Relevant bibliographies by topics / IPO firms

Academic literature on the topic 'IPO firms'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "IPO firms"

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Edwards, Alexander, Michelle Hutchens, and Sonja Olhoft Rego. "The Pricing and Performance of Supercharged IPOs." Accounting Review 94, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 245–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-52304.

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ABSTRACT This study examines a new form of initial public offerings, “supercharged” IPOs, where a firm-organized pre-IPO as a pass-through entity undergoes a series of transactions that steps-up the adjusted tax basis of the IPO firm's assets. This step-up imposes tax liabilities on pre-IPO owners, but also creates significant future tax benefits for the firm; the average anticipated deferred tax asset is $486 million ($13 per share) for our sample of supercharged IPO firms. Pursuant to tax receivable agreements, supercharged IPO firms pay a large portion of these tax benefits to pre-IPO owners as they are realized in the future. Future firm performance must be sufficiently strong for the IPO firm and the pre-IPO owners to realize the future tax benefits created by the supercharged transaction structure. We hypothesize and provide evidence of higher IPO offer prices and stronger future performance for supercharged IPO firms relative to traditional IPO firms. JEL Classifications: G14; G32; G34; H25.
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Naoko, Matsuda, and Matsuo Yutaka. "Governing board interlocks: As an indicator of an IPO." Corporate Board role duties and composition 12, no. 3 (2016): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cbv12i3art2.

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Using comprehensive data of Japanese firms, including small-sized and unlisted firms, this paper empirically analyzes how a governing board composition impacts initial public offerings (IPOs). The results show that board size, interlocks with other firms, and interlocks with other listed firms are all positively related to the probability of an IPO. They imply that a firm’s intention to conduct an IPO can be estimated by the size and interlocks, and that knowledge diffusion of an IPO occurs among firms.
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Spiegel, Matthew, and Heather Tookes. "Why Does an IPO Affect Rival Firms?" Review of Financial Studies 33, no. 7 (August 2, 2019): 3205–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz081.

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Abstract IPO firms’ rivals tend to experience performance declines following an IPO in the industry. Why? We estimate a dynamic structural oligopoly model to distinguish between alternative theories that can explain an industry’s evolution post-IPO. We find that most changes in rivals’ performance are due to industry trends that also drive IPOs. However, we also find some “competitive” IPOs where the IPO enhances the IPO firm’s performance at the expense of competitors. These findings help reconcile prior evidence of average performance reductions of both IPO firms and their rivals with well-known cases in which firms have benefited from going public. (JEL G30, G32) Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
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Mun, Sung Gyun, and SooCheong (Shawn) Jang. "Restaurant firms’ IPO motivations and post-IPO performances." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 31, no. 9 (September 9, 2019): 3484–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-08-2018-0677.

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Purpose This study aims to identify why restaurant firms go public (IPO) despite high financing costs and which factors make firms stay public for the long term after an IPO. Also, this study aimed to link and compare restaurant firms’ pre- and post-IPO accounting information and how IPO proceeds were used. Design/methodology/approach This study used random-effects regression analysis with a number of dependent variables for a sample of 1,347 unbalanced panel data. In addition, logistic regression analyses were used to identify why restaurant firms were delisted within short periods after going public. Findings First, rebalancing financial structures was the most important reason for IPOs, whereas financing future growth was only a minor motivation. Second, post-IPO performance significantly differed between restaurant firms based on their pre-IPO financial conditions, as well as how they used IPO proceeds. Third, restaurant firms with low profitability, inefficient non-operating expenses and difficulties in generating revenue increased their financial burdens, which ultimately caused restaurant firms to be delisted within a short period after an IPO. Furthermore, the reasons for merging included cash shortages, large short-term liabilities and increased major operating expenses, together with increases in capital expenditures. Originality/value This study is unique, in that it explains the relationships between motivations for going public and post-IPO performances by directly linking the usages of IPO proceeds with firms’ operational performances. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to examine the effects of IPOs on restaurant firms’ operational, non-operational, investment and financial activities on firms’ performances.
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Li, Wei, Yajing Li, and Hongquan Zhu. "Government Intervention in IPO—Evidence on the Exemption from IPO Regulatory Requirements in China." Journal of International Accounting Research 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jiar-51499.

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ABSTRACT This study examines whether and how the Chinese central government's intervention in the IPO process, in terms of the State Council's granting the discretionary exemption to help IPO firms circumvent its own regulation on the three-year operation requirement, is related to the quality of IPO firms and investor protection. The results show that the State Council grants the exemption to IPO firms with relatively better operating performance in both the pre-IPO and the post-IPO periods. Although the financial information of exempt IPO firms for the pre-IPO period is pro forma, investors do not show more concern. As a result, they do not react more negatively to these firms than to the regular IPO firms on the IPO day. Moreover, the stock of exempt IPO firms outperforms that of regular IPO firms in both the short term and the long term after the IPO. Overall, the results indicate that the central government can sometimes act as a helping hand, which produces positive impacts on resource allocations.
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Sudana, I. Made, and Ni Putu Nina Aristina. "CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER (CEO) POWER, CEO KELUARGA, DAN NILAI IPO PREMIUM PERUSAHAAN KELUARGA DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Akuntansi 21, no. 2 (June 8, 2017): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/ja.v21i2.196.

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The development of family firms led to increase the funding requirement for expansion. Family firms can obtain funds from capital market by doing initial public offering (IPO). The aims of this research is to know the influence of CEO power using proxy of CEO voting right, CEO tenure, and CEO interlock on IPO premium, and the influence of family CEO on IPO premium. This research uses 65 samples of family firm in Indonesia during 2001-2014. The result of multiple regression showed that CEO voting right, CEO interlock, and family CEO are positive significantly affect IPO premium. This finding reveal that when investors make investment decision on IPO’s firms, they will evaluate the quality of firm’s CEO. Also, the presence of family CEO increase investor’s valuation on company shares that increase IPO premium.
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Andrews, Alice O., and Theresa M. Welbourne. "The People/Performance Balance in IPO Firms: The Effect of the Chief Executive Officer's Financial Orientation." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 25, no. 1 (October 2000): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104225870002500108.

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Welbourne and Andrews (1996) studied IPO firms and found that Tobin's Q, at the time of the IPO, was lower for firms that they coded as having higher levels of human resource value (HR Value). However, those same firms were more likely to survive five years after the IPO. Given that finding, this study examines one factor that may influence the firm's choice between maximizing short-term financial performance (doing well at the IPO) or long-term performance (maximizing HR value). Using the theory of upper echelons (Hambrick & Mason, 1984), we show that the decision on how to balance these forces is shaped in part by the chief executive officer's (CEO) functional background. We focus on CEOs with primary training in finance because they will most closely identify with investment community pressures to perform well at the time of the IPO. In two different samples of IPO firms, we find that the CEO's financial background is associated with lower levels of human resource value, but, contrary to what we expected, having a finance-oriented CEO does not maximize short-term gains in the IPO.
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Yang, Songling, Mengwei Liu, Hemei Li, Juncheng Li, and Qiuyue Zhang. "Earnings Management for Second-time IPOs: Evidence from China." Applied Economics and Finance 8, no. 3 (May 26, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v8i3.5245.

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In China’s IPO market, firms that fail in their first IPO application make considerable adjustments before making their second IPO application. Examining firms that applied for IPOs during 2004-2018, we find that failed IPO applicant firms “package” themselves to obtain approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) by reducing accrual earnings management and increasing real earnings management. In addition, after a successful second IPO application, these firms relax their vigilance vis-à-vis the CSRC and increase both accrual and real earnings management. This pre-IPO “packaging” behavior deceives investors, leading to higher IPO prices and higher post-IPO returns.
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Li, Rui, Wei Liu, Yong Liu, and Sang-Bing Tsai. "IPO Underpricing After the 2008 Financial Crisis: A Study of the Chinese Stock Markets." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 10, 2018): 2844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082844.

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A firm’s capability of raising funding is closely related to its sustainable development. With a more efficient allocation of funding among the whole society, social resources will be better utilized. Initial Public Offering (IPO) can indeed be an effective means of raising capital for corporate ventures. Using 1069 firms which completed IPOs on Chinese stock exchanges between 1st January 2004 and 1st January 2013, we investigate the difference in IPO underpricing before and after the 2008 financial crisis. Based on OLS regression models, we find that the IPOs are less underpriced in the post-crisis period. We examine the moderating effects of firm size on the difference in IPO underpricing between pre- and post-crisis periods, finding that small firms experienced less IPO underpricing than large firms after the financial crisis. After applying different model specifications such as Robust and OProbit regressions, the results remain consistent. Our study contributes to understanding the dynamics and influences of the financial crisis on firms’ IPO cost from the perspective of information asymmetry.
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Krishnan, C. N. V., Vladimir I. Ivanov, Ronald W. Masulis, and Ajai K. Singh. "Venture Capital Reputation, Post-IPO Performance, and Corporate Governance." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 46, no. 5 (May 3, 2011): 1295–333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109011000251.

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AbstractWe examine the association of a venture capital (VC) firm’s reputation with the post-initial public offering (IPO) long-run performance of its portfolio firms. We find that VC reputation, measured by the past market share of VC-backed IPOs, has significant positive associations with long-run firm performance measures. While more reputable VCs initially select better-quality firms, more reputable VCs continue to be associated with superior long-run performance, even after controlling for VC selectivity. We find that more reputable VCs exhibit more active post-IPO involvement in the corporate governance of their portfolio firms, and this continued VC involvement positively influences post-IPO firm performance.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "IPO firms"

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Berggren, Dennis. "IPO Underpricing and tech valuation : An empirical study of the Swedish IPO market." Thesis, KTH, Nationalekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209453.

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The closing price first day of trading has historically been found to exceed the offer price set in IPOs, implying that many issuing firms tend to leave money on the table in their IPO. This thesis examines the level of IPO underpricing in Sweden using unique data of IPO transactions on the largest Swedish stock exchanges during 2010-2016. It further discusses the valuation difficulties using the most common valuation methods for firms exhibiting characteristics commonly shared by technological firms. Univariate and multivariate tests confirm the existence of underpricing on Swedish stock exchanges during the period of study. Firms in the technological sector are found to experience both high average levels of underpricing and great variance in initial returns, suggesting potential difficulties valuing technological firms. Robust univariate tests do however not yield a significant result of greater variance in initial returns compared to rest of the sample. By using regression analysis, I find capital raised relative to market capitalization to have significant negative effect on initial returns.
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Booragadda, Bhavika. "IPO Underpricing and Insider Wealth Maximization in Internet firms." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1818.

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This paper empirically tests the theoretical model developed by Aggarwal, Krigman and Womack (2001), which argues that insiders of a firm strategically underprice its initial public offering to maximize personal wealth by selling shares at lockup expiration. First day underpricing generates information momentum for the stock in terms of increased research coverage and recommendations by analysts. Increased research coverage is positively correlated with stock returns and insider selling at the end of the lockup period. Although the value of the stock should be typically based on discounted expected future cash flows, several empirical papers suggest a downward sloping demand curves for new issues (Kaul, Mehrotra and Morck 2000, Field and Hanka 2000), consistent with the assumption of this paper’s empirical model. The hypothesis is tested using a sample of 210 internet-based firms such as Social media platforms, online travel agents, online real-estate agents and E-commerce services. The empirical results are significant and consistent with the hypothesis.
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Wei, Qian, and 韦茜. "Do regulatory frameworks affect the choice of IPO location and post-IPO performance of Chinese real estate firms?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47297657.

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In recent years, the number of Chinese companies going public has grown significantly. Some of these companies have listed their shares locally in Shanghai and Shenzhen, while others have chosen a stock exchange with better access to international capital (e.g., Hong Kong). This thesis examines 1) the determinants of the firms’ choice regarding initial public offering (IPO) locations and 2) whether IPO locations might affect their subsequent performance. Our study focuses solely on firms in the real estate sector in which pre-IPO attributes as well as the underlying asset value can be identified and measured. Our dataset includes 29 Chinese real estate firms that have issued shares in Shanghai or Shenzhen and 28 Chinese firms with IPOs in Hong Kong during the period of 1992-2008. To explain their IPO location choice, the self-selection or signaling theory suggests that firms with higher quality would signal this information by issuing shares in Hong Kong. Given the more stringent listing requirements and better informational disclosure schemes in the Hong Kong market, if a firm has low quality, such information is more likely and quickly to be discovered in Hong Kong than in Mainland China. Therefore, it is costly for such firms to imitate good firms’ IPO location choice. Once the firms have been listed, the corporate governance literature suggests that firms listed in Hong Kong would demonstrate a greater performance increase than those listed in Mainland China, because Hong Kong has a mature system of information disclosure, analyst coverage, and law enforcement. We found that firms listed in Hong Kong achieved higher Return on Asset (ROA) than those listed in Mainland China. We then construct four proxies for firms’ unobserved quality based on ex post abnormal stock or profit returns after IPOs. We obtained support for the signaling and self-selection effects: firms having higher quality, non-state ownership, and larger leverage ratio were more likely to conduct IPOs in Hong Kong instead of in Mainland China. Also consistent with the signaling theory, we found that firms listed in Mainland China were more likely to use IPO underpricing as a signal for firm quality than firms listed in Hong Kong were.
published_or_final_version
Real Estate and Construction
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Beriker, Emma A. "Application Software Firms’ Research And Development Influence On Post-Ipo Stock Performance." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/780.

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This research aims to explore if and to what extent the IPO-Year R&D investments of 32 Application Software companies return value, as measured through stock performance. By utilizing “Ordinary Least Squares Analysis” and the “Fama-French Three Factor Model,” this research explores how the initial R&D investments in “IPO-Year” impact stock returns during the three years post-IPO. This study is purposed to discover if and how long it takes for the initial R&D investment in the IPO-Year to materialize into stock performance for Application Software companies. However, the research and analysis indicates that R&D expenditures in an IPO-Year is not a statistically significant variable in influencing stock performance.
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Mortazian, Mona. "How do listing requirements impact firms : the case of AIM." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13612.

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The restrictive listing requirements imposed by the Main Market of the London Stock Exchange results in the listing of high quality companies, while at the same time provides a higher degree of investor protection. These requirements can however be an obstacle for small and growing companies to go public and raise capital. Thus AIM has developed in order to facilitate the growth of these companies by its lighter listing requirements. This thesis is focused on three outcomes of the lighter listing requirements of AIM. First, AIM companies have a high ownership concentration and lower investor protection, thus enabling blockholders to have a significant impact on their value. This thesis finds that non-managerial and managerial blockholders have quadratic and cubic relationships with firm value respectively. Also, both types of blockholder increase the value of the firm until the first break point which is approximately 30 percent. This is almost exactly the point that the LSE defines as a cut-off point at which the blockholder is regarded as a controlling shareholder. Second, companies moving from the Main market to the AIM impair their information environment when entering the AIM; the information environment is measured by the stock’s liquidity and volatility. This thesis finds that firms experience lower trading activity and lower trading volume, which results in lower liquidity and volatility than matched companies that remain in the Main Market. Third, IPOs listing in the AIM are underpriced in order to compensate for risk. However, the level of underpricing can be alleviated by appointing a reputable Nomad. Underpricing facilitates IPOs to achieve higher aftermarket liquidity in two ways: First, directly by attracting investor attention; and second by diversifying ownership. However, aftermarket liquidity is evident for a longer period than other markets because of a longer lock up period.
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Leitterstorf, Max Peter [Verfasser], Sabine B. [Gutachter] Rau, and Markus [Gutachter] Rudolf. "IPO financing of family firms / Max Peter Leitterstorf. Gutachter: Sabine B. Rau ; Markus Rudolf." Vallendar : WHU - Otto Beisheim School of Management, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1113538481/34.

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Khurshed, Arif. "Initial public offerings : an analysis of the post-IPO performance of the UK firms." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297620.

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Leitterstorf, Max P. [Verfasser], Sabine B. [Gutachter] Rau, and Markus [Gutachter] Rudolf. "IPO financing of family firms / Max Peter Leitterstorf. Gutachter: Sabine B. Rau ; Markus Rudolf." Vallendar : WHU - Otto Beisheim School of Management, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1113538481/34.

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Thiess, Rolf Christian. "Corporate governance, professionalisation and performance of IPO firms : the role of founders and venture capitalists." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4458.

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Combining agency theory and the resource-dependence perspective as well as signalling theory, this thesis examines the role venture capitalists (VCs) and founders play with respect to both structural board characteristics and board capital in terms of experience and prestige and whether these are linked to performance. It claims that VCs and founders shape the governance system of the firms going public and are influential in the professionalisation of the ventures especially in terms of human and social capital of its board of directors. It also argues that the board of directors represents a signal of firm quality in the initial public offering (IPO) market and should thus be linked to performance. Similarly, according to the venture capital certification hypothesis, being funded by VCs signals a firm's quality and potential. In order to assess these claims, this thesis employs a unique sample of matched venturecapital- backed and non-venture-capital-backed entrepreneurial IPOs that floated either on the London Stock Exchange's Official List or the Alternative Investment Market (AIM). Extending previous research this thesis employs more fine-grained measures and introduces new conceptually relevant variables in the analysis. The findings indicate that VCs and founders are influential in shaping corporate governance of IPO-stage ventures both from an agency and resource-provision perspective. Findings from the examination of governance and professionalisation characteristics with respect to IPO short-run performance (underpricing) indicate that it may the involvement of prestigious auditors that signal firm quality while a founder bias discount seems to exist. While evidence is found that VC involvement (and to a lesser extent director/board characteristics) is related to post-IPO market performance, this seems to depend on the time period following the IPO examined, whereas auditor prestige shows a positive association in all of these time periods.
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Thiess, Rolf C. "Corporate governance, professionalisation and performance of IPO firms. The role of founders and venture capitalists." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4458.

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Combining agency theory and the resource-dependence perspective as well as signalling theory, this thesis examines the role venture capitalists (VCs) and founders play with respect to both structural board characteristics and board capital in terms of experience and prestige and whether these are linked to performance. It claims that VCs and founders shape the governance system of the firms going public and are influential in the professionalisation of the ventures especially in terms of human and social capital of its board of directors. It also argues that the board of directors represents a signal of firm quality in the initial public offering (IPO) market and should thus be linked to performance. Similarly, according to the venture capital certification hypothesis, being funded by VCs signals a firm¿s quality and potential. In order to assess these claims, this thesis employs a unique sample of matched venturecapital- backed and non-venture-capital-backed entrepreneurial IPOs that floated either on the London Stock Exchange¿s Official List or the Alternative Investment Market (AIM). Extending previous research this thesis employs more fine-grained measures and introduces new conceptually relevant variables in the analysis. The findings indicate that VCs and founders are influential in shaping corporate governance of IPO-stage ventures both from an agency and resource-provision perspective. Findings from the examination of governance and professionalisation characteristics with respect to IPO short-run performance (underpricing) indicate that it may the involvement of prestigious auditors that signal firm quality while a founder bias discount seems to exist. While evidence is found that VC involvement (and to a lesser extent director/board characteristics) is related to post-IPO market performance, this seems to depend on the time period following the IPO examined, whereas auditor prestige shows a positive association in all of these time periods.
Bradford University School of Management
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Books on the topic "IPO firms"

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Daines, Robert. The incorporation choices of IPO firms. [Toronto]: Law and Economics Programme, Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2002.

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Riddle, Dorothy I. ISO 9000: A workbook for service firms in developing countries. Geneva: ITC, 1998.

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Riddle, Dorothy I. Quality assurance in services: An ISO-9000 workbook for small professional service firms. [Ottawa]: Service Industries and Capital Projects, Industry Canada, 1995.

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Adelstein, Peter Z. IPI media storage quick reference: Negatives, prints, tapes, CDs & DVDs. Rochester, N.Y: Image Permanence Institute, 2004.

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Organization, International Maritime. Fire test procedures, supplement: Amendments adopted by the IMO Assembly at its fourteenth session, November 1985. [London]: IMO, 1985.

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Nortel networks router configuration. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000.

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Sengo fukkō kara kōdo seichō e: Minshu kyōiku, Tōkyō Orinpikku, genshiryoku hatsuden = Images of postwar Japan : from reconstruction to high growth. Tōkyō: Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai, 2014.

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Sengo SF jikenshi: Nihon-teki sōzōryoku no 70-nen. Tōkyō: Kawade Shobō Shinsha, 2012.

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ZnO bao mo zhi bei ji qi guang, dian xing neng yan jiu. Shanghai Shi: Shanghai da xue chu ban she, 2010.

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Vismara, Silvio, and Erik E. Lehmann. Corporate Governance in IPO Firms. Now Publishers, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "IPO firms"

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Jain, Bharat A., and Omesh Kini. "Venture Capitalist Participation and the Post-issue Operating Performance of IPO Firms." In Venture Capital, 397–410. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315235110-23.

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LoBue, Robert M. "Start-Up Investor Governance Case." In Management for Professionals, 9–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48606-8_3.

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AbstractIn the current age of innovative business financing opportunities available from fintech apps, social media crowdfunding sites such as Kickstarter, Indiegogo, and RocketHub, et.al., and friends and family private equity investors, start-up firms can strategically source their venture capital funds from many globally disperse organizations and individuals. As the firm in this case learned, the benefit of alternative investing sources comes with a critical hidden risk for corporate governance. After a financial restructuring, a typical Silicon Valley software start-up found itself with close to 300 external individual shareholders, some of whom had not been documented as accredited investors. The regulatory agency could decide that the prior actions of the founders and the decisions of the board had been prejudicial to the interests of the minority investors. The management of this small private company faced an atypical investor relations dilemma, before its initial public offering (IPO).
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Dalziel, Thomas, Robert E. White, Jonathan D. Arthurs, and Robert E. Hoskisson. "Initially Distracted: The Influence of Boards on Agency Costs in Initial Public Offering (IPO) Firms." In New Frontiers in Entrepreneurship, 11–30. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0058-6_2.

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Loizou, Efstratios, Anastasios Michailidis, Stefanos Nastis, Dimitra Lazaridou, and Aikaterini Paltaki. "Qulity Assurance for Food." In Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche, 40. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-044-3.40.

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Quality became a very important issue in the markets especially in the food sector, as the competitiveness of business involved, depends largely on two factors, the price and the quality of the product. Nowadays quality is the primary factor for every firm that want to succeed in the market and flourish in the long run, an issue realized by all firms worldwide. In line with market requirements and specifically consumers needs, companies, in the industrial, services and food sector, apply total quality management systems (ISO, HACCP). In this context, traceability is among the issues that introduced in the agri-food sector to assure quality, food safety and food security; thus PA role is very important and will contribute more and more to food safety.
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Venäläinen, Ari, Kimmo Ruosteenoja, Ilari Lehtonen, Mikko Laapas, Olli-Pekka Tikkanen, and Heli Peltola. "Climate Change, Impacts, Adaptation and Risk Management." In Forest Bioeconomy and Climate Change, 33–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99206-4_3.

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AbstractUnder the moderate future greenhouse gas emissions scenario (RCP4.5), climate model simulations project that the annual mean temperature will increase in Europe by up to 2–3 °C by the middle of this century, compared to the end of the nineteenth century. The temperature increase is projected to be larger in Northern Europe than in Central and Southern Europe. The annual precipitation is projected to decrease in Southern Europe and increase in Northern and Central Europe. The projected changes in temperature and precipitation are expected to be higher in the winter than in the summer months. In Northern Europe, forest growth is generally projected to increase due to warmer and longer growing seasons. In southern Europe in particular, warmer and dryer summers are projected to decrease forest growth. Climate change is expected also to expose forests and forestry to multiple abiotic and biotic risks throughout Europe. The greatest abiotic risks to forests are caused by windstorms, drought, forest fires and extreme snow loading on trees. The warmer climate will also increase biotic risks to forests, such as damage caused by European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) outbreaks in Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests and wood decay by Heterobasidion spp. root rot in Norway spruce and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forests. Different adaptation and risk management actions may be needed, depending on geographical region and time span, in order to maintain forest resilience, which is also important for climate change mitigation.
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Vutharkar, Swarnasree, C. A. Narasimha Swamy, and Krishna Hitesh. "Failed IPO Stories." In Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics, 112–23. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4246-3.ch007.

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Initial public offerings (IPOs) have long been a popular term on Wall Street and among investors. By selling shares of the Dutch East India Company to the general public, the Dutch are credited with launching the contemporary IPO. Since then, firms have utilised IPOs as a means of raising funds from the general public by issuing shares of stock to the general public. IPOs have experienced uptrends and downtrends in issuance over the years. Due to innovation and several other economic reasons, individual industries also undergo uptrends and downtrends in issuance. At the height of the dotcom boom, companies scrambled to list themselves on the stock market as technology IPOs surged. There are essentially two steps in the IPO process. The pre-marketing stage of the offering is the first, and the actual initial public offering is the second. A company that wants to go public will either request private bids from underwriters or make a public announcement to pique interest.
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Martínez Lobato, Fuencisla, C. José García Martín, and José Emilio Farinós Viñas. "Ownership and Operating Performance of Spanish Family IPO Firms." In Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage, 210–33. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1655-3.ch009.

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Previous studies have shown the existence of a relationship between the ownership structure of a company and its operational performance. In this context, the empirical evidence reveals that after an initial public offering (IPO), companies experience a decline in their operational performance. In this research, the authors investigate whether the characteristics of Spanish family firms led to a different operating behavior with respect to non-family companies when they go public through an IPO. The results show that the particularities of the family firm do not turn into significant differences in operational performance after the listing process.
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Shrader, Rodney C., Javier Monllor, and Lois Shelton. "Acquisition as a growth strategy for young IPO firms." In Entrepreneurial Strategic Content, 77–101. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s1074-7540(2009)0000011005.

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Gümüş, Sevilay. "Post-Offering Operating Performance of Reverse LBOs." In Handbook of Research on Behavioral Finance and Investment Strategies, 350–77. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7484-4.ch022.

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This chapter reports on the post-offering performance of 114 US firms that went public between 2000 and 2008 following leverage buyouts. The objective of this paper is to examine accounting performance of following reverse leverage buyouts compared to the industry competitors before, at the time of, and the following four years after initial public offering. In addition to accounting performance measures, capital expenditures, working capital and employment levels are also compared to rival firms. The evidence indicates that the RLBO corporations have superior accounting performances compared to their industries exact year of IPO and following years after public offering. Also, the RLBO corporations have less operating income compared to the reverse leverage buyout firms in previous studies, but have more operating income and operating cash flows than their industry counterparts. The RLBO firms typically make less capital expenditure except the IPO year and four years after the initial public offering.
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Lee, Jaeho. "The characteristics of IPO firms on KOSDAQ 1999–2001 1." In Venture Capital and Firm Performance, 110–25. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315161969-5.

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Conference papers on the topic "IPO firms"

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Syarif, Firman, and Nurzaimah. "Some Factors Influencing IPO Underpricing: Evidence from Indonesian Firms." In Economics and Business International Conference 2019. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009206504130426.

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Xiong, Xiao-zhou, Ren-ping Wang, and Jin Li. "Outside blockholders and corporate performance: Evidence from China IPO firms." In 2008 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2008.4668976.

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Guoping, Li. "Test CSRC's Ability to Select Firms for IPO and Public Offering." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Information Technology and Computer Science (ITCS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itcs.2010.98.

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Ahn, Mark J., and Amir Shaygan. "Capital Efficiency for Development Stage Biotech-Based Firms: An IPO Perspective." In 2019 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/picmet.2019.8893821.

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Garnsey, Elizabeth, Paul P. Hwang, and Erik Stam. "The growth and exit of university and corporate spinouts in the medical instrumentation industry." In 16th Annual High Technology Small Firms Conference, HTSF 2008. University of Twente, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3990/2.268578021.

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Incubator organizations are said to exert a long term influence on their spin-outs. However, there is a great diversity in the types of spin-outs (Druilhe and Garnsey, 2004) and in types of incubators (Clarysse, Wright et al., 2005). This diversity is likely to affect the influence of the incubator on the performance of the spin-out. To contrast the impact on (similar) spin out firms of their very different originating organizations we compare two instrumentation spin-outs, one from Cambridge University and one from a technology consultancy firm in the same region. We go on to examine the evolution of the business models of these spinouts, their growth experience and exit routes of founders and investors. The central question is how the incubator organization affects the development path taken in the early life course of their spin-outs. We find that although university or corporate origin exerts path dependent influence on the early development of these firms, the problems they face in scaling up are similar and largely unrelated to their origins. Critical problems arose from the shift in target market from technophile and early adopters to more mainstream customers as they moved from customized to standardized products, characterised by very different purchasing decisions of customers. Likewise the contrasting exit routes of founders and investors (trade sale and IPO) related to factors independent of the originating organization. We conclude that the business development of spin-outs can only be partly understood through a focus on their incubator organizations; their products and markets are of much greater impact on their development. However we found a shared set of influences on business model evolution, relationship with customers and exit pressures on the spin out companies, in that these were all shaped by knowledge networks and brokers of various kinds as the spinouts moved out of the orbit of their originators to create a network of new relationships on which their performance depended. The incubator organization undoubtedly exerts an influence. However, this influence is indirect, in shaping the networks that the founders have built up or have access to via the incubator organization. Over time the spin-out co-evolves with an expanding network of relationships. Especially in a knowledge-rich environment such as that surrounding Cambridge, the initial disadvantage of university spin-outs (due to less industry experience and networks) in comparison to corporate spinouts is less of a constraint. This shows that the direct influence of the incubator organization is relatively small, but that the networks that are developed from, and extended beyond those formed in the incubator organization are key enabling factors in the growth of these spin-outs.
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Zheng, Xiutian, Lina Mao, Yinsuo Lu, and Yonghai Yu. "Impact of Venture Capital Firms’ Co-investment Behavior on Fundraising Capacity of Investees in IPO Markets: : Evidence from Chinese ChiNext Market." In 2019 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Systems Management (IESM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iesm45758.2019.8948149.

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Bansal, Shalu, Zhongwei Gao, Chih-hung Chang, and Rajiv Malhotra. "Rapid Intense Pulse Light Sintering of Copper Sulphide Nanoparticle Films." In ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-2739.

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Copper sulphide (CuxS, x = 1 to 2) is a metal chalcogenide semiconductor that exhibits useful optical and electrical properties due to the presence of copper vacancies. This makes CuxS thin films useful for a number of applications including infrared absorbing coatings, solar cells, thin-film electronics, and as a precursor for CZTS (Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide) thin films. Post-deposition sintering of CuxS nanoparticle films is a key process that affects the film properties and hence determines its operational characteristics in the above applications. Intense pulse light (IPL) sintering uses visible broad-spectrum xenon light to rapidly sinter nanoparticle films over large-areas, and is compatible with methods such as roll-to-roll deposition for large-area deposition of colloidal nanoparticle films and patterns. This paper experimentally examines the effect of IPL parameters on sintering of CuxS thin films. As-deposited and sintered films are compared in terms of their crystal structure, as well as optical and electrical properties, as a function of the IPL parameters.
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Grundling, J. P., and L. Steynberg. "Academic entrepreneurship: Challenges facing South Africa." In 16th Annual High Technology Small Firms Conference, HTSF 2008. University of Twente, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3990/2.268488241.

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Academic entrepreneurship in general implies ipso facto the involvement of academic staff in commercial activities in a system that builds on university-industry relations. In this relationship it is expected from industry to acquire knowledge from institutions of higher education and to utilize this knowledge in the innovation process. On the other hand, academic entrepreneurship also occurs within the national boundaries of a specific country possessing a distinct history and culture. In the case of South Africa, the entrepreneurial culture was build over more than three centuries, 1652 to 1994, on an institutionalized political system of racial segregation. True democracy was only achieved in April 1994 when South Africans saw the first-ever democratic vote and election in South Africa. This paper intends to analyze and evaluate the challenges of academic entrepreneurship for institutions of higher education in South Africa following a historical and survey research design approach. The results revealed that higher education institutions in South Africa, despite remarkable achievements, are still struggling to comply with the demands of the knowledge economy and in the enhancement of academic entrepreneurship.
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Oruc, A., and Fred Flinstone. "Tanker Industry is More Ready against Cyber Threats." In International Conference on Marine Engineering and Technology Oman. London: IMarEST, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/icmet.oman.2019.030.

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Cyber security in the maritime industry became crucial due to both academic researches and incidents. There are academic studies that show vulnerabilities in various navigation equipments such as GPS, ECDIS, AIS and ARPA-Radar. Additionally, there are different cyber incidents around the world. Developments in technology, autonomous ship projects, academic studies and cyber incidents in the sector put in action IMO. As per ISM Code, all shipping companies are mandatory to add “Guidelines on Maritime Cyber Risk Management” manual to their SMS manuals until 1st January 2021. Both OCIMF and CDI failed to be indifferent to developments that are important for tanker operators as well as IMO. While OCIMF added cybersecurity-related questions to vetting programs called TMSA 3 and VIQ 7, CDI also added cybersecurity-related items in SIR 9.8.1 edition. On the other hand, RightShip provides significant vetting service for dry cargo ships. “Inspection and Assessment Report” is issued by RigthShip for dry cargo ships. Questions related with cybersecurity was added with Revision No: 11 dated on 11th May 2017 in “Inspection and Assessment Report”. In this study, cyber security related questions which are asked during TMSA, SIRE and CDI vettings which play a critical role for commercial life of tanker firms, were analyzed. Moreover, questions and efficiency of RightShip that offers vetting service for dry cargo ships, were assessed to maritime cyber security. Also, cybersecurity-related questions in vetting questionnaires were interpreted by the author. These comments rely on benchmarking meetings among tanker operators where the author personally attended, and interview with key persons. Noted observations during vettings may negatively impact both commercial life and reputation of the tanker operators. That’s why the firm names and interviewee names were kept confidential. In this study, it was seen that although IMO demanded verification of cyber security-related implementations for the ship operators until 1st January 2021, this process started earlier for tanker operators.
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Devaraj, Harish, Hyun-Jun Hwang, and Rajiv Malhotra. "Effect of Size Distribution on Optical Absorption During Intense Pulsed Light Sintering of Metal Nanoparticles." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87038.

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Intense pulsed light sintering (IPL) of nanoparticles on rigid or flexible substrates enables rapid fabrication of thin films and patterns over large areas. In IPL, visible light from a high energy xenon lamp is absorbed by the nanoparticles for rapid sintering of metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles. This plasmonic optical absorption during the process for metal nanoparticles has been shown to depend on individual nanoparticle size. However, but there is little understanding of how this absorption depends on nanoparticle size distribution during IPL. This work incorporates a fully three-dimensional packing model along with an electromagnetic model of plasmonic absorption in silver nanoparticles to bridge this gap. It is shown that smaller standard deviation in a unimodal distribution and smaller size ratios in a bimodal distribution demonstrate relatively higher optical absorption in IPL.
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Reports on the topic "IPO firms"

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Blyde, Juan S. The Impact of ISO 14001 environmental standards on exports. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003745.

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Analyses that examine the role of international standards on export performance has been concentrated on quality certifications. Very little is known about the impact of environmental certifications on exports. In this paper we employ firm-level data from Ecuador to assess the impact of the ISO 14001 environmental certification on export outcomes. The results show that holding an ISO 14001 increases the likelihood of becoming an exporter by 0.31 percentage points (equivalent to 4%), and that this positive effect is concentrated among large firms. We did not find evidence that the environmental certification has a causal impact on the level or the growth rate of exports. Consequently, the results suggest that the ISO 14001 certification is most useful in reducing information frictions, allowing firms to initiate export transactions.
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Pastor, Lubos, Lucian Taylor, and Pietro Veronesi. Entrepreneurial Learning, the IPO Decision, and the Post-IPO Drop in Firm Profitability. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12792.

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Larrain, Borja, Gordon Phillips, Giorgo Sertsios, and Francisco Urzúa. The Effects of Going Public on Firm Performance and Commercialization Strategy: Evidence from International IPOs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29219.

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Zucker, Lynne, and Michael Darby. Defacto and Deeded Intellectual Property: Knowledge-Driven Co-Evolution of Firm Collaboration Boundaries and IPR Strategy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20249.

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Lock, Andrew, Matthew Bundy, Erik L. Johnsson, Anthony Hamins, Gwon Hyun Ko, Cheolhong Hwang, Paul Fuss, and Richard H. Harris. Experimental study of the effects of fuel type, fuel distribution and vent size on full-scale underventilated compartment fires in an ISO 9705 room. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1603.

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