Relevant bibliographies by topics / IPRs

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'IPRs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "IPRs"

1

Janjua, Pervez Zamurrad, and Ghulam Samad. "Intellectual Property Rights and Economic Growth: The Case of Middle Income Developing Countries." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (December 1, 2007): 711–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.711-722.

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Intellectual property (IP) refers to the creation of mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, name, and images used in commerce. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) have been widely recognised as a growth enhancing factor for the global economies as a whole. IPRs regime can influence the growth process through domestic and external sector of an economy. This study is primarily concerned with the effects of IPRs regime through external sector. Through different channels IPRs can promote economic growth in the recipient countries. The most important is technology transfer and its positive spillovers. Therefore, IPRs exert economic growth, which requires increase in productivity, increase in productivity requires increase in technological innovation and it requires the efficient protection of IPRs Rapp and Rozek (1990). The IPRs can influence the average growth more effectively in the open economies as compare to the close one Gould and Gruben (1996). Latter on Thompson and Rushing (1999) extended the model and included total factor productivity (TFP) in their growth model, which shows that IPRs have an insignificant impact on TFP for developed and developing countries but a positive and significant impact for the developed countries. To sustain economic growth it requires secured property rights system.
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Lu, Yue. "SOCIALIZATION THROUGH INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS? DECODING CHINA’S VIEWS ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS SINCE ITS WTO ACCESSION." Kazakhstan-Spectrum 107, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 50–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.52536/2415-8216.2023-3.04.

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Constructivism in the studies of international relations (IR) posits that international institutions have the power to induce a state’s socialization into the norms and rules enshrined in these institutions. The study puts this hypothesis to an empirical test by analyzing China’s views on intellectual property rights (IPR) since its WTO (World Trade Organization) accession in 2001. The article examines relevant People’s Daily commentary articles published from 2001 to 2022 using Structural Topic Model (STM) and domestic scholarly debates. The study identifies four prevalent themes, including IPRs and international competition, strengthening IPR protection, developing indigenous IPRs, and achievements and barriers in IPR development. It finds that although China has increasingly realized the importance of IPRs, China’s views on IPRs are predominantly oriented toward a realpolitik discourse on leveraging IPRs to enhance China’s overall national power in international competition. While socialization is at best subordinate to China’s domestic interests in shaping China’s views on IPRs, as the country’s worldview acts as a strong mediating force between international ideas and China’s views on IPRs.
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Wang, Ce, Guoshuang Feng, Jingjing Zhu, Kecheng Wei, Chen Huang, Zhenyu Wu, Yongfu Yu, and Guoyou Qin. "Developing an immune signature for triple-negative breast cancer to predict prognosis and immune checkpoint inhibitor response." Future Oncology 18, no. 9 (March 2022): 1055–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fon-2021-0600.

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Aim: We aimed to develop a new signature based on immune-related genes to predict prognosis and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Materials & methods: Single-sample gene set enrichment was used to develop an immune-based prognostic signature (IPRS) for TNBC patients. We conducted multivariate Cox analysis to evaluate the prognosis value of the IPRS. Result: An IPRS based on 66 prognostic genes was developed. Multivariate Cox analysis indicated that the IPRS was an independent factor for prognosis. PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2 and CTLA4 gene expression was higher in the low-risk group, suggesting IPRS could predict the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Conclusion: The IPRS might be a reliable signature to predict TNBC patients’ prognosis and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, but needs prospective validation.
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Li, Ji, Jiayue Qiu, Junwei Han, Xiangmei Li, and Ying Jiang. "Tumor Microenvironment Characterization in Breast Cancer Identifies Prognostic Pathway Signatures." Genes 13, no. 11 (October 29, 2022): 1976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13111976.

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Breast cancer is one of the most common female malignancies worldwide. Due to its early metastases formation and a high degree of malignancy, the 10 year-survival rate of metastatic breast cancer does not exceed 30%. Thus, more precise biomarkers are urgently needed. In our study, we first estimated the tumor microenvironment (TME) infiltration using the xCell algorithm. Based on TME infiltration, the three main TME clusters were identified using consensus clustering. Our results showed that the three main TME clusters cause significant differences in survival rates and TME infiltration patterns (log-rank test, p = 0.006). Then, multiple machine learning algorithms were used to develop a nine-pathway-based TME-related risk model to predict the prognosis of breast cancer (BRCA) patients (the immune-related pathway-based risk score, defined as IPRS). Based on the IPRS, BRCA patients were divided into two subgroups, and patients in the IPRS-low group presented significantly better overall survival (OS) rates than the IPRS-high group (log-rank test, p < 0.0001). Correlation analysis revealed that the IPRS-low group was characterized by increases in immune-related scores (cytolytic activity (CYT), major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T cell-inflamed immune gene expression profile (GEP), ESTIMATE, immune, and stromal scores) while exhibiting decreases in tumor purity, suggesting IPRS-low patients may have a strong immune response. Additionally, the gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA) result confirmed that the IPRS-low patients were significantly enriched in several immune-associated signaling pathways. Furthermore, multivariate Cox analysis revealed that the IPRS was an independent prognostic biomarker after adjustment by clinicopathologic characteristics. The prognostic value of the IPRS model was further validated in three external validation cohorts. Altogether, our findings demonstrated that the IPRS was a powerful predictor to screen out certain populations with better prognosis in breast cancer and may serve as a potential biomarker guiding clinical treatment decisions.
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Nga, Bui Thi-Hang. "Applying the rule of per se and rule of reason to assess the violation of the Competition Law by the IPRs owners." Science & Technology Development Journal - Economics - Law and Management 4, no. 2 (June 22, 2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjelm.v4i2.627.

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With the nature of practically irreplaceable and the monopoly of the protection documents, the law has given the intellectual property rights (IPRs) owner a competitive advantage, as well as a market power. As a result, to extent the market power and create a monopoly position to maximize profitability, IPRs owners tend to abuse IPRs to limit competition. Although the exclusive right to IPRs is a legal monopoly comes from protection documents, it does not mean that the owner has the right to abuse this monopoly to limit competition. This is because such behavior is not considered an exception under the Competition Law and shall be prohibited in case the satisfaction of provision violating conditions of the Competition Law. However, in order to balance the interests of related subjects, in assessment of the Competition Law violations of IPRs abuses, the laws of countries fully recognized and applied the rule of reason instead of per ser as Competition Law violations in general. The article aims to analyze and explain the purpose of the application of the rule of reason when assessing the violation of the Competition Law of IPRs owner and when using the per se, in respect of the legal monopoly of the IPRs subjects. The paper then provides proposals to complete the Vietnamese Competition Law which governs the abuse of IPRs owners.
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Feng, Rui, Di Feng, Lingran Wang, Lan Zhang, Chang Liu, Fangran Ma, Meng Zhang, et al. "Comparative Analysis of Nutritional Quality, Serum Biochemical Indices, and Visceral Peritoneum of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) Fed with Two Distinct Aquaculture Systems." Foods 13, no. 8 (April 19, 2024): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13081248.

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This study scrutinized the nutritional quality and serum biochemical indices of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) cultivated in traditional pond intercropping (TPI) and in-pond raceway system (IPRS) aquaculture setups. The findings showed that the TPI group exhibited a superior water-holding capacity, while the IPRS showcased heightened crude lipid content and levels of textural properties such as springiness. Moreover, significant differences emerged in the fatty acid profiles, with the TPI group manifesting higher total polyunsaturated fatty acids (ΣPUFAs), EPA, DHA, and Σn-3, while the IPRS group exhibited elevated total saturated fatty acids (ΣSFAs). In terms of amino acids, valine and histidine levels were notably higher in the IPRS group, whereas lysine levels were reduced. Volatile compound analysis revealed significant variations, with the IPRS group containing more volatile substances with a better aroma, resulting in a better odor. The IPRS group performed better in serum biochemistry analysis. Additionally, grass carp in the IPRS group displayed an improved structure and greater coverage area of the visceral peritoneum, appearing lighter in color compared to the TPI group. TPI mainly influences nutritional elements; IPRSs primarily affect muscle texture, serum biochemistry, and overall health. This study aims to fill the gap in quality comparison research and provide an important scientific basis.
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Wang, Bill, Yuanfei Kang, Paul Childerhouse, and Baofeng Huo. "Service supply chain integration: the role of interpersonal relationships." Industrial Management & Data Systems 118, no. 4 (May 14, 2018): 828–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-02-2017-0062.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of interpersonal relationships (IPRs) in service supply chain integration (SSCI) in terms of strategic alliance, information integration, and process integration. Design/methodology/approach The research employs an exploratory/investigational approach to multiple case studies and empirically investigates effects of IPRs in SSCI. The data were mainly collected through semi-structured interviews with senior management staff from four service companies and their suppliers or customers in New Zealand. Archival data from the Internet and company documentations were also applied. Findings The authors find that three dimensions of IPRs influence SSCI in different ways. The effect of IPRs on SSCI is indirect: personal affection acts as an initiator, and personal credibility works as a “gate-keeper” and strengthens the confidence of interactive partners, while personal communication, a facilitator, plays a more important role in SSCI than personal affection and credibility. Practical implications The research provides managers in service supply chains the awareness of the importance of IPRs, as well as the characteristics of IPRs, in order to best utilize available resources. Managers should synergize all three dimensions of IPRs’ resources: make efforts to cultivate personal affection to avoid the instinctive isolation modern technology brings; attempt to accumulate positive personal credibility profiles; focus more on the role of personal communication and retain physical contact in SSCI processes. Originality/value This study contributes to SSCI literature by extending from the inter-organizational relationships (IORs) to interpersonal level relationships to explore the inner influence mechanism. Also, it explores the role of IPRs on all three dimensions of SSCI simultaneously rather than individual dimensions independently. Finally, it contributes to resource orchestration theory (ROT) by synthesizing three dimensions of IPRs resources, and IORs resources in order to achieve capabilities of SSCI. The study develops the individual-level research in supply chain integration (SCI) to a further depth.
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Demirtaş, Gökhan, and Atahan Demirkol. "Traditional Economists or Third Worldists? The Effect of Intellectual Property Rights on Economic Growth in Developing Countries." Slovak Journal of International Relations 21, no. 1 (March 15, 2023): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.53465/sjir.1339-2751.2023.1.45-60.

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This study investigates the effect of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) on economic growth in 76 developing countries using panel data analysis over the period of 2008-2019. IPRs and the economic growth relationship have been discussed in the empirical literature. On the other hand, Third World Approach to International Law (TWAIL) scholars promote the idea that international law is a hegemonic tool of developed countries, and IPRs may be subjected to their arguments due to the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Agreements (TRIPs). Results provide that IPRs positively and significantly affect economic growth in developing countries, whereas there is no U-Shaped relationship between them. The study suggests that IPRs protection should be highlighted in developing countries to achieve greater economic growth, and approves the perspective of traditional economists’ approach over TWAILers.
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Barlati, Stefano, Massimiliano Buoli, Annabella Di Giorgio, Giorgio Di Lorenzo, Carla Gramaglia, Eleonora Gattoni, Andrea Aguglia, Alessio Maria Monteleone, and Bernardo Dell’Osso. "Assessing Learning Needs and Career Attitudes of Italian Psychiatry Residents: Results from a National Survey Conducted by the Italian Society of Psychopathology Young Psychiatrists Section (SOPSI-GG)." Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 15, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901915010021.

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Objective: No data are available about learning needs and career attitudes of Italian Psychiatry Residents (IPRs). Authors aimed to assess such needs through a survey to generate insight for implementing educational programs close to IPRs’ perceived learning needs. Methods: A 54-item questionnaire was developed in order to investigate career information, educational preference and learning needs of IPRs. A sample of 298 IPRs participated to the survey and was divided into four subgroups according to their location (North, Centre, South and Islands). The subgroups were compared through ANOVA for age and chi-square tests for qualitative variables (including gender and all sub-items of the survey), with Bonferroni post-hoc analysis. Results: IPRs were found to pursue, along with traditional and theoretical training, a quite practical approach, characterized by working groups, discussions on clinical cases and practical interactive sessions. The topics of major interest included: clinical psychiatry, psychopharmacology, psychiatric emergencies, communication and relationship skills (97%, 98.0%, 98.3% and 95.7% of the total sample, respectively). Indeed, a strong need for interaction with healthcare professionals emerged (97% of the total sample). North and Centre IPRs were more involved in Day Hospital activities than residents from South Italy and Islands (p<.001). South IPRs appeared to be more prone to invest for their education than residents from other areas (p<.01). Conclusion: Reported findings should be taken into account as a starting point for planning and developing future targeted packages of educational proposals for IPRs and they should stand as a useful pilot study for further investigation in the field.
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Kostandini, Genti, and Bradford F. Mills. "Valuing Intellectual Property Rights in an Imperfectly Competitive Market: A Biopharming Application." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 41, no. 3 (December 2009): 571–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800003072.

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Small research firms developing biotechnology applications often focus on establishing intellectual property rights (IPRs), which can then be sold to more established firms with existing market channels. This paper presents a method for valuing the IPRs for an innovation that lowers product production costs below those associated with the patented process of a monopolist. The application to Glucocerebrosidase enzyme from transgenic tobacco suggests an IPRs value of about $1.75 billion. Despite the innovator's market power, significant surplus gains also accrue to consumers. Further, U.S. antitrust laws that prohibit IPRs acquisition by the current monopolist increase consumer welfare by almost 50%.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "IPRs"

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Yang, Xiaofei. "Domestic innovation and joint ventures: IPRs, tariff, and spillovers." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3256420.

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Torti, Valerio. "IPRs and competition in standard setting : objectives and tensions." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/348326/.

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Competition and intellectual property rights (IPRs) are both necessary for a market to work efficiently and to promote consumer welfare. The tension between them is only apparent. Properly applied, intellectual property rules define a legal framework which allows undertakings to profit from their inventions. This in turn encourages competition among firms and enhances dynamic efficiency, to the benefit of consumer welfare. From this perspective, IPRs and competition generate a fruitful symbiosis. Standard setting represents one of the fields where the interaction between competition law and IPRs clearly comes to light. The collaborative goal of standard setting organizations (SSOs) is to adopt and promote standards that either do not conflict with anyone’s right or, if they do, are developed under condition that patents are licensed under defined terms. On the one hand, patents are important to promote innovation, as they confer exclusive rights to the inventors. On the other, standards are paramount for enhancing the interoperability of products, expanding network externalities, and facilitating the dissemination of knowledge. Conflicts between IP and competition laws may arise in case IPRs owners in standardization contexts overexploit the rights they have been granted. This may lead to the hold-up problem, which represents both a private and public concern. How to strike, then, the optimal balance between IPRs and industry standards? By answering the question, this work aims at filling a gap in the academic literature, which does not appear so far to have attempted an in-depth assessment of the right equilibrium between investment incentives and competition goals in standard setting. Any abuse of market power may harm significantly consumer well-being. At the same time, any form of control of market power should preserve the incentives of firms to invest in the market. The crucial aim, hence, is to define the optimal balance in order to avoid risks of significant losses in consumer and societal welfare.
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Demarco, Diogo Joel. "Educação e desenvolvimento: o índice paulista de responsabilidade social nos municípios do noroeste paulista." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-19042007-161848/.

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Trata-se de pesquisa empírica cujo objeto são os indicadores do Índice Paulista de Responsabilidade Social (IPRS). À luz deste índice, se analisa educação e desenvolvimento nos municípios do noroeste paulista, buscando compreender que fatores levam aos bons resultados nos indicadores de escolaridade, obtidos por um grupo de municípios com baixos níveis de riqueza, denominados de grupo 3 do IPRS. O trabalho busca, por meio de um olhar crítico da composição das variáveis do IPRS, analisar a capacidade destas expressarem a realidade do ambiente educacional dos municípios e, ao mesmo tempo, serem úteis na definição de políticas visando fortalecer as dinâmicas de desenvolvimento dos mesmos. Com isso objetiva contribuir com o debate sobre a formulação de indicadores educacionais mais adequados à análise do desenvolvimento na atualidade. Parte-se da constatação da relevância da educação nas atuais dinâmicas de desenvolvimento, não mais compreendido como sinônimo de crescimento econômico, ressaltando a inclusão da dimensão educacional nos instrumentos de mensuração do desenvolvimento humano. São discutidos os conceitos de desenvolvimento como liberdade e de capital social como parâmetros para se compreender o surgimento de uma nova geração de indicadores de desenvolvimento dentre os quais o índice paulista. Estes conceitos são abordados com base nas referências teóricas fornecidas por Sen, Putnam, Bourdieu e Coleman, objetivando analisar a capacidade do IPRS em incorporar estes conceitos nas suas dimensões. Paralelamente a isso se apresenta e analisa os indicadores do IPRS no estado de São Paulo e nos municípios da região noroeste, buscando compreender o que leva a emergência de um grupo expressivo de municípios pobres em termos de riqueza mas com indicadores sociais satisfatórios. Para tanto são utilizados os dados secundários do banco de dados do IPRS da Fundação Seade. Com isso se constata dois aspectos: a relevância da dimensão escolaridade nos bons resultados sociais obtidos por estes municípios e a insuficiência dos indicadores educacionais do índice paulista, especialmente no que se refere a incorporar outras variáveis quantitativas relacionadas ao ambiente educacional disponível quanto variáveis referentes à qualidade dos processos educativos desenvolvidos. As seguintes considerações finais são apresentadas: o IPRS é um indicador que avança na sua estruturação e capacidade de retratar a realidade do desenvolvimento dos municípios, fugindo da padronização dos indicadores sintéticos, contudo, ainda apresenta limitações no que tange a capacidade de analisar o ambiente educacional e a qualidade da educação ofertada e, conseqüentemente, contribuir de maneira efetiva como instrumento de monitoramento e avaliação das políticas que visam fortalecer as dinâmicas de desenvolvimento dos municípios paulistas.
The following study is an empirical research, having as its object the indicators of the Índice Paulista de Responsabilidade Social (São Paulo Index of Social Responsibility, here referred as IPRS). Having this Index as reference, we analyze education and development of the cities located in the Northwest of São Paulo State, aiming to understand which factors lead to the good results in schooling indicators obtained by a group of low income cities, rated in group 3 in the IPRS. The study?s purpose is to analyze (through a detailed and critical look at the variables that compose the IPRS) its capacity of expressing the reality of the educational environment in the cities as well as being useful in the definition of policies that would aim to strengthen its development actions. Considering this, we intend to contribute to the debate on the creation of educational indicators that would be more adequate to the analysis of development nowadays. We take as a premise the relevance of education in the current development actions, not seen as a synonym to economical growth anymore, stressing the inclusion of the educational dimension in the measuring instruments of human development. We address the concepts of development seen as freedom and social capital as a guideline to understand the advent of a new generation of development indicators among which is the São Paulo index. These concepts are approached based on the references of theories given by Sen, Putnam, Bourdieu and Coleman, purposing to analyze the capacity of IPRS to encompass all these concepts within its boundaries. Concurrently, we present and examine the IPRS indicators in São Paulo State and in the cities of the Northwestern region, attempting to understand what leads to the appearance of an expressive number of low income cities with satisfactory social indicators. In order to do that we use the secondary data of the IPRS database from Fundação Seade. Considering this, two aspects are evidenced: the relevance of the schooling dimension in the good social results obtained by these cities and the inadequacy of the educational indicators in the São Paulo index, especially in taking into consideration other quantitative variables related to the educational environment available and to the quality of the educational processes developed. The following final points are then presented: the IPRS is an indicator that moves towards to its organization and capacity of depicting the reality of the cities development, distancing itself from the standardization of synthetic indicators, though still presenting some limitation regarding the ability to analyze the educational environment and the education quality offered, and thus effectively collaborate as an instrument of monitoring and assessment of the policies that aim the strengthening of the development actions for São Paulo cities.
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Cerrano, Francesca <1994&gt. "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in China: considerations on IP theft through the analysis of cases of litigation." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15258.

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In my thesis, I will explain the concept of IP and the difference of protection between East and West, focusing on the existing casuistry on the matter, through the analysis of data concerning IP litigations and applications in China and in Europe. The topic is relevant because IPRs are, possibly, the most valuable asset for a business, as they can be financially exploited. Therefore, it is critical for a business to be aware of the different forms of IP and protection. My work will focus on the analysis of data collected form international databases such as World Intellectual Property Office and European Intellectual Property Office, together with data coming from some of the reports of the Supreme Court of the People’s Republic of China. To be more specific, the first chapter of my thesis will outline the concepts of IP, IPRs and their protection, based on the international academic literature. I will define the main types of IPRs and their main features, in order to provide a general framework which will be useful for the following part of my work. In the second chapter, I will provide an explanation on the differences of IPRs enforcement by using and interpreting the data I collected during my research, which will also provide evidence of the increasing importance of IPRs. This will help to outline the main differences in protection and enforcement of IPRs between China and the rest of the world. The third chapter will provide an analysis and a comparison of the data collected during the research. I will use data from both European and Chinese databases, mostly focusing on the Chinese evidence. In the conclusion, I will sum up all the data and evidence as to make sense of the research that I conduced and to give a concrete meaning to the content of this final elaborate.
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Neuhäusler, Peter [Verfasser], and Knut [Akademischer Betreuer] Blind. "IPRs, Economic Performance and the Value of Patents – Five Essays from Different Perspectives / Peter Neuhäusler. Betreuer: Knut Blind." Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1027798152/34.

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Al-Mawali, Nasser, and n/a. "Country-specific determinants of vertical and horizontal intra-industry trade: an empirical analysis of South Africa." University of Canberra. Business & Government, 2006. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060526.120413.

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The principal purpose of this study is to provide a refined empirical investigation concerning country-specific determinants of horizontal and vertical intra-industry trade (IIT,) in relation to South Africa using the gravity model of trade in a panel data setting. Prior to investigating the case of South Africa's intra-industry trade a critical review of the relevant theoretical, methodologcal, and empirical literature is provided. The study operationalises the theoretical dstinction between horizontal and vertical IIT using the latest methodology of decomposing total IIT into horizontal intra-industry trade (HIIq and vertical intra-industry trade (WIT,). Thts study makes several advances on earlier empirical studies of intra-industry trade determinants. These include the introduction of new countq-specific determinants of intraindustry trade that previous studies have not examined. Furthermore, it is the first empirical study that traces the relationshp between intra-industry trade flows and intellectual property rights (IPRs). Moreover, to ensure the sensitivity and robustness of the results, several econometric approaches have been used in estimating the gravity model of South Africa's intra-industry trade: the consistent coefficient approach, the fixed effects approach, the random effects approach, and the between effects approach. The econometric results are generally satisfactory in terms of economic interpretation and statistical significance and thus offer new empirical validation to the theoretical explanatory variables. The key findngs suggest the following: the volume of South Africa's IIT has increased during the study period and its WIT exceeds its HIIT. The latter result reflects the nature of South Africa's trade as it imports high valued added products and exports primary and mineral products. South Africa's intra-industry trade and its two components are positively related to market size and standard of living, and negatively related to geographcal distance. Furthermore, separately, the IPRs and the imitation ability of South Africa's tradmg partners are not important factors in determining IIT flows; however, the interaction between them is an important factor. Thts study also reveals South Africa should pursue its intra-industry trade with rest of world concentrating on local industries that produce most competitive varieties, absorbing labor and other resources from the production of other varieties.
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COSSU, ROBERTA. "Current challenges to competition law and policy." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/200985.

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1. Slide-to-unlock competition in high-tech markets: the need of rethinking IPRs in the digital revolution era. 2. European Banking Union: are the recent single banking supervision and resolution truly European? Lessons from the application of state aid rules on financial institutions. 3. The curious case of umbrella claims between economic analysis and the arduous emergence of a European private law.
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SPITALERI, GAETANO. "La tutela delle innovazioni in campo vegetale." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1303.

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La tesi ha ad oggetto le forme di tutela dei diritti di proprietà industriale sulle invenzioni aventi ad oggetto piante. La prima parte del lavoro è dedicata ad un’analisi delle linee evolutive degli strumenti specifici di protezione delle nuove varietà vegetali introdotti, dapprima, nell’ordinamento giuridico statunitense e, qualche tempo dopo, in quelli dei Paesi aderenti alla Convenzione UPOV. L’autore pone a confronto le suddette discipline ad hoc con la normativa brevettuale classica, evidenziandone le differenze sia sul piano dei rispettivi requisiti d’accesso che su quello del contenuto e della portata della tutela. Viene, dunque, valutato l’impatto prodotto dall’avvento delle moderne biotecnologie sui sistemi normativi vigenti in Europa e negli Stati Uniti in materia di protezione dell’innovazione conseguita in campo agricolo. Attraverso lo studio dei principali arresti giurisprudenziali e delle iniziative legislative succedutisi negli ultimi anni, vengono delineati i tratti caratteristici degli approcci adottati, rispettivamente, oltre-Atlantico e nel vecchio continente al fine di fornire risposta alle questioni determinate dalla rivoluzione biotecnologica, con particolare riguardo ai problemi di interfaccia fra tutela varietale e tutela brevettuale che quest’ultima ha determinato. L’autore ritiene che le vie seguite negli Stati Uniti ed in Europa, per quanto diverse tra loro sul piano formale, non siano poi così distanti nella sostanza e, de jure condendo, suggerisce di ridefinire in Europa le interrelazioni fra tutela varietale e tutela brevettuale, abrogando il divieto di brevettazione delle nuove varietà vegetali, vero elemento differenziale fra il contesto normativo europeo e quello statunitense.
Intellectual property rights on plant-related inventions are the subject matter of this thesis. In the first part of this work, the author analyzes the evolution of the specific means of protection for new plant varieties first introduced in the United States of America and then in the member States of the UPOV Convention. The author makes a comparison between these ad hoc means of protection and the patent protection, by pointing out the differences in respect to the conditions for protection and the scope of protection. After that, an assessment of the impact of modern biotechnology on the existent European and American plant-related invention systems of protection is made. The author investigates the approaches which were chosen in Europe and in the United States of America in order to address the issues related to the biotechnological revolution, with particular focus on the interface problems between plant variety protection and patent protection, by means of a study of the principal case law and regulatory interventions adopted during the last years. The author believes that American and European approaches are not so different in substance and, de jure condendo, suggests redefining the relationship between plant variety protection and patent protection in Europe through the elimination of the ban on patent protection for plant varieties, which is the real differential factor between European and American normative contexts.
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SPITALERI, GAETANO. "La tutela delle innovazioni in campo vegetale." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1303.

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La tesi ha ad oggetto le forme di tutela dei diritti di proprietà industriale sulle invenzioni aventi ad oggetto piante. La prima parte del lavoro è dedicata ad un’analisi delle linee evolutive degli strumenti specifici di protezione delle nuove varietà vegetali introdotti, dapprima, nell’ordinamento giuridico statunitense e, qualche tempo dopo, in quelli dei Paesi aderenti alla Convenzione UPOV. L’autore pone a confronto le suddette discipline ad hoc con la normativa brevettuale classica, evidenziandone le differenze sia sul piano dei rispettivi requisiti d’accesso che su quello del contenuto e della portata della tutela. Viene, dunque, valutato l’impatto prodotto dall’avvento delle moderne biotecnologie sui sistemi normativi vigenti in Europa e negli Stati Uniti in materia di protezione dell’innovazione conseguita in campo agricolo. Attraverso lo studio dei principali arresti giurisprudenziali e delle iniziative legislative succedutisi negli ultimi anni, vengono delineati i tratti caratteristici degli approcci adottati, rispettivamente, oltre-Atlantico e nel vecchio continente al fine di fornire risposta alle questioni determinate dalla rivoluzione biotecnologica, con particolare riguardo ai problemi di interfaccia fra tutela varietale e tutela brevettuale che quest’ultima ha determinato. L’autore ritiene che le vie seguite negli Stati Uniti ed in Europa, per quanto diverse tra loro sul piano formale, non siano poi così distanti nella sostanza e, de jure condendo, suggerisce di ridefinire in Europa le interrelazioni fra tutela varietale e tutela brevettuale, abrogando il divieto di brevettazione delle nuove varietà vegetali, vero elemento differenziale fra il contesto normativo europeo e quello statunitense.
Intellectual property rights on plant-related inventions are the subject matter of this thesis. In the first part of this work, the author analyzes the evolution of the specific means of protection for new plant varieties first introduced in the United States of America and then in the member States of the UPOV Convention. The author makes a comparison between these ad hoc means of protection and the patent protection, by pointing out the differences in respect to the conditions for protection and the scope of protection. After that, an assessment of the impact of modern biotechnology on the existent European and American plant-related invention systems of protection is made. The author investigates the approaches which were chosen in Europe and in the United States of America in order to address the issues related to the biotechnological revolution, with particular focus on the interface problems between plant variety protection and patent protection, by means of a study of the principal case law and regulatory interventions adopted during the last years. The author believes that American and European approaches are not so different in substance and, de jure condendo, suggests redefining the relationship between plant variety protection and patent protection in Europe through the elimination of the ban on patent protection for plant varieties, which is the real differential factor between European and American normative contexts.
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Moon, Gisung. "Mergers and IPOS : the case of industry-consolidating IPOS /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3099620.

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Books on the topic "IPRs"

1

Manjula, Guru, ed. Biotechnology, IPRs, and biodiversity. New Delhi: Pearson, 2007.

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Khor, Martin. Rethinking IPRs and the TRIPS Agreement. Penang, Malaysia: Third World Network, 2001.

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Liu, Kung-Chung, and Uday S. Racherla, eds. Innovation and IPRs in China and India. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0406-3.

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Globalization, technology, and competition: IPRs, Indian pharmaceutical industry, and W.T.O. New Delhi: Serials Publications, 2007.

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Federation of Indian Micro and Small & Medium Enterprises, ed. Identification and valuation of IPRs in MSMEs: Selected research papers. New Delhi: Federation of Indian Micro and Small & Medium Enterprises, 2012.

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Intellectual property rights, external effects, and antitrust law: Leveraging IPRs in the communications industry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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Pakistan. Chaudhry's the intellectual property, intellectual property laws in Pakistan and international treaties on IPRs. Rawalpindi: Federal Law House, 2005.

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Intellectual property rights (IPRs): TRIPS agreement and Indian laws : copyright, trade marks, geographical indications, industrial designs, patents, layout-designs, trade secrets. New Delhi, India: New Century Publications, 2012.

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Schnyder, Anton K. Das neue IPR-Gesetz: Eine Einführung in das Bundesgesetz vom 18. Dezember über das internationale Privatrecht (IPRG). Zürich: Schulthess, 1988.

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Undy, Roger. IPMS independence study. [U.K.]: [s.n.], 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "IPRs"

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Zekos, Georgios I. "AI and IPRs." In Economics and Law of Artificial Intelligence, 461–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64254-9_11.

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Racherla, Uday S. "Do IPRs Promote Innovation?" In Innovation and IPRs in China and India, 25–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0406-3_2.

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Racherla, Uday S. "Other Forms of IPRs." In Intellectual Assets for Engineers and Scientists, 175–206. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429436918-6.

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Racherla, Uday S. "Fundamentals of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)." In Intellectual Assets for Engineers and Scientists, 23–45. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429436918-2.

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Beldiman, Dana, Fabian Flüchter, and Felix Tann. "Intellectual Property Rights in a Fab City/Open-Source Hardware Context." In Global collaboration, local production, 135–47. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44114-2_10.

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AbstractThe Fab City framework is based on the idea of the global sharing of information and knowledge combined with the local production of physical goods. Besides a digital infrastructure, this framework also needs a legal infrastructure in order to ensure compliance with the Fab City principles. In this regard, the law presents two conflicting approaches: exclusivity through Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) or sharing of information based on the credo of the open-source movement. Both of these approaches might be necessary to enable the Fab City concept to flourish. This article will address this seeming dichotomy. We will further examine the relevance of IPRs and their respective features to the Fab City framework and address licensing challenges that may emerge from their use.
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Kulkarni, Sripathi Rao. "IPRs in Respect to Food and Beverages." In Innovations in Technologies for Fermented Food and Beverage Industries, 297–316. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74820-7_15.

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Racherla, Uday S. "The Underpinnings of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)." In Intellectual Assets for Engineers and Scientists, 3–22. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429436918-1.

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Mohamed, Kaja Bantha Navas Raja, Divya Batra, Shivani, Vikor Molnar, and Sunny Raj. "Artificial Intelligence in Fashion Design and IPRS." In Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Processing, 339–47. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003328414-29.

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Racherla, Uday S., Kenneth Guang-Lih Huang, and Kung-Chung Liu. "Introduction: China and India as Contrast Pair in Innovation and IP." In Innovation and IPRs in China and India, 3–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0406-3_1.

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Rao, Venkata. "Technology and Business Innovation: Role and Value Measurement of IPRs." In Innovation and IPRs in China and India, 53–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0406-3_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "IPRs"

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Wei, Zhang, and Fang Hai-yan. "IPRs protection's influences on FDI — Based on bertrand competition." In 2013 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2013.6586438.

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Mitsumori, Yaeko, Hiroshi Kato, Akiko Kato, and Koichi Kamijo. "An Analysis of COVID-19 Related IPRs : Should they be Promoted, Waived or Pooled?" In 2022 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/picmet53225.2022.9882853.

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Chen, Iris Yi-juen, and Ta-Jung Lu. "Strategy of intellectual property right for the Internet of Things: How IPRs strategy adds value?" In 2016 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/picmet.2016.7806684.

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Mitsumori, Yaeko, Hiroshi Kato, and Koichi Kamijo. "[Invited] An Analysis of Life Tech Related IPRs : A comparison study on Pharmaceutical vs. Non-Pharmaceutical Patents." In 2022 IEEE 4th Global Conference on Life Sciences and Technologies (LifeTech). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lifetech53646.2022.9754812.

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Zalavadia, Hardikkumar, Metin Gokdemir, Utkarsh Sinha, and Sathish Sankaran. "Optimizing Artificial Lift Timing and Selection Using Reduced Physics Models." In SPE Oklahoma City Oil and Gas Symposium. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213089-ms.

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Abstract Unconventional field production relies heavily on artificial lift, but with reservoir energy depleting, lifting hydrocarbons efficiently and economically is one of the challenging parts of field development. Traditional lift selection methods are insufficient for managing unconventional wells with high initial decline rates. Understanding how production behaves under various lift conditions is crucial because lift method timing and design are the most important considerations for optimizing well performance. In order to increase the value of unconventional oil and gas assets, this paper presents an artificial-lift timing and selection (ALTS) methodology that is based on a hybrid data-driven and physics-based workflow. Our formulation employs a reduced physics model that is based on identification of Dynamic Drainage Volume (DDV) using commonly measured data (flowback, daily production rates, and wellhead pressure) to calculate reservoir pressure depletion, transient productivity index (PI) and dynamic inflow performance relationship (IPR). Transient PI as the forecasting variable normalizes both surface pressure effects and takes phase behavior into account, reducing noise. For any bottom hole pressure condition, the PI-based forecasting method is used to predict future IPRs and, as a result, oil, water, and gas rates. The workflow calculates well deliverability under various artificial lift types and design parameters. The ALTS workflow was applied to real-world field cases involving wells flowing under various operating conditions to determine the best strategy for producing the well among several candidate scenarios. The results of transient PI and dynamic IPR provided valuable insights into how and when to select different AL systems. The workflow is run on a regular basis with ever-changing subsurface and wellbore conditions against each candidate scenario using different pump models and other operating parameters (pressure, speed etc.). The method was applied in hindcasting mode to several wells to evaluate lost production opportunity and validate the results. In some cases, the best recommendation was to use a different artificial lift system than the one used in the field to significantly improve long-term well performance. Furthermore, optimal artificial lift operating point recommendations for wells are made, including optimal gas lift rates for gas lifted wells, optimal pump unit selection and speed for ESP and SRP wells. The proposed method predicts future unconventional reservoir IPR consistently and allows for continuous evaluation of artificial lift timing and selection scenarios in unconventional reservoirs with multiple lift types and designs. This has the potential to shift incumbent practices based on broad field heuristics, which are frequently ad hoc, inefficient, and manually intensive, toward well-specific ALTS analysis to improve field economics. Continuous use of this process has been shown to improve production, reduce deferred production, and extend the life of lift equipment.
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Zalavadia, Hardikkumar, Metin Gokdemir, Utkarsh Sinha, Prithvi Singh, and Sathish Sankaran. "Real Time Artificial Lift Timing and Selection Using Hybrid Data-Driven and Physics Models." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213040-ms.

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Abstract Artificial lift is the backbone of unconventional field production. Lifting oil and gas in an optimal manner and economically is one of the most challenging phases of field development with depleting reservoir energy. Traditional approaches of lift selection are not sufficient to manage unconventional wells effectively, with high decline rates initially. It is of prime interest to understand production behavior under different lift conditions since the decision on timing and design of lift method are crucial for optimizing the well performance. This paper presents an artificial-lift timing and selection (ALTS) methodology based on a hybrid data-driven and physics-based workflow to maximize the value of unconventional oil and gas assets. Our formulation employs a reduced physics model that is based on identification of Dynamic Drainage Volume (DDV) using commonly measured data (daily production rates and wellhead pressure) to calculate reservoir pressure depletion, transient productivity index (PI) and dynamic inflow performance relationship (IPR). Transient PI as the forecasting variable allows normalizing both surface pressure effects and considers phase behavior, thus reducing noise. The PI-based forecasting method is used to predict future IPRs and subsequently oil, water, and gas rates for any bottom hole pressure condition. The workflow allows estimating well deliverability under different artificial lift types and design parameters. The ALTS workflow was applied to real field cases for wells flowing under different operating conditions to optimize the best strategy to produce the well amongst several candidate scenarios. Transient PI and dynamic IPR results provided valuable insights on how and when to select different AL systems. The workflow is run periodically with everchanging subsurface and wellbore conditions against each candidate scenario with various pump models and other operating parameters (pressure, speed etc.). The method was applied to several wells in a hindcasting mode to evaluate lost production opportunity and validate the results. In certain cases, the optimal recommendation pointed to selecting a different artificial lift system than the chosen method in the field to significantly improve long term well performance. In addition, optimal artificial lift operating point recommendations are made for wells including optimal gas lift rates for gas lifted wells, optimal pump unit selection and speed for wells on ESP and SRP. The proposed method allows predicting future unconventional reservoir IPR consistently and has allowed continuous evaluation of artificial lift timing and selection scenarios for multiple lift types and designs in unconventional reservoirs. This can transform incumbent practices based on broad field heuristics, which are often ad hoc, inefficient, and manually intensive, towards well-specific ALTS analysis to improve field economics. Continuous application of this process is shown to improve production, reduce deferred production and increase life of lift equipment.
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Veeken, Cornelis Adrianus, Yousuf Busaidi, Amira Hajri, Ahmed Mohammed Hegazy, Hamyar Riyami, Mohammed Rashdi, Mohammed Zarafi, Mohammed Zadjali, Kumaresh Darga, and Mazen Mamari. "Track Fractured Well Inflow Performance Using Historic Production Logging and Surface Well Performance Data in Sultanate of Oman." In SPE International Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205279-ms.

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Abstract PDO operates about 200 deep gas wells in the X field in the Sultanate of Oman, producing commingled from the Barik gas-condensate and Miqrat lean gas reservoir completed by multiple hydraulic fracturing. Their inflow performance relation (IPR) is tracked to diagnose condensate damage, hydraulic fracture cleanup and differential reservoir pressure depletion. The best IPR data is collected through multi-rate production logging but surface production data serves as an alternative. This paper describes the process of deriving IPR's from production logging and surface production data, and then evaluates 20 years of historic IPR data to quantify the impact of condensate damage and condensate cleanup with progressive reservoir pressure depletion, to demonstrate the massive damage and slow cleanup of hydraulic fractures placed in depleted reservoirs, to show how hydraulic fractures facilitate the vertical cross-flow between isolated reservoir intervals, and to highlight that stress-dependent permeability does not play a major role in this field.
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Naufal, Aulia Ahmad, and Sabrina Metra. "A Digital Oilfield Comprehensive Study: Automated Intelligent Production Network Optimization." In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205735-ms.

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Abstract Production optimization on a network level has been proven to be an effective method to maximize production potential of a field with low capital. But as it stands, it is a heavy process to start along with its several challenges such as data quality issues, tedious plus repetitive work processes to deploy and reuse a complete network model. Leveraging technologies from a flow assurance simulator, python Application Programming Interface (API) toolkit, open-source machine learning packages in python, and a commercial visualization dashboard, this paper proposed a series of workflows to simplify model deployment and set up an automatic advisory system to provide insight as a mean to justify an engineer’s day to-day engineering decision. A total of three steps was prepared to achieve field-level automated optimization system. First, is the creation of digital twin of well and network model. To eliminate potential data errors, reduce time consumed, and to merge various part of the model into one, a scalable python script was made. Second, an automated calibration workflow is created as performance issues also arises for individual branch calibration matching. Hence a combination of technologies was utilized to automate daily data acquisition and model update from production database and run a supervised machine learning model to continuously calibrate the network model. The last one is creating the customizable optimization workflow based of field KPIs, which results are derived from daily optimization run. The results are available in a personalized network surveillance dashboard accessible for engineers to create rapid decisions. From the first and second steps, time consumed was reduced from 30 minutes/well to 10 minutes/well in bulk well modelling workflow and from 2 hours to 10 minutes for the network model merge with the assumption of 100 wells in one network. It would also greatly increase data integrity and consistency issues as it eliminates wearisome input process. On the last step, the model was successfully updated with the latest production data and the well IPRs’ Liquid PI, reservoir pressure, and holdup factor are predicted from ML with more than 90% accuracy. As result delivery, the surveillance dashboard will be populated daily with the network production data, flowing parameters, and operation recommendations. It is estimated more than 90% time is saved from manual individual runs to digital comprehensive optimization.
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Shmakova, N. N. "The need for people with disabilities due to coronary heart disease in medical and social rehabilitation and the results of its implementation." In International Scientific and Practical Conference. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-555767.

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The study of the need for people with disabilities due to coronary artery dis-ease in various types of medical and social rehabilitation over a 7-year observation period showed that disabled people needed medical rehabilitation in 100% of cas-es, in professional – in 43.2%, in social – 88.6%, in technical means of rehabilita-tion in 7.6%. In the section of medical rehabilitation, 89.3% of disabled people needed inpatient rehabilitation treatment, 91.1% – outpatient treatment, 46.3% – in sanatorium treatment. Rational employment was needed by 44.8% of disabled persons of group III, 6.1% – disabled persons of group II. 86.4% of disabled peo-ple needed information and consulting services, 77.6% needed legal assistance, 39.8% needed psychological assistance. The proportion of implemented IPRAs was 98.4%, of which in the section of medical rehabilitation – 98.3% of cases, in pro-fessional – 16.6%, in social – 77.7%. The IPRA was fully implemented in 69.6% of cases, partially in 27.3%, and the non-implemented IPRA was 3.1%. As a result of the implementation of these measures, 6.3% of disabled people achieved full com-pensation for impaired functions, 46.8% – partial compensation for impaired func-tions, 8.5% of disabled people achieved full self-service ability, 12.4% – partial, 17, 2% of disabled people are provided with employment. When assessing the need for people with disabilities due to coronary artery disease in various types of reha-bilitation, the leading role of medical rehabilitation with active dynamic control and psychological assistance, the need for motivation for vocational rehabilitation was determined.
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Hellmund, Till, Andreas Seitz, Juan Haladjian, and Bernd Bruegge. "IPRA." In UbiComp '18: The 2018 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3267305.3274122.

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Reports on the topic "IPRs"

1

Lall, Sanjaya. Indicators of the Relative Importance of IPRs in Developing Countries. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/ip_ip_20030601b.

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Blyde, Juan S. Assessing the Impacts of Intellectual Property Rights on Trade Flows in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008575.

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The protection of intellectual property has been a subject of great contention between developed and developing countries in recent years. Although the Agreement on TRIPs was signed by the members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) during the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations, its provisions are still viewed with animosity by many developing countries. A complete evaluation of the net effects of the TRIPs agreement in developing countries would require a broad assessment of all the costs and benefits described above. This is a formidable task that goes beyond the scope of this paper. Here, we concentrate on a rather small task and analyze the effects of IPRs over the flows of international trade flows, particularly to Latin America. As stated above, trade flows, and especially, flows of high-technology goods can be a source of technology diffusion. In that sense, exploring whether the international flows of high-technology goods are sensitive to IPRs protection in Latin America can be useful if one would like to consider the appropriateness of using intellectual property as a tool to promote technology diffusion throughout the region. Section II presents a brief theoretical background on the relationship between IPRs and trade flows. After a brief review of the empirical literature, Section III describes the data, the econometric model and the results. This section also provides some insights and potential implications of the main findings. Finally, Section IV concludes.
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Arias Ortiz, Elena, Fernando Vargas, Pluvia Zuñiga, Gustavo Crespi, and Ezequiel Tacsir. Innovation for Economic Performance: The Case of Latin American and Caribbean Firms. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010504.

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In this note, a wide range of innovation indicators are analyzed in order to describe the innovation behavior of manufacturing firms in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region using the recently released Enterprise Surveys 2010. The Enterprise Surveys define innovation rates as the share of firms introducing product and process innovations. The survey also measures the proportion of firms investing in research and development (R&D) and filing for intellectual property rights (IPRs). The aim of this note is to understand the main characteristics of innovative firms and to gather new evidence with regard to the nature of the innovation process in the region. Statistics about the performance of LAC firms are provided using different types of indicators to measure firms' innovative behavior. In particular, differences in innovation performance and effort by country, sector, and key firm characteristics, such as being a multinational or exporter, are explored. Those firms in the region that are top R&D performers are identified, and the analysis closes with an exploration of firm characteristics that strongly correlate with the probability of being a top R&D performer in the region.
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Marzec, B. IPNS progress report 2001-2006. US: ANL, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/898526.

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Shah, H., E. Rosen, F. Le Faucheur, and G. Heron. IP-Only LAN Service (IPLS). RFC Editor, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7436.

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Martell, Rodolfo, and Rene Stulz. Equity market liberalizations as country IPOs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9481.

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Mirmelstein, A. Experimental Report: ORNL Proposal ID IPTS 8937. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1124890.

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Albuquerque, Ronald J., Christopher W. Hockert, and Ralph C. San Antonio. An Interface Transformation Strategy for AF-IPPS. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada582559.

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Aggarwal, Dhruv, Ofer Eldar, Yael Hochberg, and Lubomir Litov. The Rise of Dual-Class Stock IPOs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28609.

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Terp, Susan. Integrated Project Review (IPR) Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1798093.

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