Relevant bibliographies by topics / IRA campaign

Academic literature on the topic 'IRA campaign'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Contents

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'IRA campaign.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "IRA campaign"

1

Frampton, Martyn. "The Moral Parameters of Violence: The Case of the Provisional IRA." Journal of British Studies 61, no. 1 (October 19, 2021): 138–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2021.122.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractOver three decades, the Provisional Irish Republican Army waged a campaign of violence that claimed the lives of some two thousand people. This article explores the moral framework by which the IRA sought to legitimate its campaign—how it was derived and how it functioned. On the one hand, the IRA relied on a legalist set of political principles, grounded in a particular reading of Irish history. An interlinked, yet discrete strand of legitimation stressed the iniquities of the Northern Irish state as experienced by Catholic nationalists, especially in the period 1968–1972. These parallel threads were interwoven to build a powerful argument that justified a resort to what the IRA termed its “armed struggle.” Yet the IRA recognized that the parameters for war were set not simply by reference to ideology but also by a reading of what might be acceptable to those identified as “the people” or “the community.” Violence was subject to an undeclared process of negotiation with multiple audiences, which served to constitute the boundaries of the permissible. Often, these red lines were revealed only at the point of transgression, but they were no less important for being intangible. An examination of the moral parameters for IRA violence provides a new perspective on the group, helping to explain IRA resilience but also its ultimate weakness and decline.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Keown, Bridget. "Joseph McKenna, The IRA Bombing Campaign Against Britain, 1939–1940." Britain and the World 10, no. 2 (September 2017): 240–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2017.0278.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Bastos, Marco, and Johan Farkas. "“Donald Trump Is My President!”: The Internet Research Agency Propaganda Machine." Social Media + Society 5, no. 3 (July 2019): 205630511986546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305119865466.

Full text
Abstract:
This article presents a typological study of the Twitter accounts operated by the Internet Research Agency (IRA), a company specialized in online influence operations based in St. Petersburg, Russia. Drawing on concepts from 20th-century propaganda theory, we modeled the IRA operations along propaganda classes and campaign targets. The study relies on two historical databases and data from the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine to retrieve 826 user profiles and 6,377 tweets posted by the agency between 2012 and 2017. We manually coded the source as identifiable, obfuscated, or impersonated and classified the campaign target of IRA operations using an inductive typology based on profile descriptions, images, location, language, and tweeted content. The qualitative variables were analyzed as relative frequencies to test the extent to which the IRA’s black, gray, and white propaganda are deployed with clearly defined targets for short-, medium-, and long-term propaganda strategies. The results show that source classification from propaganda theory remains a valid framework to understand IRA’s propaganda machine and that the agency operates a composite of different user accounts tailored to perform specific tasks, including openly pro-Russian profiles, local American and German news sources, pro-Trump conservatives, and Black Lives Matter activists.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Golovchenko, Yevgeniy, Cody Buntain, Gregory Eady, Megan A. Brown, and Joshua A. Tucker. "Cross-Platform State Propaganda: Russian Trolls on Twitter and YouTube during the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election." International Journal of Press/Politics 25, no. 3 (April 14, 2020): 357–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940161220912682.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper investigates online propaganda strategies of the Internet Research Agency (IRA)—Russian “trolls”—during the 2016 U.S. presidential election. We assess claims that the IRA sought either to (1) support Donald Trump or (2) sow discord among the U.S. public by analyzing hyperlinks contained in 108,781 IRA tweets. Our results show that although IRA accounts promoted links to both sides of the ideological spectrum, “conservative” trolls were more active than “liberal” ones. The IRA also shared content across social media platforms, particularly YouTube—the second-most linked destination among IRA tweets. Although overall news content shared by trolls leaned moderate to conservative, we find troll accounts on both sides of the ideological spectrum, and these accounts maintain their political alignment. Links to YouTube videos were decidedly conservative, however. While mixed, this evidence is consistent with the IRA’s supporting the Republican campaign, but the IRA’s strategy was multifaceted, with an ideological division of labor among accounts. We contextualize these results as consistent with a pre-propaganda strategy. This work demonstrates the need to view political communication in the context of the broader media ecology, as governments exploit the interconnected information ecosystem to pursue covert propaganda strategies.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Kowalski, Rachel Caroline. "The role of sectarianism in the Provisional IRA campaign, 1969–1997." Terrorism and Political Violence 30, no. 4 (July 19, 2016): 658–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2016.1205979.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Patterson, Henry. "Sectarianism Revisited: The Provisional IRA Campaign in a Border Region of Northern Ireland." Terrorism and Political Violence 22, no. 3 (June 15, 2010): 337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546551003659335.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Bean, Hamilton, Stephen J. Hartnett, Farnoush Banaei-Kashani, Haadi Jafarian, and Alex Koutsoukos. "“Imitation (In)Security” and the Polysemy of Russian Disinformation: A Case Study in How IRA Trolls Targeted U.S. Military Veterans." Rhetoric and Public Affairs 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 61–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/rhetpublaffa.25.1.0061.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract Russian disinformation activities imitate divisive U.S. political discourse within a polarized social media ecosystem. As part of a multipronged response, U.S. citizens have been urged to increase their personal vigilance and to identify inauthentic messages, hence flagging foreign-made disinformation by studying its content. However, by applying Taylor's concept of “imitation (in)security” to a set of Kremlin-linked Internet Research Agency (IRA) Facebook and Instagram advertisements, this article explains why content-centered approaches to combatting disinformation need to be reimagined. Building upon imitation (in)security, we propose that the strength of the IRA disinformation campaign was not its ability to foist falsehoods upon unsuspecting Americans, but, rather, its uncanny imitation of prevalent themes, images, and arguments within American civic life. Our analysis of IRA-generated advertisements targeting U.S. military veterans demonstrates how IRA “trolls” were imitating American communication patterns to amplify existing positions within a deluge of messages marked by polysemy. Our analysis suggests readers should be less concerned by such Russian-made imitations than was suggested in much of the breathless 2016 post-election coverage, for the traction of such disinformation hinges on domestic crises and injustices that long predate Russian interference. Pointing to foreign-made social media content stokes a sense of threat and crisis—the essence of national insecurity and a main objective of the IRA's efforts—yet our actual security weaknesses are homemade.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

O'Neil, Timothy M. "Waging the Economic War: The IRA, Fianna Fáil, and the Boycott British Campaign, 1932–33." New Hibernia Review 21, no. 2 (2017): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nhr.2017.0014.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Fallon, Donal. "Challenging ‘Imperialist’ Cinematography: IRA Attacks on Dublin Cinemas, 1925-1939." Review of Irish Studies in Europe 2, no. 2 (October 24, 2018): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32803/rise.v2i2.1900.

Full text
Abstract:
In mid-November 1925, the Masterpiece cinema in Dublin was called upon by armed men, who seized seven of its eight copies of the First World War film The Battle of Ypres. Shortly afterwards, on 20 November, it was reported that the showing of its remaining copy was enough for the IRA to explode ‘a powerful landmine in the wide entrance to the Masterpiece cinema in Talbot Street’. This marked the beginning of a series of attacks upon Dublin picturehouses. The 1920s and 1930s witnessed sustained denunciation of war cinematography in republican publications such as An Phoblacht and Irish Freedom, as well as occasional violent assaults upon cinemas. This was part of a broader ‘Boycott British’ movement, and an IRA campaign against what it saw as cultural imperialism. Drawing on state intelligence files, such as the Crime and Security papers of the Department of Justice, contemporary newspaper reports from both the mainstream and separatist press, and the archives of leading IRA figures such as Chief of Staff (1926-1936) Moss Twomey, this article demonstrates the manner in which the republican movement attempted to impose censorship on the Dublin cinema industry. It examines the manner in which several war films were selectively censored and amended before they were presented to the Irish public, indicating the fears of the authorities regarding potential political assault.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Pogrebenko, Sergei V., Leonid I. Gurvits, Moshe Elitzur, Cristiano B. Cosmovici, Ian M. Avruch, Salvatore Pluchino, Stelio Montebugnoli, et al. "Water masers in the Kronian system." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S263 (August 2009): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921310001663.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThe presence of water has been considered for a long time as a key condition for life in planetary environments. The Cassini mission discovered water vapour in the Kronian system by detecting absorption of UV emission from a background star (Hansen et al. 2006). Prompted by this discovery, we started an observational campaign for search of another manifestation of the water vapour in the Kronian system, its maser emission at the frequency of 22 GHz (1.35 cm wavelength). Observations with the 32 m Medicina radio telescope (INAF-IRA, Italy) started in 2006 using Mk5A data recording and the JIVE-Huygens software correlator. Later on, an on-line spectrometer was used at Medicina. The 14 m Metsähovi radio telescope (TKK-MRO, Finland) joined the observational campaign in 2008 using a locally developed data capture unit and software spectrometer. More than 300 hours of observations were collected in 2006-2008 campaign with the two radio telescopes. The data were analysed at JIVE using the Doppler tracking technique to compensate the observed spectra for the radial Doppler shift for various bodies in the Kronian system (Pogrebenko et al. 2009). Here we report the observational results for Hyperion, Titan, Enceladus and Atlas, and their physical interpretation. Encouraged by these results we started a campaign of follow up observations including other radio telescopes.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "IRA campaign"

1

McGladdery, Gary. "The Provisional IRA in England : the bombing campaign, 1973-1997 /." Dublin ; Portland, OR : Irish Academic Press, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0611/2006296432.html.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Young, Robert Vernon Joseph. "The history of the Iraq Levies, 1915-1932." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1997. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28511/.

Full text
Abstract:
This thesis is concerned with the origins and developments of a British-initiated force, known as "The Iraq Levies", which was raised during the Mesopotamian campaign of the First World War. This is a subject which had previously received very little rigorous historical study. The Force began with some forty mounted Arab scouts, recruited from Zubair in southern Mesopotamia by the Field Intelligence unit of the Imperial Expeditionary Force (I.E.F. 'D') in July 1915. By May 1922, the Force had expanded to approximately 6,000 officers and men, as against a planned 7,500 at the Cairo Conference. A survey of the performance and military background of several British officers who served with the Levies, was considered worthy of study. Mostly they came from the Indian Army, and thus were experienced in what may be described as "political soldiering" - an invaluable qualification for their service in Iraq. It was felt important that the different ethnic backgrounds and political aspirations, as well as religious loyalties represented in the ranks of the Levies required investigation to assist in an understanding of their motivation and service. Without a detailed review of these factors, it would be difficult to comprehend how a force which could be considered to owe its allegiance to its pay-masters, could undertake the task of internal security in so volatile a region as that of Iraq, especially during and after the First World War. When its political problems, both internal and external, had to be resolved by the British government which became the mandatory power. This thesis ends with the achievement of Iraq's independence in 1932. The Levies, however, were not finally disbanded until May 1955. That final section of their history was not to be without drama and incident; but it awaits the attention of another student who is interested in the nature and evolution of British Imperial Forces in the Middle East. Their day has now ended, but this thesis hopes to illuminate a little of their history and significance.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Ström, Rickard, Richard Backteman, and Temuulen Batmunkh. "CSR - A marketing tool? : A case study of ICA's and Lindex's Pink Ribbon campaign." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, EMM (Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Management), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-11830.

Full text
Abstract:

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how a CSR strategy can be used as a marketing tool by analyzing ICA‘s and Lindex‘s marketing approach within the Pink Ribbon campaign.

Background: The concept of CSR has become more and more common in business practices and customers today almost expect companies to be socially responsible. Even though CSR is very important for companies, it has historically not been a very lucrative approach for them to involve in these activities. However there are ways of combining the social responsibility with earning profits. The concept of CRM is a very effective tool for earning a profit while at the same time being socially responsible. In Sweden one of the biggest and most well known CSR activities is the Pink Ribbon campaign. Could this campaign be utilized to market a company and how would this then be done?

Method: The research approach for the thesis was that of a multiple case study with qualitative data collection concerning the Pink Ribbon campaign. To put the campaign into perspective two companies were chosen and they were investigated in terms of their marketing approach and CSR approach. The empirical findings consisted of a number of interviews with managers at different levels within the companies ICA and Lindex.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that CSR within the context of the Pink Ribbon campaign works well as a marketing tool. The companies have utilized the campaign to gain a better reputation as well as getting a boost in sales because of it. This is in essence what marketing is all about and by using CSR in the form of CRM you also involve the customers in the process.


Syfte: Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka hur en CSR strategi kan användas som ett marknadsföringsmedel genom att analysera ICA‘s och Lindex tillvägagångssätt under Rosa Bandet kampanjen

Bakgrund: CSR som koncept har blivit mer och mer vanligt bland företag och kunder idag förväntar sig att företagen ska ta socialt ansvar. Även om CSR är viktigt för företag så har det historiskt sett inte varit någon lukrativ verksamhet att syssla med dessa frågor. Det finns dock sätt som kombinerar lönsamhet och socialt ansvar. CRM är ett exempel på ett medel som leder till lönsamhet samtidigt som företaget tar socialt ansvar. I Sverige så är Rosa Bandet kampanjen en av de största och mest igenkända CSR aktivitet som företag tar del i. Kan denna aktivitet användas till att marknadsföra företaget och hur ska detta i så fall ske?

Metod: Vår undersökningsmetodik har bestått av en multipel fall studie med kvalitativ data angående Rosa Bandet kampanjen. För att sätta kampanjen i ett perspektiv så valde vi ut två företag och undersökte deras tillvägagångssätt med marknadsföring och CSR. Vår empiri bestod av ett antal intervjuer med managers på olika nivåer inom ICA och Lindex.

Slutsats: Vår empiri visar att CSR i sammanhanget av Rosa Bandet kampanjen funkar bra som marknadsföringsmedel. Företagen har använt kampanjen både till att förbättra deras anseende samt för att förbättra deras försäljning. Detta är i princip vad marknadsföring handlar om och genom att använda CSR i formen av CRM så involveras även kunderna i processen.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Bludau, Hannah. "Banishing the “Language of Murder, Blood and Revenge”: The EU’s Campaign Against the Death Penalty in Iraq." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-452228.

Full text
Abstract:
The abolition of the death penalty lies at the core of the EU’s human rights agenda. Iraq, a long-term partner of the EU, has one of the highest execution rates in the world. Despite the plethora of policies, agreements and strategies of the EU in its relations with Iraq, the death penalty remains unbridled and in widespread use. With human rights and the EU’s abolitionist policy constituting essential elements of the EU’s relations with third countries, it is vital to examine the extent to which this is the case in its relations with Iraq. The legitimacy of the EU as a leading promoter of the universal abolition of the death penalty is at stake. This thesis examines the subject of human rights promotion in the EU’s external actions with Iraq, focusing on the EU norm of the abolition of the death penalty. The EU as a ‘normative power’ in its relations with Iraq is analyzed. This thesis aims to answer the following questions: How has the EU’s foreign policy towards Iraq aligned with its normative objectives and human rights priorities? To what extent is the EU limited in its ability to promote the abolition of the death penalty in Iraq? The focus is on the period from 2004 onwards, as this marked the beginning of official EU-Iraq relations. The thesis concludes that the EU’s normative power is and will remain limited in its ability to bring about normative change as long as the Iraqi community and society continue to accept the death penalty as an appropriate punishment. Therefore, the EU must continually maintain its strong opposition to the death penalty by consistently addressing the death penalty in the documents with Iraq, working with the local community and civil society, and taking concrete action to provide for alternative punishments.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Knights, Michael Andrew. "Bombing Iraq : influence and decision making in the targeting, phasing and weaponeering of modern air campaigns." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2003. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/bombing-iraq--influence-and-decision-making-in-the-targeting-phasing-and-weaponeering-of-modern-air-campaigns(d5cfa852-5531-4515-b768-80de6054f1fe).html.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Aʻẓamī, Walīd Ḥamdī al. "Rashid Ali Al-Gailani and the nationalist movement in Iraq : 1939-1941 : a political and military study of the British campaign in Iraq and the national revolution of May 1941 /." London : Darf publ, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35657483f.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Hancock, R. M. "Task Force 1/6 in Ramadi a successful tactical-level counterinsurgency campaign /." Quantico, VA : Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA491157.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Rynne, James P. "Border States: Destroying Partition and Defending the Realm, 1949-1961." Thesis, Boston College, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108818.

Full text
Abstract:
Thesis advisor: Oliver P. Rafferty
Thesis advisor: Robert J. Savage
Irish Republicans found themselves at a crisis moment in 1949. Legislation enacted by each state on the island affirmed the political reality of Ireland’s partition. The Southern state declared an Irish Republic while the Northern state affirmed Northern Ireland’s continuing integration with the United Kingdom. The partition of island between these two governments was reinforced by the Irish border in the 1950s as it had been for the previous three decades. The Irish Republican Army remained committed to ending the separation through force while the Northern Ireland security apparatus steadfastly safeguarded the realm against any foreign incursion or domestic insurrection. Irish Republicanism reorganized and the IRA launched a disastrously planned and under-resourced Border Campaign between 1956 and 1962. The IRA was fully repelled by the Northern security forces: the Royal Ulster Constabulary supported by the Special Constabulary with security assistance from the governments in Belfast, London and, eventually, Dublin. The militant aspect was accompanied by political measures that reaped electoral gains and signs of public support peaking in the mid-1950s before a clear repudiation of the movement by the end of the decade. By the start of the 1960s, the IRA had been defeated and Irish Republicanism was reeling, unsure of its future political vitality and social relevance. Northern Ireland and the Irish border was more secure than at any point in its previous 40 years of existing, ruled by a strong, confident British Unionist hegemony. For Irish Republicans living on the frontier of the Northern Ireland state, new modes of political thinking and confrontational actions with the state had been attempted and ultimately abandoned. This project examines the main dynamics at play along the Irish border between 1949 and 1961. Focus will be on the Sinn Féin, the IRA and Liam Kelly’s Republican splinter group Saor Uladh, the RUC, B-Specials and militant-political Unionism, and the role of governments in Belfast, Dublin and London during the costly decade of the 1950s
Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2020
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: History
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Stinnett, Lisa H. "Transnational protest, U.S. activists and political opportunities assessing the impact of national and international politics on united for peace and justice's campaign against the 2003 Iraq war /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1186779385.

Full text
Abstract:
Thesis (M.A.)--University of Cincinnati, 2007.
Advisor: Laura D Jenkins. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Dec. 10, 2007). Includes abstract. Keywords: United for Peace and Justice, Political Opportunities, Transnational Activism, Social Movement Organizations. Includes bibliographical references.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

STINNETT, LISA H. "TRANSNATIONAL PROTEST, U.S. ACTIVISTS AND POLITICAL OPPORTUNITIES: ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS ON UNITED FOR PEACE AND JUSTICE'S CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE 2003 IRAQ WAR." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1186779385.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Books on the topic "IRA campaign"

1

Soldiers of folly: The IRA border campaign 1956-1962. Cork [Ireland]: Collins, 2009.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Correspondent, Special. "The Grim Milestone" and aspects of the IRA terror campaign. London: Friends of the Union, 1993.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Regan, James Michael. The Belfast press and the IRA border campaign of the 1950's. [S.l: The Author], 1996.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

The outrages, 1920-1922: The IRA and the Ulster Special Constabulary in the border campaign. Cork: Mercier, 2011.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

McDermott, Noelle. Bringing the war home: How far has the Provisional IRA campaign in Britain advanced the Republican cause?. Twickenham: [The Author], 1996.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Giddings, Paula. Ida: A sword among lions : Ida B. Wells and the campaign against lynching. New York: Amistad, 2009.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Bunyād-i Ḥifẓ-i Ās̲ār va Arzishhā-yi Difāʻ-i Muqaddas., ed. Taḥlīlī bar vaqāyiʻ-i ṣaḥnah-ʼi ʻamalīyāt-i Khūzistān dar sāl-i avval-i jang. Tihrān: Sāzmān-i Ḥifẓ-i Ās̲ār va Nashr-i Arzishʹhā-yi Difāʻ-i Muqaddas Ājā, 2006.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Majnūn: Murūrī bar ʻamalīyātʹhā-yi Khaybar va Badr. Tihrān: Nasīm-i Ḥayāt bā hamkārī-i Ṣarīr, 2005.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Hayʼat-i Maʻārif-i Jang-i Shahīd Sipahbud ʻAlī Ṣayyād Shīrāzī, ed. Lashkar-i 92 zirihī dar sāl-i avval-i jang-i taḥmīlī: Lashkar-e 92 Zerehi. Tihrān: Intishārāt-i Īrān-i Sabz, 2012.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Saʻīd, Sarmadī, Ḥabībī Ḥusayn, Munfarid Ḥasan Rasūlī, and Bunyād-i Ḥifẓ-i Ās̲ār va Arzishhā-yi Difāʻ-i Muqaddas, eds. Jughrāfiyā-yi ʻamalīyāt-i māndigār-i difāʻ-i muqaddas. Tihrān: Bunyād-i Ḥifẓ-i Ās̲ār va Nashr-i Arzishʹhā-yi Difāʻ-i Muqaddas, 2011.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "IRA campaign"

1

Morgan-Owens, Jessie. "‘Another Ida May’: Photography and the American Abolition Campaign." In Imagining Transatlantic Slavery, 47–60. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230277106_4.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Mont’Alvão, Claudia, Livia Clemente, and Tiago Ribeiro. "Information Design and Plain Language: An Inclusive Approach for Government Health Campaigns." In Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021), 294–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74605-6_37.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Jacobson, Mark Z. "Development of a Global-Through-Urban Scale Nested and Coupled Air Pollution and Weather Forecast Model and Application to the Sarmap Field Campaign." In The IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications, 277–97. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3474-4_11.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

"Campaign." In The IRA, 1968-2000, 284–307. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203045367-19.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Treacy, Matt. "The 1956–62 armed campaign and thereorganisation of the IRA." In The IRA 1956–69. Manchester University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7765/9781847794178.00006.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Treacy, Matt. "The 1956–62 armed campaign and the reorganisation of the IRA." In The IRA 1956-69, 9–24. Manchester University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719084720.003.0001.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Ó Dochartaigh, Niall. "British Policy and IRA Strategy." In Deniable Contact, 188–210. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894762.003.0009.

Full text
Abstract:
The Provisional IRA campaign was finally ended through an inclusive negotiated peace agreement that saw it decommission its weapons and effectively disband. Much research on peace agreements emphasizes the pressure on parties to compromise when they reach a stalemate, representing them as pushed into peace. This chapter highlights instead the strategic choices made by the British Government and the IRA as they nudged towards peace. It analyses internal struggles and the importance of leadership and explains the reasons for the deep shifts in British policy and republican strategy from the mid-1980s onwards.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Heffernan, Brian. "Aiding and Abetting: Priests Involved in The IRA Campaign." In Freedom and the Fifth Commandment, 122–50. Manchester University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719090486.003.0005.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Lelourec, Lesley. "Responding to the IRA bombing campaign in mainland Britain." In The Northern Ireland Troubles in Britain. Manchester University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7765/9781526108494.00030.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Hughes, Brian. "Intimidating the Crown." In Defying the IRA? Liverpool University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781382974.003.0002.

Full text
Abstract:
This chapter explores IRA activity against servants of the Crown in Ireland between 1917 and 1922. As the most obvious manifestation of the Crown on the ground in Ireland, the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) were the victims of boycotting, social ostracism, damage to property, and violence. Their families, and those who supplied them with ordinary goods and services, were similarly targeted. The first chapter explores this dynamic and suggests that while there was a widespread campaign against the RIC and its supporters, its nature and intensity varied considerably in individual communities. Less well covered in the historiography are civil servants and those involved in the judicial system and their experiences are also treated in this chapter. Theirs was an experience very different to the RIC and while a minority were victims of violence and persecution, most suffered very little and continued in their roles as before.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "IRA campaign"

1

علوان عبدالله, نزار. "" Stages of Genocide Against the Kurds in Iraq 1975 – 1988 Historical study"." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/57.

Full text
Abstract:
Following the collapse of the Kurdish revolution in 1975 in the wake of Algiers Agreement1975 between Iraq and Iran, the governing Baath regime in Baghdad found itself free against the National Kurdish Movement, carrying out a series of genocide and ethnic cleansing operations against Kurds in Iraq. The government lunched wide arrest campaign against members of Kurdish opposition and destroyed many border villages in order to create a 20-kilometer security belt alongside the borders with Turkey and Iran with mines planted there. That area was declared to be a military zone accessed only by the Iraqi army. That required evacuating 500 villages which caused thousands of Kurds to seek refuge in Iran in fear of apprehension or murder. These developments were accompanied by a displacement process carried out by the Iraqi government on March 31st 1975 against member of Al-Barzani clan in Barzan area, who were displaced to the desert in Al-Qadisiya province and were only allowed to return to Kurdistan in the 1980 in the condition that they do not go back to their original areas. This was followed by the Anfal campaign which destroyed more than four thousand villages and displaced more than half a million Kurds to the Iraqi southern deserts while other thousands fled to Iran. It was in the Anfal campaign that the tragedy of Halabja occurred where chemical weapons were used on March 16th 1988 causing the death of more than five thousand Kurds and horrible unprecedented scene.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Horn, Ralf, Marc Jaeger, Martin Keller, Markus Limbach, Anton Nottensteiner, Matteo Pardini, Andreas Reigber, and Rolf Scheiber. "F-SAR - recent upgrades and campaign activities." In 2017 18th International Radar Symposium (IRS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/irs.2017.8008092.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

سلمان عيسى, صديق, and وليد محمد عمر. "Anfal operations in Iraqi Kurdistan." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/31.

Full text
Abstract:
"ABSTRACT Anfal Campaign and Kurdish Genocide The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period, the word Anfal has come to represent the entire genocide over decades Hundreds of thousands of men, women and children were executed during a systematic attempt to exterminate the Kurdish population in Iraq in the Anfal operations in the late 198s. Their towns and villages were attacked by chemical weapons, and many women and children were sent to camps where they lived in appalling conditions. Men and boys of 'battle age' were targeted and executed en masse. The campaign takes its name from Suratal-Anfal in the Qur'an. Al Anfal literally means the spoils (of war) and was used to describe the military campaign of extermination and looting commanded by Ali Hassan al-Majid. The Ba'athists misused what the Qur'an says. Anfal in the Qur'an does not refer to genocide, but the word was used as a code name by the former Iraqi regime for the systematic attacks against the Kurdish population.. "
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Dankmlayer, Andreas, Paul Colditz, Gregor Biegel, Thorsten Brehm, and Jorg Forster. "North sea millimeterwave propagation experiment: The Sylt campaign." In 2016 17th International Radar Symposium (IRS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irs.2016.7497390.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Fiorucci, Irene, Giovanni Muscari, Cesidio Bianchi, Paolo Di Girolamo, Francesco Esposito, Giuseppe Grieco, Donato Summa, et al. "An Intercomparison of Precipitable Water Vapor Measurements Obtained During the ECOWAR Field Campaign." In CURRENT PROBLEMS IN ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION (IRS 2008): Proceedings of the International Radiation Symposium (IRC/IAMAS). American Institute of Physics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3116932.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Baker, C., A. Morris, D. Ferguson, S. Thayer, C. Whittaker, Z. Omohundro, C. Reverte, W. Whittaker, D. Hahnel, and S. Thrun. "A campaign in autonomous mine mapping." In IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2004. Proceedings. ICRA '04. 2004. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robot.2004.1308118.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Abdalhusein Almtlak, Asmar. "The genocide crimes of ISIS gangs in Iraq 2014-2017." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/41.

Full text
Abstract:
During the period confined between 2014-2017, the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) took control of a number of important cities in Iraq, and the organization led a wide campaign of violence and systematic violations of human rights and international law, which amounts to war crimes and crimes against humanity. 0 The Iraqi people were subjected to the largest brutal crime in the history of humanity when these terrorist elements targeted women, children, civilians and minorities, as well as religion and belief, and committed many crimes of genocide against them.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Blais, Jean-Francois, Cédric Camier, Mathieu Patenaude Dufour, Robby Lapointe, Jonathan Provencher, Thomas Padois, Philippe-Aubert Gauthier, and Alain Berry. "Fly-over aircraft noise measurement campaign at Montreal-Trudeau airport using a microphone array." In ICA 2013 Montreal. ASA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4800879.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Danklmayer, Andreas, Gregor Biegel, Thorsten Brehm, Stefan Sieger, and Jorg Forster. "Millimeter wave propagation above the sea surface during the Squirrel campaign." In 2015 16th International Radar Symposium (IRS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irs.2015.7226386.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Damayanti, Novita, Prasetya Santoso, and Radja Hamzah. "Viral political Campaign: Suppoters of Jokowi-Amin in Indonesia Presidential Election." In Procedings of the 1st ICA Regional Conference, ICA 2019, October 16-17 2019, Bali, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.16-10-2019.2304290.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "IRA campaign"

1

Hoeing, Jr, and Joseph B. War with Iran: Considerations for the Next Coalition Campaign. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada265374.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Carr, Donald P. The Mesopotamian Campaign: The British Experience in Iraq in the First World War. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada236690.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Murphy, John D. An Analysis of the United States-Led Coalition Air Campaign Conducted During the 1991 War with IRAQ: Desert Storm. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada401042.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Shultz, Jr, and Richard H. Organizational Learning and the Marine Corps: The Counterinsurgency Campaign in Iraq (CIWAG Case Study on Irregular Warfare and Armed Groups). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada571004.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Tulloch, Olivia, Tamara Roldan de Jong, and Kevin Bardosh. Data Synthesis: COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions in Sub-Saharan Africa: Social and Behavioural Science Data, March 2020-April 2021. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2028.

Full text
Abstract:
Safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 are seen as a critical path to ending the pandemic. This synthesis brings together data related to public perceptions about COVID-19 vaccines collected between March 2020 and March 2021 in 22 countries in Africa. It provides an overview of the data (primarily from cross-sectional perception surveys), identifies knowledge and research gaps and presents some limitations of translating the available evidence to inform local operational decisions. The synthesis is intended for those designing and delivering vaccination programmes and COVID-19 risk communication and community engagement (RCCE). 5 large-scale surveys are included with over 12 million respondents in 22 central, eastern, western and southern African countries (note: one major study accounts for more than 10 million participants); data from 14 peer-reviewed questionnaire surveys in 8 countries with n=9,600 participants and 15 social media monitoring, qualitative and community feedback studies. Sample sizes are provided in the first reference for each study and in Table 13 at the end of this document. The data largely predates vaccination campaigns that generally started in the first quarter of 2021. Perceptions will change and further syntheses, that represent the whole continent including North Africa, are planned. This review is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on COVID-19 vaccines. It was developed for SSHAP by Anthrologica. It was written by Kevin Bardosh (University of Washington), Tamara Roldan de Jong and Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica), it was reviewed by colleagues from PERC, LSHTM, IRD, and UNICEF (see acknowledgments) and received coordination support from the RCCE Collective Service. It is the responsibility of SSHAP.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Tulloch, Olivia, Tamara Roldan de Jong, and Kevin Bardosh. Data Synthesis: COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions in Africa: Social and Behavioural Science Data, March 2020-March 2021. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.030.

Full text
Abstract:
Safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 are seen as a critical path to ending the pandemic. This synthesis brings together data related to public perceptions about COVID-19 vaccines collected between March 2020 and March 2021 in 22 countries in Africa. It provides an overview of the data (primarily from cross-sectional perception surveys), identifies knowledge and research gaps and presents some limitations of translating the available evidence to inform local operational decisions. The synthesis is intended for those designing and delivering vaccination programmes and COVID-19 risk communication and community engagement (RCCE). 5 large-scale surveys are included with over 12 million respondents in 22 central, eastern, western and southern African countries (note: one major study accounts for more than 10 million participants); data from 14 peer-reviewed questionnaire surveys in 8 countries with n=9,600 participants and 15 social media monitoring, qualitative and community feedback studies. Sample sizes are provided in the first reference for each study and in Table 13 at the end of this document. The data largely predates vaccination campaigns that generally started in the first quarter of 2021. Perceptions will change and further syntheses, that represent the whole continent including North Africa, are planned. This review is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on COVID-19 vaccines. It was developed for SSHAP by Anthrologica. It was written by Kevin Bardosh (University of Washington), Tamara Roldan de Jong and Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica), it was reviewed by colleagues from PERC, LSHTM, IRD, and UNICEF (see acknowledgments) and received coordination support from the RCCE Collective Service. It is the responsibility of SSHAP.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Ficht, Thomas, Gary Splitter, Menachem Banai, and Menachem Davidson. Characterization of B. Melinensis REV 1 Attenuated Mutants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580667.bard.

Full text
Abstract:
Brucella Mutagenesis (TAMU) The working hypothesis for this study was that survival of Brucella vaccines was directly related to their persistence in the host. This premise is based on previously published work detailing the survival of the currently employed vaccine strains S19 and Rev 1. The approach employed signature-tagged mutagenesis to construct mutants interrupted in individual genes, and the mouse model to identify mutants with attenuated virulence/survival. Intracellular survival in macrophages is the key to both reproductive disease in ruminants and reticuloendothelial disease observed in most other species. Therefore, the mouse model permitted selection of mutants of reduced intracellular survival that would limit their ability to cause reproductive disease in ruminants. Several classes of mutants were expected. Colonization/invasion requires gene products that enhance host-agent interaction or increase resistance to antibacterial activity in macrophages. The establishment of chronic infection requires gene products necessary for intracellular bacterial growth. Maintenance of chronic infection requires gene products that sustain a low-level metabolism during periods characterized little or no growth (1, 2). Of these mutants, the latter group was of greatest interest with regard to our originally stated premise. However, the results obtained do not necessarily support a simplistic model of vaccine efficacy, i.e., long-survival of vaccine strains provides better immunity. Our conclusion can only be that optimal vaccines will only be developed with a thorough understanding of host agent interaction, and will be preferable to the use of fortuitous isolates of unknown genetic background. Each mutant could be distinguished from among a group of mutants by PCR amplification of the signature tag (5). This approach permitted infection of mice with pools of different mutants (including the parental wild-type as a control) and identified 40 mutants with apparently defective survival characteristics that were tentatively assigned to three distinct classes or groups. Group I (n=13) contained organisms that exhibited reduced survival at two weeks post-infection. Organisms in this group were recovered at normal levels by eight weeks and were not studied further, since they may persist in the host. Group II (n=11) contained organisms that were reduced by 2 weeks post infection and remained at reduced levels at eight weeks post-infection. Group III (n=16) contained mutants that were normal at two weeks, but recovered at reduced levels at eight weeks. A subset of these mutants (n= 15) was confirmed to be attenuated in mixed infections (1:1) with the parental wild-type. One of these mutants was eliminated from consideration due to a reduced growth rate in vitro that may account for its apparent growth defect in the mouse model. Although the original plan involved construction of the mutant bank in B. melitensis Rev 1 the low transformability of this strain, prevented accumulation of the necessary number of mutants. In addition, the probability that Rev 1 already carries one genetic defect increases the likelihood that a second defect will severely compromise the survival of this organism. Once key genes have been identified, it is relatively easy to prepare the appropriate genetic constructs (knockouts) lacking these genes in B. melitensis Rev 1 or any other genetic background. The construction of "designer" vaccines is expected to improve immune protection resulting from minor sequence variation corresponding to geographically distinct isolates or to design vaccines for use in specific hosts. A.2 Mouse Model of Brucella Infection (UWISC) Interferon regulatory factor-1-deficient (IRF-1-/- mice have diverse immunodeficient phenotypes that are necessary for conferring proper immune protection to intracellular bacterial infection, such as a 90% reduction of CD8+ T cells, functionally impaired NK cells, as well as a deficiency in iNOS and IL-12p40 induction. Interestingly, IRF-1-/- mice infected with diverse Brucella abortus strains reacted differently in a death and survival manner depending on the dose of injection and the level of virulence. Notably, 50% of IRF-1-/- mice intraperitoneally infected with a sublethal dose in C57BL/6 mice, i.e., 5 x 105 CFU of virulent S2308 or the attenuated vaccine S19, died at 10 and 20 days post-infection, respectively. Interestingly, the same dose of RB51, an attenuated new vaccine strain, did not induce the death of IRF-1-/- mice for the 4 weeks of infection. IRF-1-/- mice infected with four more other genetically manipulated S2308 mutants at 5 x 105 CFU also reacted in a death or survival manner depending on the level of virulence. Splenic CFU from C57BL/6 mice infected with 5 x 105 CFU of S2308, S19, or RB51, as well as four different S2308 mutants supports the finding that reduced virulence correlates with survival Of IRF-1-/- mice. Therefore, these results suggest that IRF-1 regulation of multi-gene transcription plays a crucial role in controlling B. abortus infection, and IRF-1 mice could be used as an animal model to determine the degree of B. abortus virulence by examining death or survival. A3 Diagnostic Tests for Detection of B. melitensis Rev 1 (Kimron) In this project we developed an effective PCR tool that can distinguish between Rev1 field isolates and B. melitensis virulent field strains. This has allowed, for the first time, to monitor epidemiological outbreaks of Rev1 infection in vaccinated flocks and to clearly demonstrate horizontal transfer of the strain from vaccinated ewes to unvaccinated ones. Moreover, two human isolates were characterized as Rev1 isolates implying the risk of use of improperly controlled lots of the vaccine in the national campaign. Since atypical B. melitensis biotype 1 strains have been characterized in Israel, the PCR technique has unequivocally demonstrated that strain Rev1 has not diverted into a virulent mutant. In addition, we could demonstrate that very likely a new prototype biotype 1 strain has evolved in the Middle East compared to the classical strain 16M. All the Israeli field strains have been shown to differ from strain 16M in the PstI digestion profile of the omp2a gene sequence suggesting that the local strains were possibly developed as a separate branch of B. melitensis. Should this be confirmed these data suggest that the Rev1 vaccine may not be an optimal vaccine strain for the Israeli flocks as it shares the same omp2 PstI digestion profile as strain 16M.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'IRA campaign' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography