam Dünyasındaki Başlıca Meselelere Yaklaşımının İncelenmesi." International Journal of Social Sciences 6, no. 25 (June 20, 2022): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/usbd.6.25.7.
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Abstract In this study, the approach of Ahtar newspaper to the main issues in the Islamic world has been considered from various angles. Akhtar newspaper has served as a bridge in the transfer of modern ideas and understandings to Iran and has influenced the Persian cultural basin. This influence has paved the way for the emergence of many developments in a wide geography. The Iranian legitimacy in the sense of Western democracy is the most typical example of this. Ahtar has been trying to convey to his readers the level reached by Western civilization since the moment he started publishing, and has tried to propose solutions to the situation in which Eastern societies are located. Speaking about the importance of continuing education, culture, and work, he called on Eastern societies to follow the example of the West. Akhtar called on Eastern societies to unite around the religion of Islam, to stay away from serialization and to be vigilant against the foreign policies pursued by Western countries. In this context, it was emphasized that national and religious differences in the Islamic world should not be seen as a cause of hostility, and that they should remain in history, not be maintained as a point of hostility, if this is not done, the issues of the time cannot be informed and this situation will be useful to the European powers. Key Words: Akhtar Newspaper, East-West Civilization, the Islamic World
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Intigam Ahadova, Omriyya. "XIX əsrdə İran immiqrasiyasının arxasında dayanan iqtisadi amillər." SCIENTIFIC WORK 82, no. 9 (September 17, 2022): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/82/35-42.
Full textAbstract:
One of the main reasons for migration can be the economic conditions at any time. The Gajar era in the history of Iran was the beginning of political, social, cultural, and economic developments in the face of Western civilization, and Azerbaijan was the main center for exporting immigr ants to the Caucasus, which in turn was the result of Iran's nationwide economic stagnation on the one hand, and the result of attractive fields on the other hand. Employment was beyond the borders, especially in the Caucasus. Therefore, the current research, relying on the social, economic, and historical situation prevailing in Iran in the 19th century, examines the economic conditions of Iranian migration to the South Caucasus with two different approaches. In the first approach, it deals with the role of internal factors in Iran's economy, the ruling tyranny, the state of society, industry, and trade, and the second approach includes the role of external factors, the development of foreign trade, and the influence of foreign capital in Iran's economy. The focus of the historiographical analysis of the articles is what dimensions of the identity of Iran's economy in the first half of the 19th century. How the historiographical sources played the social economic role in representing its meanings and concepts? Based on reliable domestic and foreign sources, in response to issues such as the reason for the migration of Iranians to the South Caucasus and the prevailing social and economic conditions in the 19th century. Keywords: Iranian history, Gajar, economy, economic factors, industry oil, trade and immigration Ömriyyə İntiqam qızı Əhədova XIX əsrdə İran immiqrasiyasının arxasında dayanan iqtisadi amillər Xülasə Miqrasiyanın əsas səbəblərindən biri kimi daim iqtisadi şəraiti ön plana çəkmək olar. İran tarixində Qacar dövrü Qərb mədəniyyəti ilə qarşılıqlı şəkildə iqtisadi, mədəni, siyasi dəyişikliklərin başlanğıcı idi və Azərbaycan mühacirlərin Qafqaza emiqrasiyasının əsas mərkəzi olmuşdur ki, bu da öz növbəsində bir tərəfdən İranı öz cənginə alan iqtisadi tənəzzülün, digər tərəfdən isə sərhəddən o tərəfdə, xüsusilə Qafqazda cəlbedici məşğulluq sahələrinin mövcudluğunun nəticəsi idi. Odur ki, bu məqalədə XIX əsrdə İranda hakim olan iqtisadi, ictimai və tarixi vəziyyətə əsaslanaraq iranlıların Cənubi Qafqaza emiqrasiyasının iqtisadi zəmini iki fərqli yanaşma çərçivəsində tədqiqata cəlb edilir. Birinci yanaşmada İran iqtisadiyyatının daxili vəziyyəti, hakim zümrənin zorakılığı, sosial şərait, sənaye və ticarət məsələləri təhlil edilir, ikinci yanaşma isə İran iqtisadiyyatında xarici amillərin rolu, xarici ticarətin inkişafı, xarici kapitalın İran iqtisadiyyatındakı təsirinə əsaslanan tədqiqatı özündə ehtiva edir. Məqalə müəllifinin tarixi təhlilinin diqqət mərkəzində XIX əsrin birinci yarısında İranın iqtisadi kimliyinin hansı sərhədlərə malik olması və ona məxsus məna və məfhumların yenidən ifadə edilməsində tarixi mənbələrin hansı iqtisadi-ictimai rolu oynaması problemi yer almışdır. Bu baxımdan adıçəkilən tədqiqat iranlıların Cənubi Qafqaza mühacirətinin səbəbləri və XIX əsrdə hökm sürən iqtisadi və sosial vəziyyət haqqında mötəbər daxili və xarici mənbələrə əsaslanaraq, təsviri və analitik təhlil metodları əsas alınmaqla hazırlanmışdır. Açar sözlər: İran tarixi, Qacar, iqtisadiyyat, iqtisadi faktor, neft sənayesi, ticarət və emiqrasiya
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Farkhondehzadeh, Mahboobeh, Seyyed Alireza Golshani, Mohammad Reza Sanaye, and Babak Daneshfard. "Ibn Mandevaih Isfahani (949–983(?) AD), a physician from Isfahan’s medical school." Journal of Medical Biography 28, no. 3 (October 26, 2017): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967772017719144.
Full textAbstract:
There have arisen a number of prominent Iranian-Islamic physicians throughout the history of the fertile medicine landscape of Iran, some of whom are not very well known. Abu Ali Ahmad ibn Abd al-Rahman Mandevaih Isfahani (949–983(?) AD) was a great medical figure with scientific activities in the Hospital of Isfahan and al-Adudi Hospital of Baghdad in the golden age of Iranian-Islamic history, culture, and civilization during the reign of the Buyid dynasty and Abbasid Caliphate. He was also a prominent physician during the reign of Adud al-Dawla Deylami (949–983 AD). This present research has as its objectives the studying of the scientific life of ibn Mandevaih Isfahani and his works in this field. The works of this scientist and scholar reflect his skill and expertise in literature, philosophy, medicine, and medicine-related fields including ophthalmology and pharmacology.
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Samari, Maryam, and Reza Rezalou. "Study and Classification of Tombstones of the Safavid Period (Ardabil City)." Anastasis. Research in Medieval Culture and Art 7, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35218/armca.2020.1.04.
Full textAbstract:
Ardabil, now known as one of the provinces of the country, has been one of the oldest and ancient cities in various historical periods, including Islam. This province comes to the end of the majesty and power during the reign of Safavid. Tombstone is among the heritage of the past that reflects culture and civilization. The existence of a tombstone on the tombs of Islamic period has always been observed in all parts of Iran. Though this issue exists in most cultures, it has always been considered by Muslims as an indicator of burial in the culture of the Islamic era and of Iran. The purpose of this research is to identify and study tombstone in the relevant area during the Safavid period. According to the results, the status of Shia religion can be clearly seen in all the tombstones of the Safavid period of Ardabil. In fact, it can be said that the combination of art and belief has caused the tombs of stone to be of particular importance and variety, and the line drawn on them represents the beliefs and cultures, as well as the scope of the literature of this region. Most of the designs include Islamic designs, flowers and leaves, animal designs and Quranic verses. The method used in this study is based on field study
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MOHAMMADZADEH, A., I. ASHRAFI TAMAIL, A. KOOCHAKZADEH, A. GHODDUSI, and P. MAHMOODI. "Detection and Molecular Identification of Salmonella Strains Isolated from an Industrial Ostriches farm." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 68, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.16029.
Full textAbstract:
Poultry salmonellosis, one of the most prevalent diseases and major source of food-borne infections to humans due to consumption of poultry products is worldwide in distribution. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of salmonellosis in ostriches by culture and PCR , determination of antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates and the infected ostriches antibody level. 87 fecal samples from one industrial ostrich farm with clinical signs of diarrhea, weight loss, mortality and reduced hatchability were collected and evaluated for presence of the Salmonella. Salmonella was isolated according to standard culture and biochemical tests. The Salmonella positive samples were serotyped with O and H antisera based on slide and tube agglutination tests. PCR was done for detection of serovars Infantis and Enteritidis. Then the antibiotic resistance against 14 antimicrobial agents were tested. The antibody level of the infected ostriches were measured by WIDAL agglutination test. Results indicated 9.1% (8 of 87) of ostriches were positive for Salmonella. Serotyping results showed 3 samples were serovar Infantis and 5 samples were serovar Enteritidis and PCR confirmed the serotyping results. All 8 samples were resistant to tetracyclin and ampicillin but sensitive to other antibiotics including ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, sultrim, cephalothin, norfloxacin, chloramphenicol, flumequine, nitrofurantoin, coamoxiclav, gentamicin, enrofloxacin and cefotaxime The results of WIDAL agglutination test indicated that all ostriches were negative except 8 Salmonella positive ostriches with the titres 1/80 to 1/360 for the O and 1/80 to 1/640 for the H antigens. To our knowledge this is the first study which reports the peresence of Salmonella Infantis in ostriches in Iran and more studies should be done to investigate this pathogen in ostriches herds of Iran.