Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ippica'

Il fuoco centrale di questa ricerca si appunta su un aspetto alquanto singolare degli effetti della diffusione delle tecnologie della comunicazione e dell’informazione,TIC, che provoca un impatto profondo sull’ippica; una attività sportiva, che rappresenta un mondo complesso dalle forti componenti culturali, oltre che economiche, e che in molte città si manifesta fisicamente in luoghi con caratteristiche singolari ben identificabili, oggi fortemente minacciate dalle trasformazioni in corso nelle società sempre più diffusamente digitalizzate.

Syfte: Att med hjälp av teorier och olika metoder komma fram med förbättringsförslag till produkten ippi så att den kan bli mer användbar för personer med utvecklingsstörning. Metod: I detta examensarbete användes kvalitativa metoder såsom: intervjuer, workshop, litteraturstudier och analys av produkten. Slutsats: Det framkom i slutet av studien att ljud, färger och bilder är viktiga aspekter vid utveckling av ippi, och som både personalen från verksamheten och FoU i Sörmland skulle uppskatta i ippi.

The present study examined the factor structure of the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA; Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) in a US sample of 282 clinic-referred anxious Latino youth (48.9% girls; M = 10.5 years). The IPPA is a self-report questionnaire that assesses youths’ perceptions of attachment to parents and to peers and contains a three factor structure with items measuring Trust, Communication, and Alienation. Both confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis were performed to test the factor structure of the IPPA in a sample of anxious Latino youth. Results showed that a two factor structure best accounted for the data in the present study. These findings are inconsistent with prior research concluding that the IPPA contained a three factor structure (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987). Results suggest that the IPPA may not capture the intended constructs among ethnically diverse clinic-referred populations. Implications of the findings are further discussed.

 

Föremål för denna magisteruppsats i offentlig rätt är det EG-rättsliga IPPC-direktivet om samordnade åtgärder för att förebygga och begränsa föroreningar. Syftet har varit att undersöka direktivets implikationer på den svenska rätten. Fokus har legat på direktivets processuella delar som anknyter till principerna om god förvaltning, samt den processuella och institutionella autonomin. Uppsatsen har visat på att direktivet innefattar flera aspekter av god förvaltning som inverkar på den svenska rätten, men även att många av dessa redan innan genomförandet varit en del av den svenska rättsordningen. Samtidigt har uppsatsen visat på att direktivet inte nämnvärt begränsar medlemsstaternas processuella eller institutionella autonomi. Inom ramen för miljörätten, som IPPC-direktivet är ett uttryck för, har det dessutom undersökts hur rätten till en god miljö erkänns inom olika rättsordningar, med betoning på EU och dess medlemsstater, och hur den är kopplad till god förvaltning. Likaså har en europeisering av förvaltningsrätten diskuterats i uppsatsen.

 

Lo studio effettuato sulle carte di Ungaretti critico e docente universitario ha permesso di evidenziare l'evoluzione dei concetti di memoria e di innocenza e di far emergere alcune basi teoriche della nozione di memoria, elaborate nel corso degli anni Trenta. L’approfondimento della conoscenza di Bergson, Agostino e Vico, infatti, rendono il concetto di memoria sempre più articolato, ampliandone i confini. L’indagine ha inoltre portato alla luce il debito che l’attività critica di Ungaretti ha con le teorie di Giambattista Vico, conosciuto quasi certamente tramite gli animatori de «La Voce», ma poi studiato quale fonte, indiretta, della poetica leopardiana. Sono le teorie vichiane ha suggerire a Ungaretti il ruolo fondamentale della fantasia nella creazione artistica, ruolo che svolge coadiuvando la memoria. Nella Scienza Nuova infatti fantasia e memoria sono sempre associate. Anche in Ungaretti questa associazione, una volta istituita, resiste nel tempo e, nel periodo in cui la suggestione vichiana è più intensa, la fantasia sembra sostituire l’innocenza. Ungaretti si interessa di Vico anche perché il filosofo che pone grande attenzione alla questione delle origini dell’umanità. Un tema imprescindibile per chi, come Ungaretti, fa dell’innocenza primigenia un obiettivo artistico ed umano da raggiungere, tramite la memoria.
The aim of this essay is investigate the evolution of ideas like memory and innocence in Ungaretti's critical writings. These ideas were influenced from studies on Bergson, Agostino e Vico' philosophical teories during the Thirties in Brazil. Thanks to these investigations Ungaretti can wide the bounds of those concepts. Particularly important was Vico's influence and the association introduced between memory and imagination by the neapolitan philosopher in his most important work, the Scienza Nuova. Furthermore, Ungaretti is interested in Vico's humankind origins theory, a fundamental topic for who, like the italian poet, set the idea of archetypical innocence as a human and artistic target attainable by memory.

The diploma thesis covers themes of pollution intensity of production, informal environmental regulation and voluntary approaches. The theoretical part of thesis consists of main theories and empirical results of environmental regulation and impacts on manufacturing production. In the practical part author presents the econometric model of emission intensity equilibria is designed. Plants observations are gathered from IRZ registry in period 2005-2011 and air pollution is proxied by PM10 and C8H8 emissions. Following econometric analysis of emission intensity equilibria measures an influence by factors of production function and environmental regulation variables on intensity. As results have shown, significance of factors such as voluntary approaches, IPPC and socio-economic specifics haven't been proved. On the other hand statistically significant factors are firm's size and average wage of employees.

Les interactions protéine-protéine (PPI) sont une grande source de cibles thérapeutiques potentielles. Cependant les cibler avec des composés synthétiques représente un défi majeur. L'objectif de cette thèse était de trouver un moyen de surmonter ces défis en étudiant le profil physico-chimique des inhibiteurs de PPI (i. E leur espace chimique). Pour cela, nous avons manuellement collectés les structures, les données pharmacologiques et physico-chimiques des inhibiteurs de PPI (iPPI) dans une base de données appelée iPPI-DB. Puis, nous avons identifié de nouvelles propriétés iPPI à favoriser et ne faisant pas obstacle au processus de développement d'un médicament. En effet, 4 descripteurs spécifiques des iPPI ont été trouvés ne reposant ni sur l'hydrophobicité ni la taille. Ils représentent soit la forme 3D des composés soit la distribution de leurs régions d'interactions hydrophobes/hydrophiles. Cela ouvre de nouvelles pistes de conception des iPPI. Dans une seconde analyse, nous avons validé ces propriétés sur un plus grand jeu de données et évalué les disparités entre les familles PPI. Nous avons montré qu'il est possible d'identifier des classes comparables de cibles PPI en effectuant soit une analyse centrée sur l'espace des ligands soit centrée sur l'espace des cibles. Cette analyse peut aider à caractériser les propriétés physico-chimiques des futurs iPPI en utilisant les profils spécifiques à chaque classe. Enfin, en utilisant un protocole combinant les approches de criblage virtuel ainsi qu'un test de survie cellulaire, nous avons pu identifier 6 composés inhibant l'interaction entre TRAIL et DR5 impliquée dans le VIH (virus de l'immunodéficience humaine)
Protein-protein interactions (PPI) represent a wealth of potential therapeutic targets. However targeting them with synthetic compounds represent a major challenge. The aim of this thesis was to find a way to overcome these challenges by studying the physicochemical profile of PPI inhibitors (aka chemical space). We firstly manually collected structures, pharmacological and physicochemical profiles of inhibitors of PPI (iPPI) in a database named iPPI-DB. Then, we identified new iPPI properties to favour and that did not preclude further drug development. Indeed, 4 descriptors were found specific to iPPI and that do not rely on the hydrophobicity and on the size. They represent either the 3D shape of the compounds or the distribution of their hydrophobic/hydrophilic interacting regions. This opens new ways to design and select iPPI. In a second analysis, we further validated these properties on larger datasets and address the disparity between PPI families. We could demonstrate that comparable classes of PPI targets can identified using separately their target- or their ligand-space. This analysis may help to prioritize the desired physicochemical properties of iPPI using class-specific profiles. Finally, using a combination virtual screening and cell viability assay, we were able to identify 6 compounds that inhibit the interaction between TRAIL and DR5 implied in HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

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In the last decades, the incremental amount of global commercial changes increased considerably the likelihood of introduction of quarantine pests. The Regulated Wood Packaging Material MEMR pose a high risk pathway to introduction of quarantine pests. In 2002, the transit of these regulated articles was harmonized internationally by The International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures n. 15. The rule requires the compulsory treatment of MEMR in the country of origin of the shipment and provides, among other phytosanitary measures, phytosanitary inspection of consignments. Nevertheless, there are few published data regarding operational procedures adopted by countries in ports, airports and border crossings. Considering the principles of International Plant Protection Convention IPPC, the procedures of phytosanitary inspection were established by each National Plant Protection Organizations NPPO from each country that signed the Convention. In Brazil, it is applied under the normative act SDA/MAPA no 04/2004 as an emergency regulation, which determines the phytosanitary inspection of all shipments containing MEMR, what in practice, makes it impossible to be implemented considering the lack of previous information about the presence of MEMR in consignment, the amount of imported containers and the restriction of existing human and operational resources. The procedure established as an emergency basis, ends up increasing the delay in releasing the imported consignments in points of entry and contributes to massive bureaucratic regulations. Such conditions play important role for Brazil negative index in the international rankings associated with competitiveness. The aim of the present study was to characterize the imported consignments classified as the major risk for introduction of pests, sent to Port of Santos, to support the review of brazilian rules and to promote some adaptation regarding the risk management and minimal impact, as principle of IPPC. Furthermore, this study will add the risk management in the new module of SIGVIG system, which it will computerize the database for controlling phytosanitary xinspections of MEMR conducted in ports, airports and border crossings in the near future. Initially, previous data from phytosanitary inspections in Port of Santos were ranged from 2008 to 2012 for developing a statistical model able to identify the imported non-compliant consignments and the likelihood of presence of MEMR through logistic regression using data from Origin, Importer and classification of goods under the Harmonized System (HS code or NCM). The validation of model developed was used as a new collection data from phytosanitary inspections made in 2013. It was concluded that the new system was suitable for predicting and selecting consignments that contains MEMR. The model developed can be implemented to new module SIGVIG, increasing the efficiency of phytosanitary inspections conducted by VIGIAGRO/MAPA in brazilian ports, airports and border crossings and contributing to increase the Brazil s competitiveness in international trade.
O incremento no volume das trocas comerciais globais nas últimas décadas aumentou consideravelmente a probabilidade de entrada de pragas quarentenárias, sendo que os materiais de embalagens de madeira regulamentados - MEMR, foram identificados como uma via de ingresso de alto risco para a introdução de pragas florestais, sendo que, a partir de 2002, o trânsito destes materiais passou a ser harmonizado internacionalmente através da Norma Internacional de Medidas Fitossanitárias no 15. A norma prevê o tratamento obrigatório dos MEMR no país de origem do envio e prevê, dentre outras medidas fitossanitárias, a inspeção fitossanitária dos envios importados, embora exista pouca literatura publicada sobre procedimentos operacionais adotados pelos países em portos, aeroportos e postos de fronteira. Considerando o princípio da soberania da Convenção Internacional de Proteção dos Vegetais - CIPV, os procedimentos para a inspeção fitossanitária acabam por ser definidos por cada Organização Nacional de Proteção Fitossanitária ONPF do país signatário da Convenção. No Brasil, vigora emergencialmente a Instrução Normativa SDA/MAPA no 04/2004 que condiciona a inspeção fitossanitária de todos os envios que contenham MEMR, o que na prática se torna impossível de ser executado, considerando a falta de informação prévia da presença de MEMR no envio, a quantidade de contêineres importados e a limitação de recursos humanos e operacionais existentes. O procedimento estabelecido emergencialmente acaba por aumentar ainda mais a demora na liberação aduaneira de envios importados e contribui para regulamentação burocrática excessiva, que sempre são índices negativos para o Brasil nos rankings de viiiavaliação de competitividade internacional. Objetivou-se no presente trabalho, caracterizar os envios importados através do Porto de Santos como de maior risco a introdução de pragas, de forma a subsidiar a revisão da norma brasileira, adequando-a aos princípios de manejo de risco e impacto mínimo previstos na CIPV, além de possibilitar a inclusão desta ferramenta no novo módulo do Sistema SIGVIG, que informatizará e irá controlar futuramente as inspeções fitossanitárias de MEMR em portos, aeroportos e postos de fronteira no Brasil. Inicialmente, foram levantados os dados com os resultados das inspeções fitossanitárias no Porto de Santos entre os anos de 2008 a 2012 para o desenvolvimento de um modelo estatístico que pudesse identificar os envios que contivessem não conformidades e a presença de MEMR através de regressão logística, utilizando dados como Origem, Importador e o código do Sistema Harmonizado (HR) presente no envio (NCM). A validação do modelo desenvolvido foi realizada utilizando um novo conjunto de dados referentes as inspeções fitossanitárias do ano de 2013, que concluíram por demonstrar um bom desempenho na predição e seleção de partidas que continham MEMR. O modelo desenvolvido poderá vir a ser implementado no novo módulo do SIGVIG, aumentando a eficácia das inspeções fitossanitárias conduzidas pelo VIGIAGRO/MAPA em Portos, Aeroportos e Postos de Fronteira brasileiros e contribuindo para aumentar a competividade do Brasil no comércio exterior.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka sambandet mellan trygga anknytningsrelationer och emotionsreglering under adolescensen. Totalt deltog 82 ungdomar i studien, 47 kvinnor och 35 män mellan 17 och 20 år, genom att fylla i självskattningsformulären Viktiga personer i mitt liv (VIPIL) och Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Resultaten visar att det finns olika starka samband mellan anknytningsrelationerna och emotionsregleringsstrategierna kognitiv omvärdering och undantryckande. Anknytningsrelationerna är en svag prediktor för användandet av kognitiv omvärdering och förklarar cirka 5 procent av variansen, medan de predicerar cirka 41 procent av användandet av undantryckande. En jämförelse mellan könen visar att unga män använder kognitiv omvärdering oftare än unga kvinnor. Vänskapsrelationerna framstår som särskilt betydelsefulla för emotionsreglering under adolescensen, vilket kan bero på att ungdomar söker sig till vänner i större utsträckning när de frigör sig från föräldrarna och blir mer självständiga. Därför är det viktigt att vidare undersöka hur avsaknad av trygga vänskapsrelationer påverkar ungdomar i stort inklusive deras emotionsreglering.
The aim of this study was to examine the links between secure attachment relationships and emotion regulation during adolescence. In total 82 adolescents, 47 women and 35 men, between the ages of 17 and 20 years participated in the study by completing Swedish versions of the self-assessment forms Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). The results show that the relationships between attachment and the emotion regulation strategies cognitive reappraisal and suppression, differ in strength. The attachment relationships are a weak predictor of cognitive reappraisal and explains approximately 5 percent of the variance, while they predict approximately 41 percent of the variance of suppression. A comparison between women and men showed that young men use cognitive reappraisal more frequently than young women. The relationships with friends appears to be particularly significant to emotion regulation during adolescence, which may be due to that adolescents rely on their friends to greater extent when they separate themselves from their parents and become more independent. Therefore, it is important to further examine how the absence of secure friendships affect young people in general including their emotion regulation.

The Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive from the European Union strives to achieve a high level of environmental protection by preventing or reducing the pollution emanating from industrial installations directly at the source. The Directive implies that the emission limit values should be set in accordance with each industry&rsquo
s Best Available Techniques (BAT). In the present study, water recovery and wastewater treatability alternatives developed beforehand were evaluated towards the evaluation of BATs for the management of wastewaters from a denim textile mill. For this purpose, an assessment that translates the key environmental aspects into a quantitative measure of environmental performance and also financial analysis were performed for each of the alternatives. The alternatives considered for water recovery from dyeing wastewaters were nanofiltration (NF) with coagulation and/or microfiltration (MF) pretreatment, ozonation or peroxone and Fenton oxidation. On the other hand, for the end-of-pipe treatment of the mill&rsquo
s mixed wastewater
ozonation, Fenton oxidation, membrane bioreactor (MBR) and activated sludge process followed by membrane filtration technologies were evaluated. The results have indicated that membrane filtration process providing 70 % water recovery with the least environmental impacts is the BAT for water recovery. On the other side, MBR technology has appeared as the BAT for the end-of-pipe treatment of the mill&rsquo
s mixed wastewater. A technical and financial comparison of these two BAT alternatives revealed that water recovery via membrane filtration from dyeing wastewaters is selected as the BAT for the water and wastewater management in the mill.

European Union&
#8217
s Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive forms a comprehensive framework for industries mentioned in the Annex 1 of the Directive concentrating on the reduction of the environmental impacts of the industrial activities which can be implemented by the BREF Documents that provide guidelines for each sector. Among those industries, textile is a water and energy intensive one. In the present study, gains in terms of energy and water consumptions were assessed in a denim producing textile mill following the adaptation of related BAT measures. In this respect, installation of flow meters, use of semi-counter current rinsing applications
minimization of wash waters in the water softening plant, reuse of concentrate stream from reverse osmosis plant and compressor cooling waters resulted in reduction from 6,000 to 4,850 tone/day of total water consumption in the period of January&
#8217
05-December&
#8217
07. Consequently, specific water consumption in the mill was decreased from 78 to 55 L/kg textile by 29:5% which is close to lower limit of the range suggested in BREF Textile Document (i.e. 50-100 L/kg fabric). Use of waste heat from finishing wastewater streams in heating up the washing waters, heat-insulation and maintenance applications in addition to BAT measures taken for water minimization reduced specific energy consumption from 0.0100 to 0.0091 Gcal/kg textile resulting in 9% reduction in the period of January&
#8217
05-December&
#8217
07, although, energy consumption was increased from 786 to 804 Gcal/day. This achieved level of specific energy consumption was in the reference range mentioned in BREF Textile Document (i.e. 8-20 kWh/kg fabric).

European Union published IPPC Directive in 1996 aiming to create an integrated approach in order to manage and control industrial facilities better. IPPC provides the development of a new concept of &ldquo
Best Available Techniques (BAT)&rdquo
, the most effective, advanced and applicable methods, preventing emissions to the environment and providing efficient use of resources. Within this framework, numerous sectoral Best Available Techniques Reference Documents were published giving information on the sector and BAT alternatives for this sector. Iron and steel industry, which causes quite significant amount of resource depletion and waste production, is one of the industries within the scope of IPPC Directive. In the this study, environmental performance of an integrated iron and steel plant in Turkey is evaluated and compared with the EU&rsquo
s integrated iron and steel plants, in order to suggest applicable BAT alternatives for the studied plant. Totally 74 BAT alternatives were evaluated and among them 36 alternatives were determined to be applicable for this plant. Finally, two of these applicable BAT alternatives were selected and compared by use of cross-media effects and financial analysis. The results of this study indicated that dust emission and high energy consumption are the common problems in the facility. Moreover, sintering process was found to be the least compatible sub-process with EU&rsquo
s iron and steel plants. Additionally, it was determined that with respect to application of BAT alternatives, facility is quite compatible with EU&rsquo
s iron v and steel plants. Furthermore, cross media effect and financial analysis revealed that the selected BAT alternatives, &ldquo
Advanced Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)&rdquo
and &ldquo
Bag Filter-combined or integrated reduction of solid and gaseous pollutants&rdquo
, have different cross media effects on the environment, however, the second alternative is a more cost-effective alternative than the first one. Since this study was undertaken in an integrated iron and steel plant that represents Turkish iron and steel industry with respect to its production process, production capacity and environmental performance
the results of this study can be used to aid decision makers to make environmental initiatives in iron and steel industry in Turkey.

This gradution thethis deals with and compares the basic concepts of construction project realization planning. The work is concertrated on the methods and procedures for planning time building structure and simultaneously are used on concrete practical of building structure.

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Bachelors
Sciences
Psychology

The purpose of my thesis is to analyse the relation between ecology and law. The thesis is composed of five chapters. Chapter One is introductory and defines the term ecology. Chapter Two focuses on law and its role in ecology. Chapter Three explains the importance of principles as the unifying elements of legal regulation. Chapter Four investigates the chosen principles of law intrinsic to environmental protection. Chapter Five describes the practical apllication of the Integrated Prevention and Pollution Control approach and endeavours for evaluation of its contribution to environmental protection.

La législation des installations classées pour la protection de l'environnement (ICPE) est généralement entendue comme un compromis entre la protection des intérêts économique et ceux de l'environnement. Cette thèse analyse la nature des termes de ce contrat social et, pour ce faire, elle étude des différents contentieux des ICPE, judiciaires (civil et pénal) et administratifs. Sont alors mises en évidence les difficultés structurelles pour réaliser cet objet qui tiennent aux manques d'une véritable représentation de l'environnement devant ces différentes juridictions. Cela en dépit des avancées législatives et constitutionnelles indéniables. Ce travail propose des pistes pour une réécriture de la police ICPE par une meilleure intégration des principes fondamentaux du développement durable, notamment, la précaution et la participation du public. Cette reformulation implique l'extension de la responsabilité sans faute à la précaution.

La directive européenne, dite IPPC (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control) impose aux industries à fort potentiel de pollution d‟avoir recours aux meilleures techniques disponibles (MTD) afin d‟atteindre un meilleur niveau de protection de l‟environnement dans l‟Union Européenne. La transposition des contraintes de cette directive européenne en législation française oblige notamment les industriels à réaliser une étude comparative de leur procédés de production à des techniques dites MTD, via un bilan de fonctionnement décennal. Ces MTD de référence sont regroupées par secteurs d‟activité dans des guides techniques élaborés au niveau européen (BREF). L‟analyse du contexte européen et français s‟est basée sur des entretiens et une étude bibliographique. Elle a montré que les principales difficultés résident dans la compréhension du concept de MTD et des guides techniques (les BREFs), dans le peu de synergie existant entre les parties prenantes mais aussi dans le manque de méthodologies d‟évaluation reconnues au regard de la directive IPPC, malgré douze considérations affichées par la directive dans son annexe IV. L‟évaluation et l‟application sont d‟autant moins aisées qu‟une technique est MTD en fonction du contexte local. La connaissance de la sensibilité du milieu récepteur est donc primordiale. Cette thèse propose une méthodologie d‟évaluation des performances environnementales de techniques en vue de les comparer puis de les valider ou non "meilleures techniques disponibles", en mettant en évidence les atouts et les limites de cette méthode. Sur un plan méthodologique, nous avons décidé de renforcer la légitimité de notre méthode en créant un groupe de travail volontaire, participant à la construction de la méthodologie L-BAT. Une démarche en quatre étapes a été créée ((1) analyse du niveau de performance des technologies au cas par cas (2) analyse du niveau de performance du système de gestion de l‟environnement et des risques (3) analyse du niveau de performance globale de l‟installation (4) analyse du niveau de performance de l‟installation avec prise en compte de la sensibilité des milieux). Trois outils sont associés à ces étapes ((1) une grille de lecture simplifiée d‟un BREF (2) un formulaire d‟évaluation thématique (3) une grille d‟évaluation de la sensibilité des milieux). En outre, notre méthodologie propose une grille d‟évaluation globale multi-milieux de la sensibilité du milieu local. Par ailleurs, une réflexion théorique a permis de positionner notre méthodologie par rapport à d‟autres méthodologies d‟évaluation existantes telles que l‟analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) ou l‟évaluation des performances environnementales (EPE).

Syftet med denna uppsats är i första hand att utreda, analysera samt utvärdera den närmare innebörden av verksamhetsutövarbegreppet i 10 kap. 2 § MB och, i andra hand, om begreppet, utifrån de aktuella intressena på området är ändamålsenligt utformat. Den övergripande frågeställningen utgörs av om någon annan än den som formellt sett driver verksamheten kan omfattas av verksamhetsutövarbegreppet och därmed det dit tillhörande avhjälpandeansvaret.  I anslutning till denna mer övergripande problemställning aktualiseras flertalet andra delfrågor, varav de mest centrala kan sammanfattas enligt följande. i) Under vilka förutsättningar kan bakomliggande aktörer svara såsom verksamhetsutövare och därmed omfattas av avhjälpandeansvaret? ii) Kan Sverige, i avsaknad av en mer precis verksamhetsutövardefinition, anses leva upp till sina unionsrättsliga åtaganden? iii) Hur förhåller sig verksamhetsutövarbegreppet till ansvarsgenombrottsinstitutet iv) Föreligger det ett behov för en mer effektiv eller tydligare reglering rörande verksamhetsutövaransvaret och hur kan en sådan i sådant fall kan utformas? I förevarande uppsats aktualiseras därmed, av naturliga skäl, tre olika rättsområden; miljö-, EU- och associationsrätt men utgångspunkten är primärt miljörättslig.

La Directiva 2008/1/CE, de Prevención y Control Integrados de la Contaminación (IPPC, por sus siglas en inglés), se transpuso al ordenamiento jurídico español por la Ley 16/2002, la cual creó una nueva figura administrativa, la Autorización Ambiental Integrada (AAI). Para poder otorgar la AAI, la Administración ambiental competente debe realizar una Evaluación Ambiental de la actividad IPPC (EA-IPPC), la cual tendrá en cuenta todos los factores afectados y/o relacionados de algún modo con la actividad, desde la fase de proyecto hasta su ejecución y posterior explotación. El resultado de dicha Evaluación Ambiental se plasmará en una resolución, que contendrá todos los condicionantes que la actividad deba cumplir para su puesta en marcha y/o explotación. Dada la alta complejidad que supone integrar todos los valores promovidos por la Directiva IPPC, y que la metodología actual empleada por la Administración presenta deficiencias, surge la motivación para desarrollar esta Tesis Doctoral, con el objetivo de proponer una nueva metodología para la EA-IPPC, a la cual se denominará en adelante Evaluación de la Autorización Ambiental Integrada (EAAI). La EAAI constituye una aplicación del concepto de racionalidad procedimental multicriterio. Las incertidumbres y los agujeros de información, así como las limitaciones cognitivas en el PTD, son todos, en diferente grado, peculiaridades típicas de la toma de decisiones ambientales. En este sentido, la EAAI mira más allá de la predicción de las consecuencias ambientales de la decisión y asegura que un conjunto de criterios de decisión, que garanticen que se están tomando en cuenta los valores sustantivos IPPC, se apliquen efectivamente al proceso de toma de decisiones. Se ha puesto en práctica la evaluación de las MTD mediante técnicas de decisión multicriterio sobre un caso real de de AAI concedida. Se ha propuesto una aplicación innovadora de las técnicas de AHP y ANP para la evaluación de las mismas MTD.
Giner Santonja, G. (2010). Propuesta metodológica para la aplicación de AHP y ANP al proceso de toma de decisiones asociado a la evaluación de la autorización ambiental integrada [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8980
Palancia

Les « trois organisations soeurs », à savoir la Commission du Codex Alimentarius (CCA), l’Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) et la Convention internationale pour la protection des végétaux (CIPV), et les mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires de l’ASEAN maintiennent une relation mutuellement étroite et des rapports d’interactions complexes et multidimensionnelles, rapports qui peuvent affecter des flux d’activités d’importation et d’exportation de produits agro-alimentaires réglementées surtout par le droit international économique. En envisageant le droit comme processus de décisions, particulièrement le droit international comme processus de communication entre les différents participants de la « communauté mondiale », ces rapports peuvent être mieux identifiés et compris à tous les niveaux : multilatéral, régional, bilatéral et national. Compte tenu de l’intensité et de la fréquence des échanges et du caractère fortement interdépendant du monde d’aujourd’hui, les « trois organisations soeurs » et leurs normes, directives et recommandations sont susceptibles de jouer divers rôles dans la promotion d’une plus grande production et d’un plus large partage des valeurs fondamentales recherchées par l’humanité entière, soutenues par la « New Haven School of International Law ». Non seulement s’agit-il des rôles liés à l’augmentation de l’efficacité du processus de réduction de barrières commerciales résultant des mesures SPS protectionnistes, mais aussi de ceux qui sont peu soulignées et qui se précisent suite aux pratiques répétées des décisionnistes de l’ASEAN. Ce sont notamment les rôles en tant qu’inducteurs de performance pour les mécanismes d’encadrement de mesures SPS, afin de s’assurer que celles-ci sont raisonnables par rapport à chaque contexte spécifique et respectueuses de la dignité humaine ; en tant que catalyseurs du régionalisme ouvert ; et en tant que promoteurs de la dimension du développement dans les accords commerciaux régionaux de l’ASEAN
The « three sisters », namely the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), and SPS measures of ASEAN maintain a mutually close relationship and can interact with one another in complex and multidimensional ways, which can affect flows of import and export activities of agro-food products regulated especially by international economic law. By perceiving law as a process of decisions, and particularly international law as a process of communication among different participants of the « world community », these interactions can be better identified and comprehended at all levels : multilateral, regional, bilateral and national. Considering the intensity and frequency of exchanges and the strong interdependency of today’s world, the « three sisters » and their standards, guidelines and recommendations are likely to play numerous roles in promoting a greater production and wider distribution of fundamental values that all human beings desire to maximize and achieve, as defended by the « New Haven School of International Law ». Not only are these roles related to the promotion of a more efficient process of eliminating trade barriers deriving from SPS protectionist measures, but also those which are insufficiently highlighted, yet becoming more obvious through repeated practices of ASEAN decision-makers. These are notably the roles of the « three sisters » as performance drivers for monitoring mechanisms of SPS measures with a view to ensuring that they are reasonable in each specific context and respectful towards human dignity; as catalysts of open regionalism ; as promoters of the development dimension in regional trade agreements concluded by ASEAN

The research traces the history of the activities of the tyrants and of the major aristocratic families of Athens on the international level, from the end of the VII to the early V century B.C. Examined are both the private sphere, thus international initiatives and contacts of interpersonal and familial nature, and the public sphere, that is the conduction of the foreign policy and interstate diplomacy of Athens under the influence of the tyranny. The analysis centers upon the position and motives both of the tyrants as well as of each non-Athenian counterpart involved in the contacts: in this way a depiction the international alliance networks, areas of interest and centers of influence takes form, essentially providing a history a case in point for the international system of archaic age Greece. In the most ancient tyrannical attempt by Cylon and later in the early activities of Peisistratus we may identify instances of the clash between Athens and Megara for control over the island of Salamis. The first attestations relative to Peisistratus reveal the network of international private contacts and initiatives that ensured his power in Athens; the tyranny of Peisistratus is attributed with a maritime strategy directed Athens towards control of the Cyclades and the Hellespont. After the death of his father in 528/7 B.C. Hippias was involved in the changes and hegemonic attempts that took place within the interstate regional system of Attica, Boeotia and Thessaly. From the second last decade of the VI century B.C. hostility between the tyrant and the Athenian aristocracy came to a critical phase: then the respective personal alliance networks of the Peisistratids and of their opponents, the Alcmaeonids, were activated; in this context emerges the functional character of the traditional relations between the Alcmaeonids and the Panhellenic sanctuary of Delphi. The research furthermore traces the history of the tyranny held in the Thracian Chersonese by the Athenian aristocratic family of the Philaids. Between these and the Peisistratid tyrants there was an interfamily agreement aimed at safekeeping the international strategic interests of Athens in accessing navigation of the Hellespont. The final part of the chronological sequence examines the expansion of the Persian Empire in Europe that revolutionized the assents of international power: the Philaids reacted by assuming an anti-Persian policy; differently the Peisistratids gradually associated themselves to Persia. The conclusions encourage contemplating the undetermined nature of the distinction between public and private sphere in the tyrants’ activities; a logn term historical perspective finally unlocks a discussion over the possibility of identifying phenomena of continuity binding the objectives pursued by the tyranny and the international strategic interests of democratic Athens in the following V century B.C.
La ricerca traccia la storia delle attività sul piano internazionale dei tiranni e delle principali famiglie aristocratiche di Atene, dalla fine del VII all’inizio del V secolo a.C. Prese in esame sono sia la sfera privata, ovvero le iniziative e i contatti internazionali di natura interpersonale e familiare, sia la sfera pubblica, ovvero la conduzione della politica estera e della diplomazia interstatale di Atene sotto l’influenza della tirannide. L’analisi verifica la posizione e i moventi tanto dei tiranni, quanto di ogni controparte non-ateniese coinvolta nei contatti: emerge così un quadro delle reti di alleanze, degli ambiti d’interesse e dei centri di potere internazionali, dunque una campione significativo del sistema internazionale della Grecia arcaica. Nel più antico tentativo tirannico di Cilone e in seguito nelle prime attività di Pisistrato si identificano istanze della contesa fra Atene e Megara per il controllo di Salamina. Le prime attestazioni relative a Pisistrato rivelano la rete di contatti e iniziative familiari che gli assicurarono la presa del potere ad Atene; alla tirannide pisistratide si attribuisce una strategia marittima che indirizzò Atene verso il controllo delle Cicladi e dell’Ellesponto. Dopo la morte del padre nel 528/7 a.C. Ippia fu coinvolto nella gestione dei mutamenti e dei tentativi egemonici che interessarono il sistema interstatale e regionale dell’Attica, della Beozia e della Tessaglia. Nel penultimo decennio del VI secolo a.C. l’ostilità fra il tiranno e gli aristocratici ateniesi divenne critica: furono allora attivate le rispettive reti di alleanze personali dei Pisistratidi e degli Alcmeonidi loro avversari; in questa situazione emerge la funzionalità dei tradizionali rapporti fra gli Alcmeonidi e il santuario panellenico di Delfi. La ricerca ripercorre inoltre la storia della tirannide tenuta nel Chersoneso Tracico dalla famiglia aristocratica ateniese dei Filaidi. Fra questi e i tiranni pisistratidi esistette un’intesa interfamiliare volta alla tutela degli interessi strategici internazionali di Atene nell’accesso alla navigazione dell’Ellesponto. La parte finale della sequenza cronologica presa in esame è segnata dall’espansione dell’impero persiano in Europa che sconvolse gli assetti del potere internazionale: i Filaidi reagirono assumendo una posizione antipersiana; invece i Pisistratidi si associarono gradualmente alla Persia. Le conclusioni portano a riflettere sull’indeterminatezza della distinzione fra sfera pubblica e sfera privata nell’operato dei tiranni; in una prospettiva storica di lungo corso si apre infine una questione in merito all’individuazione di fenomeni di continuità fra gli obiettivi della tirannide e gli interessi strategici internazionali dell’Atene democratica nel successivo V secolo a.C.

Late-adopted (i.e. adopted after 12months) and residential-care adolescents, due to higher rates of adverse childhood experiences, show high rates of internalizing-externalizing problems and they are at high-risk to show attachment insecurity and alexithymia, which are risk-factors that may increase psychopathological vulnerability during adolescence. However, no studies before compare in the same occasion these two high-risk groups of adolescents with community peers in internalizing-externalizing problems, attachment and alexithymia, which were never assessed simultaneously in these groups. This mixed-method comparative research involved 174 non-clinical adolescents aged 10-19 years (M = 15.55, SD = 2.02, 53% boys) matched for age and gender in 3 groups: two "high-risk groups" of 33 late-adoptees (LA, i.e. adopted after 12 months) and 50 in residential-care (RC), and 91 community teens as low-risk control group (C), with two main aims: 1) to compare groups in internalizing-externalizing problems, attachment and alexithymia with a mixed-method, multi-informant approach, in order to check the assumed vulnerability of high-risk adolescents in these variables. 2) to explore relationships between internalizing-externalizing problems, attachment and alexithymia through groups, exploring the cumulative and interactive effects of attachment and alexithymia as possible risk factors for more internalizing-externalizing problems during adolescence. After the approval of the University's Research Ethic Commitee, formal agreements with the Social and Health Services for adoption and residential-care and high-school for the recruitment of participants,and the signature by legal care-takers of an informed consent for the voluntarly participation of the adolescent in the research, each participant was assessed in two meetings in home visiting. Measures were: The Child Behavior Check List 6-18 years (CBCL, filled by a biological or adoptive parent and by the educator in the RC group) and the Youth Self Report 11-18 years (YSR) to assess internalizing-externalizing problems; the Friends and Family Interview (FFI) and the Inventory for Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) to assess attachment representations and relationships; the Toronto Alexithymia Scale 20 item (TAS-20) and the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia (TSIA) to assess alexithymia; the verbal comprehension index of the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children 4th edition (ICV-WISC-IV) to control the confounding effect of participant's verbal skills in the interview, plus a socio-demographic data form to collect demographic and anamnestic data (e.g. age and lenght of adoption or institituionalization, reasons). Main results were: 1) Residential-care adolescents were confirmed the group more vulnerable to internalizing-externalizing problems, attachment insecurity and higher alexithymia, while late-adopted and community adolescents did not show differences each other. 2) Attachment insecurity and higher alexithymia were related to total and internalizing problems in all groups, while no relations with externalizing problems were found. 3) Alexithymia was a common risk-factors for more total and internalizing problems through groups, while attachment patterns had different group-specific roles. Overall, models of prediction inclusive of attachment and alexithymia allowed the prediction of 4%-39% of total problems and 20%-66% of internalizing problems through groups, with higher vulnerability for girls and a certain variability related to the problem's informant (care-giver or adolescent). In the discussion, shared and specific vulnerabilities of each group from a clinical point of view were discussed, commenting on the practical implications and suggesting ways of using these risk prediction models in clinical practice. In the conclusion, the utility of a mixed-method multi-informant approach was highlighted.

Il presente lavoro si sviluppa sulla base della ricerca scientifica, condotta nelle attività di dottorato per il settore disciplinare delle scienze merceologiche. L’obiettivo del progetto di ricerca fa riferimento all’ analisi critica e scientifica degli strumenti normativi utilizzati nelle politiche di management ambientale. In questo studio le politiche di management ambientale sono l’espressione normativa di due grandi problemi, quali l’emissione in atmosfera dei gas inquinanti, chiamati (no-GHG) e i gas ad effetto serra, chiamati gas (GHG – GreenHouse Gases ). Gli effetti negativi provocati dai GHG e no-GHG, permettono di definire i comportamenti degli agenti economici (industrie) che sono spesso all’origine dei problemi ambientali. Non è facile stimare esattamente l’entità dei danni causati dall’inquinamento atmosferico sulla salute umana e all’ambiente. Dai risultati del progetto Aphekom (http://www.aphekom.org/web/aphekom.org/home), co-finanziato dalla Commissione Europea, è possibile stimare in Europa una riduzione dell’aspettativa di vita pari a circa 8.6 mesi per singolo individuo (EEA, 2013b). Alcuni modelli economici utilizzati per stimare in termini monetari i danni dell’inquinamento ambientale, considerano frequentemente solo i costi sanitari. Questi modelli non comprendono, tuttavia, i costi che l’inquinamento provoca all’interno della società (EEA, 2013b). Dal Registro Europeo delle emissioni e dei trasferimenti di sostanze inquinanti (E-PRTR – European Pollutant Release and Trasfer Register), l’ agenzia ambientale europea stima che l’inquinamento atmosferico, prodotto dai 10.000 maggiori impianti industriali, è costato in termini di salute ai cittadini europei tra i 102 e i 169 miliardi di euro nel 2009 (EEA, 2013b). La Commissione Europea (2012a) stima che la mancata applicazione delle normative del settore ambientale può causare dei costi all’economia dell’UE pari a circa 50 miliardi di euro l’anno, tra sanità e costi diretti per l’ambiente. La Commissione riporta che: … …”L’ambiente è protetto da circa 200 atti normativi, che tuttavia troppo spesso non vengono correttamente applicati. Ciò non solo nuoce all’ambiente, ma mette a rischio la salute umana, causa incertezze per l’industria e compromette il mercato unico. Si tratta di costi che non possiamo permetterci in tempi di crisi”… (European Commission, 2012a). Tuttavia, sul sito web italiano del Dipartimento delle Politiche Europee (http://www.politicheeuropee.it/attivita/15141/dati), è possibile evidenziare che l’Italia ha il più alto numero di procedure di infrazione per il recepimento delle direttive Europee nel settore ambientale. Su un totale di 119 procedure d’infrazione, 22 procedure sono per il settore ambientale, seguito da 14 procedure per il settore fiscalità e dogane. La rapida espansione della produzione e del consumo di energia hanno portato con sé una vasta gamma di problematiche ambientali a livello locale, regionale e globale. Alcune delle cause della crisi ambientale, sono: 1- L’utilizzo delle fonti fossili, rappresenta la principale causa dei cambiamenti climatici, continuando a ricevere sussidi economici. Come indicato nel rapporto Green Growth Studies: Energy, (http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/greening-energy/49157219.pdf) dell’ Organizzazione per la Cooperazione e lo Sviluppo Economico (OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), nel 2009 la dipendenza dai combustibili fossili del sistema energetico mondiale ha prodotto l’84% delle emissioni di gas GHG. I sussidi ai combustibili fossili rappresentano, inoltre, un costo per i contribuenti. 2- Il principio sulla responsabilità ambientale (Direttiva 2004/35/CE), in materia di prevenzione e riparazione del danno ambientale, stabilisce un quadro basato sul principio “chi inquina paga”. Dal rapporto della Commissione Europea “Evaluating the experience gained in the ELD implementation- 2013” (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/legal/liability/pdf/eld_meetings/11_06_2013/Conference%20Report%20-%20final.pdf), si stima che i costi di prevenzione e bonifica sono compresi tra i 3.000 euro e 2 milioni di euro, ma le spese amministrative sono state affrontare solo in pochi casi. Lo studio evidenzia la complessità dei requisiti, delle condizioni applicative, l’assenza degli strumenti e dei documenti di orientamento. Le riforme della politica economica hanno promosso la crescita e la liberalizzazione dei mercati, sottovalutando forse gli effetti degli impatti e dei danni ambientali. In particolar modo i conflitti ambientali, che si manifestano tra il potere economico di alcuni Paesi e la società umana, causano guerre, violazioni dei diritti umani e il fallimento del tradizionale modello economico. I problemi ambientali per i quali si richiede un’attenta analisi politica ed economica sono vari, ad es: i cambiamenti climatici, l’inquinamento dell’atmosfera, del suolo, delle risorse idriche, la desertificazione e l’esaurimento della biodiversità. La salute e il benessere umano sono intimamente legate alla qualità ambientale. Le dinamiche evolutive dei paesi emergenti (europei che extraeuropei) sembrano evidenziare che l’impatto delle misure intraprese finora, non è ancora sufficiente a controbilanciare la crescita delle emissioni rispetto alla crescita economica. L’ obiettivo di riduzione delle emissioni in atmosfera (gas GHG e no-GHG) non è raggiungibile solo mediante semplici adeguamenti del modo di produrre e consumare, ma richiede veri e propri interventi sulla struttura, cultura e pratiche delle produzioni industriali. Gli interventi per un nuovo modello economico a basso tenore di carbonio e l’efficiente uso delle risorse, possono prendere spunto dal moderno approccio della Green Economy. L’agenzia ambientale europea evidenzia che la Green Economy deve : …“implies a departure from the 'business as usual' economic paradigm, to one with regulatory measures and strong financial incentives for innovation, investments (for example, in green technologies), sustainable consumption behaviour, and information-sharing”… (EEA, 2013c). Obiettivo della Green Economy è riconoscere i limiti del pianeta, evidenziando i confini all’interno dei quali deve muoversi il nuovo modello economico, basato su un uso sostenibile delle risorse e una riduzione degli impatti ambientali e sociali. La Green Economy deve essere vista come un nuovo modello economico tout court, non può e non deve essere considerata semplicemente come la parte “verde” dell’economia. Una definizione comune di Green Economy è migliorare la qualità della vita di tutto il genere umano, riducendo le disuguaglianze nel lungo termine, ed evitare di esporre le generazioni future ai preoccupanti rischi ambientali e alle significative scarsità ecologiche. La Green Economy può essere definita come strumento di sviluppo sostenibile, basato sulla valorizzazione del capitale economico (investimenti e ricavi), del capitale naturale (risorse primarie e impatti ambientali) e del capitale sociale (lavoro e benessere) (ENEA, 2012a). L’obiettivo della Green Economy è la riduzione del consumo di energia e delle risorse naturali, l’abbattimento delle emissioni dei gas serra, la riduzione dell’inquinamento, la riduzione del volume dei rifiuti, la promozione di modelli di produzione e di consumo sostenibili. La Green Economy può essere attuata tramite nuove politiche economiche e l’introduzione di eco-tecnologie, la creazione di investimenti e l’eliminazione di sussidi economici dannosi per l’ambiente. L’urgenza di porre dei vincoli allo sfruttamento di risorse e alla riduzione dell’impatto dell’attività umana sull’ambiente, ci impone di rivedere i modelli di sviluppo, adottando politiche e comportamenti responsabili. Questa impostazione, oltre a essere sostenuta dalle politiche (nazionali e internazionali), non può prescindere dal coinvolgimento delle industrie. In tale ambito la comunità internazionale e nazionale hanno posto sempre maggiore attenzione sulle possibili soluzioni e dinamiche, sviluppate per diminuire la quantità delle emissioni inquinanti che hanno effetti sull’ambiente e sulla salute umana. L’obiettivo della mia ricerca scientifica nasce dalla complessità del quadro normativo economico ambientale, in particolar modo in questo lavoro ho analizzato: 1- La prima iniziativa internazionale volta a limitare il fenomeno del Global Warming, sviluppata dalla convenzione dell’ONU, denominata United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) del 1992, e dal Protocollo di Kyoto (COP 7). L’obiettivo del protocollo è quello di adottare delle politiche mondiali a favore della mitigazione del cambiamento climatico, basato sullo spirito collaborativo a livello internazionale. La politica internazionale si basa sull’uso dei meccanismi flessibili e i meccanismi di mitigazione. Particolare attenzione è stata dedicata alle attività LULUCF (Land Use, Land Use Change Forestry) e alla direttiva europea EU-ETS 2003/87/CE (Emission Trading Scheme), per il recepimento degli obiettivi di mitigazione dei gas GHG previsti dal Protocollo di Kyoto. E’ evidente la necessità di una rinegoziazione complessiva che coinvolga tutte i Paesi (principali emettitori in tutto il mondo), con obiettivi più stringenti e un meccanismo di consenso che permetta di monitorare e garantire la conformità agli obiettivi. 2- La direttiva IPPC 2008/1/CE (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control), ora integrata nella direttiva IED 2010/75/UE (Industrial Emission Directive), ha lo scopo di definire gli obblighi per le attività industriali con un elevato potenziale di inquinamento. Le procedure di autorizzazione stabilite dalla direttiva IPPC-IED, fissano i requisiti minimi per mitigare gli impatti sull’ ambiente e sulla salute umana. Tali requisiti minimi sono costituiti dalle BATs (Best Available Technologies). La direttiva IPPC-IED individua le BATs come opportunità competitive, al fine di aumentare le performance finanziarie e diminuire i livelli di emissione degli inquinanti nocivi. L’uso delle BATs può rientrare nell’accezione più ampia della green economy, infatti le tecnologie BATs sono definite “cleaner production”, ovvero, tecnologie studiate per mitigare le cause dell’inquinamento. Attualmente non vi sono prove disponibili sulla l’efficacia della direttiva IPPC-IED e, quindi sulla reale diminuzione delle emissioni inquinanti. Forse, come previsto, la sua influenza è stata positiva, ma è molto difficile dimostrare e comprovare il raggiungimento degli obiettivi della direttiva IPPC-IED con le sole informazioni oggi disponibili. Il Protocollo di Kyoto e la direttiva IPPC-IED sono due strumenti normativi che hanno differenti campi d’azione, ma si prefiggono il medesimo obiettivo. Gli strumenti operativi del Protocollo di Kyoto, (quali CDM- Clean Development Mechanism; JI- Joint Implementation; ET- Emission Trading; Carbon Sink) e gli strumenti operativi della direttiva IPPC-IED, (quali BATs- Best Available Technologies e ELVs- Emission Limit Values), puntano ad un unico obiettivo, limitare gli impatti sulla salute umana e i danni ambientali, causati dai gas GHG ed i gas no GHG. Questo lavoro non pretende di analizzare in modo esaustivo tutte le problematiche legate al cambiamento climatico, le misure di mitigazione e le tecnologie industriali utilizzate, perché sono argomenti con target differenti e piuttosto complessi. L’ aspetto che intendo evidenziare nel mio lavoro di tesi è il dibattito sul rapporto tra la tutela dell’ambiente e la crescita economica. Il mio lavoro vuole evidenziare che le politiche internazionali del protocollo di Kyoto, recepite anche in ambito Europeo e la direttiva IPPC-IED non permettono di conseguire una crescita economica sempre in linea con i principi dello sviluppo sostenibile. La legislazione ambientale nazionale e internazionale è un corpo di leggi, regolamenti e direttive, sviluppate fondamentalmente da politici, funzionari e aziende. E’ un quadro normativo e giuridico complesso, soprattutto se consideriamo l' approccio multidisciplinare per la loro interpretazione. I cambiamenti climatici, il riscaldamento globale, le emissioni in atmosfera e l’uso delle tecnologie sono temi di rilevanza fondamentale. L’applicazione delle stesse è stata analizzata anche rispetto alle logiche della finanziarizzazione del mercato dei crediti di carbonio. A causa della complessità dell’analisi, lo studio della normativa ambientale dell' Unione Europea deve necessariamente includere la sua evoluzione e le modifiche più recenti, così come l’iter della loro applicazione nei Stati membri. Nel mio lavoro di tesi, ho cercato pertanto di rispondere a due domande : 1. Il Protocollo di Kyoto ha raggiunto i suoi obiettivi principali? 2. La direttiva IPPC-IED e l’uso delle BAT hanno raggiunto i loro obiettivi principali? 1. Allo stato attuale possiamo concludere che gli obiettivi del Protocollo di Kyoto, per il primo periodo di impegno terminato nel 2012, non sono stati raggiunti. Inoltre, non possiamo affermare che gli obiettivi siano stati in parte soddisfatti, perché la riduzioni delle emissioni dei gas GHG in alcuni paesi rappresentano quantità non significative rispetto alla crescita delle emissioni a livello mondiale. Anche se l'obiettivo di riduzione di alcuni Paesi inseriti nell’ allegato I del Protocollo di Kyoto sono stati raggiunti, d’altra parte si può osservare che le emissioni globali sono cresciute in modo esponenziale. Le attività LULUCF rappresentano un vantaggio in termini cost-effective nella mitigazione delle emissioni di CO2. La mitigazione non può essere sempre raggiunta con il solo aumento del periodo di rotazione delle foreste, perché ad di là degli obiettivi del Protocollo di Kyoto, ci sono gli interessi economici dei proprietari privati del suolo forestale. Il prezzo di vendita del legno influisce positivamente o negativamente il mercato del carbonio e viceversa; ovvero il pagamento delle unità di carbonio sequestrato può migliorare la sostenibilità finanziaria nel gestire le foreste in lunghi periodi di rotazione. Le attività LULUCF sono cost-effective solo quando i costi marginali e i costi di transazione sono bassi. 2. Lo stato di applicazione della direttiva IPPC-IED in tutti gli Stati membri dell' Unione Europea sembrerebbe essere buono, ma non ancora soddisfacente, perché la maggior parte delle principali industrie europee non sono del tutto conformi allo spirito della direttiva. Sembrerebbe indispensabile un miglioramento dei BREFs e delle BATs per ridurre le emissioni industriali inquinanti a livelli accettabili sia per la tutela ambientale che per la salute umana. La crisi economica ha influito sulla decrescita delle emissioni, ma la tendenza alla riduzione dei gas inquinanti non sembrerebbe essere ancora sostenuta da efficaci politiche nel regolamentare i livelli di emissione.

Esta dissertação centra-se na implementação do “Modelo de Avaliação do Risco – RISK-IPPC” na Inspecção Geral do Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território (IGAOT) no âmbito das competências atribuídas a este organismo para fiscalização na área do Ambiente. A IGAOT decidiu avaliar o nível de risco de poluição para o ambiente associado aos Utilizadores do Ambiente (UA), que fazem parte do universo abrangido pelo Diploma Prevenção e Controlo Integrado da Poluição (PCIP), recorrendo a uma ferramenta de trabalho, em software Access, baseada num modelo Holandês, com os critérios Irlandeses aos quais foram introduzidas as alterações que se entenderam necessárias à realidade Portuguesa. Assim, foram considerados os critérios: complexidade e área, emissões para o ar, emissões para água, gestão de resíduos, localização, atitude do operador e, por último, o cumprimento da legislação. O principal objectivo do recurso a este tipo de tecnologia foi dotar a IGAOT de uma ferramenta de suporte ao planeamento das inspecções anuais com base no reporte do modelo que faz uma análise sistematizada por grau de risco. Em termos práticos no período de Dezembro 2008 a Dezembro de 2009, foram inseridos 722 UA abrangidos pelo Diploma PCIP. Aplicado o modelo a este universo, constatou-se que 20% do universo PCIP conhecido apresentavam risco elevado (147 UA) e 80% (575 UA) apresentaram risco não elevado. Estas classes foram a base, para o planeamento no ano de 2010, que determinou a inspecção a todos os UA classificados com risco elevado, cumprindo assim, desde logo, o objectivo a que se propõe esta ferramenta. Importa salientar que se trata de um modelo dinâmico, na medida em que está em permanente actualização e que não é estanque porque permite introduzir alterações aos critérios e parâmetros em função da aferição que deles é feita.

Dissertação de mestrado em Psicologia (Psicologia do Desenvolvimento), apresentada à Fac. de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra
Vincular-se a alguém constitui, efectivamente um processo vital para a sobrevivência do indivíduo e influencia significativamente o processo de construção da sua personalidade e trajectória de desenvolvimento. Os estudos desenvolvidos no âmbito da teoria da vinculação têm vindo a demonstrar a importância das relações afectivas estabelecidas, não só no núcleo parental, mas também com outros significativos, tais como pares e educadores/professores, no processo de desenvolvimento do indivíduo ao longo do seu ciclo de vida. Sendo os instrumentos de avaliação considerados poderosos aliados ao nível da compreensão e intervenção psicológica, tem-se procurado desenvolver métodos e instrumentos que ambicionam avaliar a vinculação. O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo que visa a adaptação e validação do IPPA-R (Escala de Avaliação da Vinculação aos Pais, Pares e Professores) para crianças portuguesas com idades compreendidas entre os 9 e 11 anos de idade. Palavras-Chave: Vinculação, desenvolvimento, adaptação, validação, IPPA-R.
Creating bonds with someone is, in fact, a vital process for the survival of each human being and it influences, in a meaningful way, the process of construction of his personality as well as his development course. All the studies developed in the area of attachment theory have shown the importance of the established affective relationships not only within the nuclear family but also with other people, such as peers and educators/teachers in the development of each human being all life long. As evaluation instruments are considered powerful allies on the level of psychological understanding and intervention, one has tried to look for methods and instruments that are intended to evaluate the attachment process. This piece of work presents a study that intends to adapt and validate the IPPA-R (The Inventory of Parent, Peer and Teacher Attachment) for Portuguese children from the ages of 9 to 11 years old. Key-Words: Attachment, Development, adaptation, validation, IPPA-R
S'attacher à quelqu'un constitue, effectivement, un processus essentiel pour la survie de la personne et influence significativement le processus de construction de sa personnalité et de la trajectoire de développement. Les études développées en ce qui concerne la théorie de l'attachement démontrent l'importance des relations affectives établies, non seulement dans le noyau parental, mais aussi avec d’autres significatifs, tels comme des paires et des éducateurs/enseignants, dans le processus de développement de la personne au long de leur cycle de vie. En étant les instruments d'évaluation considérés comme puissants alliés au niveau de la compréhension et de l’intervention psychologique, on cherche le développement des méthodes et des instruments qui ambitionnent évaluer l'attache. Ce travail présente une étude qui vise l'adaptation et la validation d’IPPA-R (Échelle d’ Évaluation de l'Attache aux Parents, Paires et Enseignants) pour des enfants portugais avec des âges compris entre les 9 et 11 ans. Mots-Clés : Attachement, développement, adaptation, validation, IPPA-R.

The purpose of my master thesis is to analyse the incorporation of Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control in the Czech legal order, show the strengths and weaknesses of current regulations and to find some solution. The thesis is composed of chapters, each of them concerning different aspects of integrated pollution prevention and control (hereinafter "IPPC"). Chapter One is introductory and explains origin of environmental protection. Chapter Two concentrates on sources of regulation of IPPC, firstly explain the role of international law in environmental protection. The chapter is subdivided into two parts. Part One presents the evolution of environmental law of the European Union and Part Two focuses on Czech legislation of IPPC. Chapter Three deals with the principles of the IPPC regulations. The fundamental principles are principles of prevention, highest value, sustainable development, integrated protection, best available techniques and participation of public. The basic legal instruments of the IPPC are treated in Chapter Four which is subdivided into three parts. Part One deals with the integrated permit; Part Two describes subjects of regulation of the IPPC and Part Three its obligations. Chapter Five concerning the procedure to issue integrated permits...

The introduction of an IPPC proceedings into Czech law has been executed through implementation of requirements of Directives enacted at the level of European Communities and subsequently at the level of European Union and Czech republic was obliged to implement the content of the Directives by being a member state of those international organizations. During the IPPC proceedings of application for an integrated permit the participants and other subjects who can express their statement on the application a chance to influence the final content of an integrated permit. This influence subsequently might change the conditions of operation of large industrial and agricultural compounds and the emission limits binding for the operator of such compounds. This thesis focuses on an evaluation of possibilities to protect the environment through IPPC during the proceedings of application for an integrated permit, through managing the way of establishing the emission limits within the obligatory conditions of operation and through an influence of preceding proceeding and subsequent proceedings, which are part of allowing the intended activity of the operator.

My dissertation examines the putative success of Curitiba, the Brazilian capital of Paraná, and seeks to understand how it came to be touted as the model city of Brazil. The standard explication for Curitiba’s success credits the power of a single city agency, the Urban Planning and Research Institute of Curitiba (IPPUC), and the vision of its first president, Jaime Lerner. According to this narrative, in 1971 IPPUC formalized a broad urbanistic vision for the city’s growth and initiated projects aimed at improving traffic congestion, expanding green space, and increasing city and social services. I argue that the narrative of the institute’s contributions provide an incomplete genealogy of Curitiba’s success. It fails to examine the historical context of the city’s status and does not consider the significance of publicity campaigns in sustaining this image. Also, IPPUC’s story is not only tendentious but derivative. My historical research shows how IPPUC has rearticulated longstanding tropes that celebrate the region’s unique characteristics -such as Curitiba’s edenic cityscape and its European social composition- and has recycled deterministic arguments related to race, ethnicity, and geography. My dissertation demonstrates that exceptionalist discourses have circulated for more than a century. I trace these claims from the 1880s to the 1940s and investigate how and why they changed over time. I show that politicians first initiated efforts to promote the region at the turn of the twentieth century to attract European colonists. Over the next fifty years, politicians, elites, and intellectuals forwarded new claims that positioned Curitiba and Paraná as ideal locations for economic and social development. Planning specialists from around the world have closely studied Curitiba’s urban development, but in their analyses they have largely failed to consider the intellectual and social constructs that undergird this story of progress. My dissertation focuses on century-old celebratory claims about Curitiba and reveals the epistemological roots of the current explications of the city’s success.
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The World Trade Organisation Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (WTO SPS) provide the rights and obligations for members to take phytosanitary measures to protect animal, plant and human life or health. Using the guidelines of the WTO SPS Agreement Article 7 this study evaluated the current SPS transparency capacity of the South African regulatory system. Based on the outcome of the evaluation a Best Practice Model for WTO SPS notification and information management was develop to improve WTO SPS compliance for South Africa Phytosanitary capacities of regulatory systems are challenged with increased global agricultural trade and a proliferation of international and regional phytosanitary standards. International Standards for Phytosanitary measures (ISPMs) are developed by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). The concept of phytosanitary capacity was analysed and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) Phytosanitary Capacity Evaluation (PCE) tool evaluated in terms of its scope, purpose and usefulness. South Africa has attempted to address some of its phytosanitary capacity challenges system and organisational challenges by restructuring and strengthening the capacity of its National Plant Protection Organisation (NPPO) in order to meet the demands of international phytosanitary obligations and commitments. This study evaluates the phytosanitary capacity of South Africa and uses the IPPC Phytosanitary Capacity Evaluation (PCE) tool to identify and assess the current constraints impacting on the capacity. Based on the outcome of the PCE recommendations to address information management and capacity constraints are made. The study the used the IPPC Phytosanitary Capacity Evaluation (PCE) tool to evaluate phytosanitary regulatory capacity constraints impacting on the phytosanitary capacity of Malawi. The results from the PCE for Malawi was compared with the results obtained from the PCE for South Africa. The results highlighted the different levels of phytosanitary capacity between a developing country such as South Africa and a Least Developed Country such as Malawi and made recommendations to address the country specific constraints.
Dissertation (MInstAgrar)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Microbiology and Plant Pathology
unrestricted

Orientação: José de Almeida Brites
De acordo com a teoria da vinculação, a qualidade da relação com as figuras parentais desempenha um papel fundamental na forma como os adolescentes se percebem a si e aos outros, contribuindo a qualidade destes laços para o desenvolvimento da autoestima e dos laços que se constroem posteriormente com os pares. Assim, as relações de vinculação assumem-se como significativas no desenvolvimento saudável de uma criança. Deste modo, esta investigação procurou verificar se os padrões de vinculação, a autoestima e os estados emocionais diferem entre as crianças institucionalizadas e as crianças não institucionalizadas. O presente estudo foi constituído por uma amostra de conveniência, englobando 46 crianças institucionalizadas e 50 crianças não institucionalizadas, com idades entre os 13 e os 15 anos (M=14.05; DP=0.863), de ambos os géneros. A comparação entre os dois grupos de crianças permitiu-nos perceber que a família desempenha um papel importante no desenvolvimento e na saúde mental da criança. Com esta investigação foi possível perceber que as crianças não institucionalizadas apresentam mais indícios de um padrão seguro do que as crianças institucionalizadas. Um outro resultado encontrado revela que ao nível da autoestima, ansiedade e depressão são as crianças institucionalizadas que apresentam maiores fragilidades, em comparação com as crianças que se encontram em meio familiar.
According to the attachment theory, the quality of the relationship with the parental figures plays a key role in how teenagers see themselves and the others. The quality of these ties contributes to the development of self-esteem and, later, to the development of ties with the pairs. Thereby, the attachment relationships are significant in the Healthy Development of a Child. Like this, this research examined if the attachment patterns, self-esteem and emotional states differ among institutionalized children and non-institutionalized children. This study consisted of a sample of convenience of 46 institutionalized children and 50 non-institutionalized children between 13 and 15 years old (M=14.05; DP=0.863) of both gendres. The comparison between the two groups of children allowed us to realize that the family plays an important role in the development and children's mental health. With this research it was revealed that non-instituationalized children have more evidence of a safe standard than the institutionalized children. Another result shows that about the level of self-esteem, anxiety and depression are the institutionalized children who shows more weakness compared with children who have familiar ties.

Exame público realizado em 26 de fevereiro de 2019, às 15H00
Dissertação de mestrado em Psicologia Clínica
Resumo: A vinculação tem vindo a ser reconhecida na comunidade científica como uma perspetiva de desenvolvimento muito importante para a compreensão do ciclo da vida. Assim, o objetivo da investigação foi o de aferir se existe relação entre vinculação dos adolescentes com o Bem- Estar Subjetivo. O presente estudo explorou a relação entre a vinculação e o bem-estar subjetivo dos adolescentes. Foi estudada uma amostra não probabilística por conveniência, constituída por 350 adolescentes de escolas do ensino secundário de Vila Nova de Gaia e Amarante. Os participantes incluídos neste estudo tinham idades compreendidas entre os 11 e os 18 anos (M=14,88; DP=1,73), sendo 51,4% (n=180) do sexo feminino e 48,6% (n=170) do sexo masculino. Os participantes responderam a um Questionário Sócio-demográfico, Os instrumentos utilizados para avaliar a vinculação foi o Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) e o Questionário de Vinculação ao Pai e à Mãe (QVPM). No Bem-Estar Subjetivo foram avaliadas as diferentes componentes: qualidade de vida (KIDSCREEN 10), escala breve de satisfação com a vida (EBSV), escala breve de satisfação com o suporte social (ESSS) e tonalidade emocional (PANAS). O tipo de estudo a realizar foi segundo a terminologia de Montéro & Léon (2007), do tipo Ex Pós Facto, prospetivo, e a análise estatística foi uma análise correlacional de Spearman, teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e de Mann-Whitney, efetuada com o programa Statistical Package For The Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 23. Os resultados indicaram que o bem-estar se associa positivamente com a vinculação dos adolescentes. Constatou-se ainda, a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois sexos, observando-se que os adolescentes do sexo masculino obteve valores mais elevados de Bem-estar que o género feminino.
Abstract: Attachment has been recognized in the scientific community as a very important development perspective for the understanding of the life cycle. Thus, the objective of the research was to assess whether there is a relationship between adolescents' attachment to the Subjective Well-Being. The present study explored the relationship between attachment and subjective well-being of adolescents. A non-probabilistic sample was studied for convenience, consisting of 350 adolescents from secondary schools in Vila Nova de Gaia and Amarante. The participants included in this study had ages ranging from 11 to 18 (M = 14.88; SD = 1.73), 51.4% (n = 180) females and 48.6% (n = 170) of the male sex. Participants responded to a Socio-demographic Questionnaire. The instruments used to assess attachment were the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) and the Parenting and Mother Relationship Questionnaire (QVPM). In Subjective Well-Being, the different components were evaluated: quality of life (KIDSCREEN 10), brief life satisfaction scale (BSSV), brief satisfaction scale with social support (ESSS) and emotional tone (PANAS). The type of study to be performed was according to the terminology of Montéro & Léon (2007), Ex Post Fact type, prospective, and the statistical analysis was a correlation analysis of Spearman, Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test and Mann-Whitney, performed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 23. The results indicated that well-being was positively associated with the attachment of adolescents. It was also verified the existence of statistically significant differences between the two sexes, observing that the masculine gender obtained higher values of Well-being than the feminin gender.