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Journal articles on the topic 'IR-REFLECTIVE'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2023

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1

Lee, Hyung-Joo, Jin-Young Park, Lee-Ku Kwac, and Jongsu Lee. "Improved Optical Efficiency of 850-nm Infrared Light-Emitting Diode with Reflective Transparent Structure." Micromachines 14, no. 8 (August 12, 2023): 1586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14081586.

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This study investigated a reflective transparent structure to improve the optical efficiency of 850 nm infrared light-emitting diodes (IR-LEDs), by effectively enhancing the number of extracted photons emitted from the active region. The reflective transparent structure was fabricated by combining transparent epitaxial and reflective bonding structures. The transparent epitaxial structure was grown by the liquid-phase epitaxy method, which efficiently extracted photons emitted from the active area in IR-LEDs, both in the vertical and horizontal directions. Furthermore, a reflective bonding structure was fabricated using an omnidirectional reflector and a eutectic metal, which efficiently reflected the photons emitted downwards from the active area in an upward direction. To evaluate reflective transparent IR-LED efficiency, a conventional absorbing substrate infrared light-emitting diode (AS IR-LED) and a transparent substrate infrared light-emitting diode (TS IR-LED) were fabricated, and their characteristics were analyzed. Based on the power–current (L-I) evaluation results, the output power (212 mW) of the 850 nm IR-LED with the reflective transparent structure increased by 76% and 26%, relative to those of the AS IR-LED (121 mW) and TS IR-LED (169 mW), respectively. Furthermore, the reflective transparent structure possesses both transparent and reflective properties, as confirmed by photometric and radial theta measurements. Therefore, light photons emitted from the active area of the 850 nm IR-LED were efficiently extracted upward and sideways, because of the reflective transparent structure.

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2

Thongkanluang, Thadsanee, Pichet Limsuwan, and P. Rakkwamsuk. "Preparation of IR Reflective Green Pigment." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.805.

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This research article reports a development on green pigments having high reflectance of NIR radiation from the sun. The aim of the development is to use the green pigments as a component of building paint to reduce heat penetrating into the building. Cr2O3, a green pigment oxide, was used as the host component and the mixtures of Al2O3, V2O5 and TiO2 were used as the guest components. Al2O3, V2O5 and TiO2 were mixed at different 36 compositions according to triaxial diagram. For each sample preparation, 80% wt Cr2O3 was mixed with 20%wt of guest component for each composition. Then the mixed sample were calcined at 1150 °C for 4 hours and were ground with an agate ball mill for 7 minutes at a speed of 250 rev/min. Finally, the pigments were sieved to obtain the particle sizes of 0.5 - 2.0 µm. The pigment powders were compressed in a mold to get samples in the form of thin disks, each one with a diameter of 2.7 cm and a thickness of 4 mm. The reflectance for all samples was measured using a spectrophotometer in the wavelength ranging from 300 – 2100 nm in accordance with ASTM E891. It was found that the maximum reflectance, in the wavelengths ranging from 780 – 2100 nm, of 82.83% was obtained from the sample with a composition of 80%Cr2O3, 14%Al2O3, 4%TiO2 and 2% V2O5.

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3

Lee, Hyung-Joo, Jae-Sam Shim, Jin-Young Park, Lee-Ku Kwac, and Chang-Ho Seo. "Study on P-AlGaAs/Al/Au Ohmic Contact Characteristics for Improving Optoelectronic Response of Infrared Light-Emitting Device." Micromachines 14, no. 5 (May 16, 2023): 1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14051053.

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The Al/Au alloy was investigated to improve the ohmic characteristic and light efficiency of reflective infrared light-emitting diodes (IR-LEDs). The Al/Au alloy, which was fabricated by combining 10% aluminum and 90% gold, led to considerably improved conductivity on the top layer of p-AlGaAs of the reflective IR-LEDs. In the wafer bond process required for fabricating the reflective IR-LED, the Al/Au alloy, which has filled the hole patterns in Si3N4 film, was used for improving the reflectivity of the Ag reflector and was bonded directly to the top layer of p-AlGaAs on the epitaxial wafer. Based on current-voltage measurements, it was found that the Al/Au alloyed material has a distinct ohmic characteristic pertaining to the p-AlGaAs layer compared with those of the Au/Be alloy material. Therefore, the Al/Au alloy may constitute one of the favored approaches for overcoming the insulative reflective structures of reflective IR-LEDs. For a current density of 200 mA, a lower forward voltage (1.56 V) was observed from the wafer bond IR-LED chip made with the Al/Au alloy; this voltage was remarkably lower in value than that of the conventional chip made with the Au/Be metal (2.29 V). A higher output power (182 mW) was observed from the reflective IR-LEDs made with the Al/Au alloy, thus displaying an increase of 64% compared with those made with the Au/Be alloy (111 mW).

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4

Kwon, Myon-Joo, Young-Woong Do, and Jin-Wook Ha. "Development of IR Reflective Cool Pigment and Paint." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 13, no. 8 (August 31, 2012): 3800–3805. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2012.13.8.3800.

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5

Perjalian, Sara. "Investigation of IR Reflective Coating for Plexiglas Canopy." European Journal of Technology 7, no. 2 (July 16, 2023): 50–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejt.1532.

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Purpose: Solar energy is necessary for our global ecosystem. In certain times and parts of the world, the heat generated from the energy of the Sun becomes uncomfortable for us and we need to use additional energy to cool down the generated heat from the Sun. This additional energy usage is detrimental to our environment due to generation of air pollution and use of our natural energy resources. The purpose of this paper is to investigate prevention of undesired generation of heat by the Sun using reflective coating materials. Methodology: In this study, using literature review, Ga doped Zinc Oxide (GZO) is theoretically investigated as a visible light transparent and infrared reflective coating material for the Plexiglas canopy of a solar car. The effect of doping concentration and film thickness is reviewed and discussed. Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) is also studied, using various literature reviews, as an infrared reflective coating material that is transparent in the visible light region. Finally, a spectrophotometer was used to examine the optical properties of a Plexiglas, slide glass, and ITO coated glass, and the results of UV and visible light transmittance measurement of the three materials is presented and discussed. Findings: GZO and ITO films both have high transparency in the visible region of the solar spectrum and high reflectivity to IR radiation starting from 1500 nm to higher wavelengths. None of these films completely reflect the IR radiation with wavelengths in the range of 700 nm to 1500 nm which contribute to generation of heat most. Many factors such as doping concentration and thickness of the films affect reflectivity of the films due to their effect on shifting the plasma frequency. Increasing doping concentration and thickness of the GZO films until a certain threshold improves IR reflectivity of GZO films, but it was not possible to precisely formulate these factors within this study. Reducing the particle size in nanoparticle ITO film improves transmittance of the film in the visible light region and its reflectance in the IR region. The measurement results showed that Plexiglas and glass have a high transparency to visible and near IR radiation. Recommendations: Further investigation and experimentation is recommended to fully understand and formulate doping concentration and film thickness of GZO and ITO to achieve optimal IR reflectivity within the 700 to 1500 nm wavelength region while maintaining visible light transparency. In regards to ITO coating, reduced nanoparticle size is recommended to improve the desired visible and IR transparency and reflectivity of the film. Although GZO and ITO coatings’ doping concentration and thickness to achieve IR reflectivity within the 700 to 1500 nm wavelengths is not well understood in this study, to reduce heat generation they are still recommended as a coating material due to their reflectivity to IR with wavelengths of above 1500 nm which also play a role in generation of heat.

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6

Sha, Baoning, and Shengyao Zhao. "Dichroism Infrared-reflective Thermochromic Ink of Mobile Terminals’ Recognition." MATEC Web of Conferences 221 (2018): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822101011.

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The decoration of thermochromic ink has applications ranging from engineering devices to liquid sensors. However, when it comes to accurate computer identification the characteristic as dichroism is not fully used. Thus, we have recently proposed a manufacture method of dichroism infrared-reflective thermochromic ink. (DITI). By rubbing to heat DITI coated layer, this method enables us to finely and separately create dichroism manuscript after the handwriting is complete. Moreover, the microcapsules have cheerful compatibility. We have decorated conventional microcapsules with bola-type copolymer which allow us to fill them with Infrared (IR) reflective perssad. We consider this method promising to distinguish dichroism printing or writing on a tanglesome surface much quicker, for the IR reflective low-colour-density layer will be easily locked by an IR camera or a mobile phone camera to adjust specific characters of interest. We anticipate that this DITI ink will find use in markable temperature measurement, fluid machinery, anti-counterfeiting techniques and daily printing or writing.

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7

van Heeswijk, Ellen P. A., Joey J. H. Kloos, Nadia Grossiord, and Albertus P. H. J. Schenning. "Humidity-gated, temperature-responsive photonic infrared reflective broadband coatings." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 11 (2019): 6113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00993k.

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8

Sarov, Y., V. Sarova, I. Capek, and I. Rangelow. "Near-IR micro-fluidic sensing by total internal reflective diffraction." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 253 (November 1, 2010): 012051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/253/1/012051.

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9

Shuyi, Gan, Hong Yilin, Xu Xiangdong, Liu Yin, Zhou Hongjun, Huo Tonglin, and Fu Shaojun. "Reflective performance of Ir film in vacuum ultraviolet wavelength region." Applied Optics 47, no. 18 (June 18, 2008): 3364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.47.003364.

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10

Soumya, S., S. Nishanth Kumar, A. Peer Mohamed, and S. Ananthakumar. "Silanated nano ZnO hybrid embedded PMMA polymer coatings on cotton fabrics for near-IR reflective, antifungal cool-textiles." New Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 8 (2016): 7210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6nj00353b.

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11

Saunders, Will, and Andrew McGrath. "A Large Reflective Schmidt Telescope for Antarctica." Highlights of Astronomy 13 (2005): 958–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600017779.

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AbstractWe present a simple design for a 16 metre, wide-field, fixed-axis, all-reflective, low cost f/4 Schmidt telescope to take advantage of the unique advantages of Antarctica as an Optical/IR site.

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12

Leib, Elisabeth W., Robert M. Pasquarelli, Jefferson J. do Rosário, Pavel N. Dyachenko, Sebastian Döring, Anke Puchert, Alexander Yu Petrov, et al. "Yttria-stabilized zirconia microspheres: novel building blocks for high-temperature photonics." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 1 (2016): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc03260a.

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13

Fitriyah, Lailatul. "Poststructuralist-Feminist International Relations: A Point of Reconciliation?" Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS) 4, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajis.4.1.96-108.2015.

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The relationships between peace studies and international relations (IR) has never been easy. The “strategic” nature of inter-state relations in IR and its state-centric focus are some of the big challenges to the humanitarian nature of peace studies. However, the rise of feminism in IR in the 1980s has given us a new promise in opening the field of IR to a greater humanitarian focus which could take even the individual level of analysis into account. IR poststructuralist-feminism - which is understood as an IR feminist perspective which deconstruct the “common assumptions of culture” (Sylvester, 1994) including feminism itself - is particularly progressive in the sense that it does not only provide the room to problematize the basic assumptions of mainstream IR, but also room to even question the premises of the IR feminists themselves, a self-reflective quality shared by contemporary peace studies. One of the latest theoretical developments in poststructuralist-feminist IR is the “adoption” of positive psychology into IR methodology in order to take a deeper look into the mostly forgotten dimension of humans’ capability to flourish even under the most extreme condition (Penttinen, 2013). Again, this new proposal resonates with the current trend in peace studies scholarship in which peacebuilding processes are geared toward fuller ownership by the locals and harnesses their capabilities to survive. This article would like to analyze the potentialities of feminist approaches in IR, particularly those which come from the poststructuralist school of thought, as a fruitful “meeting point” for peace studies and IR. Once we identify the “meeting point,” hopefully it can bring us into a rich inter-disciplinary endeavor in the future as well as a better understanding of the dynamics of peacebuilding practices in the context of international relations.Key Words: international relations, poststructuralist feminist IR, peace studies, positive psychology, reflective practices

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14

Shan, Yingfeng, John E. Speich, and Kam K. Leang. "Low-Cost IR Reflective Sensors for Submicrolevel Position Measurement and Control." IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics 13, no. 6 (December 2008): 700–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2008.2005407.

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15

Sasanuma, Michio. "An Analysis of the Reflective Structures of Amorphous Silica in IR." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 64, no. 12 (December 15, 1995): 4954–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.64.4954.

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16

Spector, Ivan C., Courtney M. Olson, Christopher J. Huber, and Aaron M. Massari. "Simple fully reflective method of scatter reduction in 2D-IR spectroscopy." Optics Letters 40, no. 8 (April 14, 2015): 1850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.40.001850.

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17

Aziz, Azaam, Mariana Medina‐Sánchez, Nektarios Koukourakis, Jiawei Wang, Robert Kuschmierz, Hannes Radner, Jürgen W. Czarske, and Oliver G. Schmidt. "Real‐Time IR Tracking of Single Reflective Micromotors through Scattering Tissues." Advanced Functional Materials 29, no. 51 (October 21, 2019): 1905272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201905272.

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18

Xu, Cuilian, Shaobo Qu, Jiafu Wang, Mingbao Yan, Yongqiang Pang, Wenjie Wang, and Hua Ma. "A reflective-backing-free metamaterial absorber with broadband response." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 07, no. 03 (June 2017): 1750016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x17500163.

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In this paper, we propose a polarization-independent and broadband perfect infrared (IR) metamaterial absorber (MA) without reflective backing. The proposed absorber is a periodic meta-atom array consisting of metal-dielectric-multilayer truncated cones which can absorb 80% EM wave from 50.70 to 81.87[Formula: see text]THz, while transmit 80% EM wave from 0 to 37.71[Formula: see text]THz. With the decreasing of frequency, the transmissivity increases, which is close to 100% from 0 to 5[Formula: see text]THz. We can broaden the absorption bandwidth of the MA by cascading multi-layers truncated cones. Furthermore, the proposed IR MA promises to be one desirable stealth material for radar-IR compatibility.

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19

Petersen, Christian R., Mikkel B. Lotz, Christos Markos, Getinet Woyessa, David Furniss, Angela B. Seddon, Rafael J. Taboryski, and O. Bang. "Thermo-mechanical dynamics of nanoimprinting anti-reflective structures onto small-core mid-IR chalcogenide fibers [Invited]." Chinese Optics Letters 19, no. 3 (2021): 030603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202119.030603.

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20

ZHOU Guan-qing, 周冠清, 袁冬 YUAN Dong, 刘延国 LIU Yan-guo, 林显裕 LIN Xian-yu, 周国富 ZHOU Guo-fu, and 李楠 LI Nan. "Properties of Liquid Crystal Polymer Films for Electricity-responsive IR Reflective Windows." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 46, no. 3 (2017): 331002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20174603.0331002.

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21

Munson, C. D., S. K. Choi, K. P. Coughlin, J. J. McMahon, K. H. Miller, L. A. Page, and E. J. Wollack. "Composite reflective/absorptive IR-blocking filters embedded in metamaterial antireflection-coated silicon." Applied Optics 56, no. 19 (June 22, 2017): 5349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.56.005349.

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22

Chang, Rong Seng, Sha-Wei Wang, and Pai-Hung Chien. "Design of Double Cassegrain reflective mirrors for optical system of IR cameras." Optical Review 16, no. 2 (March 2009): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10043-009-0019-2.

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23

Xia, Chang Bin, Chun Hua Liu, and Dao Xin Wu. "Preparation of TiO₂/Bamboo Charcoal Photocatalysts with Sol-Gel Method." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 1457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.1457.

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TiO2/bamboo charcoal complex photocatalysts has been prepared for tetra-n-butyltitanate as titanium source, bamboo carbon (BC) as the carrier with Sol-Gel method.it Characterizations were analyzed using TGA, DSC, SEM, XRD, DRS (diffuse reflective spectrum) and FT-IR spectra.

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24

Guo, Huifang, Song Yue, Ran Wang, Yu Hou, Man Li, Kunpeng Zhang, and Zichen Zhang. "Design of Polarization-Independent Reflective Metalens in the Ultraviolet–Visible Wavelength Region." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (May 8, 2021): 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051243.

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Flat lens or metalens, as one of the most important application branches of metasurfaces, has recently been attracting significant research interest. Various reflective and transmissive metalenses have been demonstrated in the terathertz, infrared and visible wavelength range. However, metalens operating in the ultraviolet (UV) wavelength range is rare. Moreover, the development of reflective UV metalens, the important counterpart of transmissive ones, falls far behind. In this work, with thorough investigation of material properties, we propose a reflective metalens based on silicon dioxide (SiO2) and aluminum (Al) that operates in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) to visible wavelength region. Four reflective metalenses were designed and optimized for wavelengths of 193, 441, 532 and 633 nm, and prominent focusing capability was observed, especially for the VUV wavelength of 193 nm. Dispersion characteristics of the metalenses were also studied within ±50 nm of the design wavelength, and negative dispersion was found for all cases. In addition, the SiO2 + Al platform can be, in principle, extended to the mid-infrared (IR) wavelength range. The reflective VUV metalens proposed in this work is expected to propel miniaturization and integration of UV optics.

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25

Sugiyama, Hiroshi, Jun Koshoubu, Seiichi Kashiwabara, Toshiyuki Nagoshi, Richard A. Larsen, and Kenichi Akao. "Time-Resolved Step-Scan Infrared Imaging System Utilizing a Linear Array Detector." Applied Spectroscopy 62, no. 1 (January 2008): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370208783412609.

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A time-resolved infrared (IR) imaging system combined with a multichannel IR microscope, which utilizes a 16 channel linear array (LA) detector, and step-scan Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microscope was developed. The LA detector integrates a readout circuit on each detector element, so the detected signals can be read simultaneously. Thus, this system can perform high speed imaging using the step-scan method, similar to a single channel detector. To verify the capabilities of this system, a reflective sample was examined whose position was altered using a piezo actuator activated by an alternating voltage. In addition, the localization of relaxation dynamics for the liquid crystal (LC) molecules in an LC cell under oscillating electric field conditions was detected by this system.

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26

Tsygankov, Andrei P., and Pavel A. Tsygankov. "New directions in Russian international studies: pluralization, Westernization, and isolationism." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 37, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2003.12.005.

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The essay argues that Western scholars can improve their understanding of the post-Soviet Russia by studying the discipline of new Russian international relations (IR). The other objective of the essay is to move away from the excessively West-centered IR scholarship by exploring indigenous Russian perceptions and inviting a dialogue across the globe. The essay identifies key trends in Russian IR reflective of the transitional nature of Russia’s post-Soviet change. It argues that Russian IR continues to be in a stage of ideological and theoretical uncertainty, which is a result of unresolved questions of national identity. For describing Russia’s identity crisis, the authors employ Erving Goffman’s concept of stigma defined as a crisis of a larger social acceptance by Russia’s ‘‘significant other’’ (West). The essay suggests that, until this crisis is resolved, much of Russian IR debates can be understood in terms of a search for a national idea. It also introduces the authors of the issue and summarizes their contribution to our understanding of Russian and Western IR.

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27

KANG, HYO SIM, and YOUNG SOO KANG. "PREPARATION OF WATER-BASED INDIUM TIN OXIDE SOL SOLUTION FOR NEAR-IR REFLECTIVE FILM." International Journal of Nanoscience 05, no. 02n03 (April 2006): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x06004450.

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Indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles with In/Sn = 9:1 (at.%) were synthesized by chemical coprecipitation method in an aqueous solution. The coprecipitate prepared at room temperature showed the crystal structure of indium oxide in X-ray diffraction when it was annealed at the temperature above 300°C under air atmosphere. Reduction process was accomplished to improve the electrical property of ITO powder and it changed powder color from yellow to dark green. Green ITO powder with particle sizes in the range of 15–30 nm was well dispersed by an addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone in an aqueous solution. The dispersibility of ITO sol solution was detected with ζ-potential analyzer. Near-IR reflective film was prepared by spin coating method using ITO sol solution. Transmission electron microsopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) were used to characterize morphology and composition of ITO nanoparticles. Near-IR (NIR) spectrometer was used to determine reflectance on the surface of ITO film in the NIR-radiation region.

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28

Saito, Akiko, Akira Kawakatsu, Yoji Yuge, and Takahito Mitsuhashi. "The formation of light diffusing film for tungsten halogen lamps with IR reflective films." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 73, Appendix (1989): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.73.appendix_2.

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29

Boyd, Darryl A., Jesse A. Frantz, Shyam S. Bayya, Lynda E. Busse, Woohong Kim, Ishwar Aggarwal, Menelaos Poutous, and Jasbinder S. Sanghera. "Modification of nanostructured fused silica for use as superhydrophobic, IR-transmissive, anti-reflective surfaces." Optical Materials 54 (April 2016): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2016.02.035.

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30

Song, Ja Eun, Young Hwan Kim, and Young Soo Kang. "Preparation of indium tin oxide nanoparticles and their application to near IR-reflective film." Current Applied Physics 6, no. 4 (July 2006): 791–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2005.04.041.

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31

Seyedheydari, Fahime, Kevin Conley, and Tapio Ala-Nissila. "Near-IR Plasmons in Micro and Nanoparticles with a Semiconductor Core." Photonics 7, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7010010.

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We computationally study the electromagnetic response of semiconductor micro and nanoinclusions for realizing highly reflective, plasmonically enhanced coatings in the visible and infrared regime. We first examine the influence of oxide coatings on the Mie resonances of microparticles of low-bandgap semiconductors (Si and Ge) in the near-IR regime. We then study the influence of a semiconducting core on the localized surface plasmon resonances of Si@Ag and Ge@Ag core@shell nanoparticles. Our results show a strong interaction between the resonances of the plasmonic Ag shell and the semiconducting core material which allows tuning of the electromagnetic response for near-IR applications.

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32

Major, Kevin J., Jasbinder S. Sanghera, Mikella E. Farrell, Ellen Holthoff, Paul M. Pellegrino, and Kenneth J. Ewing. "Spectral Considerations for Standoff Infrared Detection of RDX on Reflective Aluminum." Applied Spectroscopy 76, no. 2 (November 3, 2021): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00037028211053865.

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This paper examines infrared spectroscopic effects for the standoff detection of an explosive material, hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), inkjet printed on an aluminum surface. Results of a spectroscopic study are described, using multiple optical setups. These setups were selected to explore how variations in the angles of incidence and collection from the surface of the material result in corresponding variations in the spectral signatures. The goal of these studies is to provide an understanding of these spectral changes since it affects standoff detection of hazardous materials on a reflective substrate. We demonstrate that variations in spectral effects are dependent on the relative surface concentration of the deposited RDX. We also show that it is reasonable to use spectroscopic data collected in a standard laboratory infrared spectrometer outfitted with a variable angle reflectometer set at 0° as reference spectra for data collected in a standoff configuration. These results are important to provide a systematic approach to understanding infrared (IR) spectra collection using standoff systems in the field, and to allow for comparison between such data, and data collected in the laboratory. Although the precise results are constrained to a specific material system (thin layers on a reflective substrate), the approach and general discussion provided are applicable to a broad range of IR standoff sensing techniques and applications.

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33

Dye, Dan, Byard Wood, Lewis Fraas, and Jeanette Kretschmer. "Demonstration of Infrared-Photovoltaics for a Full-Spectrum Solar Energy System." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 128, no. 1 (May 12, 2005): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2147587.

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A nonimaging (NI) device and infrared-photovoltaic (IR-PV) array for use in a full-spectrum solar energy system has been designed, built, and tested (Dye et al., 2003, “Optical Design of an Infrared Non-Imaging Device for a Full-Spectrum Solar Energy System,” Proceedings of the ASME International Solar Energy Society Conference; Dye and Wood, 2003, Infrared Transmission Efficiency of Refractive and Reflective Non-Imaging Devices for a Full-Spectrum Solar Energy System,” Nonimaging Optics: Maximum Efficiency Light Transfer VII, Proc. SPIE, 5185; Fraas et al., 2001, Infrared Photovoltaics for Combined Solar Lighting and Electricity for Buildings,” Proceedings of 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference}. This system was designed to utilize the otherwise wasted infrared (IR) energy that is separated from the visible portion of the solar spectrum before the visible light is harvested. The IR energy will be converted to electricity via a gallium antimonide (GaSb) IR-PV array. The experimental apparatus for the testing of the IR optics and IR-PV performance is described. Array performance data will be presented, along with a comparison between outdoor experimental tests and laboratory flash tests. An analysis of the flow of the infrared energy through the collection system will be presented, and recommendations will be made for improvements. The IR-PV array generated a maximum of 26.7W, demonstrating a conversion efficiency of the IR energy of 12%.

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34

Hovemyr, Maria. "Forms and Degrees of Religious Commitment: Intrinsic Orientation in a Swedish Context." Journal of Psychology and Theology 24, no. 4 (December 1996): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009164719602400404.

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The psychometric properties of the revised Swedish Religious Orientation Scale (SROS II) were tested in two academic environments. Intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest orientations and their relation to self-esteem were examined. An attempt was made to identify two sub-groups within the intrinsic sphere, specified as Intrinsic-Dogmatic (ID) and Intrinsic Reflective (IR), and to validate these, tentatively, in relation to degree of conservatism, using the revised Swedish Social Attitude Scale. The subjects were undergraduate students of psychology and theology. The results suggest that forms and degrees of religious commitment can be adequately measured by SROS II. The ID - IR hypothesis was supported and previous research findings with regard to self-esteem were partially replicated.

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Yun, Tae Ho, and Changyong Yim. "Uniform Fabrication of Hollow Titania Using Anionic Modified Acrylated Polymer Template for Phase Composition Effect as Photocatalyst and Infrared Reflective Coating." Nanomaterials 11, no. 11 (October 26, 2021): 2845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11112845.

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Polymer coatings containing thermal blocking and near-infrared (NIR)-reflective pigments have received much attention for their potential applications in energy-saving fields. A drawback of these coatings is sustainability providing similar long-term performance. Surface cleaning is mandatory to remove contaminants that decrease reflectance. In this study, synthesized hollow titania as photocatalyst was used to impart anti-contamination to infrared (IR)-reflective coatings. A TiO2 shell was selectively formed on an anionic polystyrene core, modified by methacrylic acid. According to sintering temperature, the enhancement of light absorption ability and photocatalytic activity as methyl orange decomposition was observed with phase composition change. The methylene blue decomposition reaction, reflectance measurement, and measuring thermal profiling of coated steel confirmed the manifestation of hollow particles to dust degradation characteristics and the enhancement of reflection and thermal shielding.

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Gutauskas, Mintautas. "CINIZMAS IR NIHILIZMAS." Religija ir kultūra 10 (January 1, 2012): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/relig.2012.0.2741.

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Straipsnyje cinizmas ir nihilizmas yra lyginami jų ontologinių nuostatų aspektu. Fiksuojama, kad cinizmas ir nihilizmas viešumoje dažnai yra sutapatinami dalykai. Pripažįstama, kad santykyje su morale ir vertybėmis jie yra panašūs, jiems abiem yra būdingas neigimas ir demaskavimas. Tačiau toliau įrodinėjama, kad ontologinių nuostatų aspektu jie skiriasi: cinizmo pagrindas yra ciniškasis realizmas, kuris steigiasi tiesos ir nuogos tiesos perspektyvoje, o nihilizmas yra toks mąstymas, kuris panaikina realizmo galimybę, iliuzijos ir tikrovės skirtumą. Taip pat abu yra lyginami refleksyvumo aspektu – nihilizmas parodomas kaip refleksyvus mąstymas, o cinizmas kaip „praktinis“ savęs nereflektuojantis požiūris. Galiausiai parodoma, kad tiek nihilizmo, tiek cinizmo „tiesa“ yra performatyvi, tik skirtingai steigiasi demaskavimo būdu.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: cinizmas, nihilizmas, realizmas, Nietzsche. CYNICISM AND NIHILISMMintautas Gutauskas SummaryThis article compares cynicism and nihilism, based on their ontological premises. One can notice that they are frequently considered as identical in the public discourse; indeed, they seem similar due to their relationship with morality and values; they both exercise negation and unmasking. However, it can be proven that they differ in terms of their ontological premises: while cynicism is based on the cynical realism, which is constituted in the perspective of the naked truth, nihilism is a form of thinking, which annihilates the possibility of realism itself and extinguishes the distinction between reality and illusion. Both of them are also compared from the aspect of reflexivity: nihilism is shown as a reflective thinking, while cynicism turns out to be a “practical” thinking without self-reflection. Finally, it is shown that although the truth of both nihilism and cynicism is enrooted in performativity, it is constituted differently by the way of unmasking.Keywords: cynicism, nihilism, realism, Nietzsche.

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Liu, Yanning, Rui Mao, Peng Zhang, Wenxin Li, Maoren Wang, Li Zhang, Yu Gong, Peiheng Zhou, Difei Liang, and Longjiang Deng. "Numerical study of mid-infrared tunable metalenses based on Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ phase-change material." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 24 (March 25, 2022): 244003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac569a.

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Abstract The mid-infrared (mid-IR) metalens is an advanced but also fundamental element for a variety of dynamic optical applications, e.g. night visualization and spectroscopic sensing. However, the lens quality and tunability is challenging at this strategically important band. Here, we numerically propose a reflective metasurface platform based on Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) phase-change material to resolve this problem. Our two paradigms, i.e. bifocal and bifunctional metalenses, prove that a diversified range of functions can be modulated in the mid-IR without structural reconfiguration. By converting GST between amorphous and crystalline states, the focus of the bifocal metalens shifts 35.8 μm (>6λ), with maximum focusing efficiency of up to 8%. The continuous modulation of the intensity profile at two focuses is realized by GST phase transition. We have also demonstrated that a one-dimensional focal metalens with focusing efficiency of 28% can be switched into a mid-IR light deflector by converting the GST phase states. The metasurface uses mature optical materials and can be fabricated by standard microfabrication technologies, which makes the tunable mid-IR platform promising for integrated optical systems.

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Hanhui, Lin, Ken Cai, Jianguo Li, and ZhaoFeng Zeng. "The Simulation of Artificial Sensory Nerves System to Sense Intestinal Contents with Reflective IR Sensor." International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) 11, no. 1 (January 25, 2015): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v11i1.4406.

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Aydinli, Ersel. "Methodology as a Lingua Franca in International Relations: Peripheral Self-reflections on Dialogue with the Core." Chinese Journal of International Politics 13, no. 2 (2020): 287–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjip/poaa003.

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Abstract Scholarly dialogue between ‘core’ and ‘periphery’ or ‘West/non-West’ in many disciplinary communities has become an issue of discussion in recent decades, spawned in part by increased expectations in many periphery communities of being published in core journals, and complicated by factors such as the linguistic hegemony of English and concerns about access. The International Relations (IR) discipline has been at the forefront of this discussion. However, despite widespread awareness of the issue, and a dedicated push for greater emphasis on local theorising out of the periphery, the cutting edge of global IR scholarship still remains core dominant. This article proposes that a focus on ‘quality’ methodology, in the broadest possible sense of having transparent and effectively applied research designs, could serve as a lingua franca to promote the exchange of ideas in a way less prone to disadvantage periphery scholars. The article goes on to examine this issue by focusing on the case of the Turkish IR disciplinary community. It looks at how methodological issues are currently considered in Turkish IR pedagogy and scholarship and then offers a self-reflective assessment of the quality of methodology in Turkish IR. It concludes by offering suggestions on how the Turkish IR disciplinary community could better address methodological issues and, ultimately, perhaps achieve greater impact within the global IR community.

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Bryan-Brown, Guy, Emma Graham, Richard Amos, and Matthias Pfeiffer. "35‐1: Retroreflective ZBD LCD for High Brightness Digital License Plate." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 54, no. 1 (June 2023): 499–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.16602.

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Excellent night‐time visibility of electronic displays can be achieved by incorporation of a retroreflective element to allow efficient return of incident light from car headlamps, IR camera systems etc. However, such displays have a poor daytime appearance since diffuse reflectivity is required to make best use of ambient light. In this paper we present a novel optical configuration for reflective liquid crystal displays, which can achieve both these reflectivity conditions simultaneously.

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Fang, Hua Jun, Xing Ming Liu, and Li Tian Liu. "A Uncooled α-Si Infrared Detector Using Polyimide as Thermal Isolation Layer." Advanced Materials Research 60-61 (January 2009): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.60-61.371.

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a new structure of the uncooled amorphous silicon (α-Si) infrared detector has been fabricated and characterized. The structure with thermal isolation and infrared absorption based on polyimide (PI) and bottom metal reflective layer is put forward. The fabrication process of the IR detectors is described. The temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of α-Si resistance has been investigated. The measurements show that the TCR is up to -2.8%. The detectivity of 1.7×108 cmHz1/2W-1 is achieved with chopping frequency of 30Hz at a bias voltage of 5V. Measurement results indicate that the polyimide layer exhibits excellent thermal isolating characteristics and the unique sandwich IR absorption structure is beneficial to the enhancement of detectivity. Compared with other techniques, the IR detectors using PI as thermal isolation layer are not only with simpler process, lower cost and higher yield, but also suitable for the application of large-scale uncooled infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPA).

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Zhang, Weixin, Johan Lub, Albertus P. H. J. Schenning, Guofu Zhou, and Laurens T. de Haan. "Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Siloxane for Temperature-Responsive Photonic Coatings." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 1803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051803.

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Temperature-responsive photonic coatings are appealing for a variety of applications, including smart windows. However, the fabrication of such reflective polymer coatings remains a challenge. In this work, we report the development of a temperature-responsive, infrared-reflective coating consisting of a polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal siloxane, applied by a simple bar coating method. First, a side-chain liquid crystal oligosiloxane containing acrylate, chiral and mesogenic moieties was successfully synthesized via multiple steps, including preparing precursors, hydrosilylation, deprotection, and esterification reactions. Products of all the steps were fully characterized revealing a chain extension during the deprotection step. Subsequently, the photonic coating was fabricated by bar-coating the cholesteric liquid crystal oligomer on glass, using a mediator liquid crystalline molecule. After the UV-curing and removal of the mediator, a transparent IR reflective polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal coating was obtained. Notably, this fully cured, partially crosslinked transparent polymer coating retained temperature responsiveness due to the presence of non-reactive liquid-crystal oligosiloxanes. Upon increasing the temperature from room temperature, the polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal coating showed a continuous blue-shift of the reflection band from 1400 nm to 800 nm, and the shift was fully reversible.

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Livingston, W. "A 4-meter McMath Telescope for the Infrared." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 154 (1994): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090012488x.

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Having no window and a filled aperture, i.e., no occlusion by secondary optics, the all-reflective McMath telescope is a proven IR facility. Beyond about 2 μm, it is diffraction limited, however. Engineering studies show that the McMath building could accommodate an increase to a 4-m aperture with a 6-m alt-azimuth feed, permitting sub-arcsec resolution to 12 μm. The use of cooled, solid aluminum mirrors would eliminate “mirror seeing”, which plagues non-vacuum solar telescopes.

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Glenn, D. Michael. "The Mechanisms of Plant Stress Mitigation by Kaolin-based Particle Films and Applications in Horticultural and Agricultural Crops." HortScience 47, no. 6 (June 2012): 710–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.6.710.

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Kaolin-based particle films have use in reducing insect, heat, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and ultraviolet radiation stress in plants resulting from the reflective nature of the particles. Particle films with a residue density of 1 to 4 g·m−2 have been evaluated in a range of crops and agricultural environments. The particle film is a general insect repellant resulting from the change in the plant’s leaf/fruit texture but also because it changes the reflected light signature of the plant causing insect avoidance for many pests. The alteration of reflected light is the result of the ability of the particle film to reflect infrared (IR), PAR, and ultraviolet radiation. Reflection of IR can reduce canopy temperature as much as 5 °C, which will reduce potential transpiration. The reduction of PAR by the film at the leaf level is compensated in varying degrees by diffusion of PAR into the interior of the canopy. Whole canopy photosynthesis can be increased by the combined particle film effects of reduced canopy temperature and increased diffusion of PAR into the interior of the canopy. In apple, reducing fruit surface temperature, PAR, and ultraviolet is an effective means of reducing sunburn damage. The use of a reflective particle film is effective in mitigating environmental stress and has significant economic benefits in agricultural crops.

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Kinsella, Helen M., and Laura J. Shepherd. "The ‘brutal fecundity of violence’: Feminist methodologies of International Relations." Review of International Studies 46, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210520000108.

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AbstractThis article highlights Marysia Zalewski's scholarship as reflective and generative of the multifarious sources and contributions of feminist IR and its ‘scavenger methodologies’, which seek to centre subjects, processes, and practices historically excluded, ignored, and minimised. The productive depth of her scholarship is evident in the uniqueness of each article in this collection, all of which distinctly document the uses to which Zalewski's writings can be uniquely put. Each of the articles performs a ‘turning operation’ of sorts on the elementals of feminist IR (gender/women/power/difference) and brings further elaborations of masculinities, sexualities, silences as well as screams, that shift and change what is taken to be feminist research/method – at each point disordering our sensibilities and our assumptions as to what we do when we do feminist work.

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Yoo, Jae-Eun. "Tolerance Allocation Method for IR Optics Fabrication Using Monte-Carlo Simulation Based on Measured Reflective Eccentricity." Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics 22, no. 4 (August 25, 2011): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3807/kjop.2011.22.4.161.

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Klocek, Paul. "Infrared Optical Materials: Where Do We Stand?" MRS Bulletin 11, no. 3 (June 1986): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400054828.

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The usefulness of infrared (IR) radiation has been recognized for many years and is today the basisof an expanding technology. The development of the laser, particularly the IR laser, has further fueled this technology expansion. Optical materials have always played a critical role in IR technology, primarily as transmissive and reflective optical components. Often, the lack Of an adequate IR optical material has delayed the implementation of applications Until appropriate materials or quality of materials were developed. While the developed material may satisfy the basic requirements of the application, often its other physical properties and/or cost are not desirable. The limited number of IR optical materials combined with the growing humber of applications has kept their development essential to our technological growth.This paper reviews some current research and developmen t trend s in IR optical materials primarily for transmissive components. These IR components include geometric optics, windows and domes, optical fibers, high energy laser optics, and coatings. The emphasis is on optical materials for applications involving wavelengths in the 2-14 μm region.Intrinsic AttenuationIntrinsic attenuation defines the fundamental limits to light propagation in a transmissive material. It is composed of electronic or bandgap absorption, lattice vibration or multiphonon absorption, and Rayleigh and Brillouin scattering. Bandgap absorption results from the promotion of an electron from the valence to the conduction band by direct absorption of a photon or indirectly involving a phonon and the appropriate change in k-vector. The onset of absorption occurs at photon energies greater than or equal to the bandgap.

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Gudauskaitė, Saulė. "Žinių visuomenės link: organizacijos darbuotojo kompetencijų poreikis." Informacijos mokslai 40 (January 1, 2007): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/im.2007.0.3467.

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Kompetencijos reiðkia kompleksinæ veiksmø sistemà, kuri apima þinias ir þinojimo gebëjimus, strategijas ir þinomus ðablonus, kuriems reikia pritaikyti þinias ir ágûdþius, taip pat atitinkamai emocijas ir nuostatas, efektyvø ðiø kompetencijø valdymà. Modernus socialinis gyvenimas remiasi nebe tradicijomis, o nuolat kuriamu ir atnaujinamu refleksyviu þinojimu; visi socialiniai veiksmai yra nuolat analizuojami ir prireikus modifikuojami pagal gaunamà informacijà ir þinias. Tad kurios þinios reikalingos organizacijai, o kurios tiesiog þalingos ar nepastebimos? Kompetencijà sudaro iððûkis, uþduotis ar veikla. Jie apibrëþia vidinæ kompetencijos struktûrà, susidedanèià ið susijusiø poþiûriø, vertybiø, þiniø ir ágûdþiø, kartu sudaranèiø galimybæ efektyviam veiksmui pasireikðti. Kompetencijos negali bûti sulygintos su jø paþintiniais komponentais. Kompetencijø struktûrà, tobulinimà ir vertinimà veikia socialinis ir kultûrinis kontekstas, kuriame individai gyvena. Individo ir visuomenës ryðys yra kaitus ir nepastovus. Straipsnyje siekiama iðsiaiðkinti, kaip darbuotojai vertina savo kompetencijas technologijø, ávairovës, atsakomybës, bendruomeniðkumo ir motyvacijos aspektais*. Towards knowledge society: demand of employee’s key competences in an organizationSaulė Gudauskaitė SummaryCompetence means a complex action system which takes in knowledge, knowledge abilities, strategies, as well as emotions and attitudes in an effective governance of the competences (Weinart, 2001). Modern social life appeals not by traditions, but by changeable, creatable and renewed reflective knowledge. All social actions are analyzed all the time and modified by information and knowledge we get. There’s a question, which knowledge is necessary in an organization and which is even harmful. Competence is the ability to meet a complex demand successfully or to carry out a complex activity or task (DeSeCo Symposium – Discussion Paper, 2002). The problem is defining and selecting the key competences which draw into power relations, political decisions, national cultures or practical considerations. The relationship between the individual and society is dialectic and dynamic, as is also the content of competence, which creates the most important value. The main questions in the article, which is part of the doctoral thesis, are: what could I define as a competence, key competence for an individual, and how do employees evaluate their competences in aspects of technology, diversity, responsibility, community relations and motivation?

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Gocho, Kiyoko, Shuhei Kameya, Keiichiro Akeo, Sachiko Kikuchi, Ayumi Usui, Kunihiko Yamaki, Takaaki Hayashi, Hiroshi Tsuneoka, Atsushi Mizota, and Hiroshi Takahashi. "High-Resolution Imaging of Patients with Bietti Crystalline Dystrophy withCYP4V2Mutation." Journal of Ophthalmology 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/283603.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the retinal morphology of eyes with Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD) associated with aCYP4V2mutation using high-resolution imaging techniques. Three subjects with BCD underwent detailed ophthalmic examinations. High-resolution fundus images were obtained with an adaptive optics (AO) fundus camera. A common homozygous mutation was detected in the three patients. Funduscopic examination of the three patients revealed the presence of crystalline deposits in the retina, and all of the crystalline deposits were also detected in the infrared (IR) images. The crystals observed in the IR images were seen as bright reflective plaques located on the RPE layer in the SD-OCT images. The clusters of hyperreflective signals in the AO images corresponded to the crystals in the IR images. High-magnification AO images revealed that the clusters of hyperreflective signals consisted of circular spots that are similar to the signals of cone photoreceptors. Most of these circular spots were detected in healthy areas in the FAF images. There is a possibility that circular spots observed by AO are residual cone photoreceptors located over the crystals.

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Azzolini, Claudia, Maura Di Nicola, Francesco Pozzo Giuffrida, Francesca Cappelli, Claudia Bellina, Francesco Viola, and Paolo Chelazzi. "Retromode Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy for Choroidal Nevi: A Preliminary Study." Life 13, no. 6 (May 25, 2023): 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13061253.

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The purpose of the present study was to document pathological findings on retromode imaging in choroidal nevi and evaluate its diagnostic validity, using the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope Nidek Mirante (cSLO). A total of 41 choroidal nevi from 41 patients were included. All patients underwent multicolor fundus (mCF), infrared reflectance (IR), green fundus autofluorescence (FAF), dark-field (DF) and retromode (RM) imaging and optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans. We investigated retromode images to evaluate choroidal nevus features by comparing the results with those of mCF, IR, FAF, DF and OCT. In 100% of available images, retromode scanning laser ophthalmoscopy was able to detect choroidal nevi with a characteristic “hypo-retro-reflective” pattern, even the cases not visible on mCF, IR and FAF images. It also made it possible to delineate the margins of lesions with the highest rate of sharpness and accuracy among the imaging modalities examined. These findings seem to demonstrate how RM-SLO is an innovative diagnostic tool to detect and follow up choroidal nevi in a fast, reliable and non-invasive way.

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