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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Areias, Graça, Rui Paixão, and Ana Paula Couceiro Figueira. "O Iowa Gambling Task: uma revisão crítica." Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa 29, no. 2 (June 2013): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-37722013000200009.

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O Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) é uma tarefa amplamente utilizada na avaliação da capacidade de tomada de decisão. Neste artigo, procede-se à revisão da literatura, comparando-se as versões do IGT, as diferentes medidas de avaliação do desempenho e as alterações introduzidas nos procedimentos, nomeadamente no feedback, na aleatorização espacial dos baralhos, no número de ensaios e de cartas por baralho, nas instruções, na remuneração e na manipulação das recompensas e punições. Desta análise, conclui-se que as diversas versões da tarefa, as alterações nos procedimentos de aplicação e as diferentes medidas utilizadas na avaliação têm impacto no desempenho, prejudicam a comparação entre estudos e as generalizações dos resultados. Finalmente, apresentam-se sugestões para uma maior adequação dos procedimentos.
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2

Rocha, Felipe Filardi da, Nathália Bueno Alvarenga, Leandro Malloy-Diniz, and Humberto Corrêa. "Decision-making impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 69, no. 4 (August 2011): 642–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2011000500013.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the process of decision-making in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). In addition, we intend to expand the understanding of clinical and demographic characteristics that influence decision-making. METHOD: Our sample consisted of 214 subjects (107 diagnosed with OCD and 107 healthy controls) who were evaluated on their clinical, demographic and neuropsychological features. Moreover, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a task that detects and measures decision-making impairments, was used. RESULTS: We found that OCD patients performed significantly worse on the IGT. Furthermore, features such as symptoms of anxiety did not influence IGT performance. CONCLUSION: Impaired decision-making seems to be a key feature of OCD. Given that OCD is a complex heterogeneous disorder, homogeneous groups are necessary for an accurate characterization of our findings.
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3

DeDonno, Michael A., and Heath A. Demaree. "Perceived time pressure and the Iowa Gambling Task." Judgment and Decision Making 3, no. 8 (December 2008): 636–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500001583.

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AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of perceived time pressure on a learning-based task called the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). One hundred and sixty-three participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The experimental group was informed that the time allotted was typically insufficient to learn and successfully complete the task. The control group was informed that the time allotted was typically sufficient to learn and successfully complete the task. Both groups completed the IGT and performance was recorded. The major finding was that participants who were advised that the amount of time allotted was typically insufficient to complete the task performed significantly worse than those who were advised that time was typically sufficient to complete the task.
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Schneider, Daniela Di Giorgio, Gabriela Peretti Wagner, Natalie Denburg, and Maria Alice de Mattos Pimenta Parente. "Iowa gambling task: Administration effects in older adults." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 1, no. 1 (March 2007): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642008dn10100011.

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Abstract The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) assesses decision-making. Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate whether specific changes in administering the IGT can affect performance of older adults completing the task. Method: Three versions of the IGT were compared regarding the feedback on the amount of money won or lost over the course of the test. The first version (I) consisted of a replication of the original version (Bechara et al., 1994), which utilizes a computerized visual aid (green bar) that increases or decreases according to the gains or the losses. The second version (II), however, involved a non-computerized visual aid (cards) and, in the third version (III) the task did not include any visual aid at all. Ninety-seven older adults, divided into three groups, participated in this study. Group I received computerized cues (n=40), group II, non-computerized cues (n=17) and III was submitted to a version without any cues (n=40). Results: The participants without any cues achieved only a borderline performance, whereas for those with non-computerized cues, twice the number of participants showed attraction to risk in relation to those with aversion. The participants of the computerized version were homogeneously spread across the three performance levels (impaired, borderline and unimpaired). Conclusions: Aspects of the complexity of the decision process as well as of the task used are proposed as possible theoretical explanations for the performance variation exhibited.
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5

Rutz, André, Amer Cavalheiro Hamdan, and Melissa Lamar. "The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in Brazil: a systematic review." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 35, no. 3 (2013): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2237-60892013000300003.

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Background: Decision-making is a complex, multidimensional cognitive function that requires the choice between two or more options and also the predictive analysis of its consequences. One of the tools most widely used to assess decision-making in neuropsychological research is the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Objective: To conduct a systematic review of articles reporting empirical IGT studies based in Brazil. Method: Articles were obtained from multiple journal databases including ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, SciELO, LILACS, and Scholar Google. Results: Thirty-six studies were included in this review and divided into four categories according to main subject matter (psychiatry & personality; demographic & cultural variables; medical/clinic; and psychometric properties & test administration standardization). In general, there was a significant growth in research employing IGT (Χ² = 17.6, df = 5, p = 0.0003), but this growth was restricted to a few geographic areas of Brazil. The psychiatry & personality subject matter was the most abundant, accounting for 14 publications (39% of the total sample). Conclusion: Since its first adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese in 2006, a growing interest in decision-making as measured by the IGT can be observed, with psychiatry & personality topics representing a large portion of the scientific inquiry to date. Nevertheless, in order to extend the initial results of Brazilian IGT decision-making research, more studies are necessary - across a more diverse range of topics, including demographic & cultural variables, and psychometric properties & test administration standardization, the areas least studied -, as is the dissemination of the IGT to more regions of the country.
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6

Cardoso, Caroline de Oliveira, Janaína Castro Núñez Carvalho, Charles Cotrena, Daniela di Giorgio Schneider Bakos, Christian Haag Kristensen, and Rochele Paz Fonseca. "Estudo de fidedignidade do instrumento neuropsicológico Iowa Gambling Task." Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria 59, no. 4 (2010): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0047-20852010000400003.

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OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar evidências de fidedignidade do instrumento neuropsicológico Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) a partir do método teste-reteste. MÉTODO: Participaram 50 indivíduos saudáveis, de 19 a 75 anos de idade, com no mínimo cinco anos de educação formal. A aplicação foi realizada de forma individual, em dois encontros, com intervalo de um a seis meses entre teste e reteste. RESULTADOS: Os resultados evidenciaram uma correlação positiva moderada significativa entre teste-reteste no cálculo global. Na análise por segmentos, os blocos 4 e 5 apresentaram uma correlação positiva moderada, mas não foram observadas correlações significativas nos blocos 1, 2 e 3. CONCLUSÃO: Esses dados corroboram estudos atuais que encontraram correlações moderadas entre teste-reteste em medidas de funções executivas e sugerem que o IGT pode ser empregado para avaliar o processo de tomada de decisão de forma confiável ao longo do tempo, desde que sejam considerados estudos de fidedignidade com populações saudáveis mais amplas e com populações clínicas.
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7

Schmitz, Florian, Olga Kunina-Habenicht, Andrea Hildebrandt, Klaus Oberauer, and Oliver Wilhelm. "Psychometrics of the Iowa and Berlin Gambling Tasks: Unresolved Issues With Reliability and Validity for Risk Taking." Assessment 27, no. 2 (January 9, 2018): 232–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191117750470.

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The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is one of the most prominent paradigms employed for the assessment of risk taking in the laboratory, and it was shown to distinguish between various patient groups and controls. The present study was conducted to test the psychometric characteristics of the original IGT and of a new gambling task variant for assessing individual differences. Two studies were conducted with adults of the general population ( n = 220) and with adolescents ( n = 389). Participants were also tested on multiple measures of working memory capacity, fluid intelligence, personality traits associated with risk-taking behavior, and self-reported risk taking in various domains. Both gambling tasks had only moderate retest reliability within the same session. Moderate relations were obtained with cognitive ability. However, card selections in the gambling tasks were not correlated with personality or risk taking. These findings point to limitations of IGT type gambling tasks for the assessment of individual differences in risky decision making.
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8

Paixão, Rui Alexandre Paquete. "A Tomada de Decisão com o Iowa Gambling Task." Revista Psicologia, Diversidade e Saúde 6, no. 3 (August 24, 2017): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.17267/2317-3394rpds.v6i3.1564.

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Este artigo analisa os padrões de tomada de decisão com Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) e a hipótese do marcador somático. A tarefa experimental com o IGT é apresentada e analisados os resultados obtidos com a população de controlo nos estudos clínicos com esta tarefa onde se evidenciam tomadas de decisão desvantajosas semelhantes às encontradas nas populações clínicas. Estas populações de controlo apresentam características sociodemográficas específicas e relativamente comuns, nomeadamente um baixo nível económico. Considerando estes dados, a hipótese discutida neste trabalho é a de que a experiência de vida estabelecida pela baixa renda pode constituir uma variável fundamental no processo de tomada de decisão.A análise desta variável é feita tomando por referência os resultados obtidos num outro estudo onde estes padrões de decisão aparecem relacionados com essa variável . Nesse estudo, os indivíduos nestas condições evidenciam um padrão de decisão marcado pela escolha sistemática da recompensa imediata, independentemente dos custos futuros dessa decisão. Finalmente, estes padrões são discutidos considerando a sua relação com as experiências de vida marcadas por múltiplas privações.
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9

DAVIS, CAROLINE, JOHN FOX, KAREN PATTE, CLAIRE CURTIS, RACHEL STRIMAS, CAROLINE REID, and CATHERINE McCOOL. "Education level moderates learning on two versions of the Iowa Gambling Task." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 14, no. 6 (October 27, 2008): 1063–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617708081204.

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AbstractThe Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is the major plank of behavioral support for the Somatic Marker Hypothesis—a prominent theory of emotionally-based decision making. Despite its widespread use, some have questioned the ecological and discriminative validity of the IGT because a substantial proportion of neurologically-normal adults display a response pattern indistinguishable from those with ventromedial prefrontal cortical brain lesions. In a large sample of healthy adults, we examined the statistical influence of several demographic variables on two versions of the IGT, with the specific prediction that educational attainment would moderate learning across trials. Results confirmed a highly significant effect of education. On the commonly used original version of the IGT, performance tended to improve more rapidly, and reach a higher eventual positive score, as the level of education increased. Age and gender were nonsignificant effects in the model, and Caucasians had slightly better IGT performance than their non-Caucasian counterparts. Conclusions are that education level, among neurologically-normal adults, should be treated as a stratification or matching variable in case-control research using this task. (JINS, 2008, 14, 1063–1068.)
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10

Gendle, Mathew H., Alyssa G. Flashburg, Kristi L. Higgins, and Kristianne M. Oristian. "Low Total Cholesterol Levels and Performance on the Iowa Gambling Task." Journal of North Carolina Academy of Science 131, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7572/2167-5872-131.2.19.

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Abstract Very low levels of systemic total cholesterol (TC) may have adverse neurological consequences, and there is a lack of research investigating how TC levels are related to specific aspects of behavior and cognition. This study examined the relationship between low TC levels and performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a standardized measure of decision making. Fasting plasma TC levels were measured in 61 healthy female university undergraduates, various demographic and health measures were obtained, and each participant completed the IGT. Individuals with TC < 140 mg/dL performed significantly more poorly on the IGT than those with TC ≥ 140 mg/dL (p = 0.01). On the IGT, participants with TC levels < 140 mg/dL persisted in preferentially responding to task stimuli with large and immediate monetary gains, despite the fact that these gains were yoked to increasing and unpredictable losses over time. This difference cannot be attributed to dissimilarities in BMI or general health between the groups. These findings indicate that TC levels < 140 mg/dL are associated with significant impairments in decision making and heightened behavioral impulsivity. Negative cognitive and behavioral outcomes with “real-world” relevance may be associated with very low TC levels.
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11

Umbach, Rebecca, Noelle R. Leonard, Monica Luciana, Shichun Ling, and Christina Laitner. "The Iowa Gambling Task in Violent and Nonviolent Incarcerated Male Adolescents." Criminal Justice and Behavior 46, no. 11 (May 12, 2019): 1611–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854819847707.

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Previous studies have found impaired affective decision-making, as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), in various antisocial populations. This is the first study to compare the IGT in violent and nonviolent incarcerated American youth. The IGT was administered to 185 incarcerated adolescent male offenders charged with either nonviolent (38.4%) or violent (61.6%) crimes. General linear mixed models and t tests were used to assess differences between the groups. The full sample performed worse than if they had selected from the decks at random. The violent offenders performed more poorly than the nonviolent offenders overall, primarily because they preferred “disadvantageous” Deck B to a greater degree; however, they did demonstrate some degree of learning by the final block of the task. Adolescent offenders demonstrate impaired affective decision-making. Behavior suggested preferential attention to frequency of loss and amount of gain and inattention to amount of loss.
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12

Krasnov, E. V. "Personality traits and intelligence as predictors of decision making process in gambling strategies of IOWA gambling task (on the sample of military executives)." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 10, no. 2 (2017): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2017100205.

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We present the results of empiric researches for decision making strategy of Iowa Gambling Task (Iowa Gambling Task – IGT) based on focus group of mid-level military leaders (N=120). We analyzed a correlation between such personality traits as tolerance for uncertainty, rationality, risk readiness, traits of Dark triad and Big Five, and also common level of intellectual abilities (KOT – short selective test), and pragmatic successful result of consistent process of decision making in the situation with main target as maximum possible profit. It was found that gradual choice analysis gives extra information about self-regulation strategies while decision making.
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13

de Vries, Marieke, Rob W. Holland, and Cilia L. M. Witteman. "In the winning mood: Affect in the Iowa gambling task." Judgment and Decision Making 3, no. 1 (January 2008): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500000152.

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AbstractThe present research aimed to test the role of mood in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT; Bechara et al., 1994). In the IGT, participants can win or lose money by picking cards from four different decks. They have to learn by experience that two decks are overall advantageous and two decks are overall disadvantageous. Previous studies have shown that at an early stage in this card-game, players begin to display a tendency towards the advantageous decks. Subsequent research suggested that at this stage, people base their decisions on conscious gut feelings (Wagar & Dixon, 2006). Based on empirical evidence for the relation between mood and cognitive processing-styles, we expected and consistently found that, compared to a negative mood state, reported and induced positive mood states increased this early tendency towards advantageous decks. Our results provide support for the idea that a positive mood causes stronger reliance on affective signals in decision-making than a negative mood.
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Carvalho, Janaína Castro Núñez, Caroline de Oliveira Cardoso, Daniela Shneider-Bakos, Christian Haag Kristensen, and Rochele Paz Fonseca. "The Effect of Age on Decision Making According to the Iowa Gambling Task." Spanish journal of psychology 15, no. 2 (July 2012): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n2.38858.

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Aging has been associated with several brain changes that often affect the cognitive functioning of adults, but changes in executive functions, particularly in the field of decision making, have not been fully investigated. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is a widely used tool to evaluate decision making, but little is known about the effect of age on its results. This study used the IGT and compared healthy young (n= 40) and elderly (n = 40) adults to evaluate their decision making processes. There were significant differences in the learning curve of the two age groups, but no difference in overall IGT performance. The results for the first IGT block were different from those of the rest of the task, and the group of elderly adults had a better performance in this block. Elderly adults also showed a preference for deck A, the one that resulted in greater losses. Findings confirmed the results of other studies, which reported that the IGT block score is the variable with the greatest sensitivity to age in this instrument.
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Aram, Siamak, Lauren Levy, Jigar B. Patel, Afrouz A. Anderson, Rachel Zaragoza, Hadis Dashtestani, Fatima A. Chowdhry, Amir Gandjbakhche, and J. Kathleen Tracy. "The Iowa Gambling Task: A Review of the Historical Evolution, Scientific Basis, and Use in Functional Neuroimaging." SAGE Open 9, no. 3 (July 2019): 215824401985691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019856911.

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The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) provides a framework to evaluate an individual decision-making process through a simulated card game where the risks and rewards vary by the decks chosen. Participants are expected to understand the logic behind the allocation of gains and losses over the course of the test and adapt their pattern of choices accordingly. This review explores the scientific work on studying problem gambling via the IGT while employing neuroimaging techniques. We first concentrate on the historical evolution of the IGT as a mechanism for studying gamblers’ behavioral patterns. Our research will also discuss the prefrontal cortex as this region of the brain is most affected by changes in behavioral patterns. In this review, we describe a number of features that may be useful in investigating decision-making patterns that lead to gambling addiction. We discuss the evidence base to date including experiments involving gambling behavior in different groups of participants (e.g., males and females, adults and minors, patients and controls) and alterations to experiment conditions that provide more thorough understanding of thought patterns in potential gamblers. We conclude that psychological testing combined with functional imaging provide powerful tools to further examine the relationships between functional impairment of the brain and a person’s ability to objectively anticipate the end results of their decisions.
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Xu, Sihua, Marc Korczykowski, Senhua Zhu, and Hengyi Rao. "Risk-taking and Impulsive Behaviors: a Comparative Assessment of Three Tasks." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 41, no. 3 (April 1, 2013): 477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2013.41.3.477.

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We examined the reliability of, and relationships among, the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), the Delay Discounting Task (DDT), and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), with a group of healthy Chinese young adults. The BART and the DDT showed moderate to high test-retest reliability across 3 test sessions conducted at 2-weekly intervals. However, the IGT showed low reliability for session 1 but high reliability for sessions 2 and 3. Between tasks, there were significant correlations only for the BART and the IGT and only for session 2 and session 3. These findings support the view that impulsivity is a complex construct with no single personality trait underlying the disposition for impulsive behaviors.
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De Wilde, B., B. Sabbe, W. Hulstijn, and G. Dom. "Substance use relapse associated with Iowa gambling task performances in polysubstance dependent alcoholics." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71733-3.

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IntroductionPolysubstance dependent alcoholics (PSA) show a high risk of relapse. Decision-making deficits might be predictive of relapse so that high-risk relapse PSA are easily identified and novel more effective treatment interventions can be found.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of decision-making as measured by neurocognitive measures like the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the Delay Discounting Task (DDT) on short-term relapse in PSA. The possible confounding effects of personality disorders (PD) are also examined.MethodsForty-one PSA following an inpatient addiction treatment were questioned about their substance use. After two weeks of stable abstinence they performed self-report questionnaires (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale - Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaires) and neurocognitive measures of decision-making (DDT - IGT). Thirty-seven PSA were retrieved three months after treatment completion and questioned about their current substance use. Thirty-one healthy controls (HC) were also asked to perform the self-report questionnaires and neurocognitive measures.ResultsAll PSA showed decision-making deficits in comparison to the HC. Abstinence was associated with better IGT performances, an older age at onset, and a greater likelihood of a cluster C PD.ConclusionIGT performances but not DDT performances are associated with short-term relapse in PSA. It is assumed that the processes involved in the DDT are more important to the initiation of the addiction while the processes involved in the IGT are more important to the maintenance of and the relapse in the addiction.
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Buelow, Melissa T., and Wesley R. Barnhart. "The Influence of Math Anxiety, Math Performance, Worry, and Test Anxiety on the Iowa Gambling Task and Balloon Analogue Risk Task." Assessment 24, no. 1 (July 28, 2016): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191115602554.

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Multiple studies have shown that performance on behavioral decision-making tasks, such as the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), is influenced by external factors, such as mood. However, the research regarding the influence of worry is mixed, and no research has examined the effect of math or test anxiety on these tasks. The present study investigated the effects of anxiety (including math anxiety) and math performance on the IGT and BART in a sample of 137 undergraduate students. Math performance and worry were not correlated with performance on the IGT, and no variables were correlated with BART performance. Linear regressions indicated math anxiety, physiological anxiety, social concerns/stress, and test anxiety significantly predicted disadvantageous selections on the IGT during the transition from decision making under ambiguity to decision making under risk. Implications for clinical evaluation of decision making are discussed.
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JOHNSON, SHANNON A., ELDAD YECHIAM, ROBIN R. MURPHY, SARAH QUELLER, and JULIE C. STOUT. "Motivational processes and autonomic responsivity in Asperger's disorder: Evidence from the Iowa Gambling Task." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 12, no. 5 (September 2006): 668–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617706060802.

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Asperger's disorder (ASP), like other autism spectrum disorders, is associated with altered responsiveness to social stimuli. This study investigated learning and responsiveness to nonsocial, but motivational, stimuli in ASP. We examined choice behavior and galvanic skin conductance responses (SCRs) during the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT; Bechara et al., 1994) in 15 adolescents and young adults with ASP and 14 comparison subjects. We examined aspects of learning, attention to wins and losses, and response style with a formal cognitive model, the Expectancy–Valence Learning model (Busemeyer & Stout, 2002). The ASP group did not differ from the comparison group in proportions of selections from advantageous decks. However, ASP participants showed a distinct pattern of selection characterized by frequent shifts between the four IGT decks, whereas comparison participants developed clear deck preferences. SCR results showed some evidence of reduced responsiveness in the ASP group during the IGT. Results from the cognitive model indicated that, in contrast to the comparison group, the ASP group's selections were less consistent with the motivational significance they assigned to decks. Findings are discussed in the context of the neurobiological substrates associated with IGT performance (JINS, 2006, 12, 668–676.)
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BROGAN, AMY, DAVID HEVEY, and RICCARDO PIGNATTI. "Anorexia, bulimia, and obesity: Shared decision making deficits on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT)." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 16, no. 4 (April 21, 2010): 711–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617710000354.

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AbstractThe pathological eating behaviors in Anorexia Nervosa (AN), Bulimia Nervosa (BN), and obesity are characterized by a preference for high immediate reward, despite higher future losses in terms of both physical and psychological outcomes. The present study compared the decision making profile of females with a diagnosis of AN (n = 22), BN (n = 17), obesity (n = 18), and a healthy weight comparison group (n = 20) using a standardized neuropsychological test, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). The three clinical groups (AN, BN, obesity) were significantly impaired on the IGT compared with the comparison group on both overall task performance and task learning; however, the three clinical groups were not significantly different from each other. Sixty-one percent to 77% of the clinical groups reached the threshold for impairment on the IGT, compared with 15% of the comparison group. The potential basis for this shared decision making profile is discussed. (JINS, 2010, 16, 711–715.)
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Dancy, Christopher L., and Frank E. Ritter. "IGT-Open: An open-source, computerized version of the Iowa Gambling Task." Behavior Research Methods 49, no. 3 (July 20, 2016): 972–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-016-0759-4.

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22

Franken, Ingmar H. A., Irina Georgieva, Peter Muris, and Ap Dijksterhuis. "The rich get richer and the poor get poorer: On risk aversion in behavioral decision-making." Judgment and Decision Making 1, no. 2 (November 2006): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500002369.

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AbstractSome studies have found that choices become more risk averse after gains and more risk seeking after losses, although other studies have found the opposite. The latter tend to use hypothetical cases that encourage deliberation. In the current study, we examined the effects of prior gains and losses on a task designed to encourage less reflective decision making, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Fifty participants conducted a manipulated decision-making task in which one group gained money, whereas the other group lost money, followed by the IGT. Participants who experienced a prior monetary loss displayed more risky choice behavior on the IGT than subjects who experienced a prior gain. These effects were not mediated by a positive or negative affect, although the sample size may have been too small to detect a small effect.
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Suchy, Yana, Tara L. Queen, Bryce Huntbach, Deborah J. Wiebe, Sara L. Turner, Jonathan Butner, Caitlin S. Kelly, et al. "Iowa Gambling Task Performance Prospectively Predicts Changes in Glycemic Control among Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 23, no. 3 (January 9, 2017): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561771600103x.

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AbstractObjectives: Good glycemic control is an important goal of diabetes management. Late adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at risk for poor glycemic control as they move into young adulthood. For a subset of these patients, this dysregulation is extreme, placing them at risk for life-threatening health complications and permanent cognitive declines. The present study examined whether deficiency in emotional decision making (as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task; IGT) among teens with T1D may represent a neurocognitive risk factor for subsequent glycemic dysregulation. Methods: As part of a larger longitudinal study, a total of 241 high-school seniors (147 females, 94 males) diagnosed with T1D underwent baseline assessment that included the IGT. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), which reflects glycemic control over the course of the past 2 to 3 months, was also assessed at baseline. Of the 241,189 (127 females, 62 males, mean age=17.76, mean HbA1c=8.11) completed HbA1c measurement 1 year later. Results: Baseline IGT performance in the impaired range (per norms) was associated with greater dysregulation in glycemic control 1 year later, as evidenced by an average increase in HbA1c of 2%. Those with normal IGT scores (per norms) exhibited a more moderate increase in glycemic control, with an HbA1c increase of 0.7%. Several IGT scoring approaches were compared, showing that the total scores collapsed across all trials was most sensitive to change in glycemic control. Conclusions: IGT assessment offers promise as a tool for identifying late adolescents at increased risk for glycemic dysregulation. (JINS, 2017, 23, 204–213)
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Waters-Wood, Samantha M., Lin Xiao, Natalie L. Denburg, Michael Hernandez, and Antoine Bechara. "Failure to Learn from Repeated Mistakes: Persistent Decision-Making Impairment as Measured by the Iowa Gambling Task in Patients with Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Lesions." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 18, no. 5 (May 29, 2012): 927–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561771200063x.

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AbstractAlthough frontal patients show impaired decision-making on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), there has been no follow-up study to date to determine whether there is recovery of function over time. We examined neurological participants’ performance on repeated administrations of the IGT over the course of 6 years. We found that, while non-neurological participants showed considerable improvement due to practice effects on the IGT, patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) damage persisted in showing impaired performance on each retest. These results validate the clinical observations that VMPFC dysfunction does not appear to be subject to autonomous recovery over time in real-life. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–4)
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Pecchinenda, Anna, Michael Dretsch, and Paul Chapman. "Working Memory Involvement in Emotion-Based Processes Underlying Choosing Advantageously." Experimental Psychology 53, no. 3 (January 2006): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.53.3.191.

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The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is widely used to assess decision making under conditions of uncertainty in clinical as well as in nonclinical populations. However, there is still debate as to whether normal performance at this task relies on implicit, emotion-based processes that are independent of working memory. To clarify the role of working memory on normal performance on the IGT, participants performed the task under low or high working memory load. We used a modified version of the original task, in which the position of the four decks was randomized between trials. Results showed that only participants performing under low memory load significantly chose more advantageously halfway through the task. In addition, when comparing the number of cards chosen from the two decks with frequent losses, one advantageous and one disadvantageous, only participants performing under low memory load chose more cards from the advantageous deck. The present findings indicate that the processes underlying optimal advantageous performance on the IGT rely on working memory functions.
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Dannon, P., and S. Kertzman. "Risky Decision-Making in Schizophrenia: Examination of association between smoking, substance use and performance on the Iowa Gambling test: Pilot Study." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1987.

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Introduction There are two common hypotheses to explain such high comorbidity between nicotine dependence and schizophrenia (SZ): self-medication for decreasing psychiatric symptoms or common environmental risk factors can predispose to both nicotine dependence and other risky behaviors in SZ Objectives Little is known about the influence of cigarette smoking comorbidities such substance use disorder (SUD), criminal history, or risky decision among patients with SZ. Methods The Iowa Gambling test (IGT) was administered to thirty-nine patients with SZ of whom 69% reporting cigarette smoking. Both groups were evaluated using a socio-demographic questionnaire and clinical assessment using PANSS and self-report questionnaire the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). To evaluate decision making was evaluated with the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Results The full SZ sample performed worse on the IGT then normal population. Smokers with SZ performed significantly worse than nonsmokers on the IGT primarily because they preferred “disadvantageous” decks to a greater degree. The PANSS and impulsivity tendencies (BIS-11) did not predict overall performance on the IGT. Smokers with SZ had impaired affective decision-making. Behavior suggested preferential attention to the frequency amount of gain and inattention to amount of loss suggesting impairments in risk/reward decision-making Conclusions This study is the first to compare IGT in smokers and nonsmokers with SZ with adjustment of SUD, criminal history, and existing tattoo to further examine IGT performance. These results support the hypothesis that comorbidities between nicotine dependence and SZ can be linked to other common factor that is associated with other externalizing behaviors in SZ. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Hawthorne, Melissa J., and Benton H. Pierce. "Disadvantageous Deck Selection in the Iowa Gambling Task: The Effect of Cognitive Load." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 11, no. 2 (May 29, 2015): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v11i2.931.

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Research has shown that cognitive load affects overall Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) performance, but it is unknown whether such load impacts the selection of the individual decks that correspond to gains or losses. Here, participants performed the IGT either in a full attention condition or while engaged in a number monitoring task to divide attention. Results showed that the full attention group was more aware of the magnitude of gains or losses for each draw (i.e., payoff awareness) than was the divided attention group. However, the divided attention group was more sensitive to the frequency of the losses (i.e., frequency awareness), as evidenced by their increased preference for Deck B, which is the large but infrequent loss deck. An analysis across blocks showed that the number monitoring group was consistently more aware of loss frequency, whereas the full attention group shifted between awareness of loss frequency and awareness of payoff amount. Furthermore, the full attention group was better able to weigh loss frequency and payoff amount when making deck selections. These findings support the notion that diminished cognitive resources may result in greater selection of Deck B, otherwise known as the prominent Deck B phenomenon.
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Kully-Martens, Katrina, Sarah Treit, Jacqueline Pei, and Carmen Rasmussen. "Affective Decision-Making on the Iowa Gambling Task in Children and Adolescents with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 19, no. 2 (November 15, 2012): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617712001026.

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AbstractIndividuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) have difficulties with cognitive-based executive function (EF) tasks. The goal of the present study was to determine if children with FASD have impairments on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), which measures affective EF (i.e., decision-making and risk-taking). Individuals with FASD (n = 31) and healthy controls (n = 31), aged 8–17 completed the IGT. Children with FASD were significantly impaired on the IGT compared to controls. Over the course of the task, control scores improved, whereas children with FASD exhibited an overall decrease in scores. Scores increased significantly with age in the control group but did not differ significantly with age for FASD participants. Children with FASD exhibited decision-making and risk-taking impairments on a hot EF task. Children with FASD did not appear to learn from negative experiences and shift to making more positive decisions over time and their performance did not improve with age. The implications of poor task performance and a lack of age-related findings in children with FASD are discussed. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–8)
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Ottaviani, Cristina, and Daniela Vandone. "Decision-Making Under Uncertainty and Demand for Health Insurance." Journal of Psychophysiology 29, no. 2 (January 1, 2015): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000137.

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This study empirically estimated the role played by attitudes toward risk in insurance decision-making. Four hundred forty-five participants underwent the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) coupled with skin conductance recording and demographic/socio-economic questionnaires. The multiple regression model showed a higher probability of holding health insurance for people who are more risk seeking (bad performance at the IGT) but are adaptively able to feel the risk (normal anticipatory skin conductance responses to disadvantageous decks). The role played by traditional socio-economic explanatory variables (age and work status) was confirmed. Results are discussed in light of the need for interdisciplinary research.
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Viola, Thiago Wendt, Caroline de Oliveira Cardoso, Ingrid D'Avila Francke, Hosana Alves Gonçalves, Julio Carlos Pezzi, Renata Brasil Araújo, Rochele Paz Fonseca, and Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira. "Tomada de decisão em dependentes de crack: um estudo com o Iowa Gambling Task." Estudos de Psicologia (Natal) 17, no. 1 (April 2012): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-294x2012000100012.

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Este estudo investigou como ocorre o processo de tomada de decisão em dependentes de crack pelo instrumento Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Foram selecionados 30 participantes para o grupo de dependentes de crack - GDC, e 15 controles não usuários - GNU, de ambos os sexos. Para avaliar a intensidade de craving utilizou-se o Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Brief. Houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos tanto no cálculo total, como no cálculo por blocos. A curva de aprendizagem do GDCmanteve-se constante e negativa na maior parte do jogo, havendo apenas no final um indício de aprendizagem. Em relação à classificação do desempenho na tarefa, as análises evidenciaram que um significativo número de participantes controles obtiveram desempenho não-prejudicado, oposto ao desempenho do GDC. As diferenças entre os grupos investigadas no IGT corroboraram com achado de estudo anterior, que evidenciou prejuízo no processo de tomada de decisão associado à dependência de cocaína e de crack.
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Cardoso, Caroline de Oliveira, Christian Haag Kristensen, Janaína C. Núñez Carvalho, Gigiane Gindri, and Rochele Paz Fonseca. "Tomada de decisão no IGT: estudo de caso pós-AVC de hemisfério direito versus esquerdo." Psico-USF 17, no. 1 (April 2012): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-82712012000100003.

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Investigou comparativamente o processo de tomada de decisão de dois adultos pós-AVC unilateral e verificar o papel da lateralidade hemisférica na performance do Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Participaram um adulto com lesão de hemisfério direito (LHD) e outro com lesão de hemisfério esquerdo (LHE), ambos pós-AVC isquêmico subcortical. O IGT foi utilizado para avaliar a tomada de decisão. Os pacientes apresentaram um desempenho adequado no IGT, demonstrando ter uma boa capacidade de tomar decisão. No entanto, somente o paciente com LHD apresentou uma curva sugestiva de aprendizagem. Esses dados indicam que uma lesão subcortical independente do hemisfério pode não interferir no desempenho do IGT. Sugere-se que estudos de grupos sejam conduzidos buscando comparar pacientes com lesão frontal e não-frontal, auxiliando na caracterização do processo de tomada de decisão na população com lesão vascular unilateral.
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Siqueira, Alaise Silva Santos de, Mariana Kneese Flaks, Marina Maria Biella, Sivan Mauer, Marcus Kiiti Borges, and Ivan Aprahamian. "Decision Making assessed by the Iowa Gambling Task and Major Depressive Disorder A systematic review." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 12, no. 3 (September 2018): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-030005.

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Abstract Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) can occur in parallel with cognitive impairment. The search for a neuropsychological profile of depression has been pursued in the last two decades. However, scant research has been done on executive functions and decision-making ability (DM). Objective: To perform a systematic review of the evidence of DM performance evaluated using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in adults with MDD. Methods: A systematic search according to the PRISMA statement was performed on MEDLINE for studies in English using the following keywords: ‘depression’, ‘depressive’, ‘depressive symptoms’ AND ‘decision making’ OR ‘game task’. Results: Five articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified. Three reported significant differences between depressed and non-depressed individuals. The results indicated that young adults with MDD exhibited lower performance on all or almost all stages of the IGT. One study that evaluated DM in older adults with MDD showed that depressed non-apathetic participants failed to adopt any advantageous strategy and continued to make risky decisions during the task. Conclusion: Results suggest that performance on the DM task by young and old adults with MDD differed in comparison to non-depressed participants. Given the small number of articles, further studies should be performed.
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Moreno, Aurora, and José Ramón Alameda. "Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying Risky Decision-Making. A Study of Patients with Alzheimer’s Dementia." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 2, no. 2 (June 15, 2012): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1989/ejihpe.v2i2.15.

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Patients with mild dementia of Alzheimer’s type (DAT) use to present problems in decision making. Several studies have analyzed the cognitive functions in the process of decision making, especially in situations under ambiguity. One approach is the somatic marker hypothesis from the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the Gambling Index (IG). One problem is the lack of specificity from IGT indicators, for this reason some hypotheses have been proposed in order to solve these deficiencies, i.e. the Prospective Valence Learning (PVL). In this study, we apply the IGT to 10 patients and 10 control subjects. We analyze the PVL parameter: loss aversion parameter (λ), shape parameter (α), recency parameter (A), consistency (c) and task development in function of advantageous choices. Our results show that control subjects’ performance is better than DAT´, nevertheless, in the first stages there are not differences, these appear in the two last blocks. Whit the PVL parameters we obtain differences in α and c, and, to a lesser extent, in λ. According to PVL parameters, DAT patients can be described as sensible at loss subjects who are more influenced by immediate choice and a very low level of consistence, what implies the use of random choice strategies.
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Moreno, Aurora, and José Ramón Alameda. "Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying Risky Decision-Making. A Study of Patients with Alzheimer’s Dementia." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 2, no. 2 (June 15, 2012): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe2020006.

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Patients with mild dementia of Alzheimer’s type (DAT) use to present problems in decision making. Several studies have analyzed the cognitive functions in the process of decision making, especially in situations under ambiguity. One approach is the somatic marker hypothesis from the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the Gambling Index (IG). One problem is the lack of specificity from IGT indicators, for this reason some hypotheses have been proposed in order to solve these deficiencies, i.e. the Prospective Valence Learning (PVL). In this study, we apply the IGT to 10 patients and 10 control subjects. We analyze the PVL parameter: loss aversion parameter (λ), shape parameter (α), recency parameter (A), consistency (c) and task development in function of advantageous choices. Our results show that control subjects’ performance is better than DAT´, nevertheless, in the first stages there are not differences, these appear in the two last blocks. Whit the PVL parameters we obtain differences in α and c, and, to a lesser extent, in λ. According to PVL parameters, DAT patients can be described as sensible at loss subjects who are more influenced by immediate choice and a very low level of consistence, what implies the use of random choice strategies.
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Lucas, Ignacio, Romina Miranda-Olivos, Giulia Testa, Roser Granero, Isabel Sánchez, Jessica Sánchez-González, Susana Jiménez-Murcia, and Fernando Fernández-Aranda. "Neuropsychological Learning Deficits as Predictors of Treatment Outcome in Patients with Eating Disorders." Nutrients 13, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 2145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13072145.

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Eating disorders (EDs) are severe psychiatric illnesses that require individualized treatments. Decision-making deficits have been associated with EDs. Decision-making learning deficits denote a lack of strategies to elaborate better decisions that can have an impact on recovery and response to treatment. This study used the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) to investigate learning differences related to treatment outcome in EDs, comparing between patients with a good and bad treatment outcome and healthy controls. Likewise, the predictive role of impaired learning performance on therapy outcome was explored. Four hundred twenty-four participants (233 ED patients and 191 healthy controls) participated in this study. Decision making was assessed using the Iowa Gambling Task before any psychological treatment. All patients received psychological therapy, and treatment outcome was evaluated at discharge. Patients with bad outcome did not show progression in the decision-making task as opposed to those with good outcome and the healthy control sample. Additionally, learning performance in the decision-making task was predictive of their future outcome. The severity of learning deficits in decision making may serve as a predictor of the treatment. These results may provide a starting point of how decision-making learning deficits are operating as dispositional and motivational factors on responsiveness to treatment in EDs.
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Schmicker, Marlen, Inga Menze, David Koch, Ulrike Rumpf, Patrick Müller, Lasse Pelzer, and Notger G. Müller. "Decision-Making Deficits in Elderly Can Be Alleviated by Attention Training." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 8 (July 30, 2019): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081131.

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Decision-making is an important everyday function that deteriorates during normal aging. Here, we asked whether value-based decision-making can be improved in the elderly by cognitive training. We compared the effects of two training regimens on the performance in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a real-life decision-making simulation task. Elderly participants (age 62–75 years) were randomized into three matched groups. The filter training (FT) group performed a selective attention task and the memory training (MT) group performed a memory storage task on five consecutive days. The control group (CG) did not perform another task besides the IGT. Only the FT group showed an improvement in IGT performance over the five days—the overall gain rose and the prominent deck B phenomenon decreased. The latter refers to the selection of cards associated with high gains and rare losses, which are nevertheless a disadvantageous choice as the frequent losses lead to a negative net outcome. As the deck B phenomenon has been associated with impaired cognitive abilities in aging, the positive effect of FT here is of special importance. In sum, attention training seems superior in improving decision-making in the elderly.
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Lensing, Nele, and Birgit Elsner. "Overweight and Normal-Weight Children’s Decision-Making in a Child Variant of the Iowa Gambling Task." Child Development Research 2017 (November 16, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1285320.

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In the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), overweight as compared to normal-weight adults make more risky decisions resulting in immediate rewards and long-term losses. Findings regarding a potentially moderating role of gender have been inconsistent and investigations on the development of weight-group differences in decision-making during childhood are lacking. Using a 3-wave longitudinal study, we examined decision-making in a matched sample of 94 overweight and 94 normal-weight children (49% girls, aged 6–9 years at wave 1) over a 3-year period. Decision-making was measured with the Hungry Donkey Task (HDT), an age-appropriate version of the IGT, and learning within the task was examined via analysis across trial blocks. Mixed-design ANOVA revealed that more risky decisions were made by overweight as compared to normal-weight children and by girls as compared to boys. Within-task learning was evident at all three waves, moderated by weight group and gender. However, although risky decisions generally decreased across the 3-year period, weight-group and gender differences did not significantly change over the 3-year period. Our findings demonstrate that weight-group and gender differences in decision-making are already present and do not significantly change over a 3-year period in middle childhood.
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Moccia, Lorenzo, Maria Quintigliano, Delfina Janiri, Valentina De Martin, Guyonne Rogier, Gabriele Sani, Luigi Janiri, et al. "Heart rate variability and interoceptive accuracy predict impaired decision-making in Gambling Disorder." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 10, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 701–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.2021.00067.

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Abstract Background and aims Gambling Disorder (GD) entails maladaptive patterns of decision-making. Neurophysiological research points out the effect of parasympathetic arousal, including phasic changes in heart rate variability (HRV), and interoceptive accuracy (IA, i.e., the ability to track changes in bodily signals), on decision-making. Nevertheless, scarce evidence is available on their role in GD. This is the first study exploring the impact in GD of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an index of HRV, and IA on decision-making, as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Methods Twenty-two patients experiencing problems with slot-machines or video lottery terminals gambling and 22 gender- and age-matched healthy controls (HC) were recruited. A resting ECG was performed before and after the completion of the IGT. IA was assessed throughout the heartbeat detection task. We conducted a MANCOVA to detect the presence of significant differences between groups in RSA reactivity and IA. A linear regression model was adopted to test the effect of factors of interest on IGT scores. Results Patients with GD displayed significantly decreased RSA reactivity (P = 0.002) and IA (P = 0.024) compared to HCs, even after controlling for affective symptoms, age, smoking status, and BMI. According to the linear regression model, cardiac vagal reactivity and IA significantly predict decision-making impairments on the IGT (P = 0.008; P = 0.019). Discussion and conclusions Although the exact pathways linking HRV and IA to impaired decision-making in GD remain to be identified, a broader exploration relying upon an embodiment-informed framework may contribute to shed further light on the clinical phenomenology of the disorder.
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Areny Balagueró, Marina, and Mercè Jodar Vicente. "Balloon analogue risk task to assess decision-making in acquired brain injury." International Journal of Psychological Research 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.2098.

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Introduction: Although impairment in decision-making is a frequent consequence of frontal lobe injury, few instruments evaluate decision-making in patients with acquired brain injury (ABI). Most are difficult to use and require a well-preserved ability of complex verbal comprehension and executive functions. We propose the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) as an alternative instrument to evaluate decision-making in ABI. Material and Methods: Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) and Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) were administered to a clinical group of 30 patients with ABI and to a control group of 30 healthy participants; comparative study to assess possible differences in the results obtained; analysis to determine a possible correlation between the two tests between groups. Results: The results showed that BART is a sensitive instrument to detect differences in performance between a control group and a group of patients with ABI, p < .001, 95 % CI =537.21-1575.46, but do not correlate with IGT, p = .524, rab.c = ‒.134. Conclusions: Although IGT and BART were both designed to assess decision-making, the results obtained in our study show that the scores obtained by patients with ABI on both tests do not correlate. This clearly proves that IGT and BART measure different aspects of decision-making.
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SIMIONI, SAMANTA, CHRISTIANE RUFFIEUX, JOERG KLEEBERG, LAURE BRUGGIMANN, RENAUD A. DU PASQUIER, JEAN-MARIE ANNONI, and MYRIAM SCHLUEP. "Progressive decline of decision-making performances during multiple sclerosis." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 15, no. 2 (March 2009): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617709090262.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate longitudinally, using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), the dynamics of decision-making capacity at a two-year interval (median: 2.1 years) in a group of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) (n = 70) and minor neurological disability [Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) ≤ 2.5 at baseline]. Cognition (memory, executive functions, attention), behavior, handicap, and perceived health status were also investigated. Standardized change scores [(score at retest-score at baseline)/standard deviation of baseline score] were computed. Results showed that IGT performances decreased from baseline to retest (from 0.3, SD = 0.4 to 0.1, SD = 0.3, p = .005). MS patients who worsened in the IGT were more likely to show a decreased perceived health status and emotional well-being (SEP-59; p = .05 for both). Relapsing rate, disability progression, cognitive, and behavioral changes were not associated with decreased IGT performances. In conclusion, decline in decision making can appear as an isolated deficit in MS. (JINS, 2009, 15, 291–295.)
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Psederska, Elena, and Jasmin Vassileva. "Neurocognitive Impulsivity in Opiate Users at Different Lengths of Abstinence." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021236.

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The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of length of abstinence on decision making (impulsive choice) and response inhibition (impulsive action) in former opiate users (OU). Participants included 45 OU in early remission [0–12 months of abstinence], 68 OU in sustained remission [>12 months of abstinence], and 68 control participants. Decision making was assessed with the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), the Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT), and the Monetary Choice Questionnaire (MCQ). Response inhibition was examined with the Stop Signal Task (SST), and the Go/No-Go Task (GNG). Results revealed group differences in decision making under risk (CGT) and ambiguity (IGT), where control participants displayed better decision making compared to OU in early remission. Both groups of former OU were also characterized by higher discounting of delayed rewards (MCQ). Regression analyses revealed minimal effects of length of abstinence on performance on decision-making tasks and no effects on delay discounting. In addition, both OU groups showed reduced action inhibition (GNG) relative to controls and there were no group differences in action cancellation (SST). Length of abstinence had no effect on response inhibition. Overall, our findings suggest that neurocognitive function may not fully recover even with protracted abstinence, which should be addressed by relapse prevention and cognitive remediation programs for OU.
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Hulka, L. M., M. Vonmoos, K. H. Preller, M. R. Baumgartner, E. Seifritz, A. Gamma, and B. B. Quednow. "Changes in cocaine consumption are associated with fluctuations in self-reported impulsivity and gambling decision-making." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 14 (June 17, 2015): 3097–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715001063.

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Background.In cross-sectional studies, cocaine users generally display elevated levels of self-reported and cognitive impulsivity. To what extent these impairments are stable v. variable markers of cocaine use disorder, and, thus, are pre-existing or drug-induced, has not yet been systematically investigated.Method.We conducted a longitudinal study with cocaine users who changed or maintained their consumption intensity, measuring self-reported impulsivity with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), and cognitive impulsivity with the Rapid Visual Processing task (RVP), Iowa Gambling task (IGT), and Delay Discounting task (DD) at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. We assessed 48 psychostimulant-naive controls and 19 cocaine users with decreased, 19 users with increased, and 19 users with unchanged cocaine intake after 1 year as confirmed by hair analysis.Results.Results of linear multilevel modelling showed significant group × time interactions for the BIS-11 total score and the IGT total card ratio. Increasers showed a trend for elevated scores, whereas decreasers exhibited reduced self-reported impulsivity scores within 1 year. Surprisingly, increasers’ IGT performance was improved after 1 year, whereas decreasers’ performance deteriorated. By contrast, neither RVP response bias B″ nor DD total score showed substantial group × time interactions. Importantly, BIS-11 and DD revealed strong test–retest reliabilities.Conclusion.Self-reported impulsivity (BIS-11) and decision-making impulsivity (IGT) covary with changing cocaine use, whereas response bias and delay discounting remain largely unaffected. Thus, self-reported impulsivity and gambling decision-making were strongly state-dependent in a stimulant-using population and may be suitable to monitor treatment success, whereas delay of gratification was confirmed as a potential endophenotype of stimulant addiction.
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Acevedo-Triana, César A., Juan Francisco Muñoz Olano, and Pablo Reyes. "Differences on Utilitarian and Moral Decision Between Male and Female." Pensamiento Psicológico 17, no. 1 (March 23, 2019): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javerianacali.ppsi17-1.dumd.

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Objective. Moral judgments are based on decisions that take into account the representation of norms and law, values, functionality and situations themselves. Morality has been studied with “hypothetic moral dilemmas”, in order to identify the type of outcome and the process behind moral reasoning. But judgments by themselves are not enough to establish differences in the type of resolution or the relationship with other cognitive processes. The present paper aimed to compare performance in tasks of utility maximization, cognitive control, and moral judgments, taking into account sex and other sociodemographic variables. Method. Seventy-three university students participated (50 women, 20 men and 3 with unreported gender, the average age was 19.53 years (SD = 1.68 years). The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) was used to identify behaviors of utility maximization. In addition, we used the switch costs and the web application of moral machine tasks. Results. A difference between variables of the IGT, but no differences in the switch costs task were found. Conclusion. Regarding moral judgment, males gave more value to respect norms than females. Some variables of the IGT task support outcomes related to differences between sexes. Results are congruent with differences shown in existing literature.
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SWEITZER, MAGGIE M., PHILIP A. ALLEN, and KEVIN P. KAUT. "Relation of individual differences in impulsivity to nonclinical emotional decision making." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 14, no. 5 (September 2008): 878–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617708080934.

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Impulsivity has been identified as a behavioral precursor to addiction, and may be the manifestation of a neurological vulnerability. The present study investigated whether individual differences in impulsivity were associated with performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT, a test of emotional decision making thought to be associated in part with ventromedial prefrontal cortex function) and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST, a set-shifting thought to be associated in part with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex function). Subjects were screened for impulsivity using the BIS-11 (self-report) and a delay discounting questionnaire (a behavioral measure of impulsivity). High impulsivity was associated with poorer performance on the final block of trials of the IGT but was not significantly related to WCST performance. Both measures were significantly correlated with scores on the BIS. These results provide support for hypothesis that, in a nonclinical sample, impulsivity may vary systematically with performance on neuropsychological indicators of prefrontal function. (JINS, 2008, 14, 878–882.)
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45

Adoue, C., I. Jaussent, E. Olié, S. Beziat, F. Van den Eynde, P. Courtet, and S. Guillaume. "A further assessment of decision-making in anorexia nervosa." European Psychiatry 30, no. 1 (January 2015): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.08.004.

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AbstractObjective:Anorexia nervosa (AN) may be associated with impaired decision-making. Cognitive processes underlying this impairment remain unclear, mainly because previous assessments of this complex cognitive function were completed with a single test. Furthermore, clinical features such as mood status may impact this association. We aim to further explore the hypothesis of altered decision-making in AN.Method:Sixty-three adult women with AN and 49 female controls completed a clinical assessment and were assessed by three tasks related to decision-making [Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), Probabilistic Reversal Learning Task (PRLT)].Results:People with AN had poorer performance on the IGT and made less risky choices on the BART, whereas performances were not different on PRLT. Notably, AN patients with a current major depressive disorder showed similar performance to those with no current major depressive disorder.Conclusion:These results tend to confirm an impaired decision making-process in people with AN and suggest that various cognitive processes such as inhibition to risk-taking or intolerance of uncertainty may underlie this condition Furthermore, these impairments seem unrelated to the potential co-occurent major depressive disorders.
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46

Giustiniani, Julie, Coralie Joucla, Djamila Bennabi, Magali Nicolier, Thibault Chabin, Caroline Masse, Benoît Trojak, Pierre Vandel, Emmanuel Haffen, and Damien Gabriel. "Behavioral and Electrophysiological Arguments in Favor of a Relationship between Impulsivity, Risk-Taking, and Success on the Iowa Gambling Task." Brain Sciences 9, no. 10 (September 24, 2019): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9100248.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between trait impulsivity, risk-taking, and decision-making performance. We recruited 20 healthy participants who performed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) to measure decision-making and risk-taking. The impulsivity was measured by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Resting-state neural activity was recorded to explore whether brain oscillatory rhythms provide important information about the dispositional trait of impulsivity. We found a significant correlation between the ability to develop a successful strategy and the propensity to take more risks in the first trials of the BART. Risk-taking was negatively correlated with cognitive impulsivity in participants who were unable to develop a successful strategy. Neither risk-taking nor decision-making was correlated with cortical asymmetry. In a more exploratory approach, the group was sub-divided in function of participants’ performances at the IGT. We found that the group who developed a successful strategy at the IGT was more prone to risk, whereas the group who failed showed a greater cognitive impulsivity. These results emphasize the need for individuals to explore their environment to develop a successful strategy in uncertain situations, which may not be possible without taking risks.
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Maslowsky, Julie, Daniel P. Keating, Christopher S. Monk, and John Schulenberg. "Planned versus unplanned risks: Neurocognitive predictors of subtypes of adolescents’ risk behavior." International Journal of Behavioral Development 35, no. 2 (November 26, 2010): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025410378069.

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Risk behavior contributes to substantial morbidity and mortality during adolescence. This study examined neurocognitive predictors of proposed subtypes of adolescent risk behavior: planned (premeditated) versus unplanned (spontaneous). Adolescents (N = 69, 49% male, M = 15.1 [1.0] years) completed neurocognitive tasks (Iowa Gambling Task [IGT], and Game of Dice Task [GDT]) and a self-report measure indicating whether past-year risk behaviors were planned or unplanned. As hypothesized, identifying more beneficial choices on the neurocognitive tasks and perceiving benefits of risk behavior to outweigh costs predicted engagement in planned versus unplanned risk behavior. This study is the first to use neurocognitive assessments to differentiate planned and unplanned subtypes of risk behavior. Understanding mechanisms underlying these subtypes may inform prevention programs targeting specific contributors to adolescent risk behavior.
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Forte, Giuseppe, Matteo Morelli, and Maria Casagrande. "Heart Rate Variability and Decision-Making: Autonomic Responses in Making Decisions." Brain Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020243.

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Decision-making is one of the most crucial cognitive processes in daily life. An adaptable, rapid, and flexible decision requires integration between brain and body. Heart rate variability (HRV) indexes this brain–body connection and appears to be related to cognitive performance. However, its relationship with decision-making is poorly analyzed. This study investigates the relationship between HRV and the decision-making process, assessed through the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). One hundred and thirty healthy university students (mean age = 23.35 ± 2.50) participated in the study. According to IGT performance, they were divided into high decision-makers (n = 79) and low decision-makers (n = 51). Heart rate variability was measured in the resting, reactivity (i.e., during IGT), and recovery phases. Higher vagally mediated HRV (vmHRV; indexed in frequency domain measures) was evidenced in good decision-makers in the resting, reactivity, and recovery phases. During the task, a higher vagal modulation after a first evaluation was highlighted in good decision-makers. In conclusion, HRV proves to be a valid index of inhibitory circuit functioning in the prefrontal cortex. The relationship with cognitive functions was also confirmed, considering the ability to inhibit disadvantageous responses and make better decisions.
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Brambilla, P., C. Perlini, M. Bellani, L. Tomelleri, A. Ferro, S. Cerruti, V. Marinelli, et al. "Increased salience of gainsversusdecreased associative learning differentiate bipolar disorder from schizophrenia during incentive decision making." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 3 (June 12, 2012): 571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712001304.

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BackgroundAbnormalities in incentive decision making, typically assessed using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), have been reported in both schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). We applied the Expectancy–Valence (E–V) model to determine whether motivational, cognitive and response selection component processes of IGT performance are differentially affected in SZ and BD.MethodPerformance on the IGT was assessed in 280 individuals comprising 70 remitted patients with SZ, 70 remitted patients with BD and 140 age-, sex- and IQ-matched healthy individuals. Based on the E–V model, we extracted three parameters, ‘attention to gains or loses’, ‘expectancy learning’ and ‘response consistency’, that respectively reflect motivational, cognitive and response selection influences on IGT performance.ResultsBoth patient groups underperformed in the IGT compared to healthy individuals. However, the source of these deficits was diagnosis specific. Associative learning underlying the representation of expectancies was disrupted in SZ whereas BD was associated with increased incentive salience of gains. These findings were not attributable to non-specific effects of sex, IQ, psychopathology or medication.ConclusionsOur results point to dissociable processes underlying abnormal incentive decision making in BD and SZ that could potentially be mapped to different neural circuits.
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Bayard, Sophie, Jean-Pierre Jacus, Stéphane Raffard, and Marie-Christine Gely-Nargeot. "Apathy and Emotion-Based Decision-Making in Amnesic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease." Behavioural Neurology 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/231469.

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Background. Apathy and reduced emotion-based decision-making are two behavioral modifications independently described in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI).Objectives. The aims of this study were to investigate decision-making based on emotional feedback processing in AD and aMCI and to study the impact of reduced decision-making performances on apathy.Methods. We recruited 20 patients with AD, 20 participants with aMCI, and 20 healthy controls. All participants completed the Lille apathy rating scale (LARS) and the Iowa gambling task (IGT).Results. Both aMCI and AD participants had reduced performances on the IGT and were more apathetic compared to controls without any difference between aMCI and AD groups. For the entire sample, LARS initiation dimension was related to IGT disadvantageous decision-making profile.Conclusions. We provide the first study showing that both aMCI and AD individuals make less profitable decisions than controls, whereas aMCI and AD did not differ. Disadvantageous decision-making profile on the IGT was associated with higher level of apathy on the action initiation dimension. The role of an abnormal IGT performance as a risk factor for the development of apathy needs to be investigated in other clinical populations and in normal aging.
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