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Brun-Laguna, Keoma. "Deterministic Networking for the Industrial IoT." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS157.
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L’Internet des Objets (IoT) a évolué d’un toaster connecté en 1990 vers des réseaux de centaines de petit appareils utilisés dans des applications industrielle. Ces « Objects » sont habituellement de petit appareils électroniques capable de mesurer une valeur physique (température, humidité, etc.) et/ou d’agir sur le monde physique (pump, valve, etc.). De part leur faible coût et leur facilité de déploiement, ces réseaux sans fil alimentés par batteries ont étés rapidement adoptés. La promesse des communications sans fil est d’offrir une connectivité similaire au réseau filaires. De nombreuses amélioration ont étés fait dans ce sens, mais plein de défis restent à surmonter car les applications industrielles ont de fortes exigences opérationnelles. Cette section de l’IoT s’appelle l’Internet Industriel des Objets. La principale exigence est la fiabilité. Chaque bout d’information transmit dans le réseau ne doit pas être perdu. Des solutions commerciales sont aujourd’hui accessibles et propose des fiabilités de l’ordre de 99.999 %. C’est à dire, pour chaque centaine de paquet d’information généré, moins d’un est perdu. Vient ensuite la latence et l’efficience énergétique. Comme ces appareils sont alimentés par des batteries, ils doivent consommer le moins possible et être capable d’opérer pendant des années. La prochaine étape pour l’IoT est d’être appliqué au applications nécessitant des garanties de latence. Les technologies de l’IIoT sont maintenant adoptés par de nombreuses entreprises autour du monde et sont maintenant des technologies éprouvées. Néanmoins des défis restent à accomplir et certaines limites de ces technologies ne sont pas encore connues. Dans ce travail, nous nous adressons au réseaux sans fils fondés sur TSCH dont nous testons les limites de latence et de durée de vie dans des conditions réelles. Nous avons collecté plus de 3M statistiques réseaux et 32M données de capteurs dans 11 déploiements sur un total de 170,037 heures machines dans des environnements réels ainsi que dans des bancs d’essais. Nous avons réuni ce que nous pensons être le plus grand jeu de données de réseau TSCH disponible à la communauté réseau. En s’appuyant sur ces données et sur notre expérience des réseaux sans fils en milieu réel, nous avons étudié les limites des réseaux TSCH et avons fourni des méthodes et outils qui permettent d’estimer des performances de ces réseaux dans diverses conditions. Nous pensons avoir assemblé les bons outils pour que les architectes de protocoles réseaux construise des réseaux déterministes pour l’IIoTThe Internet of Things (IoT) evolved from a connected toaster in 1990 to networks of hundreds of tiny devices used in industrial applications. Those “Things” usually are tiny electronic devices able to measure a physical value (temperature, humidity, etc.) and/or to actuate on the physical world (pump, valve, etc). Due to their cost and ease of deployment, battery-powered wireless IoT networks are rapidly being adopted. The promise of wireless communication is to offer wire-like connectivity. Major improvements have been made in that sense, but many challenges remain as industrial application have strong operational requirements. This section of the IoT application is called Industrial IoT (IIoT). The main IIoT requirement is reliability. Every bit of information that is transmitted in the network must not be lost. Current off-the-shelf solutions offer over 99.999% reliability. That is, for every 100k packets of information generated, less than one is lost. Then come latency and energy-efficiency requirements. As devices are battery-powered, they need to consume as little as possible to be able to operate during years. The next step for the IoT is to target time-critical applications. Industrial IoT technologies are now adopted by companies over the world, and are now a proven solution. Yet, challenges remain and some of the limits of the technologies are still not fully understood. In this work we address TSCH-based Wireless Sensor Networks and study their latency and lifetime limits under real-world conditions. We gathered 3M network statistics 32M sensor measurements on 11 datasets with a total of 170,037 mote hours in real-world and testbeds deployments. We assembled what we believed to be the largest dataset available to the networking community. Based on those datasets and on insights we learned from deploying networks in real-world conditions, we study the limits and trade-offs of TSCH-based Wireless Sensor Networks. We provide methods and tools to estimate the network performances of such networks in various scenarios. We believe we assembled the right tools for protocol designer to built deterministic networking to the Industrial IoT
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Hossayni, Hicham. "Enabling industrial maintenance knowledge sharing by using knowledge graphs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021IPPAS017.
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Autrefois considérée comme faisant partie des coûts généraux de l'entreprise, la maintenance industrielle est devenue critique pour la continuité de l'activité et une véritable source de données. Malgré les sommes importantes investies par les entreprises dans la fabrication intelligente, les pratiques traditionnelles en maintenance dominent toujours le paysage industriel. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions le partage des connaissances comme une solution potentielle qui peut inverser la tendance et améliorer l'activité de maintenance pour se conformer à l'esprit de l'industrie 4.0. Nous considérons spécifiquement les graphes de connaissances comme un outil permettant de partager les connaissances de maintenance entre les différents acteurs de l'industrie.Dans la première contribution de cette thèse, nous avons mené une étude de terrain à travers une campagne d'entretiens avec des experts aux profils différents et issus de divers domaines industriels. Cela nous a permis de tester l'hypothèse de l'amélioration de l'activité de maintenance via le partage des connaissances, qui est un concept assez nouveau dans de nombreuses industries. Les résultats de cette activité montrent clairement un intérêt réel pour notre approche et révèlent les différents besoins et défis à relever.La deuxième contribution est la conception et le prototype de "SemKoRe"; une solution s'appuyant sur le Web sémantique pour partager les connaissances de maintenance. Elle collecte les données liées aux défaillances de machine, les structure dans un graphe de connaissances et les partage entre tous les clients connectés pour réparer facilement les futures défaillances du même type. Une architecture flexible a été proposée pour couvrir les besoins des différents clients. SemKoRe a reçu l'approbation de plusieurs clients de Schneider implantés dans plusieurs pays et de différents segments.Dans la troisième contribution, nous avons conçu et mis en oeuvre une nouvelle solution pour la détection automatique des données sensibles dans les rapports de maintenance. En effet, les rapports de maintenance peuvent contenir des données confidentielles susceptibles de compromettre ou d'avoir un impact négatif sur l'activité de l'entreprise si elles sont révélées. Cette fonctionnalité est perçue, par les experts du domaine comme un point essentiel et critique pour SemKoRe. Elle permet d'éviter la divulgation de données sensibles lors de l'activité de partage des connaissances. Dans cette contribution, nous nous sommes appuyés sur le web sémantique et le traitement du langage naturel pour développer des modèles personnalisés pour la détection de données sensibles. La construction et l'apprentissage de tels modèles nécessitent une quantité considérable de données. Par conséquent, nous avons mis en place plusieurs services pour la collecte collaborative de données, l'annotation de texte et la construction de corpus. Aussi, une architecture et un workflow simplifié ont été proposés pour la génération et le déploiement de modèles de détection de données sensibles personnalisables sur les passerelles de périphérie.En plus de ces contributions, nous avons travaillé sur différentes fonctionnalités connexes à forte valeur ajoutée pour le projet SemKoRe, et qui ont abouti à différents brevets. Par exemple, nous avons développé et breveté une nouvelle méthode pour interagir avec les données de séries chronologiques à l'aide de critères sémantiques. Elle combine l'utilisation d'ontologies et de bases de données de séries chronologiques pour offrir un ensemble utile de fonctionnalités même sur des passerelles périphériques aux ressources limitées. Nous avons également conçu un nouvel outil qui aide les développeurs à interagir facilement avec des graphes de connaissances avec peu ou pas de connaissance des technologies du Web sémantique. Cette solution a été brevetée et s'avère utile pour d'autres projets basés sur des ontologiesFormerly considered as part of general enterprise costs, industrial maintenance has become critical for business continuity and a real source of data. Despite the heavy investments made by companies in smart manufacturing, traditional maintenance practices still dominate the industrial landscape. In this Ph.D., we investigate maintenance knowledge sharing as a potential solution that can invert the trend and enhance the maintenance activity to comply with the Industry 4.0 spirit. We specifically consider the knowledge graphs as an enabler to share the maintenance knowledge among the different industry players.In the first contribution of this thesis, we conducted a field study through a campaign of interviews with different experts with different profiles and from different industry domains. This allowed us to test the hypothesis of improving the maintenance activity via knowledge sharing which is quite a novel concept in many industries. The results of this activity clearly show a real interest in our approach and reveal the different requirements and challenges that need to be addressed.The second contribution is the concept, design, and prototype of "SemKoRe" which is a vendor-agnostic solution relying on Semantic Web technologies to share the maintenance knowledge. It gathers all machine failure-related data in the knowledge graph and shares it among all connected customers to easily solve future failures of the same type. A flexible architecture was proposed to cover the varied needs of the different customers. SemKoRe received approval of several Schneider clients located in several countries and from various segments.In the third contribution, we designed and implemented a novel solution for the automatic detection of sensitive data in maintenance reports. In fact, maintenance reports may contain some confidential data that can compromise or negatively impact the company's activity if revealed. This feature came up as the make or break point for SemKoRe for the interviewed domain experts. It allows avoiding sensitive data disclosure during the knowledge-sharing activity. In this contribution, we relied on semantic web and natural language processing techniques to develop custom models for sensitive data detection. The construction and training of such models require a considerable amount of data. Therefore, we implemented several services for collaborative data collection, text annotation, and corpus construction. Also, an architecture and a simplified workflow were proposed for the generation and deployment of customizable sensitive data detection models on edge gateways.In addition to these contributions, we worked on different peripheral features with a strong value for the SemKoRe project, and that has resulted in different patents. For instance, we prototyped and patented a novel method to query time series data using semantic criteria. It combines the use of ontologies and time-series databases to offer a useful set of querying capabilities even on resource-constrained edge gateways. We also designed a novel tool that helps software developers to easily interact with knowledge graphs with little or no knowledge of semantic web technologies. This solution has been patented and turns out to be useful for other ontology-based projects
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Mouawad, Mina Rady Abdelshahid. "Agile Multi-PHY Wireless Networking." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS462.
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Cette thèse contribue au domaine émergent des réseaux sans-fil agiles utilisant plusieurs couches physiques. Traditionnellement, les réseaux sans-fil industriels n'emploient qu'une seule interface radio, à l'instar des implémentations de la pile protocolaire réseau IETF 6TiSCH qui s'appuient sur la radio IEEE 802.15.4 O-QPSK opérant dans la bande de fréquence à 2,4 GHz. Des progrès dans l'intégration de plusieurs schémas de modulation/codage au sein d'un même circuit radio et capable d'opérer dans différentes bandes de fréquence permettent aujourd'hui l'exploitation au sein d'un même réseau d'une diversité de configurations radios. Nous utilisons le terme "PHY'' pour désigner toute combinaison de : modulation, bande de fréquence et schéma de codage. Dans cette recherche, nous soutenons que la combinaison de PHY longue portée et courte portée peut offrir des performances de bout en bout de réseau équilibrées qu'aucun PHY unique n'atteint. Nous démontrons comment un ensemble de PHY courte et longue portée peut être intégré sous une architecture 6TiSCH généralisée ("g6TiSCH'') et nous évaluons expérimentalement ses performances dans un banc d'essai de 36 nœuds à Inria-Paris. De plus, nous montrons, expérimentalement, comment un slotframe TSCH peut adapter la durée du slot, slot par slot, en fonction du débit du PHY utilisé ("6DYN''). Enfin, nous concevons et évaluons, par simulation, une fonction d'objectif pour RPL qui optimise la durée de vie du réseau ("Life-OF''). Nous démontrons comment Life-OF combine divers PHYs pour augmenter la durée de vie du réseau de jusqu'à 470% par rapport à la fonction d'objectif MRHOF du staandard IETF actuelThis thesis contributes to the emerging field of agile multi-PHY wireless networking. Industrial wireless networks have relied on a single physical layer for their operation. One example is the standardized IETF 6TiSCH protocol stack for industrial wireless networking, which uses IEEE~802.15.4 O-QPSK radio in the 2.4~GHz band as its physical layer. Advances in radio chip manufacturing have resulted in chips that support a diverse set of long range and short range PHYs. We use the term "PHY'' to refer to any combination of: modulation, frequency band, and coding scheme. In this research, we argue that combining long-range and short-range PHYs can offer balanced network end-to-end performance that no single PHY achieves. We demonstrate how a set of short-range and long-range PHYs can be integrated under one generalized 6TiSCH ("g6TiSCH'') architecture and we evaluate its performance experimentally in a testbed of 36~motes at Inria-Paris. We further demonstrate, experimentally, how a TSCH slotframe can adapt the slot duration on a slot-by-slot basis, as a function of the bitrate of the used PHY ("6DYN''). Finally, we design and evaluate, through simulation, an objective function for RPL that optimizes for network lifetime ("Life-OF''). We demonstrate how Life-OF combines diverse PHYs to boost network lifetime to be up to 470% compared to the IETF standard MRHOF
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Khalil, Aamre. "Architectures fonctionnelles de transmission sans fils adaptées aux milieux industriels fortement bruités." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0183.
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Ces dernières années ont été marquées par des mutations rapides et profondes des technologies de transmission de données. Ces mutations sont dictées par l'augmentation massive des débits, la diversité des médias physiques, la multiplication des normes de transmission conjointe aux exigences d'interopérabilité, ainsi que l'accroissement des contraintes liées à ma qualité de service qui se traduisent notamment en contraintes de sûreté de fonctionnement (fiabilité, tolérance aux fautes). Dans le domaine des communications sans fil, à ces aspects s'ajoute l'utilisation d'un spectre de fréquences déjà bien encombré et non extensible, ainsi que la prise en compte de la mobilité, l'autonomie et la sécurité des utilisateurs. Inévitablement, tout ceci induit de très fortes contraintes au niveau de la conception des circuits et systèmes de transmission devant prendre en charge les nouveaux protocoles de transmission. C'est notamment le cas pour tous les aspects relatifs aux codes correcteurs d'erreurs chargés de protéger les communications contre les perturbations extérieures susceptibles d'altérer les informations transmises. En fait, les algorithmes de traitement à mettre en œuvre, très exigeants en termes de débit et de complexité, rendent les architectures de codage/décodage existantes inadaptées à cause de leurs capacités de calcul insuffisantes. Le but de la thèse se situe dans la continuation de travaux précédents ayant fait l'objet de plusieurs thèses et publications concernant les architectures dédiées au traitement des codes correcteurs d'erreurs, les architectures de processeurs et les architectures de réseaux sur puce, le tout en s'intéressant aux aspects tolérances aux fautes. L'objectif global ici est de concevoir de nouvelles architectures numériques fonctionnelle basé sur la modulation par paquets d’ondelettes discrètes, utilisant la transformé inverse par paquets d’ondelettes discrètes (IDWPT) dans la transmission, et la transformé par paquets d’ondelettes discrètes (DWPT) dans la réception, en exploitant deux modes de transmission : One-to-Many (OtM) pour une transmission entre un seul transmetteur et plusieurs capteurs allant de 8, 16 jusqu’à 32 ou plus, et un mode Many-to-One (MtO) pour une transmission entre plusieurs utilisateurs et un seul récepteur avec la même configuration possible, suivie par l’intégration des codes correcteurs modernes dans cette architecture (notamment les différentes familles de codes Reed Solomon et Codes Convolutifs), offrant une forte puissance de traitement et une versatilité élevée (flexibilité et configurabilité), pour les milieux industriels fortement bruité. L’utilisation des codes correcteurs d’erreurs nous ont permis d’avoir un gain de 4 à 6dB pour les codages Reed Solomon et les codes convolutifs utilisés individuellement, de 5 à 10db avec la combinaison de ces deux codages et de 2 à 4dB de plus pour les codes Reed Solomon raccourcisRecent years have been marked by rapid and profound changes in data transmission technologies. These changes are dictated by the massive increase in data rates, the diversity of physical media, the multiplication of joint transmission standards and interoperability requirements, as well as the increase in constraints linked to the quality of service, which are reflected in particular in operational safety constraints (reliability, fault tolerance). In the field of wireless communications, these aspects are compounded by the use of an already congested and non-extensible frequency spectrum, as well as the need to take account of the mobility, autonomy and safety of users. Inevitably, all this leads to very strong constraints in the design of transmission circuits and systems that must support the new transmission protocols. This is particularly the case for all aspects relating to error-correcting codes responsible for protecting communications against external disturbances likely to alter the information transmitted. In fact, the processing algorithms to be implemented, which are very demanding in terms of throughput and complexity, make the existing coding/decoding architectures unsuitable because of their insufficient computing capacity. The aim of the thesis is in the continuation of previous work that has been the subject of several theses and publications concerning architectures dedicated to the processing of error-correcting codes, processor architectures and on-chip network architectures, while focusing on the fault tolerance aspects. The overall objective here is to design new functional digital architectures based on discrete wavelet packet modulation, using Inverse Discrete Wavelet Packet Transform (IDWPT) in transmission, and Discrete Wavelet Packet Transform (DWPT) in reception, exploiting two transmission modes: One-to-Many (OtM) for transmission between a single transmitter and several sensors ranging from 8, 16 up to 32 or more, and a Many-to-One (MtO) mode for transmission between several users and a single receiver with the same possible configuration, followed by the integration of modern correction codes in our architecture (notably the different families of Reed Solomon codes and Convolutional Codes), offering high processing power and versatility (flexibility and configurability), for high noise industrial environments. The use of error-correcting codes allowed us to have a gain of 4 to 6dB for Reed Solomon codings and convolutional codes used individually, 5 to 10db with the combination of these two codes and 2 to 4dB more for shortened Reed Solomon codes
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Wernersson, Henrik Wernersson, and Yassin Atwa. "Resource constrained Industrial IoT device." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för informationsteknologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-31252.
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I dagens läge är industriella nätverk inte anpassade för att koppla upp resursbegränsade enheter pga av att industriella nätverks-protokollen som används är mer anpassade för real time applikationer. Det skulle vara ett stort steg för de industriella nätverken att kunna koppla upp resursbegränsade enheter för enkel övervakning samt analysering av data. Efter en undersökningsperiod av ett flertal olika IoT-protokoll, gjordes valet att implementera CoAP på en Anybus CompactCom-modul för testning. Under projektets gång användes det en del white-box testning i början vid implementationen av libCoAP. Efter att en fungerande implementation var gjord, påbörjades testning av input och output överensstämmelser med hjälp av black-box testning istället. Resultatet jämfördes i slutändan med den existerande lösningen att skicka parameterdata med hjälp av TCP. Resultatet hade en responstidsskillnad som var 92,3 % snabbare. Samtidigt tog det sammanlagt 24,2 % mindre plats i minnet (FLASH och RAM) för implementationen på Anybus CompactCom-modulen.
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Puñal, Pereira Pablo. "Efficient IoT Framework for Industrial Applications." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, EISLAB, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-95.
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The use of low-power wireless sensors and actuators with networking support in in-dustry has increased over the past decade. New generations of microcontrollers, new hardware for communication, and the use of standardized protocols such as the Internet Protocol have resulted in more possibilities for interoperability than ever before. This in-creasing interoperability allows sensors and actuator nodes to exchange information with large numbers of peers, which is beneficial for creating advanced, flexible and reusable systems.The increase in interoperability has resulted in an increase in the number of possible attacks from malicious devices or users. For this reason, the use of encryption techniques to protect client and server communications has become mandatory. However, even with state-of-the-art encryption mechanisms, there is no protection that can control access to each particular service with fine-grained precision. The nodes within an industrial network of wireless sensors and actuators are resource-constrained embedded devices, and increasing interoperability therefore requires a higher level of computation capabil-ities. The nodes’ intrinsic limitations of memory and processing exert an adverse effect on power consumption and communication delays, resulting in a shorter battery life-time. Therefore, the standard computing solutions for Internet communications are not directly applicable, and new mechanisms to achieve security, scalability, dependability, interoperability and energy efficiency are needed.Sensor and actuator networks can transmit sensed data, but they also offer access to the actuators. Such accesses, presumably provided via services, require an access protection scheme. For this reason, the use of access control mechanisms is mandatory. Access control assists in the creation of customized services and access policies. These access policies can isolate access permissions to devices with different roles, such as production and maintenance.The main contribution of this thesis is a novel, efficient IoT framework for industrial applications, including design, implementation, and experimental validation. The frame-work includes features for communication protection, authentication, fine-grained access control, zero-configuration networking, and run-time reconfiguration. These technologies and their corresponding energy consumption data clearly demonstrate the feasibility of integrating a battery-operated IoT concept into a functional System of Systems. The provided data also pinpoint the most critical areas for improvement.
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Didic, Alma, and Pavlos Nikolaidis. "Real-time control in industrial IoT." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Inbyggda system, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-28309.
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Great advances in cloud computing have drawn the interest of industry. Cloud infrastructures areused, mainly, for monitoring the shop oor. In recent years cloud technologies combined with IoTtechnologies have initiated the eort to close loops between industrial applications and cloud infras-tructures. This thesis examines the eect of including remote servers, both local and centralized,in the closed control loop. Specically, we investigate how delays and jitter aect the closed controlloop. A prototype is developed to include servers on a control loop and inject delays and jitter inthe network. Furthermore, delay mitigation mechanisms are proposed and, using the prototype, anumber of experiments are performed to evaluate them. The mitigation mechanisms focus mainlyon delays and jitter that are larger than the period of closed control loop. The proposed mechanismsimprove the closed control loop response but still fall short compared to the performance of the closecontrol loop when it executes locally, without any servers included. We also, show that local serverscan be included in the closed control loop without signicant degradation in the performance of thesystem.
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Vilhelmsson, Lina, and Pontus Sjöberg. "Implementation and Evaluation of a DataPipeline for Industrial IoT Using ApacheNiFi." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-78032.
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In the last few years, the popularity of Industrial IoT has grown a lot, and it is expected to have an impact of over 14 trillion USD on the global economy by 2030. One application of Industrial IoT is using data pipelining tools to move raw data from industry machines to data storage, where the data can be processed by analytical instruments to help optimize the industrial operations. This thesis analyzes and evaluates a data pipeline setup for Industrial IoT built with the tool Apache NiFi. A data flow setup was designed in NiFi, which connected an SQL database, a file system, and a Kafka topic to a distributed file system. To evaluate the NiFi data pipeline setup, some tests were conducted to see how the system performed under different workloads. The first test consisted of determining which size to merge a FlowFile into to get the lowest latency, the second test if data from the different data sources should be kept separate or be merged together. The third test was to compare the NiFi setup with an alternative setup, which had a Kafka topic as an intermediary between NiFi and the endpoint. The first test showed that the lowest latency was achieved when merging FlowFiles together into 10 kB files. In the second test, merging together FlowFiles from all three sources gave a lower latency than keeping them separate for larger merging sizes. Finally, it was shown that there was no significant difference between the two test setups.
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Felicetti, Riccardo. "Infrastrutture per Monitoraggio e Controllo di Dispositivi Industrial IoT basate su Soluzioni Eclipse Foundation." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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L'obiettivo di questo studio è quello di realizzare un'infrastruttura per ambienti industriali che permetta di monitorare e controllare dispositivi appartenenti al mondo dell'Internet of Things, basata su due tecnologie offerte dall'Eclipse Foundation.
L'elaborato offre in primo luogo una panoramica sul mondo dell'IIoT e un'analisi approfondita delle piattaforme Eclipse Kura, utilizzata per la realizzazione di un gateway IoT ed Eclipse Kapua utilizzata per la realizzazione di una piattaforma Cloud.
Successivamente il focus si sposta sull'implementazione dell'infrastruttura, mostrando nel dettaglio la sua installazione, la sua configurazione e lo sviluppo di componenti aggiuntivi.
Lo studio si conclude infine, con l'esecuzione di una serie di test e una valutazione del risultato ottenuto.
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Söderby, Karl. "Education of IoT in an industrial context." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21298.
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As the rise of Industry 4.0 sheds light on many emerging technologies, oursociety will change with it. While it brings forth many positive aspects, itcannot be ignored the socio-economic problems we may face in the future.Many jobs will be transformed, manual labour such as order picking, forkliftdriving will be vanishing, and humanity will have to adapt, as we have for theprevious industrial revolutions.Educating the industrial workers that face unemployment due to automationis an important ethical matter, but can we as humans develop our knowledgewith the technology, as opposed to adapting to it? This thesis uses methodsof interaction design to create an alternative educational format, forindustrial workers to learn about the Internet of Things, an essentialcomponent of Industry 4.0.The result of this is TIOTTA (Teaching Internet of Things ThroughApplication), a contextual learning material designed together with industrialworkers.
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Klasson, Anders, and Johan Rosengren. "Industrial IoT Management Systemfor Tubes with Integrated Sensors." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-237412.
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Sandvik har utvecklat en teknik för att placera sensorer i rör. Denna teknik har stor marknadspotential och kan effektivisera många industriprocesser. Den färdiga tjänsten ska kunna strömma sensordata till molntjänster för analys och avläsning.Deras nuvarande system kräver idag manuell konfiguration på plats och är komplicerad att installera. Denna uppsats undersöker hur systemets utrustning kan konfigureras automatiskt och hur ett system för underliggande IT-tjänster skulle kunna fungera.En lösning presenteras där många delar av installationsprocessen har automatiserats, samt en skiss för ett underliggande system.Lösningen utvärderas genom att utföra en mätning av konfigureringskomplexitet. Slutsatsen av utvärderingen var att det utvecklade system hade utökad funktionalitet, jämfört med dagens manuella tillvägagångssätt, och var inte mer komplex att konfigurera. I många avseenden mindre komplex.Sandvik has developed a technique to place sensors inside tubes. This technology has great market potential and can optimize many industrial processes. The finished product should be able to stream sensor data to cloudservices for analysis and reading.The current system requires manual configuration on-site and the installation is labor intensive. This thesis investigates how the system’s hardware can be configured atomically, and how a supporting IT-system could function.A solution is presented where large portion of the installation process has been automated, along with an outline for a supporting system.The solution is evaluated by performing a measurement of the configuration complexity. The evaluation shows that the developed system had increased functionality compared to today’s manual configuration, configuration complexity was not increased. In many aspects, the configuration complexity was reduced.
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LAZZARINI, Roberto. "e-Maintenance of Smart Connected Machines in the Industrial Internet of Things." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2389017.
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e-Maintenance expresses the emerging synthesis of two considerable trends in today’s society: the rapid development of information and communication technology (ICT), and the growing importance of maintenance as a key strategy for managing the product life cycle.
In this research I studied and analyzed novel ICT models and technologies that can support innovative methods of e-Maintenance for the management of machines in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). In particular, I designed a platform systems for the automatic and remote management of processes and/or machines, distributed throughout a region and the development of a specific operating platform in the IIoT.
I expect my efforts made it possible to identify the technologies that enable intelligent factories, as well as new business and manufacturing models. As of today, significant results include publications and patents. The research project has also driven the design of Carpigiani operating platform able to confirm how e-Maintenance has reach a level of confidence worthy of being successfully applied to machines, processes, and industrial systems, guaranteeing rapid, cost-efficient, and reliable implementation.
In this dissertation I initially analyze the context of the Industrial Internet of Things and the critical aspects that characterize its development. Then, I describe the subject of e-Maintenance and present the Carpigiani project. Finally, I studied the main related works, and draw conclusions.
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Muhonen, T. (Tiia). "Standardization of Industrial internet and IoT (IoT — Internet of Things):perspective on condition-based maintenance." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2015. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201504081319.
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Decreasing costs of electronic devices, increasing computing abilities and advances in sensor technologies have enabled the internet to spread to the whole new area. In the near future, more and more smart objects will be connected to the internet, and new businesses will be created around them. Industrial internet and IoT are topical issues at the moment and both of them are widely studied and discussed in the literature. However, an up-to-date study about the state of their standardization is difficult to find. In this research, the objective is to find out what is the current state of Industrial internet and IoT standardization. Therefore, the results of this research will be useful for anyone working in these fields. Different standardization organizations, alliances and consortiums are also studied. In addition, unofficial industry standards and their potential development and impacts are reviewed. The perspective of the research is outlined especially into Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM). The theoretical part of the research is a literature review that creates a basis for the empirical part. The literature review studies the relevant topics of the research theme: Industrial internet, M2M (Machine to Machine), IoT, standardization and CBM. Qualitative case study method is applied in the empirical part of the research, and ten carefully chosen interviewees are interviewed for gathering the data. The case analysis shows that standardization is seen as an important part when machines start to share information with each other. However, the majority of the interviewees are not taking part of the standardization activities and the knowledge about the current state of standardization is yet quite unclear. The conclusion is based on the findings of the literature review and case analysis. The research findings indicate that standardization in the field of Industrial internet and IoT is just emerging. There is an extensive amount of organizations that are creating standards, both official and non-official, and the application space is wide. Many emerging applications are exploiting their own standards and many standards are still under development. The solutions rely on various co-existing protocols, interfaces and platforms, either proprietary or standard. Some of the Industrial internet and IoT standards will be official standards, whereas some will be de facto standards that are agreed by forums or alliances or dictated by companies in decisive roles. The study results show that standardization plays a key role in Industrial internet and IoT as it contributes to interoperability, compatibility, reliability, security and effective operations between heterogeneous technical solutions globally. Therefore collaboration among various organizations is important and neededElektronisten laitteiden kustannusten lasku, tietokoneiden laskentatehojen kasvu ja kehittyneet sensoriteknologiat ovat mahdollistaneet internetin leviämisen täysin uudelle alueelle. Lähitulevaisuudessa yhä useammat älykkäät esineet ovat yhteydessä internetiin, ja uusia liiketoimintoja luodaan niiden ympärille. Teollinen internet ja esineiden internet (IoT — Internet of Things) ovat ajankohtaisia aiheita tällä hetkellä ja molemmat laajalti tutkittuja kirjallisuudessa. Silti ajankohtaista tutkimusta niiden tämän hetkisestä standardoinnin tilasta on vaikea löytää. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää Teollisen internetin ja IoT:n standardoinnin nykytila. Näin ollen tutkimuksen tulokset hyödyttävät toimijoita näillä aloilla. Myös eri standardointiorganisaatioita, alliansseja ja yhteenliittymiä tarkastellaan. Lisäksi epävirallisia teollisuusstandardeja ja niiden mahdollista kehitystä ja vaikutuksia arvioidaan. Tutkimuksen näkökulma on rajattu erityisesti ennakoivaan kunnossapitoon. Tutkimuksen teoriaosuus on kirjallisuuskatsaus, joka muodostaa perustan empirialle. Kirjallisuuskatsaus tarkastelee tutkimuksen teeman kannalta relevantteja aihepiirejä: Teollinen internet, M2M (Machine to Machine), IoT, standardointi ja ennakoiva kunnossapito. Kvalitatiivista case-tutkimusmenetelmää sovelletaan tutkimuksen empiriaosiossa, ja tiedon keräämistä varten haastatellaan kymmenen tarkoin valittua haastateltavaa. Case-analyysi osoittaa, että standardointia pidetään tärkeänä laitteiden jakaessa tietoa toisilleen. Kuitenkaan suurin osa haastateltavista ei ota osaa standardointitoimintaan, ja käsitys standardoinnin nykytilasta on heille vielä melko epäselvä. Johtopäätökset pohjautuvat kirjallisuuskatsauksen ja case-analyysin perusteella saatuihin löydöksiin. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että Teollisen internetin ja IoT:n standardointi on vasta kehittymässä. Standardeja luovia organisaatioita, sekä virallisia että epävirallisia, on suuri määrä, ja sovelluskenttä on laaja. Monet kehittymässä olevat sovellukset hyödyntävät omia standardejaan, ja useat standardit ovat yhä kehitysasteella. Ratkaisut perustuvat erilaisiin yhtä aikaa olemassa oleviin protokolliin, rajapintoihin ja sovellusalustoihin, niin patentoituihin kuin standardeihinkin. Osa Teollisen internetin ja IoT:n standardeista tulevat olemaan virallisia standardeja, kun taas osa tulee olemaan de facto standardeja, jotka on hyväksytty forumeissa ja alliansseissa tai ratkaisevassa roolissa olevissa yrityksissä. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että standardointi on tärkeässä roolissa Teollisessa internetissä ja IoT:ssä, sillä se vaikuttaa yhteensopivuuteen, yhdenmukaisuuteen, luotettavuuteen, turvallisuuteen ja tehokkaaseen toimintaan hajanaisten teknisten sovellusten välillä globaalisti. Siitä syystä yhteistyö eri organisaatioiden välillä on tärkeää ja tarpeellista
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Zhai, Chuanying. "Reliable RFID Communication and Positioning System for Industrial IoT." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Industriell och Medicinsk Elektronik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-195804.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) has the vision to interconnect everything of the physical world and the virtual world. Advanced automated and adaptive connectivity of objects, systems, and services is expected to be achieved under the IoT context, especially in the industrial environment. Industry 4.0 with the goal of intelligent and self-adaptable manufacturing is driven by the IoT. The Object Layer, where real-time and reliable information acquisition from the physical objects carried out, is the basic enabler in the 3-layer industrial IoT system. Such acquisition system features deterministic access, reliable communication with failure resistance mechanism, latency-aware real-time response, deployable structure/protocol, and adaptive performance on various QoS demands. This thesis proposes a reliable RFID communication system for acquisition in the industrial environment. A discrete gateway structure and a contention-free communication protocol are designed to fulfill the unique system requirements. Such gateway structure offers a flexible configuration of readers and RF technologies. It enables a full duplex communication between the objects and the gateway. The designed MF-TDMA protocol can enhance the failure resistance and emergency report mechanism thanks to the separation of control link and data link in the gateway. Specifically, an optional ARQ mechanism, an independent/uniform synchronization and control method, and a slot allocation optimization algorithm are designed besides time-division and frequency-division multiplexing. Protocol implementations for different industrial situations illustrate the system ability for supporting the demands of various QoS. Finally, a 2.4-GHz/UWB hybrid positioning platform is explored based on the introduced RFID system. Taking advantage of the UWB technology, the positioning platform can achieve positioning accuracy from meter level to centimeter level. Hybrid tag prototype and specific communication process based on the MF-TDMA protocol are designed. An SDR UWB reader network, capable of evaluating multiple algorithms, is built to realize accurate positioning with an improved algorithm proposed.QC 20161109
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Huang, Kang. "Transmission Scheduling in Wireless Networked Control for Industrial IoT." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/25872.
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Wireless networked control systems (WNCS) consist of spatially distributed sensors, actuators, and controllers communicating through wireless networks. WNCS has recently emerged as a fundamental infrastructure technology to enable reliable control for mission-critical Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications such as factory automation, intelligent transportation systems, telemedicine and smart grids. The design of WNCS requires the joint design of communications, computing and control. WNCS faces challenges such as unreliable transmission and latency in transmitting control and sensing information due to channel impairment in wireless communications for large scale deployment. This can have a significant impact on the stability and performance of WNCS. Most existing works have mainly focused on the design of WNCS from a control perspective rather than communications or have considered an ideal or simplified wireless model. How to reliably control WNCS in practical wireless channels and design wireless communication scheduling policy to optimize control performance is a challenging task.
This thesis presents the design of practical communication protocols of a general discrete linear time-invariant (LTI) dynamic system in WNCS. We address the transmission scheduling problems in WNCS in three scenarios, which require the development of different strategies. Firstly, to minimize the long-term average remote estimation mean-squared-error (MSE), a hybrid automatic repeat request (HAQR)-based real-time estimation framework is proposed. Secondly, a downlink-uplink transmission scheduling policy is developed for a half-duplex (FD) controller to optimize the system performance.
Finally, a novel controller with adaptive packet length is studied, and a variable-length packet-transmission policy is proposed to balance the delay-reliability tradeoff in WNCS optimally. Numerical results show that our dynamic scheduling policies can significantly improve the performance of WNCS in terms of estimation and control costs while maintaining the stability of the system.
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GHAZI, VAKILI MOHAMMAD. "Industry 4.0: Industrial IoT Enhancement and WSN Performance Analysis." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2927460.
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Pettersson, William. "An Evaluation of IoT Protocol Efficiency and suitability : For smart vehicles, smart homes & industrial scenarios." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationssystem och –teknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-42392.
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Internet of things (IoT) är det överläggande området i denna rapport. IoT är ett väldigt intressant I nuläget och är snabbt växande. IoT kan beskrivas som ett nätverk av kommunicerande enheter som delar information och automatiserar eller försimplar uppgifter och därav ökar effektivitet och säkerhet. Området växer så pass fort att det förväntas vara 24 miljarder anslutna enheter vid år 2050, denna utökning leder i sin tur till ett ökat behov av förståelse för IoT protokollen som hanterar kommunikationen emellan enheterna. Detta för att kunna välja det mest optimala protokollet för ett givet scenario. Detta arbete kommer att välja ett lovande protokoll för undersökning samt evaluering gällande dess prestation berörande fördröjning, dataöverföringshastighet och skalbarhet. Protokollet som valdes var MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport). Baserat på dessa evaluerade värden föra en diskussion gällande protokollets lämplighet inom scenariona. Värdena kommer att tas fram via tidmätningar start till slut för kommunikationen samt tid för att skicka en mängd meddelanden, båda i respekt till antalet samtidigt kommunicerande program. Testen körs med en lokal PC som agerar Broker och en Raspberry Pi som kör samtliga programmen i individuella terminaler. Resultaten var att fördröjningen verkar ha en näst intill linjär relation och dataöverföringshastighet ett exponentiellt avtagande beteende i respekt till samtidigt kommunicerande enheter. Dem mätta resultaten analyseras och diskuteras, och kommer till slutsatsen att protokollet är en lämplig kandidat för de flesta scenarion, så som smarta bilar, smarta hem och till viss del industriell användning. Den största nackdelen med protokollet var dess höga standardavvikelse gällande individuella meddelandens fördröjning.Internet of things (IoT) is the base topic of this thesis, and it is a rapidly growing area, it can be described as a network of communicating devices sharing information and streamlining tasks in addition to increasing efficiency and security. It is expected to be 24 billion connected devices by year 2050 and with this growth comes an increased demand on understanding the IoT protocols to be able to choose a suitable protocol for a given scenario. This thesis will discuss this area and pick one protocol to evaluate specifically regarding latency, throughput, and scalability. The protocol chosen were MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport). Based on these values then discuss whether the protocol is a suitable candidate for the scenarios. The data to evaluate this will be gathered by measuring the end-to-end time of the protocol in respect to the number of communicating programs, and to measure the time it takes to communicate a number of messages with respect to the number of programs handling the communication. These tests are performed with a local PC acting as the broker and a Raspberry pi running each of the communicating programs on individual terminals. The results were that latency seem to have a close to liner relation, and that throughput seem to have an exponentially decreasing relation with respect to number of clients cooperating. The measured results are analyzed and discussed and concluded that the protocol is a fitting candidate for most scenarios such as smart cars, smart homes and to some extent industry. The biggest flawed concluded was the protocols high standard deviation for individual messages latency. The outcome of the benchmarks measurement showed that increasing the number of nodes would not result in superior performance. It was noted that an optimal number of nodes was found to be between 1 and 20 for all the tests performed. The study showed that no load balancer could be considered a clear winner, instead, different configurations of load balancers performed varyingly well at different tests.
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Himanka, T. (Tapani). "The use of IoT devices in logistics." Bachelor's thesis, University of Oulu, 2016. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201606012061.
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In this thesis the goal is to look into the possibilities to utilize the functionality of an IoT device to interface with the IoT systems involved in its own logistics process. For this goal the use of IoT technologies for logistics processes is studied and the potential for a wireless IoT device to interface with the used technologies is explored. The research is done by literary study of recent articles and technology specifications. They key technologies are identified and concentrated on this thesis. The thesis finds that the global standards for technologies involved in logistics processes are not very well established, but some trends and popular technologies are identified. The best potential for interfacing with logistics processes are through wireless sensor networks using ZigBee or Bluetooth LE. The results of this thesis can be used for further inquiry in logistics processes utilized by logistic service providers. Only compatibility of standards and technologies were studied without going into detail with the physical phenomena involved with the wireless communicationsTässä kandidaatintyössä tutkitaan mahdollisuuksia hyödyntää IoT-laitteen toiminnallisuutta olla yhteydessä laitteen omassa logistiikkaprosessissaan käytettäviin IoT-järjestelmiin. Tarkoitusta varten perehdytään IoT-teknologioiden käyttöön logistiikkaprosesseissa, ja tutkitaan laitteen mahdollisuuksia muodostaa yhteys käytettyjen teknologioiden kanssa. Työ on tehty kirjallisuustutkimuksena tuoreista artikkeleista ja teknologioiden spesifikaatioista. Keskeisimmät teknologiat tunnistetaan ja niihin keskitytään tässä työssä. Kandidaatintyössä havaitaan, että globaalit standardit aiheeseen liittyvissä teknologioissa eivät ole kovinkaan vakiintuneita, mutta trendejä ja suosittuja teknologioita tunnistetaan. Todetaan, että parhaat mahdollisuudet yhteyden muodostamiseen logistiikkaprosesseihin, on langattomien sensoriverkkojen kautta hyödyntäen joko ZigBeetä tai Bluetooth LE:tä. Työn tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää jatkotutkimukseen logistiikkapalveluntarjoajien logistiikkaprosesseista. Tutkimus tehtiin ainoastaan perehtymällä standardien ja teknologioiden yhteensopivuuteen ja langattoman tiedonsiirron fysikaalisiin ilmiöihin tarkemmin perehtymättä
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Parida, Vinit. "Small firm capabilities for competitiveness : an empirical study of ICT related small Swedish firms." Licentiate thesis, Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2008. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2008/01/.
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Sgarbi, Andrea. "Machine Cloud Connectivity: a robust communication architecture for Industrial IoT." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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Industry 4.0 springs from the fourth industrial revolution, which is bringing innovation to fully automated and interconnected industrial production. This movement is composed of macro areas to expand the technological horizon starting from the tools used to date. The use of data, computing power and connectivity are the fundamental concepts on which the study of this thesis is based and are declined in big data, open data, Internet of Things (IoT), machine-to-machine and cloud computing for the centralization of information and its storage. Once the data has been collected, it is necessary to derive value from it in order to obtain advantages from ”machine learning”, i.e. machines that improve their performance by ”learning” from the data collected and analyzed.
The advent of the Internet of Things can be seen in all respects as the greatest technological revolution of recent years, which will bring a huge amount of information into the hands of users. The latter can offer countless advantages in daily life and in the diagnostics of the production process.
Industrial IoT (IIoT) enables manufacturing organizations to create a communication path through the automation pyramid, obtaining a real data stream in order to improve the machine performances. From an information security point of view, the importance of the information transmitted should not be underestimated and this also concerns an important aspect of industry 4.0. Protocols and authentication systems are constantly updated to ensure the privacy and security the customer needs.
Through this thesis project, the implementation requirements will be dealt with in order to study and analyze different vendor technologies and to construct a cloud architecture. The focus is concentrated on the cybersecurity and on the information losses avoidance in order to get a robust transfer.
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Lieti, Valerio. "Development of an Industrial IoT End-to-End Use Case." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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This project is born merging my personal interest in IoT and AI fields and the collaboration with WiLab, Bi-rex and EBWorld. By joining different skills, the final result is the realization of an end-to-end Industrial IoT application. This IIoT use-case focuses on monitoring accelerations that characterize a turntable, on which mechanical parts are processed. The purpose of the monitoring is to implement predictive maintenance to report potential malfunctions. The turntable in question belongs to DMG Mori, a five-axis turning and milling machine for subtractive manufacturing, machine located at Bi-Rex. Bi-rex is a national competence center introduced by the Ministry of the Economic Development, focused on Big Data and Industry 4.0. It is a public-private consortium aimed to deal with digital transformation and technological innovation, based in Bologna. The technology applied for monitoring is LoRa at 2.4 GHz and the network implemented is a tree topology system of WiLab property, called IMMUNeT (Industrial Machine Monitoring Unplugged Network). Beginning from the adaptation of the accelerometer firmware, moving to the dispatching of extracted data to the server, developing machine learning techniques aimed at predictive maintenance, I lastly exhibit the operating state through the Node-RED dashboard. The resulting data describes if it is required to take actions on the machine or to stop it, in order to avoid a dangerous situation or crack the machinery. This critical information is shown graphically on a 3D interactive map to ensure a more user-friendly interface.
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Milinic, Vasilije. "Investigating Security Issues in Industrial IoT: A Systematic Literature Review." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-54980.
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The use of Internet-of-Things (IoT) makes it possible to inter-connect Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) into a completely new system. This convergence is often known as Industrial IoT (IIoT). IIoT brings a lot of benefits to industrial assets, such as improved efficiency and productivity, reduced cost, and depletion of human error. However, the high inter-connectivity opens new possibilities for cyber incidents. These incidents can cause major damage like halting of production on the manufacturing line, or catastrophic havoc to companies, communities, and countries causing power outages, floods, and fuel shortages. Such incidents are important to be predicted, stopped, or alleviated at no cost. Moreover, these incidents are a great motive for researchers and practitioners to investigate known security problems and find potential moderation strategies. In this thesis work, we try to identify what types of IIoT systems have been investigated in the literature. We seek out to find if software-related issues can yield security problems. Also, we make an effort to perceive what are the proposed methods to mitigate the security threats.We employ the systematic literature review (SLR) methodology to collect this information. The results are gathered from papers published in the last five years and they show an increased interest in research in this domain. We find out software vulnerabilities are a concern for IIoT systems, mainly firmware vulnerabilities and buffer overflows, and there are a lot of likely attacks that can cause damage, mostly injection and DDoS attacks. There are a lot of different solutions which offer the possibility to stop the identified problems and we summarize them. Furthermore, the research gap considering the update process in these systems and devices, as well as a problem with the unsupervised software supply chain is identified.
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Mesini, Leonardo. "3GPP 5G Channel and Traffic Model for Industrial IoT Applications." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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Nowadays the concepts of ”smart factory” and ”Industry 4.0” are very important because they represent the last industrial revolution, which promises to have a huge impact on human lives and on the production cycles of every industry. The main driver of this revolution is the 5G technology which is able to provide higher performance by means of ultra low latency, very high multi-Gbps peak data rate and massive connectivity.
In light of these considerations, it is vital that appropriate channel models and traffic models for the industrial environment are elaborated. Indeed, the industrial environment is characterised by particular features which are not present in other scenarios, even in the indoor scenario that can seem the most similar.
This thesis focuses on the latest channel model proposed by 3GPP and on the traffic model suggested by 5G-ACIA through a white paper. In order to deploy a flexible industrial environment where all machineries are interconnected, can communicate with each other and can be controlled remotely, it is fundamental to understand how the channel model can be defined and how the traffic generated can be characterised.
The main features of the 3GPP channel model are pointed out, by focusing in particular on the industrial scenario, and the peculiar parameters of the traffic model are highlighted. After that, the two models are applied to the BI-REX pilot line, which represents a peculiar example of new production line where the traditional technologies are integrated with new ones in order to obtain a fully interconnected industrial environment.
The thesis aims at showing how to set the most important parameters of the two models and the most common use cases in an industrial traffic model. It represents a starting point for new works that want to implement these models.
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Martinviita, M. (Mikael). "Time series database in Industrial IoT and its testing tool." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfioulu-201811093007.
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Abstract. In the essence of the Industrial Internet of Things is data gathering. Data is time and event-based and hence time series data is key concept in the Industrial Internet of Things, and specific time series database is required to process and store the data. Solution development and choosing the right time series database for Industrial Internet of Things solution can be difficult. Inefficient comparison of time series databases can lead to wrong choices and consequently to delays and financial losses. This thesis is improving the tools to compare different time series databases in context of the Industrial Internet of Things. In addition, the thesis identifies the functional and non-functional requirements of time series database in Industrial Internet of Things and designs and implements a performance test bench. A practical example of how time series databases can be compared with identified requirements and developed test bench is also provided. The example is used to examine how selected time series databases fulfill these requirements.
Eight functional requirements and eight non-functional requirements were identified. Functional requirements included, e.g., aggregation support, information models, and hierarchical configurations. Non-functional requirements included, e.g., scalability, performance, and lifecycle. Developed test bench took Industrial Internet of Things point of view by testing the database in three scenarios: write heavy, read heavy, and concurrent write and read operations. In the practical example, ABB’s cpmPlus History, InfluxDB, and TimescaleDB were evaluated.
Both requirement evaluation and performance testing resulted that cpmPlus History performed best, InfluxDB second best, and TimescaleDB the worst. cpmPlus History showed extensive support for the requirements and best performance in all performance test cases. InfluxDB showed high performance for data writing while TimescaleDB showed better performance for data reading.Aikasarjatietokanta teollisuuden esineiden internetissä ja sen testipenkki. Tiivistelmä. Teollisuuden esineiden internetin ytimessä on tiedon keruu. Tieto on aika ja tapahtuma pohjaista ja sen vuoksi aikasarjatieto on teollisuuden esineiden internetin avainkäsitteitä. Prosessoidakseen tällaista tietoa tarvitaan erityinen aikasarjatietokanta. Sovelluskehitys ja oikean aikasarjatietokannan valitseminen teollisuuden esineiden internetin ratkaisuun voi olla vaikeaa. Tehoton aikasarjatietokantojen vertailu voi johtaa vääriin valintoihin ja siten viiveisiin sekä taloudellisiin tappioihin. Tässä diplomityössä kehitetään työkaluja, joilla eri aikasarjatietokantoja teollisuuden esineiden internetin ympäristössä voidaan vertailla. Diplomityössä tunnistetaan toiminnalliset ja ei-toiminnalliset vaatimukset aikasarjatietokannalle teollisuuden esineiden internetissä ja suunnitellaan ja toteutetaan suorituskykytestipenkki aikasarjatietokannoille. Työ tarjoaa myös käytännön esimerkin kuinka aikasarjatietokantoja voidaan vertailla tunnistetuilla vaatimuksilla ja kehitetyllä testipenkillä. Esimerkkiä hyödynnetään tutkimuksessa, jossa selvitetään kuinka nykyiset aikasarjatietokannat täyttävät tunnistetut vaatimukset.
Diplomityössä tunnistettiin kahdeksan toiminnallista ja kahdeksan ei-toiminnallista vaatimusta. Toiminnallisiin vaatimuksiin sisältyi mm. aggregoinnin tukeminen, informaatiomallit ja hierarkkiset konfiguraatiot. Ei-toiminnallisiin vaatimuksiin sisältyi mm. skaalautuvuus, suorituskyky ja elinkaari. Kehitetty testipenkki otti teollisuuden esineiden internetin näkökulman kolmella eri testiskenaariolla: kirjoituspainoitteinen, lukemispainoitteinen ja yhtäaikaiset kirjoitus- ja lukemisoperaatiot. Käytännön esimerkissä ABB:n cpmPlus History, InfluxDB ja TimescaleDB tietokannat olivat arvioitavina.
Sekä vaatimusten arviointi että suorituskykytestit osoittivat cpmPlus History:n suoriutuvan parhaiten, InfluxDB:n toiseksi parhaiten ja TimescaleDB:n huonoiten. cpmPlus History tuki tunnistettuja vaatimuksia laajimmin ja tarjosi parhaan suorituskyvyn kaikissa testiskenaarioissa. InfluxDB antoi hyvän suorituskyvyn tiedon kirjoittamiselle, kun vastaavasti TimescaleDB osoitti parempaa suorituskykyä tiedon lukemisessa.
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Amaro, da Cruz Mauro. "An enhanced multi-protocol middleware solution for Internet of things." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2021. https://www.learning-center.uha.fr/.
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Dans l'Internet des objets (IoT), les données sont gérées et stockées par un logiciel appelé middleware (situé sur un serveur). L'évolution du concept IoT a conduit à la construction de nombreux intergiciels IoT, des logiciels qui jouent un rôle clé car ils prennent en charge la communication entre les appareils, les utilisateurs et les applications. Plusieurs aspects peuvent impacter les performances d'un middleware. Basée sur une revue approfondie de la littérature associée et sur la proposition d'un modèle de référence pour le middleware IoT, cette thèse propose un nouveau middleware IoT, appelé In.IoT, une solution middleware évolutive, sécurisée et innovante basée sur une revue approfondie du état de l'art et suivant l'architecture middleware de référence proposée dans le cadre de ce travail de recherche. In.IoT répond aux préoccupations middleware des solutions les plus populaires (sécurité, convivialité et performances) qui ont été évaluées, démontrées et validées tout au long de cette étude, et il est prêt et disponible à l'utilisation. Les recommandations et les exigences architecturales d'In.IoT sont détaillées et peuvent être reproduites par des solutions nouvelles et disponibles. Il prend en charge les protocoles de couche application les plus populaires (MQTT, CoAP et HTTP). Ses performances sont évaluées en comparaison avec les solutions les plus prometteuses disponibles dans la littérature et les résultats obtenus par la solution proposée sont extrêmement prometteurs. De plus, cette thèse étudie l'impact du langage de programmation sous-jacent sur les performances globales de la solution grâce à une étude d'évaluation des performances incluant Java, Python et Javascript, identifiant que globalement, Java s'avère être le choix le plus robuste pour le middleware IoT. Les appareils IoT communiquent avec le middleware via un protocole de couche application qui peut différer de ceux pris en charge par le middleware, en particulier lorsque l'on considère que les ménages auront divers appareils de différentes marques. La thèse offre une alternative pour de tels cas, en proposant une passerelle de couche application, appelée MiddleBridge. MiddleBridge traduit les messages CoAP, MQTT, DDS et Websockets en HTTP (HTTP est pris en charge par la plupart des intergiciels IoT). Avec MiddleBridge, les appareils peuvent envoyer un message plus petit à un intermédiaire (MiddleBridge), qui le restructure et le transmet à un middleware, réduisant ainsi le temps qu'un appareil passe à transmettre. Les solutions proposées ont été évaluées par rapport à d'autres solutions similaires disponibles dans la littérature, en tenant compte des métriques liées à la taille des paquets, aux temps de réponse, aux requêtes par seconde et au pourcentage d'erreur, démontrant leurs meilleurs résultats et leur énorme potentiel. En outre, l'étude a utilisé XGBoost (une technique d'apprentissage automatique) pour détecter l'occurrence d'attaques de réplication lorsqu'un attaquant obtient les informations d'identification de l'appareil, en l'utilisant pour générer de fausses données et perturber l'environnement IoT. Les résultats obtenus sont extrêmement prometteurs. Ainsi, il est conclu que l'approche proposée contribue à l'état de l'art des solutions middleware IoTIn Internet of Things (IoT), data is handled and stored by software known as middleware (located on a server). The evolution of the IoT concept led to the construction of many IoT middleware, software that plays a key role since it supports the communication among devices, users, and applications. Several aspects can impact the performance of a middleware. Based in a deep review of the related literature and in the proposal of a Reference Model for IoT middleware, this thesis proposes a new IoT middleware, called In.IoT, a scalable, secure, and innovative middleware solution based on a deep review of the state of the art and following the reference middleware architecture that was proposed along with this research work. In.IoT addresses the middleware concerns of the most popular solutions (security, usability, and performance) that were evaluated, demonstrated, and validated along this study, and it is ready and available for use. In.IoT architectural recommendations and requirements are detailed and can be replicated by new and available solutions. It supports the most popular application-layer protocols (MQTT, CoAP, and HTTP). Its performance is evaluated in comparison with the most promising solutions available in the literature and the results obtained by the proposed solution are extremely promising. Furthermore, this thesis studies the impact of the underlying programming language in the solution's overall performance through a performance evaluation study that included Java, Python, and Javascript, identifying that globally, Java demonstrates to be the most robust choice for IoT middleware. IoT devices communicate with the middleware through an application layer protocol that may differ from those supported by the middleware, especially when it is considered that households will have various devices from different brands. The thesis offers an alternative for such cases, proposing an application layer gateway, called MiddleBridge. MiddleBridge translates CoAP, MQTT, DDS, and Websockets messages into HTTP (HTTP is supported by most IoT middleware). With MiddleBridge, devices can send a smaller message to an intermediary (MiddleBridge), which restructures it and forwards it to a middleware, reducing the time that a device spends transmitting. The proposed solutions were evaluated in comparison with other similar solutions available in the literature, considering the metrics related to packet size, response times, requests per second, and error percentage, demonstrating their better results and tremendous potential. Furthermore, the study used XGBoost (a machine learning technique) to detect the occurrence of replication attacks where an attacker obtains device credentials, using it to generate false data and disturb the IoT environment. The obtained results are extremely promising. Thus, it is concluded that the proposed approach contributes towards the state of the art of IoT middleware solutions
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Cavaletti, Marco. "A Wireless Solution for Industrial IoT Using LoRa at 2.4 GHz." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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This thesis was carried out in the context of a project developed by the university of Bologna upon commission of GD SpA, aimed at providing a new proprietary solution for a Industrial Internet of Things monitoring application.
The focus is on the definition and implementation of a wireless communication protocol, which has been called LoRaIN, based on LoRa technology at 2,4 GHz and suitable for Industry 4.0 applications. LoraIN proposes a centralized approach to Network management, with a single entity keeping synchronization among devices and scheduling all the transmissions according to separated time slots, in order to avoid collisions. Distinctive features of the protocol are also its multi-hopping functionality and the possibility to deploy batteryless devices, charged via Wireless Power Transfer technology.
Numerical results reported in the thesis demonstrate how LoRaIN protocol meets the application requirements.
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Kadhum, Hamza. "Enhancing Zigbee Security for Industrial Implementation." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279559.
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Zigbee network is a popular choice for deploying low power personal area network (LoWPAN). The application areas vary but the most popular are industrial area monitoring and home automation. But Zigbee has been identified to have weak security and is not applicable for industrial implementation. This paper is collaboration with Ericsson to investigate Zigbee network security and implementation. This paper will cover security solutions for Zigbee and touch on how to configure Zigbee network such that it can operate for a long period of time without battery changes. The security solutions will demonstrate how public-key respective symmetric key algorithm can be used for enhancing Zigbee security such that it provide authentication and authorization of joining devices while maintaining confidentiality and integrity of the network communication. Security solutions will also take regards to the power consumption of each proposed solution. For the network configuration part of the thesis, it will present node lifetime for different network configuration, i.e. how polling period between each message will affect the total cur- rent consumption of a node and how the joining procedure, depending on the security solution will affect the total node lifetime. Achieving longer node lifetime is desired because it is assumed that the network will be deployed in remote and unfavorable areas. The result of this paper compares different solutions for enhancing the security. Further, it concludes that Zigbee security with authentication and authorization of joining devices is reached through secret-splitting key establishment - which is the best solution. This is possible while maintaining low power consumption in the network.Zigbee nätverk är ett populärt val vid uppsättning av ett nätverk med låg strömförbrukning. Zigbees användningsområde är olika men den är väldigt populär inom industriell områdesövervakning och hemautomation. Däremot har Zigbees säkerhet varit en nackdel, då det har framkommit att den inte möter kraven för industriell användning. Arbetet kom till genom ett samarbete med Ericsson och KTH för att undersöka Zigbee nätverks implementation och säkerhet. Arbetet bearbetar olika säkerhetslösningar för Zigbee nätverk och hur den kan implementeras för att uppnå långtidsanvändning utan batteribyte. Säkerhetslösningar bygger på public-key samt symmetric key kryptografi algoritmer för att förbättra och öka Zigbees säkerhet genom autentisering och tillåtelse av noder som ansluter sig till nätverket. Nätverkets konfiguration för långtidsanvändning redovisas genom att jämföra olika polling tidsintervaller mellan meddelanden. Långtidsanvändning utan batteribyte är viktigt för att nätverket kommer implementeras i ett avlägset område som är svåråtkomlig. Arbetet redovisar och jämföra olika lösningar för att öka säkerheten för Zigbee nätverk. Den optimala lösningen för att uppnå autentisering samt tillåtelse av noder som ansluter sig uppnås med nyckel skapande genom secret-splitting metoden. Metoden följer NIST rekommendationer och anses vara säker, därav uppfyller den kraven för industriell implementation. Nätverkets säkerhet ökar samt bibehåller ett nätverk med låg strömförbrukning.
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Granlund, Mathias, and Christoffer Hoppe. "Evaluating the functionality of an Industrial Internet of Things system in the Fog." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-39744.
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The Internet is one of the greatest innovations ever created by mankind, and it is a technical trend that has moved into industries to facilitate automation, supervision and management in the form of IoT devices. These devices are designed to be extremely lightweight and operate in low-power and lossy networks, and therefore run a low duty cycle and CPU-clock frequency to reserve battery life. Fog nodes are located on site to minimize network delay and provide centralized processing to handle data from hundreds of connected devices in wireless sensor networks. This is the future of industrial automation. Our goal is to show the functionality of an industrial IoT network within the scope of Fog computing by implementing a closed-loop control system in Cooja. Performance evaluations considered network reliability in terms of packet delivery ratio and timeliness. We assume that wireless IoT devices are running RPL routing (one of the most common standard routing protocols for IoT applications). We implement a mobility controller at the Fog-server in order to collect measurements made by the Fog nodes and send commands to IoT devices. In this thesis work, we assume that the commands are related to the mobility pattern of mobile node (e.g. AGVs in industrial automation) in order to avoid collision. From the simulation results we can conclude that sampling rates and node density have a greater impact on performance compared to payload size. We cannot be sure that our results reflect what a real-world evaluation would imply as we are running an emulation software, even though it has a very realistic physical layer. We do however believe that with substantial testing and improvements to both Cooja and our implementation, an accurate representation can be accomplished and algorithms in Cooja can be moved to real-world implementations.
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Scroppo, Marco Stefano. "Enhancing interoperability in industry 4.0." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/4151.
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The research objectives of this thesis consists in the definition of innovative proposal to enhance interoperability in Industry 4.0, IIoT and IoT. The research was focused on the interoperability between communication protocols, due to the knowledge that adoption of communication standards are of paramount importance in Industry 4.0, IIoT and IoT. Furthermore, no one communication standard is globally accepted as reference standard in these contexts. Nevertheless, among the various standard taken in consideration in literature, OPC UA international standard (IEC 62541) seems to be one of the leading candidates to become a reference standard. As for example, "Reference Architecture Model for Industrie 4.0" (RAMI 4.0) indicates for OPC UA the role to standardise machine-to-machine communication. Another example is the "Industrial Internet Reference Architecture" (IIRA), defined by the Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC), where OPC UA plays a strategic role as it is one of the core connectivity standards.
For this reason, the research has investigated the enhancement of interoperability in Industry 4.0, IoT and IIoT through improvements based on OPC UA.
First of all, the research was focused on the realisation of a proposal enabling the interoperability between OPC UA and generic users not compliant with OPC UA standard; in particular, it has been assumed to propose a way to allow the interaction between OPC UA and devices or applications using web technologies and without any knowledge of the standard. The realization of this integration has been achieved through the definition of a novel data model mapping the OPC UA Information Model, based on common web data-formats (e.g. JSON). This proposal has been called Integration between OPC UA and the Web .
After that, the research focus has been enlarged to propose a solution enabling the interoperability between OPC UA and IoT/IIoT ecosystems. Among the current IoT/IIoT ecosystems, OCF has been chosen for the integration with OPC UA, as it seems a promising solution to standardise the exchange of information into IoT as explained before. The solution mainly aims to realise a mapping between OPC UA and OCF information models and has been called Integration between OPC UA and OCF . Through this mapping, information maintained by an OPC UA Server may be used to populate a device compliant to OCF specifications which acts as a server, allowing it to expose this information to whatever client device in the OCF ecosystem. Vice versa, information maintained by an OCF Device may be published by an OPC UA Server allowing to make this information available to whatever OPC UA-compliant device.
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Iqbal, Muhammad Azhar. "Internet of Things (IoT) Industry Gateway Modelling." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för informations- och kommunikationssystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-28691.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) provide the possibility to build dynamic industrial systems and applications to improve the quality of production in industrial areas. There are many Industrial IoT Gateways (IoTGWs) available on the market, all of which have different functionalities and properties. Here, the different properties of the IIoTGWs were explored, with the researcher’s as well as vendor’s perspective in mind. The most important properties were identified using research papers and technical data sheets, based on this, a model was created. The model showed the best two gateways available in the database. The results show that methods used can be applied in future research.
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Deogratius, Sanya. "IoT business model change in theIndustrial sector." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-37295.
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The industrial domain is experiencing relatively a higher growth rate than other Internet-ofThings (IoT) market domains. Much as a lot is said about its technological capabilities andapplications, less has been said about the business side, and specifically how business modelsfor IIoT are changing currently. This paper seeks to explore how industrial IoT business modelsare changing the key drivers in the now. Some of the key finding include the fact that thischange is expressed most within the value proposition, collaborations and partnerships, newskill sets, internal departmental convergences etc. The key drivers are mainly bothtechnologically and market driven with mostly reasons of IIoT adoption being cost cutting andefficiency in operations. It is also found out that standardization and regulations also play akey role but only to arbitrate (issue like privacy security, ownership interoperability etc.) whathas or is already been put to service, in most of the cases e.g., The General Data ProtectionRegulation (GDPR).
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Piccinini, Andrea. "Innovative Architecture for Industrial Monitoring System." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/128134.
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This thesis aims to develop a new innovative architecture for monitoring and SCADA systems able to centralize data and support data analytics for ideally every kind of productions. The core of the innovation is the definition and management inside the platform of a JSON configuration which describe the machine or the plant to be monitored.
The state of the art gives a complete landscape about how technologies have evolved since the born of web and which of them have been applied in distributed system such as web monitoring systems. One of the most important topics here are the communication protocols, new generation of high performance databases and the purpose of machine learning algorithms in order to improve maintenance activities and support decision making process.
Then the architecture of the system has been presented paying attention on the concept of reconfigurability and customization of the platform. This is done by configuring the machines by means a JSON descriptor that indicates which data collect in the system. An appendix explains in deep how the JSON configuration works and which parameters the user can manipulate in order to increase the precision and the performance of the system.
Systems like the one proposed can be used in vary different ways and the thesis wants to analyze some of them and proposing solutions describing real case studies. These case studies regard quality check on the production line (online or offline), data collection for production scheduling and whole monitoring systems for textile application.
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Egel, Jill. "Internet of Things and its Business Models." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-80995.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) is the next phase in the evolution of the internet, where everyday objects are connected to the internet, and obtain the capacity to communicate with other devices and sense their environment. Especially the IIoT is one of the most talked about industrial business concepts since the recent years, companies try to focus on business models and operational efficiency. That is why this thesis focuses on researching the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). There is already a lot of information about the common Internet of Things but still a gap in research in the business perspective, especially surrounding the concept of business models for the IIoT. The goal of this project is to investigate different kinds of business models, how they work and how feasible they are. The need to research possible business models for an IIoT framework, as traditional business models are relevant for this study, such as the Business Model Canvas which has been proposed by Alexander Osterwalder or the Business Model Navigator by Oliver Gassmann. But there is still a lack of literature covering the business models for the IIoT. Therefore, after researching the concept of IIoT from a business perspective, I identified some useful criteria and suitable business models. With a qualitative literature study, I was able to develop an IIoT business model framework, based on the dynamics and complexity of the IIoT concept, which incorporates business strategies and provides companies with a flexible approach. The business model framework can be used in any business which is working in the industrial context. To demonstrate how the business model framework works for the IIoT, I clarified how suitable business models can improve the current business model of the very prominent and successful company Tesla. The results show how the framework of IIoT business models can be used to increase profit and work efficiently as a company. The models can also be formed to only highlight single components of an already existing business model, as it offers great flexibility, which is highly valuable in the fast evolving and innovative IIoT phenomenon.
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Thubert, Pascal. "Converging over deterministic networks for an Industrial Internet." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IMTA0011/document.
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En s'appuyant sur une connaissance précise du temps, sur la réservation de ressources et l'application distribuée de règles d'admission strictes, un réseau déterministe permet de transporter des flux pré-spécifiés avec un taux de perte extrêmement bas et une latence maximale majorée, ouvrant la voie au support d'applications critiques et/ou temps-réel sur une infrastructure de réseau convergée. De nos jours, la Technologie Opérationnelle (OT) s'appuie sur des réseaux déterministes mais conçus à façon, en général propriétaires, utilisant typiquement des liens série spécifiques, et opérés en isolation les uns des autres, ce qui multiplie la complexité physique et les coûts d'achat et de déploiement (CAPEX), ainsi que d'opération et maintenance (OPEX), et empêche l'utilisation agile des ressources. En apportant le déterminisme dans les réseaux des Technologies de l'Information (IT), une nouvelle génération de réseaux commutés de l'IT va permettre l'émulation de ces liens série et la convergence de réseaux autrefois dédiés sur une infrastructure commune à base d'IP. En retour, la convergence de l'IT et de l'OT permettra de nouvelles optimisations industrielles, en introduisant des technologies héritées de l'IT, comme le BigData et la virtualisation des fonctions du réseau (NFV), en support des opérations de l'OT, améliorant les rendements tout en apportant une réduction supplémentaire des coûts. Les solutions de réseaux déterministes réclament des possibilités nouvelles de la part des équipements, possibilités qui vont bien au-delà de celles demandées pour les besoins classiques de la QoS. Les attributs-clé sont : - la synchronisation précise de tous les n'uds, en incluant souvent la source et la destination des flux- le calcul centralisé de chemins de bout en bout à l'échelle du réseau- de nouveaux filtres de mise en forme du trafic à l'intérieur comme à l'entrée du réseau afin de le protéger en tous points- des moyens matériels permettant l'accès au medium à des échéances précises. Au travers de multiples papiers, de contributions à des standards, et de publication de propriété industrielle, le travail présenté ici repousse les limites des réseaux industriels sans fils en offrant : 1. Le calcul centralisé de chemin complexes basé sur une technologie innovante appelée ARC 2. La signalisation de ces chemins complexes et la traçabilité des paquets par une extension de la technologie BIER-TE 3. Réplication, Renvoi et Elimination des doublons le long de ces chemins complexes 4. Un temps-réel basé sur un échéancier qui assure un haut taux de délivrance et garantit une latence bornée 5. La capacité de transporter à la fois des flux déterministes et du trafic IPv6 à multiplexage statistique sur un maillage 6TiSCH partagéCe manuscrit rapporte des améliorations apportées aux techniques existantes des réseaux sans fils à basse puissance (LoWPAN) comme Zigbee, WirelessHART'et ISA100.11a, afin d'amener ces nouveaux bénéfices jusqu'aux réseaux opérationnels sans fil. Elle a été implémentée en programme et sur du matériel open-source, et évaluée face à du IEEE Std. 802.15.4 classique ainsi que du 802.15.4 TSCH, utilisés en topologie maillée. L'expérience menée montre que notre nouvelle proposition permet d'éviter les à-coups et de garantir des taux élevés de délivrance, même face à des évènements exceptionnels comme la perte d'un relais ou la dégradation temporaire d'un lien radioBased on time, resource reservation, and policy enforcement by distributed shapers, Deterministic Networking provides the capability to carry specified unicast or multicast data streams for real-time applications with extremely low data loss rates and bounded latency, so as to support time-sensitive and mission-critical applications on a converged enterprise infrastructure.As of today, deterministic Operational Technology (OT) networks are purpose-built, mostly proprietary, typically using serial point-to-point wires, and operated as physically separate networks, which multiplies the complexity of the physical layout and the operational (OPEX) and capital (CAPEX) expenditures, while preventing the agile reuse of the compute and network resources.Bringing determinism in Information Technology (IT) networks will enable the emulation of those legacy serial wires over IT fabrics and the convergence of mission-specific OT networks onto IP. The IT/OT convergence onto Deterministic Networks will in turn enable new process optimization by introducing IT capabilities, such as the Big Data and the network functions virtualization (NFV), improving OT processes while further reducing the associated OPEX.Deterministic Networking Solutions and application use-cases require capabilities of the converged network that is beyond existing QOS mechanisms.Key attributes of Deterministic Networking are: - Time synchronization on all the nodes, often including source and destination - The centralized computation of network-wide deterministic paths - New traffic shapers within and at the edge to protect the network- Hardware for scheduled access to the media.Through multiple papers, standard contribution and Intellectual Property publication, the presented work pushes the limits of wireless industrial standards by providing: 1. Complex Track computation based on a novel ARC technology 2. Complex Track signaling and traceability, extending the IETF BIER-TE technology 3. Replication, Retry and Duplicate Elimination along the Track 4. Scheduled runtime enabling highly reliable delivery within bounded time 5. Mix of IPv6 best effort traffic and deterministic flows within a shared 6TiSCH mesh structureThis manuscript presents enhancements to existing low power wireless networks (LoWPAN) such as Zigbee, WirelessHART¿and ISA100.11a to provide those new benefits to wireless OT networks. It was implemented on open-source software and hardware, and evaluated against classical IEEE Std. 802.15.4 and 802.15.4 TSCH radio meshes. This manuscript presents and discusses the experimental results; the experiments show that the proposed technology can guarantee continuous high levels of timely delivery in the face of adverse events such as device loss and transient radio link down
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Lasciarrea, Luca. "La quarta rivoluzione industriale." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
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Quando si parla di rivoluzione industriale si intende un momento preciso che rappresenta l’avvio e segna il punto di non ritorno: è il momento in cui il cambiamento, che fino ad allora si è mantenuto sottotraccia, diventa improvvisamente evidente e si pone come fenomeno inarrestabile, destinato a cambiare per sempre il quadro di riferimento per tutti, non solo specialisti ed addetti ai lavori. L’obbiettivo di questo elaborato è inquadrare sotto termini economici e sociali l’impatto che la rivoluzione dei giorni nostri sta producendo, cercando di analizzare le possibili conseguenze sull’occupazione dovute dalla continua introduzione di nuove tecnologie. A tal proposito viene concesso largo spazio alle tecnologie abilitanti, ovvero le nuove tecnologie che sono e saranno il perno di questa svolta epocale. Passando dai veicoli autonomi alla stampa 3D, dai Big Data al Fog Computing, dalla biologia di sintesi allo studio sui genomi, le tecnologie vengono suddivise in tre macro sfere: fisica, digitale e biologica. Punto di incontro delle tecnologie abilitanti è sicuramente il dato, che è passato dall’ essere una semplice informazione nata e morta ad uno dei principali asset per le aziende moderne. Il dato è caratterizzato da valore d’uso, come la forza lavoro e si trasforma in valore di scambio all’interno di contesti di produzione in grado di utilizzare la tecnologia algoritmica appropriata. Tale processo, però, è lontano dall’essere preciso ed omogeneo. Partendo da queste considerazioni, all’interno di questo elaborato si è provato a formulare una teoria sul valore di scambio prodotto dal dato. In conclusione si sono analizzati gli aspetti etici e la nascita delle continue problematiche relative alla privacy in relazione alla grande mole di dati che ogni giorno produciamo.
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ABUSOHYON, ISLAM ASEM SALAH. "IoT and Industry 4.0 technologies in Digital Manufacturing Transformation." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1081117.
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The evolution of internet of things, cyber physical system, digital twin and artificial intelligence is stimulating the transformation of the product-centric processes toward smart control digital service-oriented ones. With the implementation of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms, IoT has accelerated the movement from connecting devices to the Internet to collecting and analyzing data by using sensors to extract data throughout the lifecycle of the product, in order to create value and knowledge from the huge amount of the collected data, such as the knowledge of the product performance and conditions. The importance of internet of things technology in manufacturing comes from its ability to collect real time data and extract valuable knowledge from these huge amount of data which can be supported through the implementation of smart IoT-based servitization framework which was presented in this research together with a 10-steps approach diagram. Moreover, literature review has been carried out to develop the research and deepen the knowledge in the field of IoT, CPS, DT and Artificial Intelligence, and then interviews with experts have been conducted to validate the contents, since DT is a quite new technology, so there are different points of view about certain concepts of this technology.
The main scope and objective of this research is to allow organizational processes and companies to benefit form the value added information that can be achieved through the right implementation of advanced technologies such as IoT, DT, CPS, and artificial intelligence which can provide financial benefits to the manufacturing companies and competitive advantages to make them stand among the other competitors in the market. The effectiveness of such technologies can not only improve the financial benefits of the companies, but the workers’ safety and health through the real time monitoring of the work environment. Here in this research the main aim is to present the right frameworks that can be used in the literature through companies and researchers to allow them to implement these technologies correctly in the boundaries of their businesses. In addition to that, the Smart factory concept, as introduced in the context of Industry 4.0, promotes the development of a new interconnected manufacturing environment where human operators cooperate with machines. While the role of the operator in the smart factory is substantially being rediscussed, the industrial approach towards safety and ergonomics still appears frequently outdated and inadequate. This research approaches such topic referring to the vibration risk, a well-known cause of work-related pathologies, and proposes an original methodology for mapping the risk exposure related to the performed activities. A miniaturized wearable device is employed to collect vibration data, and the obtained signals are segmented and processed in order to extract the significant features. An original machine learning classifier is then employed to recognize the worker’s activity and evaluate the related exposure to vibration risks. Finally, the results obtained from the experimental analysis demonstrate feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
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Muñoz, Soto Jonathan Mauricio. "Km-scale Industrial Networking." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS252.
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L'Internet des objets (IoT) a pour objectif de fournir une connectivité à des millions d'appareils utilisés au quotidien. Pour la majorité des applications, les connexions filaires sont peu pratiques et trop coûteuses. Par conséquent, les connexions sans fil sont le seul moyen réalisable de fournir une connectivité aux dispositifs. Une des nombreuses solutions sans fil est la norme IEEE802.15.4, conçue pour les réseaux maillés de faible consommation. Cette norme est largement utilisée pour les bâtiments intelligents, la domotique et les applications industrielles. Un amendement ultérieur, IEEE802.15.4g, définit 3 PHY (FSK, OFDM et O-QPSK). Cela cible les applications SUN (Smart Utility Networks), c’est-à-dire le comptage intelligent, tout en offrant une couverture étendue. Dans cette thèse, nous analysons l'utilisation de cette norme en dehors de l'environnement SUN et sur des applications industrielles. Premièrement, nous menons une série d’expériences avec IEEE802.15.4g-dispositifs afin de mesurer la portée des liens dans des scénarios extérieurs réels. Les résultats montrent que des communications très fiables avec des débits jusqu'à 800 kbps (avec OFDM) peuvent être atteintes en milieu urbain à 540 m entre les nœuds, et que la liaison radio la plus longue utile est obtenue à 779 m (FSK). Deuxièmement, nous comparons les performances de la norme IEEE802.15.4 à celle de la norme IEEE802.15.4g OFDM dans les bâtiments intelligents. A partir d'expériences, nous avons déterminé que l'OFDM IEEE802.15.4g surpasse l'IEEE802.15.4 et doit être considéré comme une solution pour les déploiements ultérieurs. Enfin, nous introduisons le concept du réseau agile: des nœuds pouvant modifier dynamiquement leur PHY en fonction de leurs besoins et de leur situationThe Internet of Things (IoT) aims to provide connectivity to millions of devices used in our day-to-day life. For the vast majority of applications, wired connections are unpractical and too expensive, therefore wireless connections is the only feasible way to provide connectivity to the devices. One of many wireless solutions is the standard IEEE802.15.4, specially designed for low power mesh networks. This standard is widely used for Smart Building, Home Automation and Industrial Applications.A subsequent amendment, the IEEE802.15.4g, defines 3 PHYs (FSK, OFDM and O-QPSK). This targets Smart Utility Networks(SUN) applications, i.e., Smart Metering, while providing extended coverage. In this thesis, we analyse the use of this standard outside the SUN environment and onto Industrial Networking applications.First, we conduct a series of experiments using IEEE802.15.4g compliant devices in order to measure the range coverage on radio links in real use case outdoor scenarios. Results show that highly reliable communications with data rates up to 800 kbps (with OFDM) can be achieved in urban environments at 540 m between nodes, and the longest useful radio link is obtained at 779 m (FSK). Sencond, regarding the robustness and high data rate of OFDM, we compare the performance of the IEEE802.15.4 with the IEEE802.15.4g OFDM in Smart Building scenarios. From experiments, we determine that IEEE802.15.4g OFDM outperforms IEEE802.15.4 and should be considered as a solution for further deployments in combination with a TSCH MAC approach. Finally, we introduce the concept of Network Agility: nodes that can dynamically change their PHY according to their needs and circumstances
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Osimi, Silvio. "Progetto di un sistema IoT a microcontrollore per il telerilevamento di impianti industriali." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21828/.
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Progetto IoT di telerilevamento degli impianti industriali. Nella seguente tesi si propone un prototipo basato su una scheda a microcontrollore Arduino, affidabile, versatile, altamente riusabile e aperto a numerose implementazioni nel campo del monitoraggio industriale per la risoluzione di svariati problemi pratici. Nella tesi verrà trattato nel dettaglio un esempio di analisi dei consumi energetici. Il nodo sensore è composto da un modulo di comunicazione seriale industriale Modbus RTU basato sul protocollo di linea RS485, un datalogger ed un sensore di temperatura. Il sistema consente, tramite l'apposito modulo wireless integrato, di inviare i dati raccolti su piattaforma cloud per l'elaborazione ed il monitoraggio real time.
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Shen, Jue. "Interactive RFID for Industrial and Healthcare Applications." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Industriell och Medicinsk Elektronik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-174380.
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This thesis introduces the circuit and system design of interactive Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. IoT has the vision of connectivity for anything, at anytime and anywhere. One of the most important characteristics of IoT is the automatic and massive interaction of real physical world (things and human) with the virtual Internet world.RFID tags integrated with sensors have been considered as one suitable technology for realizing the interaction. However, while it is important to have RFID tags with sensors as the input interaction, it is also important to have RFID tags with displays as the output interaction.Display interfaces vary based on the information and application scenarios. On one side, remote and centralized display interface is more suitable for scenarios such as monitoring and localization. On the other side, tag level display interface is more suitable for scenarios such as object identification and online to offline propagation. For tag level display, though a substantial number of researches have focused on introducing sensing functionalities to low power Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) RFID tags, few works address UHF RFID tags with display interfaces. Power consumption and integration with display of rigid substrate are two main challenges.With the recent emerging of Electronic Paper Display (EPD) technologies, it becomes possible to overcome the two challenges. EPD resembles ordinary ink on paper by characteristics of substrate flexibility, pattern printability and material bi-stability. Average power consumption of display is significantly reduced due to bi-stability, the ability to hold color for certain periods without power supplies. Among different EPD types, Electrochromic (EC) display shows advantage of low driving voltage compatible to chip supply voltage.Therefore this thesis designs a low power UHF RFID tag integrated in 180 nm CMOS process with inkjet-printed EC polyimide display. For applications where refresh rate is ultra-low (such as electronic label in retailing and warehouse), the wireless display tag is passive and supplied by the energy harvested from UHF RF wave. For applications where refresh rate is not ultra-low (such as object identification label in mass customized manufacturing), the wireless display tag is semi-passive and supplied by soft battery. It works at low average power consumption and with out-of-battery alert. For remote and centralized display, the limitations of uplink (from tags to reader) capacity and massive-tag information feedback in IoT scenarios is the main challenge. Compared to conventional UHF RFID backscattering whose data rate is limited within hundreds of kb/s, Ultra-wideband (UWB) transmission have been verified with the performance of Mb/s data rate with several tens of pJ/pulse energy consumption.Therefore, a circuit prototype of UHF/UWB RFID tag replacing UHF backscattering with UWB transmitter is implemented. It also consists of Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) and Electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes for healthcare applications of real-time remote monitoring of multiple patients ECG signals. The ECG electrodes are fabricated on paper substrate by inkjet printing to improve patient comfort. Key contribution of the thesis includes: 1) the power management scheme and circuit design of passive UHF/UWB RFID display tag. The tag sensitivity (the input RF power) is -10.5 dBm for EC display driving, comparable to the performance of conventional passive UHF RFID tags without display functions, and -18.5 dBm for UWB transmission, comparable to the state-of-the-art performance of passive UHF RFID tag. 2) communication flow and circuit design of UHF/UWB RFID tag with ECG sensing. The optimum system throughout is 400 tags/second with 1.5 KHz ECG sampling rate and 10 Mb/s UWB pulse rate.QC 20151012
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Oliveira, André. "Synthèse d'oxydes lamellaires haute performances à base de Ni, Mn et Co : élaboration d'un procédé industriel et application à l'électrode positive d'un accumulateur Li-ion." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS239.pdf.
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La société Nanoe en collaboration avec le Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP) propose un procédé innovant pour la synthèse de NMC, un matériau communément utilisé en tant que matériau d’électrode positive pour accumulateur Li-ion. Ces matériaux sont actuellement synthétisés en solution par coprécipitation demandant de traiter des déchets de métaux dissous en solution aqueuse. La nouvelle méthode proposée est une synthèse par voie solide composée d’une étape de broyage à haute énergie des précurseurs, suivie d’une étape de séchage et de structuration par atomisation pour finir sur un traitement à haute température pour former la phase désirée. Cette voie possède les avantages de ne rejeter aucun déchet solide ou liquide mais également de compter moins d’étapes de synthèse et l’utilisation de matières premières moins coûteuses. Le but de ces travaux de thèse est d’optimiser ce procédé de synthèse pour la production de NMC de compositions de plus en plus riches en nickel. Les étapes du procédé ont été optimisées sur NMC333, un matériau largement étudié et commercialisé. La synthèse a ensuite été adaptée pour des compositions plus riches en nickel, à savoir NMC622 et 811. Il a été montré qu’enrichir la composition en nickel nécessitait de réduire la température de synthèse pour obtenir les meilleures propriétés structurales, morphologiques et électrochimiques. Les matériaux synthétisés sont ensuite comparés à leurs homologues commerciaux produits par coprécipitation et montrent, à un régime rapide de 1C, une capacité plus faible dans les premiers cycle mais une meilleure rétention de capacité leur permettant de dominer sur le long termeThe company Nanoe in collaboration with the Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP) offers an innovative process for the synthesis of NMC, a positive electrode material for Li-ion batteries. These materials are currently synthesized in solution by coprecipitation, requiring retreating waste metals dissolved in aqueous solution. The new method proposed is a solid-state synthesis composed of a high-energy milling of the solid-state precursors in suspension, followed by a spray-drying structuration step and a final heat treatment.to form the NMC phase. This new route not only produces no solid or liquid waste, but also have fewer synthesis steps and the use of cheaper raw materials. The aim of this thesis work is to optimize this synthesis process to produce NMC by using nickel-rich compositions. The different process stages were first optimized on LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2, a widely used and commercial material. The synthesis was then adapted for compositions richer in nickel, namely LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 and LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2. It has been shown that enriching the nickel composition required reducing the synthesis temperature to obtain the best structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties. The synthesized materials are then compared to their commercial counterparts produced by a coprecipitation process and demonstrated, at 1C-rate, a lower capacity in the first cycles but a better capacity retention allowing them to dominate in long-term cycling
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Gottardelli, Chiara <1991>. "FOG COMPUTING: THE KEYSTONE FOR THE FUTURE OF INDUSTRIAL IoT. IMPACTS ON LEAN PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENTS." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/13667.
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The Fourth Industrial revolution dominates the current discussion of researchers on manufacturing.
At the same time, worldwide companies are becoming aware of the importance of Industrial IoT (IIoT) for competitive advantages.
Even Governments have assumed an important role in the field and set themselves as promoters of technological change with policies in favor of industrial digitalization.
In this scenario, Industrial IoT is driving the need for extensive adoption of advanced IT features across multiple Industry verticals. Moreover, in companies that apply Lean production concepts, IIoT accelerates Lean benefits.
The research gives an overview over existing combination of Industry 4.0 and Lean production, through Fog computing technology.
Fog computing brings many Cloud IT features close to industrial processes and merges those with real-time features, increasing production efficiency.
Fog Computing was introduced by Cisco in 2014 and a startup located in Silicon Valley, Nebbiolo Technologies, was the first pioneer on developing this new technology.
This company is deploying it in different industrial applications.
Considering the industrial automation, this thesis wants to underline the improvements and changes within corporate organizational structure resulting from the application of Fog computing.
Furthermore, this paper wants to validate the quantitative and qualitative data from two case studies deployed in worldwide companies: one in food industry and the other in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical sector.
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Vallois, Valentin. "Securing industrial internet of things architectures through Blockchain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UNIP7335.
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Cela fait dix ans que la technologie blockchain a été créée. Cet amalgame de cryptographie et d'application peer to peer apporte de nombreuses innovations et services de sécurité au-delà des services financiers aux systèmes d'information ordinaires et offre de nouveaux cas d'utilisation pour les applications distribuées dans le contexte industriel. Pendant ce temps,l'IoT est devenu proéminent dans l'industrie comme la future révolution industrielle apportant de nouvelles applications mais ouvrant la voie à des vulnérabilités de sécurité. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons exploré les principaux problèmes auxquels est confronté l'Internet des objets. Nous avons étudié comment les fournisseurs de plates-formes IIOT abordent ces défis en comparant les mesures qu'ils ont mises en oeuvre avec les recommandations de l'UIT en utilisant le processus analytique hiérarchique (AHP). Cette étude nous a permis d'identifier les domaines d'amélioration et les cas d'utilisation de la blockchain. La gestion des identités est un problème récurrent dans la littérature IIoT, nous proposons une approche de gestion des identités pour les systèmes distribués assistés par blockchain afin de garantir l'unicité des identités et l'intégrité de l'annuaire. Sur la base de ce travail, nous avons développé un système de distribution et de validation des mises à jour de micrologiciel sécurisé par blockchain et l'algorithme de machine learning Locality sensitive hashing (LSH)It's been ten years since blockchain technology was created. This amalgam of cryptography and peer-to-peer application brings many innovations and securities services beyond financial services to regular information systems and offers new use cases for distributed applications in industrial context. Meanwhile, IoT became prominent in the industry as the future industrial revolution, bringing new applications but paving the way for security vulnerabilities. During this thesis, we explored the main issues facing the Internet of Things. We studied how IIoT platform providers address these challenges by comparing the measures they have implemented with the ITU recommendations using the Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP). This study allowed us to identify areas of improvement and use cases for the blockchain. Identity management is a recurring problem in the IIoT literature, and we propose an identity management approach for distributed systems assisted by blockchain to guarantee the uniqueness of identities and the integrity of the directory. From this work, we have developed a blockchain-secured firmware update distribution and validation system using the machine learning algorithm Locality Sensitive Hashing (LSH)
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Nardello, Matteo. "Low-Power Smart Devices for the IoT Revolution." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/274371.
Full textAbstract:
Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary paradigm approaching both industries and consumers everyday life. It refers to a network of addressable physical objects that contain embedded sensing, communication and actuating technologies, to sense and interact with the environment where being deployed. It can be considered as a modern expression of Mark Weiser's vision of ubiquitous computing where tiny networked computers become part of everyday objects, fusing together the virtual world and the physical word.
Recent advances in hardware solutions have led to the emergence of powerful wireless IoT systems that are entirely energy-autonomous. These systems extract energy from their environment and operate intermittently, only as power is available. Battery-less sensors present an opportunity for the pervasive wide-spread of remote sensor deployments that require little maintenance and have low cost. As the number of IoT endpoint grows -- industry forecast trillions of connected smart devices in the next few years -- new challenges to program, manage and maintain such a huge number of connected devices are emerging. Web technologies can significantly ease this process by providing well-known patterns and tools - like cloud computing - for developers and users. However, the existing solutions are often too heavyweight or unfeasible for highly resource-constrained IoT devices.
This dissertation presents a comprehensive analysis of two of the biggest problems that the IoT is currently facing: R1) How are we going to provide connectivity to all these devices? R2) How can we improve the quality of service provided by these tiny autonomous motes that rely only on limited energy scavenged from the environment?
The first contribution is the study and deployment of a Low-Power Wide-Area-Network as a feasible solution to provide connectivity to all the expected IoT devices to be deployed in the following years. The proposed technology offers a novel communication paradigm to address discrete IoT applications, like long-range (i.e., kilometers) at low-power (i.e., tens of mW). Moreover, results highlight the effectiveness of the technology also in the industrial environment thanks to the high immunity to external noises.
In the second contribution, we focus on smart metering presenting the design of three smart energy meters targeted to different scenarios. The first design presents an innovative, cost-effective smart meter with embedded non-intrusive load monitoring capabilities intended for the domestic sector. This system shows an innovative approach to provide useful feedback to reduce and optimize household energy consumption. We then present a battery-free non-intrusive power meter targeted for low-cost energy monitoring applications that lower both installation cost due to the non-intrusive approach and maintenance costs associated to battery replacement. Finally, we present an energy autonomous smart sensor with load recognition capability that dynamically adapts and reconfigures its processing pipeline to the sensed energy consumption. This enables the sensor to be energy neutral, while still providing power consumption information every 5 minutes.
In the third contribution, we focus on the study of low-power visual edge processing and edge machine learning for the IoT. Two different implementations are presented. The first one discusses an energy-neutral IoT device for precision agriculture, while the second one presents a battery-less long-range visual IoT system, both leveraging on deep learning algorithms to avoid unnecessary wireless data communication. We show that there is a clear benefit from implementing a first layer of data processing directly in-situ where the data is acquired, providing a higher quality of service to the implemented application.
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Nardello, Matteo. "Low-Power Smart Devices for the IoT Revolution." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/274371.
Full textAbstract:
Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary paradigm approaching both industries and consumers everyday life. It refers to a network of addressable physical objects that contain embedded sensing, communication and actuating technologies, to sense and interact with the environment where being deployed. It can be considered as a modern expression of Mark Weiser's vision of ubiquitous computing where tiny networked computers become part of everyday objects, fusing together the virtual world and the physical word.
Recent advances in hardware solutions have led to the emergence of powerful wireless IoT systems that are entirely energy-autonomous. These systems extract energy from their environment and operate intermittently, only as power is available. Battery-less sensors present an opportunity for the pervasive wide-spread of remote sensor deployments that require little maintenance and have low cost. As the number of IoT endpoint grows -- industry forecast trillions of connected smart devices in the next few years -- new challenges to program, manage and maintain such a huge number of connected devices are emerging. Web technologies can significantly ease this process by providing well-known patterns and tools - like cloud computing - for developers and users. However, the existing solutions are often too heavyweight or unfeasible for highly resource-constrained IoT devices.
This dissertation presents a comprehensive analysis of two of the biggest problems that the IoT is currently facing: R1) How are we going to provide connectivity to all these devices? R2) How can we improve the quality of service provided by these tiny autonomous motes that rely only on limited energy scavenged from the environment?
The first contribution is the study and deployment of a Low-Power Wide-Area-Network as a feasible solution to provide connectivity to all the expected IoT devices to be deployed in the following years. The proposed technology offers a novel communication paradigm to address discrete IoT applications, like long-range (i.e., kilometers) at low-power (i.e., tens of mW). Moreover, results highlight the effectiveness of the technology also in the industrial environment thanks to the high immunity to external noises.
In the second contribution, we focus on smart metering presenting the design of three smart energy meters targeted to different scenarios. The first design presents an innovative, cost-effective smart meter with embedded non-intrusive load monitoring capabilities intended for the domestic sector. This system shows an innovative approach to provide useful feedback to reduce and optimize household energy consumption. We then present a battery-free non-intrusive power meter targeted for low-cost energy monitoring applications that lower both installation cost due to the non-intrusive approach and maintenance costs associated to battery replacement. Finally, we present an energy autonomous smart sensor with load recognition capability that dynamically adapts and reconfigures its processing pipeline to the sensed energy consumption. This enables the sensor to be energy neutral, while still providing power consumption information every 5 minutes.
In the third contribution, we focus on the study of low-power visual edge processing and edge machine learning for the IoT. Two different implementations are presented. The first one discusses an energy-neutral IoT device for precision agriculture, while the second one presents a battery-less long-range visual IoT system, both leveraging on deep learning algorithms to avoid unnecessary wireless data communication. We show that there is a clear benefit from implementing a first layer of data processing directly in-situ where the data is acquired, providing a higher quality of service to the implemented application.
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Grandinetti, Francesco Salvatore. "Studio dell'applicazione dei digital twin in ambito ospedaliero." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16787/.
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All'interno del mondo dell'industria 4.0, negli ultimi anni è stato introdotto un elemento molto importante che serve alle imprese per ridurre ulteriormente i costi interni e per massimizzare il profitto, il Digital Twin.
Il digital twin permette di poter creare un'astrazione dell'oggetto reale all'interno del mondo digitale e con questa astrazione è possibile fare previsioni su comportamenti futuri o su possibili problematiche che potrebbero affliggere l'elemento in questione.
Lo scopo principale di questo documento è studiare se i digital twin, elementi importantissimi nel campo industriale, possano essere importati negli altri ambiti della società moderna, portando effettivamente ad un potenziamento di ciò che la società attualmente offre, affrontando nello specifico l'ambito ospedaliero e proponendo un modello tramite il quale è possibile includere il digital twin all'interno di questo contesto.
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Wessels, Carina Helena. "To IOT or not IOT : a critical analysis of the key legal considerations applicable in internet of things of implementations in the mining industry." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60113.
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The research introduces the fourth industrial revolution philosophically, exploring the application of innovation and automation in broad terms and the Internet of Things (IoT) specifically within the mining industry. It explains the business and societal motivation for such interventions, highlighting some of the key benefits. It further explores the inadvertent risks, some of which have already manifested in mining applications and others which can be inferred from other industrial and social applications.
A critical analysis is conducted of the application of the South African Mine Health and Safety Act and Regulations on such applications in the mining environment, as well as considering key other pieces of South African legislation. A comparative analysis with Australian legislation confirms that Western Australia has recognised the need for regulation and have started regulating, primarily mining automation, at least. Through these analyses it is established that a legislative vacuum exists, despite the general application of many requirements in relation to safety considerations during the utilisation of IoT applications.
The paper concludes by recommending collaboration between the Department of Mineral Resources and the Chamber of Mines to seek ways to lead legislative and regulatory developments in this space in order to enable the sustainability of the South African mining industry. In particular, the research suggests the emphasis should be to legally encourage and permit the implementation of IoT solutions in the mining industry in as many instances as reasonably possible, whilst consecutively addressing the new and emerging risks created through such.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Public Law
LLM
Unrestricted
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Eriksen, Rúni. "Energy Consumption of Low Power Wide Area Network Node Devices in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical Band." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259508.
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Low-Power Wide-Area Networks, LPWANs, achieve long communication ranges with a low energy consumption by communicating at low bit rates. Most LPWAN devices are battery powered and are required to operate for an extended period of time, which stresses the requirements for energy efficiency. This thesis investigates the energy consumption of LPWAN devices operating in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical, ISM, band and how use cases affect the consumption. Specifically, LoRa/LoRaWAN and Sigfox are examined. Their key characteristics are described and energy consumption is modelled. The models are verified by comparing the model outputs with measured power consumption of LoRa and Sigfox devices. Through the models, design parameters are investigated with regards to consumption, and product lifetime are estimated. The influence of use cases on energy consumption is explored by measuring the Package Delivery Ratio, PDR, at different ranges using various bit transmission rates.The results showed that the bitrate, data redundancy and protocol overhead were among parameters which could be used to optimise energy efficiency. It was also shown, that the device lifetimes could be significantly increased by increasing the transmission interval and removing message acknowledgements. Realistically, LoRa devices can have a lifetime of more than 10 years and Sigfox 3 years, using a 2800 mWh battery. The use case tests showed that a 100 % PDR should not be expected at any bitrate, but lower bitrates and messaging redundancy increase the likelihood of a successful package delivery. Hence, there is a tradeoff between low energy consumption and range/reliability. Additionally, it was found that a low node to gateway distance and a high gateway density increase the probability of a successful transaction. Thus, the power consumption is tightly coupled to the network configuration.Low-Power Wide-Area Networks, LPWANs, uppnår långa kommunikationsräckvidder med låg energiförbrukning genom att kommunicera med låga bithastigheter. De flesta enheter är batteridrivna och måste operera över längre tid, vilket ökar kraven för energieffektivitet. Denna avhandling undersöker energiförbrukningen för LPWAN enheter i det industriella, vetenskapliga och medicinska ISM bandet och hur olika användningsfall påverkar förbrukningen. Specifikt undersöks LoRa/LoRaWAN och Sigfox. Deras viktigaste egenskaper beskrivs och deras energiförbrukning modelleras. Modellerna verifieras genom att jämföra resultaten från modellerna med uppmätt effektförbrukning av LoRa och Sigfox-enheter. Genom modellerna undersöks även designparametrar med avseende på strömkonsumtion och produktens livslängd uppskattas. Påverkan användningsfall har på energiförbrukning undersöks genom att mäta Package Delivery Ratio, PDR, vid olika avstånd och bitöverföringshastigheter.Resultaten visade att bitraten, dataredundansen och protokollstorleken var bland parametrar som kunde användas för att optimera energieffektiviteten. Det visades också att enhetens livslängd kunde ökas signifikant genom att öka överföringsintervallet och ta bort meddelandebekräftelser. Realistiskt kan LoRaenheter ha en livslängd på mer än 10 år och Sigfox 3 år, med ett batteri på 2800 mWh. Resultatet av olika test visade att en 100 % PDR inte bör förväntas vid någon bitrate, men lägre bitrater och redundans för meddelanden ökar sannolikheten för en paketleverans. Det finns därför en avvägning mellan låg energiförbrukning och räckvidd och sannolikheten för en lyckad packetleverans. Dessutom konstaterades att en låg nod till gateway-avstånd och en hög gateway-densitet ökar sannolikheten för att transaktioner lyckas. Således är energiförbrukningen tätt kopplad till nätverkskonfigurationen.
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Sastry, G. V. R. "Star model of strategic product integration and performance through mobile applications: a study of select service industries." Thesis, IIT Delhi, 2015. http://localhost:8080/iit/handle/2074/6920.
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Lindén, Magnus. "The Role of Institutions and ICTEntrepreneurship in Developing Countries : - The case of Cameroon." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33655.
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The increasing body of literature in the field of development theory holds that information and communications technologies (ICTs) are essential for improving the living conditions in developing countries. Since this view is shared by many governments and international organizations it is also a foundation for policy making. In this thesis I examine the role of ICTbased entrepreneurship in Cameroon and how such entrepreneurs can improve the economic conditions in the developing world. Using a qualitative approach I do a case study by mapping small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in Cameroon's ICT industry and identify the key drivers and barriers for the entrepreneurial process of ICT development. The data is mainly collected from field work in Cameroon during two months in 2010. The method is influenced by ethnography and apart from observations, includes semi structured interviews with 14 contributors and a survey of 20 Internet cafés. The empirical material analyzed in a development context based on a research model using theories of ICT development, institutional economics and entrepreneurship. Weak institutions are often theorized to be the main reasons why sub-Saharan Africa is behind in the economic progress and the study gives many examples of how ICT-based entrepreneurship can overcome weak institutions in Cameroon. Conversely, it also demonstrates that ICT-based entrepreneurship can create lock-ins and reinforce bad structures. In the context of this study the entrepreneurial process was found to be characterized by a strong commitment to the community, social groups and family. The most common perceived barriers among the entrepreneurs are governmental centralization, bureaucracy and corruption. The difficulty in getting funding is also a common obstacle. The study further shows that ICT entrepreneurs have an important role for increasing the level of ICT awareness. Internet cafés have many important functions in the society and serve many other purposes than just providing Internet. Private education centers are common and very important since they can make up for the malfunctions of the national education system. However, many education centers might have a wrong focus and could be made more efficient.
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Monducci, Francesca. "Infrastruttura Edge-based per Sistemi Predittivi in Ambito Industriale." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/24054/.
Full textAbstract:
Il continuo evolversi della tecnologia ha portato nel corso della storia a diverse rivoluzioni industriali, la cui ultima è la così detta Industria 4.0. Con Industria 4.0 vengono integrate alcune nuove tecnologie mirate al miglioramento delle condizioni di lavoro, alla creazione di nuovi modelli di business e un generale aumento della produttività e della qualità. Alla base di questa rivoluzione industriale si trova l'IoT, che permette la raccolta di grandi quantità di dati, come ad esempio i comportamenti delle macchine industriali. Passando all'elaborazione di questi dati è possibile creare sistemi predittivi, ossia sistemi in grado di predire, in base ai dati storici, i comportamenti futuri, basandosi sui dati correnti. La creazione di questi sistemi richiede una certa potenza di calcolo, offerta dal Cloud. Tipicamente, però, il Cloud non si trova in prossimità della fonte dei dati, perciò l'utilizzo di questi sistemi predittivi sul Cloud porterebbe a latenze e costi elevati, diminuendo quindi l'efficienza del processo. Qui entra in gioco l'Edge, ossia un nodo con una potenza di calcolo inferiore al Cloud, ma che è in grado di eseguire le predizioni. Inoltre, l'Edge si trova in prossimità della fonte dei dati, diminuendo quindi latenze e costi. Esistono diverse tecnologie che permettono l'implementazione di tali processi, tra i quali ioFog. Questa tesi tratta dell'assessment di ioFog per questo scopo, oltre che l'esplorazione e l'utilizzo di tante altre famose tecnologie quali Docker, TensorFlow, Spring Boot e MongoDB.