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Simonovic, Boban. "The effect of cognitive and emotion-based processes on the Iowa Gambling Task." Thesis, University of Derby, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/623247.
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Real life decision-making depends on a complex interplay between cognitive and emotion-based processes. Damasio (1994) developed the Somatic Marker Hypothesis (SMH) arguing that emotion-based processes guide decision-making by directing individuals towards alternatives that have been previously ‘marked’ as positive or guide them away from the negative options. The primarily used test-bed of the emotion-based learning is Iowa Gambling Task (IGT, Bechara, Damasio, Damasio, & Anderson, 1994). The SMH makes three assumptions about the IGT behaviour: (a) somatic markers have a negative connotation and bias decision-making covertly in the absence of explicit knowledge, (b) there is a limited role for cognitive procesesing during IGT performance, especially during the initial stages of the task, and (c) anticipatory somatic markers guide decision-choices away from the bad options as participants are able to anticipate the good and the bad options. This thesis tested the SMH using a combination of psychophysiological methods (Eye-tracking, Pupillometry, Heart Rate and Blood Pressure measurements), behavioural measurements and psychometric measures of individual differences in combination with the IGT. The systematic review, meta-analyses and the experiments described in this Thesis explored the validity of these assumptions and found that they are not accurately manifested in behaviour during IGT performance. A novel methodology not previously employed was used to capture somatic markers through pupillary responses. Explicit learning was also assessed by the eye-tracking methodology in testing IGT performance in normal conditions and under stress. The results from the first two experiments indicated that explicit processing and knowledge about the task are more critical factors during the early stages of the game than previously suggested. Although there were some indicators of the existence of somatic markers, it was found that cognitive reflection, conscious awareness and increased cognitive processing occurred early in the game and guided behaviour on IGT. The results from the final experiment revealed that IGT performance in healthy individuals is not always optimal; stress levels impaired performance whereby a lack of, or insufficient cognitive processing early in the game may create a somatic signal that interferes with IGT performance. Furthermore, attentional processing, cognitive reflection and conscious awareness can be disrupted by stress resulting in non-optimal decision-making strategies that consequently interfere with performance on the IGT. Taken together, these results challenge the basic premises of the SMH and could be best explained within the dual-process framework (e.g., Brevers, Bechara, Cleeremans, & Noel, 2013). If somatic markers do not play a significant role in learning IGT than the task needs to be re-evaluated and caution is warranted when the IGT is used as a diagnostic tool to measure decision-making deficits in clinical populations.
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Proctor, Darby. "Gambling and Decision-Making Among Primates: The Primate Gambling Task." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_diss/108.
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Humans have a tendency to engage in economically irrational behaviors such as gambling, which typically leads to long-term financial losses. While there has been much research on human gambling behavior, relatively little work has been done to explore the evolutionary origins of this behavior. To examine the adaptive pressures that may have led to this seemingly irrational behavior in humans, nonhuman primates were tested to explore their reactions to gambling type scenarios. Several experiments based on traditional human economic experiments were adapted for use with a wider variety of primate species including chimpanzees and capuchin monkeys. This allowed for testing multiple species using similar methodologies in order to make more accurate comparisons of species abilities. This series of tasks helps to elucidate risky decision-making behavior in three primate species.
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Chen, Vera Jane Xingle. "Behavioural and neural correlates of the Iowa gambling task." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4716/.
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The current set of studies aimed to examine reward related learning on the Iowa gambling task (IGT) in younger and older healthy adults as well as patients with brain injury. The studies look at the relationship of reward-based learning, non-reward related rule learning, emotion processes, and executive function abilities. The investigations also examine neural correlates of reward-based learning using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) with brain-injured patients and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) method with younger healthy adults. No significant age related effects were found on IGT performance. A significant positive association was found for IGT performance and classification of positive valence pictures while controlling for apathy scale scores. Mapping of grey matter correlates of early learning for reward-based learning (IGT) and non-reward related rule learning (BRFS) revealed a similar left frontal pole neural correlate for both tasks and the differential right caudate association for reward-based learning on the IGT. For the fMRI investigation, general decision-making on the IGT in healthy younger adults involved left orbitofrontal cortex, right anterior cingulate, middle and inferior frontal gyrus. Learning in the IGT involved the right cerebellum, left frontal pole, and left caudate. Amygdala involvement was also found.
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Bakos, Daniela Di Giorgio Schneider. "Iowa gambling task: considerações desenvolvimentais e implicações neuropsicológicas e psicométricas." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/16663.
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Atualmente, diversos estudos sobre a tomada de decisão (TD) têm sido conduzidos, com base na Hipótese do Marcador Somático (HMS), utilizando como ferramenta de avaliação a Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Neste contexto, esta tese teve por objetivo geral analisar o processo de TD, bem como a tarefa usualmente utilizada para mensurá-lo, a IGT. Visando a atender esta finalidade, três estudos foram conduzidos, buscando investigar o processo decisório a partir de diferentes aspectos. O primeiro deles discutiu a TD dentro de uma perspectiva do desenvolvimento, comparando adultos jovens e adultos idosos em seu comportamento de escolha. Já o segundo, tratou de investigar a possível influência de componentes de impulsividade e diferentes processos cognitivos, como a memória de trabalho, o aprendizado associativo e reverso e a atenção, no processo de tomar decisões. O terceiro e último estudo averiguou o efeito da cultura na tomada de decisões, comparando o desempenho de indivíduos brasileiros e norte-americanos na IGT. Os resultados do primeiro estudo evidenciaram que tanto adultos jovens quanto adultos idosos apresentam um comportamento guiado, principalmente, pela expectativa de uma baixa freqüência de punições. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos etários, quanto à quantidade de cartas retiradas de cada baralho, embora cada grupo tenha revelado um processo distinto de aprendizagem ao longo da tarefa. No segundo estudo, padrões distintos de correlações nos dois grupos etários foram verificados. Em se tratando dos adultos jovens, uma influência do aprendizado associativo e reverso no processo de TD mensurado pela IGT (conforme o critério tradicional de análise) foi observada. Ao se considerar as correlações constatadas nos participantes adultos idosos, averiguou-se uma associação entre o subteste dígitos (ordem direta e inversa) e os escores com base na freqüência (punição) alcançados na IGT. Finalmente, os achados do terceiro estudo apresentaram diferenças importantes entre os dois grupos culturais, revelando que tanto adultos jovens quanto adultos idosos norte-americanos atingem escores mais elevados na IGT. Considerados em conjunto, os resultados mostram que a IGT é uma tarefa complexa, sofrendo a influência, em alguma extensão, de outros processos cognitivos e de aspectos culturais e desenvolvimentais.Several studies on decision making (DM) have been recently conducted, based on the Somatic Marker Hypothesis (SMH) and using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) as assessment tool. In that context, this dissertation aimed at analyzing the DM process and the task commonly used to measure it, i.e., IGT. To achieve that goal, three studies were performed to investigate the DM process based on different aspects. The first discussed DM within a development perspective, comparing young and older individuals in their choice behavior. The second investigated the possible influence of impulsivity components and other more basic cognitive processes, such as working memory, reverse learning and attention, on the DM process. Finally, the third study verified the effect of DM culture, comparing the performance of Brazilian and American individuals in IGT. The results of the first study demonstrated that both young and elderly individuals choose cards in decks "B" and "D," which indicates a behavior that is mainly guided by the expectation of a low frequency of punishments. There were no significant differences between both age groups as to the amount of cards taken from each deck, although each group has shown a different learning process during the task. In the second study, different correlation patterns between the age groups were observed. With regard to the young individuals, the performance in reversal learning was correlated with the score obtained in IGT, showing the importance of the ability of associating stimuli and further reversion into a proper choice process during the task. As for the older individuals, a correlation between the digit span and the IGT was found. Finally, the findings of the third study had major differences between both cultural groups, demonstrating that American young and elderly individuals reached higher IGT scores. Considered as a group, the results show that IGT is a complex task and, to a certain extent, is influenced by other cognitive processes and cultural and developmental aspects.
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Fernie, Gordon. "Factors affecting learning and decision-making in the Iowa Gambling Task." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10421/.
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Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis (SMH; Damasio, 1994, 1996) integrates emotion with rational decision-making using evidence drawn from neurology, neuroscience and performance on a now widely cited decision-making test developed to model real-life in a laboratory setting (the Iowa Gambling Task; Bechara, Damasio, Damasio and Anderson, 1994). The SMH posits a critical input from an embodied emotional system (somatic markers) in making decisions in choice situations. But Damasio's consideration of how the undamaged brain interacts with the body has some interesting and somewhat controversial implications in the context of modern psychological research on choice behaviour. In interpreting behaviour on the IGT in accordance with the SMH three central assumptions have been made: a) that somatic markers indicate the goodness or badness of alternatives and without them decision-making cannot become optimal, b) this somatic biasing or guidance can occur unconsciously or in the absence of explicit knowledge, and c) that the system operates so as to maximize or achieve the best outcome in the long-term. The Experiments described in this thesis have explored the validity of the second and third assumptions and found that they are not accurately reflected in behaviour on the IGT. The importance of information about the IGT in the instructions participants receive suggested that explicit knowledge about the task is a more critical factor than any somatic input. No evidence of a somatic influence prior to the emergence of explicit knowledge sufficient to guide behaviour was found. Instead there were indications that knowledge precedes somatic activity on the IGT. Novel manipulations of the reinforcement contingencies in individual decks also revealed that immediate outcomes of choices are an important determinant of subsequent behaviour. Selection does not solely depend on long-term outcomes.
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Godinho, Maria João de Pinho. "Escolher bem ou mal: um teste crítico do Iowa Gambling Task." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/23131.
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Mestardo em Psicologia da Saúde e Reabilitação NeuropsicológicaOs seres humanos estão constantemente a fazer escolhas, por isso compreender as escolhas é essencial para compreender o próprio comportamento. A utilização do Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) em populações clínicas pressupõe que o desempenho de sujeitos saudáveis é bem compreendido. Contudo, este não parece ser o caso dado que participantes saudáveis parecem minimizar a frequência de perdas em vez de maximizar os ganhos a longo prazo. Este facto por si só pode colocar em causa o edifício teórico do IGT e questionar seriamente a sua utilização em populações clínicas. Este estudo procura contribuir para a clarificação do desempenho dos sujeitos saudáveis no IGT recorrendo a uma versão simplificada com apenas dois baralhos, um favorável e outro desfavorável. Um grupo de participantes saudáveis (n = 24) foi exposto a uma versão simplificada do IGT com uma linha de base positiva (LB+) em que todas as cartas permitiam ganhos e algumas estavam também associadas a perdas. Um outro grupo de participantes saudáveis (n = 24) foi exposto a uma versão com uma linha de base negativa (LB-) em que todas as cartas levavam a perdas e algumas estavam também associadas a ganhos. Cada participante completou seis jogos, três em que o diferencial a longo prazo entre baralhos era elevado e outros três em que era baixo. Dentro de cada diferencial, o que variava entre jogos era a probabilidade de perdas (grupo LB+) ou a probabilidade de ganhos (LB-). Embora em média os participantes preferissem os baralhos favoráveis, no grupo LB+, as preferências foram determinadas pela minimização da frequência de perdas enquanto, no grupo LB-, as preferências foram determinadas pela maximização da frequência de ganhos. O diferencial entre baralhos não teve qualquer influência nas preferências em qualquer dos grupos. No seu conjunto, estes resultados questionam um dos pressupostos fundamentais do IGT. Não é a maximização de ganhos a longo prazo que guia a preferência, mas sim a frequência de perdas e ganhos.
Humans are constantly making choices, hence understanding choices is essential to understanding one's behavior. The use of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in clinical populations assumes that the performance of healthy subjects is well understood. However, this does not appear to be the case given that healthy participants seem to minimize the frequency of losses rather than maximizing long-term gains. This in itself weakens the theoretical building of the IGT and seriously questions its use in clinical populations. This study aims to contribute to the clarification of performance of healthy subjects in the IGT using a simplified version with only two decks, one advantageous and one disadvantageous. A healthy group of participants (n = 24) was exposed to a simplified version of IGT with a positive baseline (LB+) in which all cards allowed gains and some were also associated with losses. Another group of healthy participants (n = 24) was exposed to a negative baseline (LB-) version in which all cards led to losses and some were also associated with gains. Each participant completed six games, three with large long-term differences between decks and another three with lower differences. Within each difference level, the games differed in the probability of losses (group LB+) or the probability of gains (LB-). Although, on average, participants preferred the advantageous decks, in the LB+ group, preferences were determined by the minimization of the frequency of losses while, in the LB- group, preferences were determined by the maximization of the frequency of gains. The difference level between decks had no influence on preference in either group. Taken together, these results challenge one of the key assumptions of the IGT. It is not the long-term gain maximization that guides the preference, but the frequency of losses and gains.
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Inman, Cory. "Emotional Awareness and Psychophysiological Markers of Performance on the Iowa Gambling Task." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_hontheses/4.
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The present study examines the relationship of emotional awareness to anticipatory psychophysiological markers and performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). The IGT is a computerized card game that simulates real-life decisions through uncertainty of reward or punishment. The participant’s goal is to make advantageous card choices. Anticipatory somatic markers of physiological arousal, like electrodermal activity and heart rate, have been proposed to bias decisions in the IGT. The central hypothesis is that a participant’s emotional awareness is related to their ability to make advantageous decisions through biasing psychophysiological responses. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale was used to assess each participant’s emotional awareness. Less emotional awareness was associated with enhanced performance on the IGT. However, anticipatory physiological arousal (electrodermal activity and heart rate) and emotional awareness yielded no significant relationships. Findings suggest a need for further research on cognitive models, such as the expectancy valence model, in relation to decision-making.
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Amoss, Richard Toby. "Frontal Alpha and Beta EEG Power Asymmetry and Iowa Gambling Task Performance." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_theses/58.
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Frontal electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha (α) asymmetry may index the activation of lateralized affect and motivation systems in humans. Resting EEG activation was measured and its relationship to Iowa gambling task (IGT) performance was evaluated. No effects were found for α power asymmetry. However, beta (β) power asymmetry, an alternative measure of resting EEG activation, was associated with the number of risky decisions made in the early portion of the task. Additionally, IGT deck selection patterns suggest there are at least three distinct performance styles in healthy individuals. Interestingly, β power asymmetry contradicts performance predictions based on accepted frontal asymmetry affect and motivation models.
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Hardy, Christina M. "The effects of positive and negative affect on Iowa gambling task performance." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/hardyc/christinahardy.pdf.
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Jeyarajah, Jenny Vennukkah. "Comparing Cognitive Decision Models of Iowa Gambling Task in Indivituals Following Temporal Lobectomy." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/math_theses/83.
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This study examined the theoretical basis for decision making behavior of patients with right or left temporal lobectomy and a control group when they participated in the Iowa Gambling Task. Two cognitive decision models, Expectancy Valence Model and Strategy Switching Heuristic Choice Model, were compared for best fit. The best fitting model was then chosen to provide the basis for parameter estimation (sources of decision making, i.e. cognitive, motivational, and response processes) and interpretation. Both models outperformed the baseline model. However comparison of G2 means between the two cognitive decision models showed the expectancy valence model having a higher mean and thus a better model between the two. Decision parameters were analyzed for the expectancy valence model. The analysis revealed that the parameters were not significant between the three groups. The data was simulated from the baseline model to determine whether the models are different from baseline.
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Hammers, Dustin B. "Cognitive modeling analysis of performance of the Iowa Gambling Task in undergraduates reporting substance use." Ohio : Ohio University, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1131488756.
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McNally, Kelly A. "Iowa Gambling Task Performance in Overweight Children and Adolescents At-Risk for Obstructive Sleep Apnea." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1281989476.
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Cassimiro, Luciana. "Iowa Gambling Task: avaliação da tomada de decisão em idosas saudáveis analfabetas e com baixa escolaridade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5138/tde-06092016-143108/.
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Introdução: A TD pode ser definida como um processo no qual o indivíduo tenta maximizar benefícios através da seleção de respostas que levam a resultados positivos. O efeito da baixa escolaridade na TD ainda é pouco compreendido. Objetivos: Descrever o desempenho de uma amostra de idosos saudáveis analfabetos e com baixa escolaridade no Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Metodologia: Participaram do estudo 164 idosas com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos. Destas, 60 eram analfabetas e 104 apresentaram escolaridade entre um e quatro anos, divididas em 1-2 e 3-4 anos de escolaridade. As participantes foram submetidas aos instrumentos: Bateria Breve de Rastreio Cognitivo (BBRC), Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), Fluência Verbal (FV), Teste do Desenho do Relógio (TDR), Escala Depressão Geriátrica (EDG), Inventário de Ansiedade Geriátrica (IAG), Dígitos Ordem Direta e Ordem Inversa, Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven (MPCR), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) e Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Resultados: Os grupos divididos pela escolaridade foram equivalentes quanto à idade, número de doenças, uso de medicamentos, sintomas depressivos e ansiosos. Observou-se que no IGT as idosas alfabetizadas realizaram mais escolhas vantajosas do que as analfabetas. A análise do desempenho por blocos revelou diferenças significativas entre os grupos de escolaridade, exceto no primeiro bloco. A partir do bloco 2 observou-se uma diferenciação nas escolhas de cartas entre as faixas de escolaridade. As idosas analfabetas passaram a escolher as cartas das pilhas vantajosas com maior frequência somente a partir do bloco 3. Entretanto, no último bloco, quando os baralhos vantajosos e desvantajosos foram igualmente escolhidos pelas idosas analfabetas. O desempenho no IGT correlacionou-se significativamente com a escolaridade e todos os testes cognitivos, com exceção do teste de memorização de figuras da BBRC. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem a influência da escolaridade na TD, com pior desempenho entre as analfabetas. O desempenho no IGT melhorou linearmente com maior nível de escolaridade. Descritores: Testes psicológicos; Cognição; Tomada de decisão; Idoso; Envelhecimento; Analfabetismo; Mulheres·. ABSTRACT Cassimiro L. Iowa Gambling Task: evaluation of decision-Making in healthy illiterate older adults and with low education [Dissertation]. São Paulo: \"Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo\"; 2016. Background: Decision making can be defined as a process in which the individual attempts to maximize benefits through the selection of responses that lead to positive results. The effect of minimum schooling on decision making is poorly understood. Objective: to investigate the pattern of decision making in a sample of healthy illiterate older adults and with low education in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Methods: 164 non demented community-dwelling women participated in the study. 60 were illiterate, 52 had 1-2 years of schooling and 52 had 3-4 years of schooling. Participants completed the instruments: Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB), Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Verbal Fluency Test (animal category), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Geriatric Anxiety Inventory, Digit Span Forward and Backward, Raven\'s Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Results: The groups, divided by levels of schooling, were equivalent as to age, number of diseases, medications taken daily, depression and anxiety symptoms. In the IGT the literate older adults made more advantageous choices than the illiterate. Analysis of performance per block revealed significant differences among the groups for all blocks except the first. From Block 2 onwards, a significant difference in the pattern of card choices among the educational levels was observed. The illiterate seniors started to choose cards from the more advantageous piles more frequently only after block 3. However, on the final block, both advantageous and disadvantageous cards were chosen with equal frequency by the illiterate seniors. IGT performance correlated significantly with education and all cognitive tests scores with the exception of the memorization of pictures on the BCSB. Conclusion: The results suggest that education influences IGT, with worse scores among the illiterate. IGT performance improved linearly with higher levels of educationBackground: Decision making can be defined as a process in which the individual attempts to maximize benefits through the selection of responses that lead to positive results. The effect of minimum schooling on decision making is poorly understood. Objective: to investigate the pattern of decision making in a sample of healthy illiterate older adults and with low education in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Methods: 164 non demented community-dwelling women participated in the study. 60 were illiterate, 52 had 1-2 years of schooling and 52 had 3-4 years of schooling. Participants completed the instruments: Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB), Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Verbal Fluency Test (animal category), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Geriatric Anxiety Inventory, Digit Span Forward and Backward, Raven\'s Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Results: The groups, divided by levels of schooling, were equivalent as to age, number of diseases, medications taken daily, depression and anxiety symptoms. In the IGT the literate older adults made more advantageous choices than the illiterate. Analysis of performance per block revealed significant differences among the groups for all blocks except the first. From Block 2 onwards, a significant difference in the pattern of card choices among the educational levels was observed. The illiterate seniors started to choose cards from the more advantageous piles more frequently only after block 3. However, on the final block, both advantageous and disadvantageous cards were chosen with equal frequency by the illiterate seniors. IGT performance correlated significantly with education and all cognitive tests scores with the exception of the memorization of pictures on the BCSB. Conclusion: The results suggest that education influences IGT, with worse scores among the illiterate. IGT performance improved linearly with higher levels of education
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DeDonno, Michael Anthony. "Time Pressure and Decision Making." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1232579823.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2009Title from PDF (viewed on 26 May 2009) Includes abstract Department of Psychology Includes bibliographical references and appendices Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center
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Boettcher, Laura C. "The effect of diliberating [i.e. deliberating] dilemmas on decision-making as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task /." Electronic version (PDF), 2007. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2007-2/boettcherl/lauraboettcher.pdf.
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Chan, Hiu-wai Hilary, and 陳曉蔚. "Iowa gambling task in schizophrenia : an examination of the effect of tobacco-smoking in risk/reward decision making." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/192949.
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Background: Cognitive deficit is prominent in schizophrenia patients. We investigated the decision-making ability among schizophrenia patients and healthy controls based on their performance in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a laboratory task developed for measuring individuals’ decision-making ability. We hypothesized that deficits in IGT performance in schizophrenia patients could be specifically ameliorated by smoking tobacco. In order to test this hypothesis, we compared smoking and non-smoking schizophrenia patients with healthy subjects, on their IGT performance.
Method: Ten smokers with schizophrenia, 9 non-smokers with schizophrenia, 16 non-psychiatric non-smokers and 7 non-psychiatric smokers were administered the computerized version of IGT. The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was used to assess the degree of smoking dependence of subjects and to group the smokers and non-smokers.
Results: Subjects with schizophrenia performed significantly worse than non-psychiatric controls on IGT. Moreover, smokers with schizophrenia performed significantly better than non-smokers in the task. Furthermore, when comparing IGT performance of all the 4 groups, non-psychiatric non-smokers performed significantly better than psychiatric smokers in the IGT.
Conclusions: Similar to the results of previous research, schizophrenia patients performed worse than controls in the IGT, suggesting impairments in risk/ reward decision-making. Cigarette smoking may partially ameliorate schizophrenia patients’ performance deficits on neurological tasks, including the IGT. These findings on schizophrenia patients are clinically important since it is believed that the ability to make timely and correct decisions can result in good treatment compliance and coping strategies thus facilitates recovery. Last but not least, further research is needed to explain how smoking tobacco facilitates cognitive functioning in schizophrenia patients.published_or_final_version
Psychological Medicine
Master
Master of Psychological Medicine
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Núñez, Carvalho Janaína Castro. "Tomada de decisão no iowa gambling task: estudos comparativos quanto às variáveis idade e escolaridade e estudo correlacional." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/5033.
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Previous issue date: 2010In the context of cognitive and clinical neuropsychology, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is an international known task used to assess decision making, a construct that makes part of the “hot” executive functions (EF) according to some authors. Although it has already an established validity with clinical population, mainly with ventromedial pre-frontal damaged people, the IGT still needs healthy individuals data, especially regarding to socio-demographic features that could influence its performance as well as to normative data with standard performance that helps its neuropsychological diagnosis application to Brazilian people. In this Master thesis, a systematic review is presented about the role of socio-demographic in decision making processing throught IGT and three empirical studies. Two first research investigate, respectively, the role of education and age factors on the executive performance assessed by IGT. The third empirical study correlates the processing examined by IGT to that one assessed by three other instruments which measure EF: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WSCT), Hayling Test and Trail Making Test (TMT). Among the main theoretical results of the systematic review, studies did not present conclusive data related to education and sex/gender; in the other hand, when it comes to age, the majority of the studies found a greater learning curve in younger when compared to aged adults. In regard to empirical study 1, an education’s role was observed in IGT performance with a learning followed by difference between blocks only in the high-educated group. In the second study, there were significant differences in the learning curves between young and elderly adults. However, both studies showed that the socio-demographic variables age and schooling did not significantly influence the global IGT’s score.In Study 3, a correlation was found only between the global IGT’s performance and the part B’s time of Hayling Test, showing an association between a greater processing speed to inhibit verbal stimuli and a more advantageous decision making. However, significant correlations between global IGT’s score and WCST and TMT’s scores were not observed. In the other hand, regarding the score in the first IGT’s block, inverse relations between IGT’s performance and some scores in others EF instruments were found. These data reinforce the recent discussion on the EF multidimensions and suggest differences between implicit and explicit strategies between task blocks. In conclusion, it is necessary to reflect about the different interpretation in each study depending on the used score to comprehend a more advantageous decision making: the total score or the block score.
No âmbito da neuropsicologia cognitiva e clínica, o Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) é uma tarefa internacionalmente reconhecida na avaliação da tomada de decisão, um construto considerado uma das funções executivas (FE) “quentes” por muitos autores. Embora já possua uma validade reconhecida em populações clínicas, principalmente em pessoas que sofreram lesões no córtex pré-frontal ventromedial, o IGT ainda carece de dados com populações saudáveis, principalmente em relação a características sócio-demográficas que poderiam influenciar sua performance e a dados normativos com padrão de desempenho que auxilie o seu uso diagnóstico neuropsicológico na população brasileira. Nesta dissertação é apresentada uma revisão sistemática sobre o papel de variáveis sócio-demográficas no processamento da tomada de decisão no IGT e três estudos empíricos. As duas primeiras investigações avaliam, respectivamente, o papel das variáveis escolaridade e idade no desempenho executivo examinado pelo IGT e o terceiro artigo empírico correlaciona o processamento requerido pelo IGT com aquele avaliado por três outros instrumentos que mensuram FE: o Teste Wisconsin de Classificação de Cartas (WSCT), o Teste Hayling e o Trail Making Test (TMT).Dentre os principais achados teóricos da revisão sistemática, os estudos não apresentam dados conclusivos quanto à escolaridade e ao sexo/gênero; em contrapartida, quanto à idade, a maioria das pesquisas encontra uma maior curva de aprendizagem nos adultos jovens quando comparados a idosos. No que diz respeito ao estudo empírico 1, observou-se um papel da escolaridade no IGT com ocorrência de aprendizagem com diferença entre blocos apenas no grupo de alta escolaridade. No segundo estudo, houve diferenças significativas nas curvas de aprendizagem entre 9 adultos jovens e adultos idosos. No entanto, a partir dos dois estudos, as variáveis sóciodemográficas idade e escolaridade não influenciaram significativamente o desempenho global, avaliado pelo cálculo total no IGT. No Estudo 3, foi encontrada apenas correlação entre o desempenho global no IGT e o tempo da parte B do Teste Hayling, evidenciando uma associação entre uma maior velocidade de processamento envolvido com a inibição e uma tomada de decisão mais vantajosa. Porém, não foram observadas correlações significativas entre o desempenho global no IGT e escores do WCST e do TMT. Por outro lado, considerando-se o escore do primeiro bloco do IGT, foram encontradas relações inversas entre este e alguns escores dos demais instrumentos de exame das FE. Estes dados reforçam a discussão atual sobre os multicomponentes das FE e sugerem diferenças de mecanismos implícitos e explícitos entre os distintos blocos que compõem a tarefa. Por fim, propõe-se uma reflexão sobre as diferenças de interpretações dos estudos dependendo do escore utilizado para a compreensão de uma tomada de decisão vantajosa: o cálculo total ou o cálculo por blocos.
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N??ez, Carvalho Jana?na Castro. "Tomada de decis?o no iowa gambling task : estudos comparativos quanto ?s vari?veis idade e escolaridade e estudo correlacional." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2010. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/711.
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Previous issue date: 2010-03-06No ?mbito da neuropsicologia cognitiva e cl?nica, o Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) ? uma tarefa internacionalmente reconhecida na avalia??o da tomada de decis?o, um construto considerado uma das fun??es executivas (FE) quentes por muitos autores. Embora j? possua uma validade reconhecida em popula??es cl?nicas, principalmente em pessoas que sofreram les?es no c?rtex pr?-frontal ventromedial, o IGT ainda carece de dados com popula??es saud?veis, principalmente em rela??o a caracter?sticas s?cio-demogr?ficas que poderiam influenciar sua performance e a dados normativos com padr?o de desempenho que auxilie o seu uso diagn?stico neuropsicol?gico na popula??o brasileira. Nesta disserta??o ? apresentada uma revis?o sistem?tica sobre o papel de vari?veis s?cio-demogr?ficas no processamento da tomada de decis?o no IGT e tr?s estudos emp?ricos. As duas primeiras investiga??es avaliam, respectivamente, o papel das vari?veis escolaridade e idade no desempenho executivo examinado pelo IGT e o terceiro artigo emp?rico correlaciona o processamento requerido pelo IGT com aquele avaliado por tr?s outros instrumentos que mensuram FE: o Teste Wisconsin de Classifica??o de Cartas (WSCT), o Teste Hayling e o Trail Making Test (TMT). Dentre os principais achados te?ricos da revis?o sistem?tica, os estudos n?o apresentam dados conclusivos quanto ? escolaridade e ao sexo/g?nero; em contrapartida, quanto ? idade, a maioria das pesquisas encontra uma maior curva de aprendizagem nos adultos jovens quando comparados a idosos. No que diz respeito ao estudo emp?rico 1, observou-se um papel da escolaridade no IGT com ocorr?ncia de aprendizagem com diferen?a entre blocos apenas no grupo de alta escolaridade. No segundo estudo, houve diferen?as significativas nas curvas de aprendizagem entre 9 adultos jovens e adultos idosos. No entanto, a partir dos dois estudos, as vari?veis s?ciodemogr?ficas idade e escolaridade n?o influenciaram significativamente o desempenho global, avaliado pelo c?lculo total no IGT. No Estudo 3, foi encontrada apenas correla??o entre o desempenho global no IGT e o tempo da parte B do Teste Hayling, evidenciando uma associa??o entre uma maior velocidade de processamento envolvido com a inibi??o e uma tomada de decis?o mais vantajosa. Por?m, n?o foram observadas correla??es significativas entre o desempenho global no IGT e escores do WCST e do TMT. Por outro lado, considerando-se o escore do primeiro bloco do IGT, foram encontradas rela??es inversas entre este e alguns escores dos demais instrumentos de exame das FE. Estes dados refor?am a discuss?o atual sobre os multicomponentes das FE e sugerem diferen?as de mecanismos impl?citos e expl?citos entre os distintos blocos que comp?em a tarefa. Por fim, prop?e-se uma reflex?o sobre as diferen?as de interpreta??es dos estudos dependendo do escore utilizado para a compreens?o de uma tomada de decis?o vantajosa: o c?lculo total ou o c?lculo por blocos.
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Santos, Augusto Felippe Caramico dos. "Os efeitos da escolha sob estresse dos operadores de pregão no mercado financeiro através da metodologia do Iowa Gambling Task." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21610.
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Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP
This thesis aims to investigate if traders have better decision management under stress, obtaining greater financial results. The Iowa Gambling Task was used to verify the hypothesis of research and the influence of the somatic markers in decision making, integrated to the theories of Behavioral Finance and Emotional Finance. The results indicated trading floor operators has better quality of decision making, faster learning, greater adaptability and superior financial result compared to control group. Among the subgroups of operators, there was a significant difference in the learning process and financial result obtained, demonstrating better ability to recognize patterns and higher financial results of the floor traders when compared to the group of electronic desk traders
Esta tese tem como objetivo investigar se traders possuem melhor qualidade decisória sob estresse, obtendo maiores resultados financeiros. Foi utilizada a metodologia do Iowa Gambling Task como meio de verificar as hipóteses de pesquisa e a influência dos marcadores somáticos na tomada de decisão dos indivíduos, integrada às teorias das Finanças Comportamentais e das Finanças Emocionais. Os resultados indicaram que os operadores de pregão apresentaram melhor qualidade de tomada de decisão, aprendizado mais rápido, maior adaptabilidade e resultado financeiro superior ante o grupo de controle. Entre os subgrupos de operadores foi verificada diferença significativa no processo de aprendizagem e resultado financeiro obtido, demonstrando melhor capacidade no reconhecimento de padrões e maiores resultados financeiros dos operadores de mesa quando comparados ao grupo de operadores viva-voz
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Kriegler, Julia [Verfasser], and Norbert [Akademischer Betreuer] Scherbaum. "Der Einfluss suchtrelevanter Reize auf das Entscheidungsverhalten von Patienten mit Opiatabhängigkeit - eine Studie mit einer modifizierten Version der Iowa Gambling Task / Julia Kriegler ; Betreuer: Norbert Scherbaum." Duisburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/112640442X/34.
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Giustiniani, Julie. "Neuromarqueurs décisionnels et motivationnels du jeu pathologique." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCE014.
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Les altérations des capacités décisionnelles évaluées par l’« Iowa Gambling Task » (IGT) sont connues depuis longtemps dans la population des joueurs pathologiques. Plus récemment, le rôle de la motivation dans l’activité de jeu pathologique a été soulevée. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette thèse est de préciser si les neuromarqueurs décisionnels et motivationnels peuvent constituer des indicateurs fiables du risque de développer une activité de jeu pathologique. Pour répondre à ce questionnement, nous avons inclus des joueurs de poker en ligne dont le niveau de risque de développer une activité de jeu pathologique est contrôlé. Avant de procéder à l’analyse en population spécifique, nous avons inclus des volontaires sains afin de décrire les variations et les intrications des capacités décisionnelles et motivationnelles au sein d’une population exempt de toute pathologie. Nous avons ainsi identifié deux PE indicateurs du niveau motivationnel : le « Stimilus Preceding Negativity » (SPN) et la P300. Cette première étape nous a permis d’établir les liens entre les différents niveaux motivationnels et les performances à l’IGT. Plus particulièrement, la P300 apparait être un excellent indicateur de l’engagement à la bonne réalisation de la tâche, mais aussi un témoin de la sensibilité aux récompenses immédiates. Les données préliminaires issues de notre population de joueur a mis tout d’abord en évidence que plus les joueurs présentent de mauvaises performances à l’IGT, plus ils sont à risque de développer une activité de jeu pathologique. L’ensemble des joueurs montrent de faible niveau de motivation lors de la passation de l’« Effort Expenditure for Reward Task » . Alors que les joueurs à bas risque montrent un profil neurophysiologique en accord avec leurs résultats comportementaux, c’est-à-dire un émoussement de la P300, les joueurs qui présentent un risque élevé de développer une activité de jeu pathologique ont une amplitude de P300 qui témoignent d’un traitement important du résultat immédiat et d’un haut niveau motivationnel. De plus, nous montrons que l’amplitude de la P300 est corrélée au niveau de risque de développer une activité de jeu pathologique. Au terme de ce travail, la P300 semble être un biomarqueur de choix dans l’évaluation du risque de développer une activité de jeu pathologique. La poursuite des inclusions et de nos investigations devrait permettre de confirmer cette hypothèseIt is known from a long time that gambling disorder population suffers from a decision-making impairment, as evaluated by the "low Gambling Task" (IGT). Recently, the impact of motivation in gambling disorder has been mentioned. In thie context, the aim of the preser work was to clarity if decisional and motivational neuromarkers could constitute a reliable indicator to develop a gambling disorder. In first step, we inclued healthy volunteers in the aim to validate the motivational indicators of two Event Related Potentials (ERPs), the stimulus preceding negativity and the P300. thus, this first step led to define the link between motivation and decision-making in behavorial and neurophsysiological way. In addition, the P300 appeared to be an excellent indicator of motivation and reward sensitivity. We included video pokers players whose risk level to develop and excessive gambling was controlled. Preliminary data from thie gambler population conclude to a link between the inability to develop a successful strategy at the IGT and the risk to develop an excessiv gambling activity. All gamblers showed lesser motivation at the "Effort Expenditure for Reward Task". Whereas gamblers with a low risk to develop a gambling disorder showed a blunted P300, a neural marker of reduced interest about outcomes and a lesser motivation gamblers with high risk showed a P300 amplitude testifying of a great interest to immediate outcomes and a strong motivational level. It addition, the P300 amplitude was correlated to the risk level to develop a gambling disorder. At the end of this work, the P300 appears to be a reliable biomarker in the risk evaluation of gambling disorder. The pursuit of our investigations should confirm ou hypothesis
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Naylor, Gregory Ian. "The Executive Functions of Rejected Children in an Urban Elementary School." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/214777.
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School PsychologyPh.D.
The relationship between Executive Functions and Peer Rejection was explored. Thirty-Five students in an urban elementary school, (mean 10.7 years of age (sd=2.8), 34% male, and 88% African American) completed measures of executive functions: KABC-II Rover, The Wisconsin Card Sort and NEPSY-II Statue (below age 9) or The Iowa Gambling Task (age 9 and up). Classmates reported who was not a preferred play mate: a measure of rejection. Executive Functions were not significantly related to Rejection across the sample, but among the children with the lowest Executive Functions, The Wisconsin Card Sort was significantly negatively related to Rejection (-0.61, p = .04) suggesting poor Cognitive Flexibility may be a risk factor for Rejection. Performance on the Iowa Gambling Task was found to be positively correlated with Rejection (0.4, p = .008) suggesting that high impulse control may also be a risk factor for rejection among adolescents. This was consistent with a finding of a positive correlation between Office Discipline Referrals and popularity (.4, p = .008) among the sample. Implications for practice are also discussed including the difficulty of managing behavior when bad behavior is related to popularity. Keywords: Iowa Gambling Task, Wisconsin Card Sort, Peer Rejection, Executive Functions, Urban children.
Temple University--Theses
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Cardoso, Caroline de Oliveira. "Programas de interven??o neuropsicol?gica precoce-preventiva : estimula??o das fun??es executivas em escolares." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2017. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/7287.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq
Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS)
There is relative consensus that low level and quality of education are limiting factors of a country?s growth. Statistics show that many students have difficulties in learning or do not display the necessary abilities to succeed academically. Trying to reduce such difficulties, neuropsychology has developed remediation and rehabilitation interventions. There is, however, a need to invest in intervention programs that promote cognitive health and stimulate neurocognitive skills among children. These programs may potentiate cognitive processes and lead to short and long term benefits. Evidence shows that the executive functions (EF) have a crucial role in education, and are relevant in learning and in autoregulatory behavior. Given this context, the objective of this thesis was to develop and verify the effectiveness of an early and preventive neuropsychological intervention program with the intent of stimulating the EF among Elementary School students. The program was called Program of Neuropsychological Stimulation of Cognition in Students: emphasis on Executive Functions, or PENcE (an acronym from its original name in Portuguese, Programa de Estimula??o Neuropsicol?gica da Cogni??o em Escolares: ?nfase nas Fun??es Executivas). The First Study performed a systematic review of empirical studies about neuropsychological interventions of EF among children with typical development, looking for an overview that could guide the construction of the PENcE. Nineteen studies were found through the PRISMA method: most of them provided evidences that the children who participated in the intervention programs improved their executive functions. For the most part, they used computerized cognitive training to stimulate working memory. Other studies proposed a curricular approach to potentiate autoregulation. It was possible to observe that the studies are very heterogenic in terms of approach, methods, and closing measurement tools. Computerized trainings seem improve trained cognitive skills, but are limited in terms of transferring gains. Curricular programs seem more generalizable, with effects on transferring gains and functionality. The objective of the Second Study was to present the process of construction and content validity evidences for the PENcE. There were four steps involved in reaching that goal: internal stage of program organization; program construction; analysis by expert judges; and data integration and program finalization. All stages were important and contributed to improve the program. Furthermore, the assessment of the program (global and of each module) presented a level of agreement among judges equal to one, allowing for the achievement of content validity evidences. Finally, the Third Study investigated the effectiveness of the PENcE among children attending 3rd and 4th grades of Elementary School. It also analyzed the effects of transferring to other skills (executive, cognitive, academic, behavioral) beyond the main executive closings. From an initial sample of 160 children, 113 participated in the study. They were divided into two groups: experimental group (EG) (n=64) and control group (CG) (n=49). There were no differences between the groups before the intervention. After the study, the groups were compared, and the EG presented significant gains in inhibitory control, working memory, and abstract planning. There were transferring effects to other cognitive abilities (such as attention and fluid thinking), academic abilities (math and written skills), and changes in behavior (relationship and behavioral problems), and the overcame the CG. As a group, the findings from the three studies offer an early and preventive intervention program that has theoretical basis, has followed a rigorous construction process, and possesses content validity and effectiveness analysis. For future studies, it is suggested to extend and adapt the program to other age groups and to children who already present executive deficits, including learning difficulties and ADHD. Moreover, with the goal of contributing to public policies, it is recommended that the PENcE be implemented in public schools in developing countries, helping to bridge the gap between neuropsychology and education in a practical way.
Atualmente, h? relativo consenso de que o baixo n?vel educacional e a reduzida qualidade do processo de escolariza??o s?o fatores limitadores de crescimento de um pa?s. Al?m disso, as estimativas mostram que um elevado n?mero de alunos apresenta dificuldades de aprendizagem ou n?o apresenta habilidades necess?rias para ter sucesso acad?mico. Na tentativa de contribuir com a diminui??o de tais dificuldades, a neuropsicologia desenvolveu predominantemente interven??es de remedia??o e de reabilita??o. Destaca-se, contudo, a necessidade de se investir em programas de interven??es de promo??o ? sa?de cognitiva e de estimula??o de habilidades neurocognitivas em crian?as, uma vez que tais programas podem potencializar os processos cognitivos e levar a benef?cios de curto a longo prazo. Com o avan?o da neuropsicologia, h? evid?ncias de que as fun??es executivas (FE) t?m um papel crucial na educa??o e s?o relevantes para aprendizagem e comportamento autorregulat?rio. Frente a esse contexto, essa tese teve como objetivo desenvolver e verificar a efetividade de um programa de interven??o neuropsicol?gica precoce-preventiva em busca da estimula??o das FE em escolares no Ensino Fundamental I. Tal programa foi denominado Programa de Estimula??o Neuropsicol?gica da Cogni??o em Escolares: ?nfase nas fun??es executivas (PENcE). No primeiro estudo, a partir de uma revis?o sistem?tica, buscou-se caracterizar os estudos emp?ricos sobre interven??es neuropsicol?gicas de FE em crian?as com desenvolvimento t?pico, em busca de um panorama que norteasse a constru??o do PENcE. Seguindo o m?todo PRISMA, foram encontrados 19 estudos e a maioria forneceu evid?ncias que as crian?as que participaram dos programas de interven??o melhoraram suas habilidades executivas. A maioria utilizou o treino cognitivo computadorizado, envolvendo a estimula??o da mem?ria de trabalho. Outros propuseram uma abordagem curricular com intuito de potencializar a autorregula??o. Foi poss?vel verificar que os estudos s?o bastante heterog?neos em rela??o a tipos de abordagem, m?todos e instrumentos de medida de desfecho. Contudo, os treinos computadorizados parecem levar a uma melhora na habilidade cognitiva treinada, por?m, s?o limitados em termos de transfer?ncia de ganhos. Os programas de abordagem curricular, por sua vez, parecem mais generaliz?veis, com efeito de transfer?ncia e ganho na funcionalidade. No Estudo 2, objetivou-se apresentar o processo de constru??o e evid?ncias de validade de conte?do do PENcE. Para isso, quatro etapas foram realizadas: fase interna de organiza??o do programa; constru??o do programa; an?lise de ju?zes especialistas; integra??o dos dados e finaliza??o do programa. Todas as etapas foram essenciais e contribu?ram para aprimorar o programa. Al?m disso, evidenciou-se que a avalia??o global do programa e de cada um dos m?dulos apresentou um n?vel de concord?ncia de 1,0 entre os ju?zes, permitindo obter evid?ncias de validade de conte?do. Por fim, no Estudo 3 buscou-se investigar a efetividade do PENcE em crian?as do 3? ou 4? ano do Ensino Fundamental, bem como, analisar o efeito de transfer?ncia para outras habilidades executivas e cognitivas, habilidades acad?micas e comportamento, para al?m dos desfechos executivos principais. De uma amostra inicial de 160 crian?as, 113 participaram do estudo e foram subdivididas em dois grupos: grupo experimental (GE) (n=64) e grupo controle (GC) (n=49). Os grupos n?o se diferenciaram em nenhuma medida na avalia??o pr?-interven??o. Na compara??o dos grupos, verificou-se o GE apresentou ganhos significativos de controle inibit?rio, mem?ria de trabalho, planejamento abstrato. Houve efeito de transfer?ncia para outras habilidades cognitivas (como aten??o e racioc?nio fluido), habilidades acad?micas (matem?tica e escrita) e mudan?a no comportamento (relacionamento e problemas de conduta), sendo que o GE superou o GC. Em conjunto, os achados dos tr?s estudos contribuem disponibilizando um programa de interven??o precoce-preventiva, que possui embasamento te?rico, que seguiu um rigoroso processo de constru??o e que denota de validade de conte?do e de an?lise de efetividade. Sugere-se, para os pr?ximos estudos, estender e adaptar o programa para outras faixas et?rias e para grupos de crian?as que j? apresentam d?ficits executivos, como com transtornos espec?ficos de aprendizagem e TDAH. Al?m disso, visando a contribuir com as pol?ticas p?blicas, recomenda-se que o PENcE possa ser implementado em escolas p?blicas nos pa?ses em desenvolvimento, rumo a uma interface cada vez mais pr?tica entre neuropsicologia e educa??o.
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Heath, Amanda J. "Emotional working memory training, work demands, stress and anxiety in cognitive performance and decision-making under uncertainty." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för psykologi (PSY), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-75011.
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The study seeks to bring together literature on decision-making, the effects of work-related demands and stress, and individual differences in trait anxiety on near and far transfer effects of emotional working memory training (eWM). A sample of 31 students and working participants underwent emotional working memory training through an adaptive dual n-back method or a placebo face match training task for 14 days. Pre- and post-training measures were taken of a near transfer task, digit span, medium transfer measure of executive control, emotional Stroop, and a far transfer task of decision-making under uncertainty, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). In line with previous studies, eWM was expected to show gains in transfer task performance between pre- and post-training, and, especially for those scoring high on trait anxiety and workplace measures of stress demands (taken from COPSOQ), for whom there is more scope for improvement in emotional regulation. Gains in emotional Stroop specifically were further expected to show support for the effects of eWM training on emotional well-being in addition to decision-making. Results fell short of replicating previous work on transfer gains, though interference effects in Stroop did lessen in the eWM training group. Relationships between work demands, anxiety, stress and performance in the training itself, reinforce previous research showing that work stress and anxiety lead to cognitive failures, highlighting the importance of intervention studies in the organizational field, but they were not linked to benefits of the training. Resource and methodological limitations of the current study are considered, especially those involved in conducting pre-post designs and cognitive testing online.
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Chaves, Rodriguez Elena. "Differential involvement of striatal medium spiny neurons subpopulations on decision-making processes in mice." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/286721.
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Decision-making is necessary to adapt to the variable environment in everyday life. During this process, our goal is to select the most beneficial course of action in order to obtain the best outcome, to develop efficient choice strategies. That is, estimating the probability to obtain any of the available outcomes as well as their value. Moreover, poor decision-making ability is a common symptom to several psychiatric disorders, such as pathological gambling, depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.The cognitive and emotional mechanisms controlling decision-making processes depend, among others, on the striatum, Basal Ganglia’s main input nucleus. The striatum is divided into the dorsal striatum, responsible for motor and cognitive control that initiate actions (Dorsomedial Striatum, DMS) and generate habits (Dorsolateral Striatum, DLS), and Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) which manages reward and the influence of motivation on motor behavior. A2A-expressing and D1-expressing medium spiny neurons (iMSNs and dMSNs, respectively), accounting for 95% of striatal neurons act in coordination to generate adaptive behavioral responses. It has been shown that imbalanced activity between these two populations leads to abnormal behaviors: overactivation of striatonigral neurons promotes an increased locomotion as well as a higher sensitivity for reward, whereas overactivation of striatopallidal neurons produces the exact opposite effects. However, the specific contributions to decision-making of these two populations in each striatal territory remains unclear. Here, we made use of a chemogenetic (DREADD) tool to manipulate striatal projection neurons’ activity within each specific striatal area and tested their role in a decision-making operant protocol. To do so, we used two different mouse models that allowed us to target specifically iMSNs (A2A-Cre mice) or dMSNs (D1-Cre mice) and induce neuronal-specific expression of the hM3Dq DREADD receptor. CNO-mediated activation of these receptors led to neuronal activation. Then, we tested DREADD-dependent activation of MSNs during the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a test used to assess the influence of different rewards on choice and to evaluate the ability of mice to develop advantageous choice strategies. We found an exclusive role of DMS’ dMSNs in controlling choice preference, as DREADD-induced activation of these neurons produced a loss of preference. Manipulations of MSNs in other striatal areas led to altered task performance without affecting choice preference.These results contribute to a better understanding of the role of the striatum on decision-making and moreover, suggest the existence of a high level of functional specialization in this area, a fact that could be explained by the local circuits in which each MSN population is involved.Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine)
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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FINOCCHIARO, ROBERTA. "Meccanismi di ricompensa e lateralizzazione inter-emisferica nei processi decisionali: componenti motivazionali e la vulnerabilità a comportamenti di dipendenza." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/17221.
Full textAbstract:
Lo scopo della presenta ricerca è analizzare il ruolo del sistema di ricompensa in relazione al costrutto BIS/BAS (Behavioural Inhibition System/ Behavioural Activation System) in un contesto sano e di dipendenza da sostanza. Il lavoro ha inoltre esplorato l'asimmetria cerebrale frontale nelle scelte decisionali che implicano stimoli di ricompensa e condizioni punizione. I risultati hanno confermato l'ipotesi di un anomalia del sistema di ricompensa in individui con alto BAS e in pazienti con dipendenza da sostanza, che sovrastimavano la ricompensa immediata a scapito di quella a lungo termine durante l’Iowa Gambling Task. Un’altra componente cruciale emersa da questo progetto è una iper-attivazione del lobo frontale di sinistra rispetto a quello di destra in risposta alle opzioni più rischiose. Questo "effetto di sbilanciamento inter-emisferico” potrebbe essere considerato come un indicatore critico del comportamento decisionale disfunzionale nella dipendenza o come fattore di vulnerabilità allo sviluppo di dipendenze. Infine, questo "modello di squilibrio corticale" è stato applicato ad altre forme di dipendenza comportamentale, misurate con l’Internet Addiction Test (IAT). In effetti, un aumento dell'attività frontale di sinistra è stata osservata per gli individui ad alto IAT in risposta a stimoli premianti. In particolare, i risultati ottenuti sottolineano l'importanza di un modello integrato di dipendenza che tiene conto del sistema motivazionale (BIS/BAS) correlato alla lateralizzazione dell'attività corticale.The aim of this PhD research was intended to analyze the role of the reward system by the BIS/BAS (Behavioural Inhibition System/ Behavioural Activation System) construct in healthy and addiction context. It explored the frontal brain asymmetry in decisional choices implying reward stimuli and punishment conditions. Results confirmed the hypothesis of a “reward bias” induced by high-BAS individuals and patients suffering from Substance Use Disorder (SUD) to overestimate the immediate reward to the detriment of the delayed reward during the Iowa Gambling Task. Another critical component is the frontal left-hyper activation of the brain in response to more risky options. This "inter-hemisphere" unbalancing effect can be considered as a critical indicator of the dysfunctional decision behavior in dependence or as a vulnerability factor to the development of addiction. Finally, this “cortical imbalance model” was applied to other forms of behavioural addiction, measured by the Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Indeed, an increased left frontal activity was observed for high-IAT individuals in response to rewarding stimuli. In particular, the results underlined the importance of an integrated model of addiction that takes into account the motivational system (BIS / BAS) related to the lateralization of cortical activity.
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Adida, Marc. "Neurocognition de l'impulsivité et des stratégies de prise de décision dans les troubles bipolaire et schizophrénique." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2009AIX22096.pdf.
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Objectifs: Les conséquences dommageables des troubles du comportement présents dans le trouble bipolaire et la schizophrénie résulteraient souvent d’un degré élevé d’impulsivité ou d’anomalies de prise de décision. L’objectif de ce travail de doctorat est de déterminer si ces caractéristiques comportementales peuvent être évaluées par des mesures de laboratoire des capacités de prise de décision et de 5 sous-composantes de l’impulsivité à savoir (i) le déclenchement précoce d’une réponse avant le traitement complet de l’information, (ii) la difficulté à inhiber une réponse motrice préalablement initiée, (iii) l’insuffisance du coût cognitif de l’interférence de processus cognitifs, (iv) la difficulté à attendre pour recevoir une récompense, (v) la surestimation d’un intervalle de temps. Nous voulons tester l’hypothèse de l’indépendance de ces 5 sous-composantes de l’impulsivité et évaluer leurs rapports avec les capacités de prise de décision. Méthode: Une analyse de puissance a été effectuée. Trois-cent quinze sujets, incluant 167 patients bipolaires (PB) sous traitement, maniaques (PBM) (n=45), dépressifs (PBD) (n=32) et euthymiques (PBE) (n=90) et 150 sujets contrôles volontaires sains (CVS), appariés selon l’âge, le genre et le niveau d’éducation ont été évalués avec l’Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Les performances de 31 PBM, 23 patients schizophrènes (PS) et 20 CVS appariés selon l’âge et le genre ont été comparées avec les tests (i) IMT/DMT, (ii) GoStop, (iii) de Stroop, (iv) SKIP, (v) Time estimation et IGT. Nous avons mené une analyse factorielle en composantes principales avec rotation varimax (ACP) de 14 variables des 6 tests. Les composantes obtenues ont été ensuite utilisées comme des variables indépendantes. Résultats: A l’IGT, les PBM (p<0. 001; effect size [d]=0. 67), les PBD (p<0. 01; d=0. 59) et les PBE (p<0. 05; d=0. 35) ont choisi significativement plus de cartes dans les piles risquées que les CVS sans différence significative entre les groupes de PB. A la différence des CVS, les PBM (p<0. 001), les PBD (p<0. 05) et les PBE (p<0. 05) n’ont pas montré de changement de stratégie durant le jeu. A l’IGT, les PS (p<0. 05; d=0. 8) ont choisi significativement plus de cartes dans les piles risquées que les CVS et n’ont pas montré de changement de stratégie au cours du jeu (p<0. 05). Le degré d’impulsivité des PBM est supérieur à celui des CVS dans 3 des 5 sous-composantes de l’impulsivité: les PBM montrent des réponses prématurées avant le traitement complet des stimuli au test IMT/DMT (p<0. 05; d=0. 7/p<0. 01; d=0. 8), un coût cognitif de l’interférence insuffisant au test de Stroop (p<0. 05; d=0. 7) et une incapacité à attendre pour recevoir une récompense au test SKIP (p<0. 001; d=1. 2). Le degré d’impulsivité des PS est supérieur à celui des CVS dans 1 sous-composante de l’impulsivité: les PS montrent des réponses prématurées avant le traitement complet des stimuli au test DMT (p<0. 05; d=1). Seule la mesure de la difficulté à attendre pour recevoir une récompense par le nombre total de réponses au test SKIP différencie les PBM des PS (p<0. 05; d=0. 7). En comparaison avec les CVS, les PBM (p<0. 001; d=1. 2/p<0. 001; d=1) et les PS (p<0. 05; d=1/p<0. 01; d=1) montrent des déficits attentionnels à l’IMT/DMT. L’ACP a déterminé 4 composantes dont les valeurs propres étaient supérieures à 1 indice KMO=0. 72 et valeurs KMO>0. 55; test de sphéricité de Bartlett χ2(91)=259. 7, p<0. 001): les troubles de l’attention associés au déclenchement précoce d’une réponse avant le traitement complet d’une information (F1), l’inhibition d’une réponse motrice préalablement engagée (F2), la capacité à prendre une décision avantageuse et récompensée (F3) et le coût cognitif de l’interférence et de la perception temporelle (F4). F1 mesure la sous-composante de l’impulsivité (i). F2 mesure la sous-composante de l’impulsivité (ii). F3 mesure les capacités de prise de décision et la sous-composante de l’impulsivité (iii). F4 mesure les sous-composantes de l’impulsivité (iii) et (v). Seule F1 différencie les PBM des PS (p<0. 05; d=0. 8). Conclusion: Les déficits des capacités de prise de décision existant dans les 3 phases du trouble bipolaire pourraient être des marqueurs de trait de la maladie. Seuls des déficits plus sévères des capacités attentionnelles et du déclenchement précoce d’une réponse avant le traitement complet de l’information différencient les patients maniaques des patients schizophrènes. Dans les conditions expérimentales de notre étude, (i) le déclenchement précoce d’une réponse avant le traitement complet de l’information et (ii) la difficulté à inhiber une réponse motrice préalablement initiée sont 2 souscomposantes indépendantes de l’impulsivité alors que (iii) l’insuffisance du coût cognitif de l’interférence de processus cognitifs et (v) la surestimation d’un intervalle de temps sont 2 sous-composantes interdépendantes. Les capacités de prise de décision sont liées à (iv) la difficulté à attendre pour recevoir une récompenseContext: Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with impaired psychosocial behaviours. Little is known about deficits in neurocognitive functions like decision-making possibly related both to these behaviours and to the nature of the disorder. Objective: To determine whether decision-making impairments exist in manic (M), depressed (D) and euthymic (E) bipolar patients (BP) and to determine whether illness and course-of-illness characteristics can predict participants’ performance Design: Cross-sectional design with relationships between predictor variables and decisionmaking examined using one step multivariate regression analysis Setting: Three university psychiatric hospitals Participants: A power analysis was conducted. A total of 315 subjects, 18 to 65 years old, including 45 M and 32 D inpatients and 90 E outpatients with BD I, medicated, and 150 Healthy Controls (HC), age, IQ and gender-matched, were included. All DSM-IV severity and duration criteria were fulfilled. Subjects with a history of neurological disorder, electroconvulsive therapy or substance abuse within the past six months prior to the study were excluded. Main Outcome Measures: Assessments of decision-making ability and sensitivity to punishment frequency with the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) Results: On the IGT, MBP (p<0. 001), DBP (p<0. 01) and EBP (p<0. 05) selected significantly more cards from the risky decks than HC with no significant differences between BP groups. Unlike HC, MBP (p<0. 001), DBP (p<0. 05) and EBP (p<0. 05) showed little capacity to learn from incurred losses with no significant differences between BP groups, but, like HC, BP preferred decks that yielded infrequent penalties over those decks that yielded frequent penalties. In a multivariate analysis, decision-making impairment in the BP was significantly (p=0. 001) predicted by low level of education, high number of total admissions and family history of BD. 81 Conclusions: BP clearly show defects in decision-making predicted by course-of-illness illness characteristics. Impaired decision-making might be a trait-related neurocognitive deficit in BD and partly explain impaired psychosocial behaviours of BP
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Farská, Kateřina. "Cognitive Depletion and Its Effect on Decision Making." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-165267.
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One of the factors significantly influencing our daily decisions is the so-called cognitive depletion.The theory of cognitive depletion postulates the existence of a limited mental resource that is necessary for self-regulation. If the resource is diminished by a task involving self-control, achievement in subsequent self-control task will be impaired. This project examines the effect of cognitive depletion on decisions in the Iowa Gambling Task designed to simulate real-life decision making involving gains and losses. Further, a possible effect of moderating factors that could be affected by cognitive depletion and consequently influence decisions in the Iowa Gambling Task -- risk preference and impulsivity -- is investigated. Dual-process theories postulate there are two systems involved in decision-making: faster, intuitive, emotional System 1 and slower, deliberative, rational System 2. It was found that cognitive depletion leads to enhancement of System 1. As advantageous decisions in the Iowa Gambling Task are closely related to emotional reactions -- domain of System 1 -- it was hypothesized that cognitive depletion will lead to not worse, or possibly even better results in depleted subjects. A controlled laboratory experiment was conducted involving 39 subjects in total. No difference was found in average desicions of depleted and non-depleted subjects in the Iowa Gambling Task, supporting the hypothesis. Further, short-term increase in impulsivity caused by cognitive depletion was very probably moderating choices in the IGT, leading to worse overall performance. Regarding risk preferences, we found that non-depleted subjects were generally more risk seeking in losses context, while depleted subjects exhibited rather loss aversion. This change in risk behaviors due to cognitive depletion very probably did not mediate choices in the Iowa Gambling Task.
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Ferreira, Dalila Cabral. "Qualidades psicométricas da Iowa Gambling Task em saúde mental." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/8808.
Full textAbstract:
Orientação: Paulo Lopes ; co-orientação: Jorge OliveiraA Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) é uma prova de avaliação neuropsicológica utilizada com o intuito de avaliar a tomada de decisão do indivíduo. Estudos indicam que indivíduos que manifestem alterações na região dorso-lateral e ventro-medial do córtex pré-frontal apresentam um comprometimento cognitivo no que diz respeito ao seu funcionamento executivo, nomeadamente em relação à sua tomada de decisão. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar as qualidades psicométricas da IGT, através do cálculo da consistência interna e validade convergente, e também perceber se existem diferenças no desempenho da IGT em dois grupos clínicos. A amostra deste estudo é constituída por 114 participantes, sendo que foram incluídos dois grupos clínicos: indivíduos com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia (n=31) e indivíduos com diagnóstico de perturbação por uso de álcool (n=83). Verificou-se que a IGT tem uma consistência interna credível, mas não se observaram correlações com as medidas convergentes. Verificou-se também que, de uma forma geral, não existem diferenças, a nível do perfil de desempenho, nos dois grupos clínicos, o que sugere um padrão de comprometimento similar entre estas populações.
Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is a neuropsychological test used with the purpose of assessing subject´s decision making. Studies show that subjects who manifest alterations in the dorsolateral and ventro medial prefrontal cortex has a cognitive impairment regarding their executive functions, mainly concerning their decision making. In this way, the objective of this study is not only to analyse ITG´s psychometric properties through the determination of internal consistency and the convergence validity but also to analyse if there are any differences in the performance of IGT in two different clinical groups. This study´s sample consists of 114 participants divided into two clinical groups: individuals with schizophrenia (n=31) and individuals with alcohol abuse disorder (n=83). It was shown that IGT has a credible internal consistency but it was not observed a correlation with the convergence measurements. It was also shown that there are no differences in the performance profile of both clinical groups which suggests a similar behavior pattern in these two populations.
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Mira, Filipa Gomes. "A tomada de decisão conjugal como fator de risco psicossocial em díades conjugais." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/32642.
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Dissertação de mestrado em Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde (Psicopatologia e Psicoterapias Dinâmicas), apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação da Universidade de CoimbraO IGT é um instrumento desenvolvido para avaliar a tomada de decisão, baseado na Hipótese do Marcador Somático. Este instrumento simula situações da vida real - no que diz respeito às consequências da tomada de decisão - primeiro em condições de incerteza e depois em condições de risco. Apesar de muito estudado com populações clínicas, a investigação também se tem preocupado com o indivíduo enquanto decisor. Contudo, ainda existem poucas evidências científicas quanto ao processo de tomada de decisão entre sujeitos com relações próximas. Desta forma, o objetivo desta investigação prende-se com o estudo das relações entre padrões de tomada de decisão dos elementos de díades conjugais e indicadores de risco e vulnerabilidade sociodemográfico e clínico. Assim, a amostra do presente estudo é constituída por 30 casais marcados pela fragilidade extrema de recursos socioeconómicos (risco psicossocial derivado da pobreza e de todas as variáveis associadas a esta situação). O processo de tomada de decisão foi avaliado através do IGT, que foi administrado em dois momentos consecutivos, através de dois jogos do IGT (cada jogo com 100 ensaios ou jogadas). Os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram que estas díades conjugais apresentam padrões de decisão semelhantes, sendo esses padrões predominantemente desvantajosos (em ambos os elementos do casal). Evidenciou-se, também, que há uma relação negativa entre os padrões decisionais destes casais, no segundo jogo do IGT, e as variáveis psicopatológicas (sintomas psicopatológicos), reforçando os achados com as populações com características sintomáticas. Por fim, verificou-se, ainda, que os desempenhos obtidos pela amostra em estudo com risco psicossocial são inferiores, quando comparados com a amostra normativa de estudos com populações saudáveis.
The IGT is a developed instrument to evaluate the decision making, based on Somatic Marker Hypothesis. This instrument simulates real life situations – regarding the consequences of the decision making – firstly in conditions of uncertainty, then in conditions of risk. Despite a number of studies with the IGT with clinical populations, the investigation has also been concerned about the individual decisor. However, scientific evidence on the decision making process between elements with close relationships is still limited. In this way, the objective of this research concerns the study of the relationship between the decision making patterns of the dyad elements and sociodemographic and clinical factors of risk and vulnerability. Thus, the sample of the present study is composed by 30 couples marked by extreme fragility of socioeconomic resources (psychosocial risk derived from poverty and all the variables associated with this situation). The decision making process was measured by the IGT, which was administered on two consecutive moments, through two IGT tasks (each task with 100 trials). The results of the present study had demonstrated that this dyad spouses present similar decision patterns, which are predominantly disadvantageous (in both couple's elements). It was also found a negative relationship between the decision patterns of these couples, at the second game of IGT, and the psychopathological variables (psychopathological symptoms), strengthening the findings with the populations with symptomatic characteristics. Lastly, it was still verified that the performance obtained by the sample in this study are lower comparatively with the sample of studies with healthy populations.
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Chen, Szu-Yin, and 陳思穎. "The Influence of Expected Value, Gain-Loss Frequency and Fun Seeking Trait on Decision Making in the Iowa Gambling Task/ Soochow Gambling Task." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83617235365651386869.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東吳大學
心理學系
99
Purpose: Within the last sixteen years, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has become an index used to evaluate decision making behavior, although in that time little research has applied the IGT towards personality research(for example, Behavioral Inhibition Scale/Behavioral Activation Scales：BIS/BAS scales). However, the research concerning personality that has been completed has proven to vary considerably, with very little continuity existing between those sources. This study attempts to show that the reason for the variance found in previous research is because of two main issues: 1) It failed to consider the expected values and the gain-loss frequency, which are combined into the design of the IGT. Also, this research analyzed the data only using expected values. 2) It also failed to consider the nature of four decks of cards, thus analyzing the data by adding decks ‘A’ and ‘B’ together as bad cards and decks ‘C’ and ‘D’ together as good cards. Method: This study tried to design two experiments to solve these problems. Experiment 1 analyzed each of the four decks independently using the reverse version IGT (rIGT) and IGT. It reexamined the relationship between the expected values, the gain-loss frequency and the fun seeking trait. Experiment 2 used the Soochow Gambling Task (SGT) to replace the IGT and resolve its confounding variables. It reexamined the behavioral preferences of the subjects and the correlation between the IGT, rIGT, SGT and the fun seeking trait using expected values and the gain-loss frequency. This experiment separated the subjects into low vs. high fun seeking score categories to analyze their behavioral preferences of the three tasks using the expected values and the gain-loss frequency. Result: The decision making behavior made by most people in gambling tasks supported the view of the gain-loss frequency. In the BIS/BAS scales, the fun seeking scale seemed related more to the gain-loss frequency. The results of this study were unstable, just as with previous research done by using the IGT and the BIS/BAS scales. This study observed a relationship between the fun seeking scale and the gain-loss frequency when using the rIGT and SGT.
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Carron, Claire R. "A Novel Risky Decision-Making Task in High and Low Alcohol Preferring Mice." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/17957.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Deficits in impulse control and decision-making have been implicated in the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Individuals with AUD often make disadvantageous choices under conditions of probabilistic risk. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is often used to measure risky decision-making, in which impaired individuals tend to favor large, infrequent rewards even when punished for these choices, rather than smaller, safer, and more advantageous rewards. It remains poorly understood if these deficits are behaviors under genetic control and if ethanol intoxication may alter decision-making. High and Low Alcohol Preferring (HAP3 and LAP3, respectively) mice were trained on a novel gambling task to investigate these possible influences. In Experiment 1, HAP3s and LAP3s responded for a 0.1% saccharin solution, choosing between a risky and a safe option. Importantly, choosing the risky option was meant to be ultimately disadvantageous. In Experiment 2, these same HAP3 mice responded for saccharin or saccharin plus 10% ethanol. Contrary to hypothesis, LAP3s preferred the risky option more than HAP3s. Alcohol increased preference for the risky lever, but only in male mice. HAP3 preference for the safe lever may be explained by higher motivation to obtain sweet rewards, or higher overall avidity for responding. Ethanol-induced changes in male risk behavior may be explained by higher androgen levels, but further investigation is required. Similarly, continued research is necessary to optimize a risky decision-making task for both lines, and thus investigate possible genetic differences in risk acceptance that correlate with differences in alcohol intake.
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LeGris, Jeannette M. "Executive Function, Iowa Gambling Task Decision Making and Suicide Risk in Women with Borderline Personality Disorder." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/32807.
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Neuropsychological deficits may perpetuate the risk and chronicity of psychiatric disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder, characterized by significant suicide risk, intense affect and behavioural dysregulation, is frequently associated with the executive function (EF) deficits of decision making and inhibitory control. However, the role of inhibitory control on decision making remains poorly understood. This study examined the relationships among working memory, cognitive and motor inhibitory control, and IGT decision-making performance in 41 women with BPD and 41 healthy controls. Associations among EF and suicide risk were also explored. Experimental tasks included the Iowa Gambling Task, Digit Span, Stroop and Stop Tasks, and Raven’s Matrices. Only IGT decision-making deficits distinguished BPD subjects from healthy controls. Weaker yet normal range IQ and EFs in BPD women did not explain their disadvantageous IGT performance. Contrary to expectations, IGT deficits in BPD women did not predict any suicidal risk; however, intact interference control was as sensitive to suicidal risk as was depression. Normal interference control was associated with a reduction in suicide risk. While IGT decision making may be a marker for BPD, Stroop interference control is more sensitive to suicide risk and may represent a vulnerability for suicide that exists beyond psychiatric diagnosis.
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CAI, YA-XIU, and 蔡雅岫. "Reevaluating the dynamic decision behavior in the elderly – A study using original and reverse Iowa gambling task." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ggm9x5.
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碩士高雄醫學大學
心理學系碩士班
106
The trend of global aging has caused the population of elderly is rising. In addition, aging affected the degradation of physical as well as decline of memory, cognition, reasoning, and decision making with age (Harada, Love, & Triebel, 2013). In recent years, research emphasized whether elderly’s decision-making ability is impaired (Denburg et al., 2005; Nguyen et al., 2018). The clinical version of the IGT has been a means of assessing the decision ability of thirteen neuropsychiatric populations, including the “older adults with decision-making impairment” (Bechara, 2007, 2016). However, Previous research that the elderly’s de-cision-making performance has shown inconsistent - One is older adults’ performance is worse than younger adults (8 studies, such as Denburg et al., 2005), and the other is no difference between older and younger adults (7 studies, such as Wood et al., 2005), showing the key variable, expected value, may not serve as a valid measure of decision-making deficits in elderly, and whether it can continue to be a clinical assessment tool needs to verify. We organized 15 research literature (subjects’ age in-terval, IGT index), and 200 participants aged over 20 were selected as the subjects by purposive sampling . Participants completed either a 200-trial IGT or r-IGT (Bechara et al., 2000), MMSE and BDI through be-tween-subject experimental design. The measurement tools included Iowa gaming task, MMSE, and the Beck''s Depression Inventory II. The index of IGT using expected value as evaluation indicator is that no difference between the two groups, supported 7 studies, such as Wood et al. (2005). The differences in decision-making performance between the two groups are observed only adding learning trials on the IGT with the newly indi-cator, gain-loss frequency (Wilder et al., 1998), that is younger adults choose more deck B than older adults. Our findings support Bauer et al. (2013), which demonstrate the insignificant difference between two groups. Moreover, there is significant difference between the two groups only revealed on adding learning trials on the r-IGT. The previous litera-ture review and our study indicate that an effective indicator to distinguish decision-making ability of older and younger adults on the IGT may be guided by the gain-loss frequency rather than expected value. In sum, our findings suggest the IGT is unable to distinguish decision-making ability between the two groups. The choice pattern of IGT for younger adults is dominated by gain-loss frequency and tend to prefer deck B. However, the clinical version of the IGT still assesses the decision-making performance of elderly based on expected value, which may cause the bias of the assessment of elderly’s decision-making impairment results from the basic IGT assumption. Gain-loss frequency and adding learning trials may be become a new indicator, which should be further examined
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Xu, Mei, and 徐梅. "Reexamining Decision-making Behaviors of Schizophrenia on Iowa Gambling Task: Insights from Expected Value and Gain-loss Frequency." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dx2twp.
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碩士高雄醫學大學
心理學系碩士班
106
Many studies have shown that patients with schizophrenia (Sz) have gradual degeneration of executive function revealed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Recent studies have pointed out that schizophrenia may also exist decision-making dysfunction. And most studies apply the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) to assess decision-making function under dynamic and uncertain conditions. Our study reviewed 38 relevent studies focusing on comparing IGT performance bewtween Sz and control(Ctrl). Based on the analysis of net score defined by the original IGT, there is a significant difference between Sz and Ctrl in 24 articles (63%) represented by Beninger et al. (2003), While 14 articles (37%) represented by Wilder et al. (1998) indicated no significant difference between two groups. Obviously, this revealed inconsisitent results among the literature of IGT performanc on schizophrenia. In order to elucidate the contradictory phenomenon, our research will carry out two studies: (1) Study one organized and analysed the IGT indicators of 38 articles, and observed the influence of different variables such as expected value and gain-loss frequency, and explored the relationship between these two views (expected value indicator and gain-loss frequent indicator (prominent deck B phenomenon)), so as to clarify the inconsistency of the literature. (2) Study two reexamined the validity of IGT indices between Sz and Ctrl in empirical experiments, and explored the correlations among decision-making behaviors, executive function and clinical symptoms. Study one included 38 articles and selected 18 articles which demostrated the tables or charts of four-deck choices in IGT. Study two recruited 61 schizophrenia patients (schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder) diagnosed by psychiaists and 62 Ctrl participants. Each participant received computerized IGT and WCST, and Sz group additionally complete the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP) evaluated by researchers. Study one indicated that expected value index and others can distinguish the difference between two groups. The IGT selection pattern of Sz in 18 literatures is relatively consistent and illustrated a robust prominent deck B phenomenon. However, the Ctrl’s selection pattern in 18 literatures is unstable, but still demonstrated prominent deck B phenomenon. Apparently, dependently obsevering the effect of expected value index might conceal the prominent deck B phenomenon. Study two reveals that no significant difference between two groups in terms of expectancy and the gain-loss frequency indicators. Therefore, most IGT indicators can’t distinguish the IGT performance between two groups. IGT performance of Sz and Ctrl both highlight with prominent deck B phenomenon. Additionally, it is notable that deck B and D of IGT and expected value index are correlated with partial indicators of WCST. Conversely, it is no significant correlation between IGT and PANSS and PSP, which is consistent with most of the literatures reviewed before. Study one finds gain-loss frequency impose a strong effect on selection pattern of Sz and Ctrl, and the inconsistency of IGT performance in the literature may results from the variation of the Ctrl rather than the Sz. Study two implies each index can’t distinguish the IGT patterns in two groups, but also shows IGT patterns largely influented by gain-loss frequency. Partial correlation exists between the IGT (decision-making) and WCST (executive function). According to the results of the two studies, gain-loss frequency exerts a dominant impact on IGT performance in two populations. Most behavioral indicators of IGT are not valid enough to discriminate the decision-making function between Sz and Ctrl. Yet, it is worth noting that the clinical version of IGT (Bechara, 2007 and 2016) still declares its reliable and valid to evaluate Sz, the clinical application of this assessment need to be revised urgently.
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Yen, Shi-Shih, and 顏世旭. "The influence of immediate gamble-information feedback in the Iowa gambling task - Reevaluating the Maia & McClelland (2004) study." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96n3jc.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東吳大學
心理學系
101
Background: Bechara et al., (1997) and Maia & McClelland (2004) possessed controversial prospects on the knowledge penetration (late vs. early) of gamble structure (conscious to gamble structure). Nevertheless, both research teams congruently demonstrated that most normal subjects approached the advantageous cards and figured out the task structure eventually during playing the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) -This is so called the viewpoint of expected value (EV). However, in recent years, a few research groups (Chiu et al., 2008； Fernie & Tunney, 2006； Fum et al., 2008；Lin et al., 2007; Steingroever et al., 2013; Wilder et al., 1998) found a confounding variable, namely the gain-loss frequency (GLF) rather than EV mostly dominated the choice behavior in the IGT. Notably, this argument between GLF vs. EV only involved choice-behavior level. Nevertheless, few researches verifiy the consistency between choice behavior and knowledge of gamble structure based on the two viewpoints (GLF vs. EV). Therefore, this study provided three experiments to evaluate the consistency between participants’ choice behavior and their knowledge for gamble structure. Method: Experiment 1 aims to further evaluate the critical experiment conducted by Maia & McClelland (2004). Namely, we are curious about what kind of gamble knowledge (GLF vs. EV) mainly guide the subjects' choice behavior in IGT & reverse version IGT (rIGT). Experiment 2 & 3 extended Experiment 1 and the questionnaire used by Maia & McClelland (2004) for evaluating subjects’ knowledge on gamble structure was replaced with the immediate gamble-information feedback (Including the information of immediate gain/loss and cumulative gain/loss in each deck). This manipulation is to eliminate the shortage by using the questionnaire (Maia & McClelland, 2004). Result: The result of Experiment 1 demonstrated that GLF rather than EV mostly guided the subjects’ choice behavior. Moreover, in Experiment 2 & 3, the immediate gamble-information was further provided to subjects, they were still unable to penetrate the EV of each deck and approach the positive-outcome choice. The present findings are inconsistent with Maia & McClelland (2004) and Bechara et al. (1997) observation, but largely consistent with the viewpoint of GLF.
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Laitner, Christina. "Beyond Cognition: Examination of Iowa Gambling Task Performance, Negative Affective Decision-Making and High-Risk Behaviors Among Incarcerated Male Youth." Thesis, 2013. https://doi.org/10.7916/D87S7W3W.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is based on a study examining the performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) of a group of male adolescents aged 16-18 years incarcerated at a secure corrections facility located near New York City. At the time of IGT administration, 45% of the study participants had been charged with crimes but not yet sentenced; 55% of the study participants had been sentenced. 61% of the subjects had been charged with having committed violent felonies and 39% of the subjects had been charged with committing non-violent felonies or misdemeanors. In an effort to contextualize the results of the study sample's performance on the IGT, participant performance was compared to the IGT performance of two groups of adolescents that had never been incarcerated (N = 42, N = 31). Findings demonstrate that the study sample performed significantly worse on the IGT than the community-based samples. Study participant performance was also compared to IGT performance of a group of previously incarcerated adults (N = 25). There was no statistically significant difference in the mean performances of these groups. The study also examined the relationship between antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits and decision-making (as measured by the IGT). No significant differences on IGT performance were identified between study participants charged with committing violent felonies and study participants charged with non-violent felonies and misdemeanors. No association was found between the presence or absence of psychopathic traits, specifically callous-unemotional traits, and IGT performance. Implications for research and practice are considered
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Ladeira, Linda Mónica Afonso. "Tomada de Decisão em aditos de substâncias: estudo comparativo com um grupo da população geral com base no Iowa Gambling Task." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/94526.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Psicologia apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da EducaçãoThe Somatic Marker Hypothesis (SMH) developed by Damásio (1994) was a key milestone in understanding emotions and the importance of their role in decision-making. In this sense, in order to experimentally test, SMH, authors Bechara, Damásio, Damásio and Anderson create the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), an instrument for evaluating the decision-making process. This process has gained a central highlighted in multiple studies in different scientific fields, including clinic, namely, in populations with substance addictions problems.Likewise, the study of addiction extended to the study of personality, considering the traits of impulsivity and sensation seeking. It recognized by a massive number of studies that these two facets of personality are more associated with the development and maintenance of the phenomenon, among the dependent subjectsThus, the present study is to characterize the role of decision making, impulsivity and the search for sensations between two groups: i) the risk group, consisting of male addicted subjects (N = 40) in the context of hospitalization in Therapeutic Communities; ii) a control group, composed of non-substance abuse male subjects (N = 30). On the other hand, correlation relations between the variables were considered and finally, the existence of the phenomenon of the prominent deck B.In this sense, the results obtained by the risk group showed high levels of impulsivity traits and sensation seeking in relation to the control group, also finding that sensation seeking correlates negatively with the total IGT value.Concomitantly, since the first plays both groups made more selections of decks B, reinforcing the existence of the prominence phenomenon of decks B.
A Hipótese do Marcador Somático (HMS), desenvolvida por Damásio (1994), foi um marco fundamental na compreensão das emoções e na importância do seu papel na tomada de decisão. Neste sentido, e com o intuito de testar experimentalmente a HMS, os autores Bechara, Damásio, Damásio e Anderson criaram um instrumento de avaliação do processo de tomada de decisão, o Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Este instrumento ganhou um destaque central em múltiplos estudos de áreas científicas, incluindo a clínica, nomeadamente, nas populações com problemas de adição a substâncias.De igual modo, o estudo da adição tem sido alargado ao estudo da personalidade, considerando-se os traços da impulsividade e busca de sensações. É reconhecido por um massivo número de investigações que estas duas facetas da personalidade estão mais associadas ao desenvolvimento e manutenção do fenómeno, entre os sujeitos dependentes.Assim, o presente estudo, passa por caraterizar o papel da tomada de decisão, a impulsividade e a busca de sensações entre dois grupos: i) o grupo de risco, constituído por sujeitos aditos do sexo masculino (N= 40) em contexto de internamento em Comunidades Terapêuticas; e ii) um grupo de controlo, composto por sujeitos do sexo masculino não dependentes de substâncias (N= 30). Por outro lado, foram ainda consideradas relações de correlação entre as variáveis e, por último, averiguou-se a existência do fenómeno de proeminência do baralho B.Neste sentido, os resultados obtidos pelo grupo de risco demonstraram níveis elevados nos traços de impulsividade e busca de sensação em relação ao grupo de controlo. Constatou-se, também, que a busca de sensações se correlaciona negativamente com o valor total do IGT.Concomitantemente, foi observado que, desde as primeiras jogadas, ambos os grupos realizaram mais seleções dos baralhos B, reforçando a existência do fenómeno de proeminência do baralho B.
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Liu, Ying-Chun, and 劉映君. "Risky decision making and illegal drug use among regular tobacco and alcohol users: Cognitive modeling analysis of the Iowa Gambling Task." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38539058888352412283.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
流行病學與預防醫學研究所
100
Substance users tend to pay more attention to short-term gains yet neglect long-term losses. Performance deficits on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), which is widely used to measure such risky decision-making, have been found among drug abusers. However, it remains rarely known about whether such risky decision-making is present among subjects who are still in the early stage of their illegal drug use career. This study aimed to examine the associations between the magnitude of substance usage and decision-making characteristics as measured on the IGT using reinforcement learning models by comparing tobacco- and drug-naive controls (N = 45), regular tobacco and alcohol users (N = 185), and illegal/non-prescription drug users (N = 55), with stratification by gender. Study subjects were the participants recruited via respondent-driven sampling (RDS) among regular tobacco and alcohol users in Taipei metropolitan area in Taiwan in 2008, 2009, and 2010. We used the Prospect-Valence Learning model to estimate three main latent components in decision-making, i.e., individuals’ loss aversion (less risky tendency), learning ability, and choice consistency in trials, with Bayesian hierarchical estimation procedure implemented. The results showed that 1) illegal/non-prescription drug users learned less from the most recent event than both tobacco- and drug-naive controls and regular tobacco and alcohol users; 2) drug users and regular tobacco and alcohol users were more risk-seeking than tobacco- and drug-naive controls; 3) regular tobacco and alcohol users made choices more randomly than the other two groups, particularly in men. These results reveal that drug users in relatively early stage of their drug use career could be differentiated from legal substance users by cognitive modeling parameters. These drug users may have lower learning ability in the most recent event and be more obstinate of their relatively risky choices. The regular tobacco and alcohol users may make risky decisions, but change their decisions as a result of being more influenced by the most recent event. The tobacco- and drug-naive subjects are more fixed on their non-risky choices. These results have useful implications for the prevention and intervention of drug use.
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Lin, Ching-Hung, and 林錦宏. "The effect of gain-loss frequency and expected value on choice behavior in the Iowa gambling task: Behavior, SCRs and fMRI studies." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88018110728979309638.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立陽明大學
神經科學研究所
96
Somatic Marker Hypothesis (SMH) has been applied to explore the relationship between sympathetic activity, i.e., Skin Conductance Responses (SCRs), medial frontal function and affective decision-making. Additionally, Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), which is the core task for constructing behavioral and physiological aspects of SMH, indicates that normal decision makers can gradually hunch the final outcome of these decks (two good, two bad) and progressively approach the good decks and avoid the bad decks. The IGT has also demonstrated that ventromedial prefrontal patients exhibit inverse choice patterns. Recently, IGT has been used to assess neurological and psychiatric deficits as well as monetary decision-makers under uncertainty. The task has been influential in studies of affective neuroscience and neurological as well as psychiatric disorders. The IGT has been a commercialized neurological test for affective decision behavior. The SCRs are a critical index for somatic marker operation. Further, SMH based on neurological and clinical observations delineates neuronal networks for interpreting consciousness generation and decision-making. The SMH suggests that five brain areas, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), amygdala, insular cortex (IN), somatosensory cortex (SI) and brainstem nuclei, are also critical for real-life decision-making, as demonstrated in the IGT. However, growing evidence reveals theoretical, behavioral and physiological flaws in the SMH. For example, a review for SMH and IGT by Dunn et al. showed that decision makers and some patients prefer bad final-outcome deck B to good final-outcome decks C or D. This phenomenon was clearly demonstrated by Wilder et al. In a subsequent study, Chiu et al. modified the IGT in another relatively simple and symmetric gamble, namely the Soochow Gambling Task (SGT), which demonstrated the opposite findings of IGT. The SGT results revealed that normal decision makers are insensitive to the final-outcome, which is contrary to the basic assumption of IGT. Further, Tomb et al. found that the SCRs in IGT respond to large-value decks, not just bad decks. Additionally, Suzuki et al. suggested that, because individual SCRs differ, these data are unsuitable for demonstrating stable trends in IGT. Further, Dunn et al. revealed incongruent IGT-related brain-imaging data for these somatic brain regions. Clearly, IGT, SCRs and somatic brain loops are three cornerstones of SMH. This thesis explores five issues in IGT. The “Background” reviews the “prominent deck B phenomenon” in IGT-related studies. This evaluation reexamines this phenomenon via a literature review that (1) traces the findings of the Iowa group and (2) reviews other studies that have utilized the IGT as an experimental tool, particularly for control groups. Most IGT-related studies, including the Iowa group studies, subtracted bad decks from good decks when analyzing data; consequently, the incidence of the “prominent deck B phenomenon” cannot be assessed. Some studies have instead presented data in terms of a four-deck format, which provides a clear result for each deck and demonstrates the “prominent deck B phenomenon”. This literature review suggests that the Iowa group should consider alternative interpretations of the IGT to account for the inconsistent data. First study describes attempts to verify the “prominent deck B phenomenon”. This study launched a two-stage simple version IGT, namely, an AACC and BBDD version, which possess balanced gain-loss structures between advantageous and disadvantageous decks (decks A and C each have five gains and five losses; decks B and D each have nine gains and one loss) and facilitates monitoring of participant preferences after the first 100 trials. The experimental results suggest that the “prominent deck B phenomenon” exists in the IGT. Moreover, participants cannot suppress their preference for bad deck B under uncertain conditions, even during the second stage of the game. Although this outcome is incongruent with the basic assumption of IGT, increasing studies reveal similar results. The AACC and BBDD versions are congruent with the literature in terms of gain-loss frequency. Second study tests long-term outcomes (namely, expected value). Forty-eight college students were enrolled for two experiments (IGT and revised IGT). The first experiment identified the “prominent deck B phenomenon”, and the second experiment tested the stability of main guiding factor (long-term outcome) in IGT. This study confirmed that the “prominent deck B phenomenon” exists in the original and modified IGT. The two experiments revealed different long-term outcomes, even when the subjects had similar choice patterns. These findings demonstrate that long-term outcome might not be an essential factor in these dynamic games. This and other studies such as Wielder et al. may contradict the basic assumption of IGT whereas this study is congruent with studies indicating that decision makers are insensitive to long-term outcome (expected value). Third study reconciles the argument over SCRs in IGT. Two experiments were performed in this study. First, the IGT-SCR experiment was elucidated the reproducibility of IGT. Second, the Soochow Gambling Task (SGT) examined the effect of decision-SCRs pairing under uncertainty. This study found that the indexical assistance of somatic markers represented by SCRs do not improve the accuracy of hunches by decision makers in IGT. Conversely, given these IGT and SGT conditions, subjects have difficulty generating stable anticipatory SCRs. However, SCRs apparently represent the approximate monetary value after card-turning. Fourth study describes the use of event-related fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) to examine neural correlates of anticipation vs. outcome, wins vs. losses, and differential IGT contingencies between decks. The behavioral results reveal the importance of frequency in driving choices. The insula and basal ganglia were activated during the anticipation phase while the inferior parietal lobule was activated during the outcome phase. The medial prefrontal cortex was particularly activated during the high punishment contingencies. The data suggest that, under uncertainty, normal decision makers may become myopic. The insula and basal ganglia apparently have vital roles in long-term guidance of decision-making. The inferior parietal lobule may participate in evaluating consequences, and the medial prefrontal cortex may provide an error monitoring function. On the behavioral level, the “Background” and study I review the growing evidence supporting the “prominent deck B phenomenon”. The analytical results of this study II indicate that most decision makers have difficulty hunching long-term outcomes under uncertainty. The choice behavior is mostly dominated by the gain-loss frequency. The subjects may develop a strategy, namely the “win-stay, loss-shift” to cope with the uncertain situation. Physiologically, SCRs are related to the arousal in response to the monetary value after card-turning rather than facilitating hunches of long-term outcome. Additionally, the function of VMPFC is identified for error detection or action monitoring rather than for somatic marker integration and guiding rational decisions as suggested by Iowa group. Consequently, the high-frequency gain could be an important guide for decision making, and the IN and basal ganglia could be essential for processing the gain-loss frequency and driving choice behavior. Finally, the inferior parietal cortex may correspond to outcome assessment under uncertainty. In conclusion, IGT has a need to be modified and reconstructed according to the alternative variable, gain-loss frequency before commercializing a neurological test. Accordingly, the present physiological finding with IGT provides a new brain circuitry for decision-making under uncertainty.
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Sun, Jia-Huang, and 孫嘉璜. "Reexamining the Choice Behavior of Internet Addiction in the Dynamic Decision Task: A Study Using Original and Reverse Version Iowa Gambling Tasks." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89211500909078432184.
Full textAbstract:
碩士高雄醫學大學
心理學系碩士班
105
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is a task that simulates real-life decisions. In recent decades, (Bechara, 2007, 2016) the IGT has also been developed as a clinical assessment tool, such that the choice behavior of substance addiction and gambling disorders can be evaluated using the clinical version of the IGT. Relatedly, the IGT has played an important role in both clinical research and risk decision research. Some studies of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and Internet addiction (IA) have posited that individuals with IGD might share some behavioral characteristics with individuals suffering from substance addiction and gambling disorders. The present study reviewed 10 IGT-based studies of IGD (including some investigating IA) and found that they reported relatively inconsistent results with respect to the mean net IGT score of those with IGD versus control subjects (specifically, IGD > control [2 studies]; IGD < control [3 studies]; IGD = control [5 studies]). This study proposed that these incongruent results in the IGT-based IGD literature might be explained by 3 dimensions, specifically, the task, variable, and method dimensions. (1) Task dimension: this study utilized the standard IGT and the reverse version of the IGT (rIGT) and doubled the number of trials in both tasks in order to integrally observe the changes in choice behavior and test the validity of the net score based on the expected value (EV). (2) Variable dimension: the interpretations of IGT choice patterns in IGT-based IGD studies have typically been primarily based on the EV assumption. However, more and more IGT studies have suggested the influence of a new variable known as gain-loss frequency. In this study, we evaluated and analyzed both of these variables concurrently. (3) Method dimension: the 10 IGT-based IGD studies reviewed by this study mainly adopted the EV net score as the index of choice behavior, but some recent IGT-based studies have suggested that the mean selection number of each deck would be helpful data for observing some effective indices during IGT performance. Both of the experiments performed in this study utilized a between-group design, where the experimental group consisted of individuals with Internet addiction (IA) and no tobacco and other substance addiction. For Experiment 1, a total of 24 participants with IA and 35 control subjects played the IGT computer game, whereas for Experiment 2, a total of 24 participants with IA and 38 control subjects played the rIGT computer game. The computer versions of the IGT and rIGT were programmed with Matlab 2015a. Each participant first signed an informed consent form, then played the computer game over 2 sessions, and then completed the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS). The categorization of participants as those with IA or as control participants was based on the CIAS score, with a score of 67 serving as the cut-off between the two groups. The two experiments and the subsequent analysis revealed that most indices of the IGT and rIGT were unable to distinguish between the choice behavior of the participants with IA and the controls. More specifically, there were significant differences between two groups only on deck D of the IGT and deck rC of the rIGT. Notably, both groups exhibited the “prominent deck B” (PDB) and “mirrored PDB” phenomenon on the IGT and rIGT. Compared to the EV, the gain-loss frequency variable had more explanatory power in the IGT. Overall, these results suggest that although the IGT has long been used as a clinical neuropsychological assessment tool, it may not be relevant for assessing IA-related choice behavior. It is worth noting that the present study implied two possible inferences: (1) that the IGT serial tasks are invalid with respect to evaluating Internet gaming behavior and (2) that Internet gaming behavior may change in a manner coherent with the development of modern information-technology. As such, there is still some room for discussion of the question of whether Internet gaming behavior should be categorized as a behavior disorder.
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Esteves, Beatriz Gonçalves Crisóstomo. "Personality assessment based on biosignals during a decision-making task." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/40258.
Full textAbstract:
Due to the emergence of novel acquisition devices and signal processing techniques,
the study of electrophysiology and its applications has assumed an important role on
the Biomedical Engineering community. Recently, research on this area has expanded to several domains, with the psychophysiology being a proeminent one, more specifically in the field of personality psychology.
In this thesis, participants were asked to perform a wildly known decision-making
task, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), and their biosignals were recorded during this performance with the objective of determining whether changes in biosignals could be related to personality. This project was composed by 71 participants and their biosignals were used to extract meaningful features that together could create a predictive model of personality.
For this, all biosignals were processed prior to the feature extraction step and
the features were extracted from the entire signals, recorded during the performance
of the IGT, and also dividing the task in five blocks. After the extraction, a machine
learning algorithm was used to compute the best predictive models for the Five Factor
Model (FFM) personality dimensions and for the Maximization and Regret scales, using
each biosignal individually and in the end all features from all biosignals.
The results showed that the predictive models which use features from all biosignals
perform better than the models which use only one biosignal. The Openness to Experience, Agreeableness and Maximization scales are well predicted with features from Electrocardiogram (ECG), the Agreeableness, Maximization and Extraversion scales with Electrodermal Activity (EDA) features and the Extraversion and Openness to Experience scales with features from Blood Volume Pulse (BVP). The hypothesis that personality traits is more expressed in the start of IGT was confirmed since the highest number of features is extracted from the Block 1 of the IGT. The results should be further validated for other populations.
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Baker, Tyson. "Differential Pharmacological Profiles of Operant Acquisition, Operant Expression, and Decision-Making Performance As Tested By Antipsychotics and Other Dopaminergic Drugs." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/7855.
Full textAbstract:
Operant acquisition, operant expression, and decision-making differentially rely on brain areas that are differentially affected by antipsychotic and other dopaminergic drugs. The purpose of this thesis was to test if the known differential pharmacological and location of action of antipsychotic and other dopaminergic drugs predict the drug effects on operant acquisition, operant expression, and decision-making. Clozapine and to a lesser extent, risperidone but not metoclopramide or haloperidol affect the prefrontal cortex (PFC); haloperidol, metoclopramide, and to a lesser extent, risperidone affect the dorsolateral striatum (DLS). We used amphetamine as a broadly-acting indirect dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and norepinephrine agonist.
We found that all antagonists altered operant acquisition and expression, but in different ways. The DA D2-like receptor antagonists blunted reinforcement impact during operant acquisition and induced an extinction-like decline in expression whereas the atypical antipsychotics with high PFC 5-HT-2A affinity maintained inactive lever presses during acquisition, but produced tolerance in expression. Curiously, risperidone and metoclopramide, but not clozapine or haloperidol, more potently suppressed lever pressing in acquisition than expression. In contrast, amphetamine suppressed operant expression, but not acquisition, at a dose range that increased locomotion and induced conditioned place preference. Amphetamine decreased sensitivity to reward presentation and inactive lever pressing during operant acquisition, but had the opposite effects during expression.
A very different pattern was found in the rodent gambling task (rGT), a model of the 4- choice (deck) Iowa Gambling Task used in humans. The rGT puts small, immediate rewards that are advantageous in the long-term due to generally fewer and shorter associated penalties in conflict with large, immediate rewards that are disadvantageous in the long-term due to generally more and longer associated penalties. Two antipsychotics (risperidone, haloperidol) but not the anti-emetic (metoclopramide) enhanced performance by shifting preferences towards advantageous options, but the antipsychotic that induces PFC Fos (clozapine) impaired performance. Amphetamine decreased discrimination among different decks in the rGT.
These data demonstrate the differential effects of clinically relevant drugs on decision-making and different stages of operant learning. The differential effects on operant responding and decision-making of different antipsychotic drugs provide important information regarding their therapeutic and side-effect profiles.Thesis (Ph.D, Psychology) -- Queen's University, 2013-03-14 16:12:57.629
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Pereira, David Manuel dos Santos. "A influência do género na tomada de decisão." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/8100.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de Mestrado, Neurociências Cognitivas e Neuropsicologia, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2016A tomada de decisão é uma escolha baseada em propósitos e que envolve ações orientadas a objetivos. Neste trabalho procuramos investigar se os processos envolvidos na tomada de decisão são diferentes de acordo com o género. Esta hipótese baseia-se na literatura que sugere que homens e mulheres por terem níveis diferentes de testosterona, estes podem interferir no tipo de escolhas envolvidas na tomada de decisão. Dado o nível hormonal diferir ao longo do dia, as escolhas na tomada de decisão foram avaliadas em dois períodos (manhã e tarde), numa amostra de ambos os sexos recorrendo à tarefa de Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Os resultados mostraram não haver diferenças entre géneros na tomada de decisão avaliados pela IGT, tendo apenas surgido uma diferença significativa no tempo de realização da tarefa quando comparados os grupos nos dois períodos do dia. Constatamos assim que os nossos resultados não são esclarecedores para que possamos sugerir a existência de diferenças na tomada de decisão nos diferentes géneros.
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Peters, Bianca. "Mindfulness and financial decision making: an exploratory onvestigation into the effects of mindfulness interventions on making financial decisions." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/107203.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates whether a mindfulness interventionhasan effect on financial decision making. Based on aliterature review, this thesis hypothesizes that state mindfulness improves the outcomes of financial decisions,measured through the performance in the Iowa Gambling Task. Further, it hypothesizes that the relationship is mediated by affect and temporal focus.The results of the experimental study (N = 78) show that participants who meditated performed significantly worse in the financial decision-making task than the control group. Accordingly,the findings are not consistent with the hypothesis and contribute to the growing literature on the negative effects of mindfulness.
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Aumont, Étienne. "La relation entre la stratégie de navigation spontanée et la prise de décision et les fonctions exécutives." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22224.
Full text