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Ilyasova, X. N. "THE STUDY OF ION-EXCHANGE EQUILIBRIUM OF HEAVY METAL IONS Cо2+ AND Cd2+ ON THE NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC SORBENTS." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 4 (December 8, 2022): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2022-4-122-127.
These article summaries the results of studying the sorption equilibrium of ions close to their concentration in the liquid industrial waste. For experimental research, solutions with concentration of Со2+ and Cd2+ ions in the range of 1·10-3–1·10-4 N have been used. These concentrations match to ion con¬cen¬tration in industrial liquid waste with the ions mentioned. In the experiments, the Na+- modified forms of natural sorbents based on clinoptilolite from the Aydag deposit and on bentonite from the Dash-Salakhli (Azerbaijan) deposit were used. For comparison, among industrial sorbents, we used synthetic cation exchanger KU–2–8 (styrene and divinylbenzene co–poly¬mer), which we modified in H+, Na+-form. The thermodynamic constant of ion-exchange equilibrium for differently charged ions, calculated by the Gorshkov-Tolmachev formula, does not depend on the solution concentration, and to calculate this value, it is not required to determine the activity coefficient. Based on experiments to determine equilibrium concentrations, we can recommend inexpensive and available Na-clinoptilolite and Na-bentonite instead of synthetic industrial KU-2-8 for the sorption extraction of Co2+ and Cd2+ ions from wastewater
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UchkunOtoboevich, Kutliev, Tangriberganov Ismoil Urazboyevich, and Karimov Muxtor Karimberganovich. "Investigation of Effect Ion Refocusing From the GaP001110 Surface at the Grazing Incidence Ne Ions." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-1, Issue-5 (August 31, 2017): 937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd2397.
Djunaidi, Muhammad Cholid, and Khabibi Khabibi. "Potential Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions by Eugenol Compounds and Derivatives through Ion Imprinted Polymer." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 22, no. 6 (October 21, 2019): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.22.6.263-268.
Research on the potential of Ion Imprinted Polymer (IIP) selective adsorption of heavy metals using eugenol compounds and their derivatives has been carried out. Isolation and synthesis of eugenol derivatives with metal selective active groups and their use as selective metal carriers have been carried out with satisfactory results. Carrier effectiveness can still be improved by methods that focus on the target molecule recognition model. This adsorption method is called Ion Imprinted Polymer (IIP). The main components of IIP are functional monomers, crosslinkers, and target molecules. The use of acrylamide and its derivatives as functional monomers is useful with a lot of success achieved but also invites danger because it includes carcinogenic substances, a nerve poison, and so on. Moreover, the N group, which is an active acrylamide group, and its derivatives are only selective towards borderline metals (HSAB theory). Alternatives that are safe and can increase their selectivity are therefore needed. Eugenol, with its three potential functional groups, is believed to be able to replace the function of acrylamide and its derivatives that can even increase the effectiveness of IIP. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential of eugenol derivatives as selective adsorbents through the IIP method. This synthesis of IIP involved the use of basic ingredients of eugenol and its derivatives (polyeugenol, EOA, polyacetate). Each base material is contacted with a metal template then crosslinked with three kinds of crosslinking agents, namely EGDMA, DVB, and bisphenol. IIP is formed after the metal template is released using acid/HCl. The outcomes obtained demonstrate that the IIP method is able to increase the metal adsorption capacity and that the IIP method for metals is largely determined by the release of metals, which will form a hole for metal entry through adsorption. Poly-Cd-DVB, Eug-Cr-DVB, Poly-Cu-bisphenol, Polyacetate -Cr-DVB are polymer materials that have the potential to make up an IIP.
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Chawla, Gunjan, and Gordon Drummond. "Water, strong ions, and weak ions." Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain 8, no. 3 (June 2008): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkn017.
Prakash, G. K. Surya, Mark R. Bruce, and George A. Olah. "Onium ions. 30. Methyl- and ethylvinylhalonium ions." Journal of Organic Chemistry 50, no. 13 (June 1985): 2405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00213a050.
Rathore, Mukta, Ahmad Jahan Khanam, and Vikas Gupta. "Studies on Synthesis and Ion Exchange Properties of Sulfonated Polyvinyl Alcohol/Phosphomolybdic Acid Composite Cation Exchanger." Materials Science Forum 875 (October 2016): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.875.149.
In this study, sulfonated polyvinyl alcohol/phosphomolybdic acid composite cation exchange membrane was prepared by solution casting method. Some of the ionb exchange peroperties such as ion exchange capacity for alkali and alkali metal ions, effect of temperature on ion exchange capacity, elution behavior, effect of eluent concentration, distribution coefficient were studied. On the basis of selectivity coefficient values some important binary separation of heavy metal ion pairs such as Hg (II)-Zn (II), Hg (II)-Cd (II), Hg (II)-Ni (II) and Hg (II)-Cu (II) were carried out. It was observed that elution of heavy metal ions depends upon the metal-eluting ligand stability. Mercury remained in column for a longer time than that of other heavy metal ions. The separations are fairly sharp and recovery of Hg (II) ions is quantitative and reproducible.
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Evano, Gwilherm, Morgan Lecomte, Pierre Thilmany, and Cédric Theunissen. "Keteniminium Ions: Unique and Versatile Reactive Intermediates for Chemical Synthesis." Synthesis 49, no. 15 (July 17, 2017): 3183–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588452.
Keteniminium ions have been demonstrated to be remarkably useful and versatile reactive intermediates in chemical synthesis. These unique heterocumulenes are pivotal electrophilic species involved in a number of efficient and selective transformations. More recently, even more reactive ‘activated’ keteniminium ions bearing an additional electron-withdrawing group on the nitrogen atom have been extensively investigated. The chemistry of these unique reactive intermediates, including representative methods for their in situ generation, will be overviewed in this review article.1 Introduction2 The Chemistry of Keteniminium Ions3 The Chemistry of Activated Keteniminium Ions4 Keteniminium Ions: Pivotal Intermediates for the Synthesis of Natural and/or Biologically Relevant Molecules5 Conclusions and Perspectives
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Miteva, T., J. Wenzel, S. Klaiman, A. Dreuw, and K. Gokhberg. "X-Ray absorption spectra of microsolvated metal cations." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 25 (2016): 16671–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp02606k.
Mann, K., and K. Rohr. "Differential measurement of the absolute ion yield from laser-produced C plasmas." Laser and Particle Beams 10, no. 3 (September 1992): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600006686.
The ion flux produced by an obliquely incident Nd Q-switch pulse on a graphite target has been analyzed with regard to its kinetic energy, charge, and angular distribution. The laser intensity has been varied in a range between 109–5·1010 W/cm2, appropriate for many low-irradiance applications. It is observed that for ions of charge state n the emission cone of the number of ions scales with cos2n+1. The angular emission probability of the kinetic energy of the individual ions is found to be independent of their charge and scales as a cosine function. Due to the asymmetrical heating of the expanding plasma by the obliquely incident laser pulse, the maximum of emission is rotated away from the target normal toward the incoming laser, depending upon the ion's charge and the laser energy. The measured kinetic energy spectra are determined by the recombination during the plasma expansion: There are no low-energetic highly charged ions and no high-energetic lowly chargedions. If the laser energy (intensity) is enhanced, it is observed that the additional heating essentially serves only to increase the velocity of the higher charged ions; the energy of the individual singly charged ions is not altered.
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Crary, F. J., and F. Bagenal. "Ion cyclotron waves, pickup ions, and Io's neutral exosphere." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 105, A11 (November 1, 2000): 25379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000ja000055.
Pickles, Raymond J. "Intracellular calcium ions in epithelial ion transport." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307103.
Voulot, Didier. "An experimental study of state selective electron capture by state prepared low energy (<25 keV amu'-'1) ions in atomic and molecular hydrogen." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325995.
Campbell, Corey Justin. "Trapping, laser cooling, and spectroscopy of Thorium IV." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/48973.
Application of precision laser spectroscopy and optical clock technology to the ground and metastable, first excited state of the ²²⁹Th nucleus at < 10 eV has significant potential for use in optical frequency metrology and tests of variation of fundamental constants. This work is a report on the development of required technologies to realize such a nuclear optical clock with a single, trapped, laser cooled ²²⁹Th³⁺ ion. Creation, trapping, laser cooling, and precision spectroscopy are developed and refined first with the naturally occurring isotope, ²³²Th. These technologies are then extended to laser cooling and precision laser spectroscopy of the electronic structure of ²²⁹Th³⁺. An efficient optical excitation search protocol to directly observe this transition via the electron bridge is proposed. The extraordinarily small systematic clock shifts are estimated and the likely extraordinarily large sensitivity of the clock to variation of the fine structure constant is discussed.
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Choi, Jong-Ho Okumura Mitchio Okumura Mitchio. "Infrared spectroscopy of molecular ions and ion-solvent clusters /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 1995. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-09252007-09111.
Newson, Karl Adrian. "The properties of gas-phase multiply charged ions." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324990.
Ce travail de these porte sur une etude experimentale de la formation d'ions negatifs lors de la diffusion d'ions ou atomes de h, o, f et cl sur des surfaces metalliques (mg, al et ag) et de silicium. La fraction d'ions negatif d'hydrogene mesuree sur les differents metaux est en bon accord avec les calculs cam. L'analyse theorique montre que la difference entre les fractions observees doit etre reliee aux caracteristiques de la bande de valence des metaux. Ces mesures ont ete etendues au cas de la formation d'ions negatifs d'oxygene, de fluor et de chlore. Une comparaison avec des modeles theoriques est presentee. Les fractions d'ions negatifs d'hydrogene et d'oxygene mesurees sur une cible de si sont de meme ordre de grandeur que celles obtenues sur l'aluminium. En outre, un effet dynamique de la capture d'electron a ete observe. Le transfert de charge dans ce cas est interprete en terme de transition non resonante, impliquant les bandes etroites liees aux etats de surface du si. Une etude de la formation de l'ion negatif d'hydrogene a ete realisee sur des surfaces de mg et al exposees a l'oxygene. Aux faibles expositions, le transfert de charge est interprete en terme de competition entre deux effets opposes: effet non local (reduction du travail de sortie) et effet local (modification de la structure electronique sur les sites d'adsorption de l'oxygene). Aux fortes expositions, la diffusion sur un solide ionique est a considerer. La forte production de l'ion negatif h dans ce cas est attribuee a un processus de capture d'electron non resonant impliquant le niveau de l'ion negatif de l'hydrogene et les sites des anions de l'oxyde
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Avkiran, Metin. "Pathophysiological roles, pharmacological inhibition and cellular regulation of the cardiac sarcolemmal sodium/hydrogen exchanger." Thesis, University of Bath, 2002. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.601638.
Shepherd, Juliet. "Theoretical studies of slow collisions : elastic electron scattering from positive ions, charge transfer in one-electron ion-ion systems and mutual neutralization of Hâ»/Dâ» and Hâºâ‚‚." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366574.
Bäckström, Erik. "LIfetimes measurement states in ions at an ion storage ring." Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Fysikum, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-67024.
Shirkov, Grigori D., and Günter Zschornack. Electron Impact Ion Sources for Charged Heavy Ions. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-09896-6.
Marcus, Yizhak. "Ions." In Ions in Water and Biophysical Implications, 49–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4647-3_2.
Yates, John T. "Ions." In Experimental Innovations in Surface Science, 211–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17668-0_21.
Yates, John T. "Ions." In Experimental Innovations in Surface Science, 471–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17668-0_39.
Abstract We have developed a unique technology for mutation induction of plants using energetic ion beams at the RI Beam Factory (RIBF) of Rikagaku Kenkyūjo (RIKEN) (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research). Ion beams effectively induce mutations at relatively low doses without severely inhibiting growth. The irradiation treatment can be given to various plant materials and mutation can be induced in a short time, between seconds and a few minutes. The linear energy transfer (LET) of ions depends on the nuclide and velocity. Since LET value affects the mutation frequency, it is an important parameter to determine the most effective irradiation condition in mutagenesis. We determined the most effective dose in each LET for mutation induction in imbibed rice seeds. Subsequently, we analysed the mutated DNA responsible for the phenotype in morphological mutants. Most of the mutations were small deletions of less than 100 bp. Irradiations of C-ions and Ne-ions are effective for plant breeding because of the very high mutation rate and sufficient energy to disrupt a single gene. On the other hand, all mutations induced by Ar-ion (290 keV/μm) irradiation were large deletions ranging from 176 bp to approximately 620 kb. The average number of mutations in the target exon regions was 7.3, 8.5 and 4.3 per M3 mutant plant in C-ions, Ne-ions and Ar-ions, respectively. The number of mutations induced by heavy-ion irradiation was relatively small. We could identify six responsible genes for eight mutants induced by C-ion and Ne-ion irradiations and two responsible genes for four mutants induced by Ar-ion irradiation. Three of these were genes not previously described.
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King, R. B. "Structure and Bonding in Zintl Ions and Related Main Group Element Clusters." In Zintl Ions, 1–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/430_2010_21.
Armatas, Gerasimos S., and Mercouri G. Kanatzidis. "Germanium-Based Porous Semiconductors from Molecular Zintl Anions." In Zintl Ions, 133–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/430_2010_22.
Eichhorn, Bryan, and Sanem Kocak. "Dynamic Properties of the Group 14 Zintl Ions and Their Derivatives." In Zintl Ions, 59–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/430_2010_23.
Fässler, Thomas F. "Relationships Between Soluble Zintl Anions, Ligand-Stabilized Cage Compounds, and Intermetalloid Clusters of Tetrel (Si–Pb) and Pentel (P–Bi) Elements." In Zintl Ions, 91–131. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/430_2010_33.
Huang, Cunkui, Kumar Nandakumar, and Daniel Y. Kwok. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Injection Flow in a Nano-Meter Syringe by Consideration of Extra Pairwise Interactions for Positive and Negative Ions." In ASME 3rd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2005-75211.
The average concentration of ions in a liquid depends on the size of a channel if the charges on solid surface do not change. The relation between them is that the concentration of ions is inversely proportional to the channel size. When a channel decreases from a micro to a nano size, the concentration of ions will increase 1000 times. In this case, the ion’s distribution in liquid may not be considered as dilute if the charges on solid surface is large, and interactions among ions have to take into account. In this paper, molecular dynamics is applied to study the effect of extra-pairs of positive/negative ions on liquid transport properties in a nano syringe under a constant injection flow rate boundary condition. In simulations, the Coulomb’s law and 12-6 Lennard-Jones potential are used to govern the interaction between ion-ion, ion-liquid, ion-solid, liquid-liquid and liquid-solid molecules. Four different cases (no ions, counter-ions, and counter-ions combining with small and large extra-pairs of positive/negative ions in liquid) are carried out. The non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulation results show that the concentration of extra-pairs of positive/negative ions has significant influence on liquid velocity profile and ion distributions. For liquid flow without ions, a quasi-parabolic velocity distribution was obtained. When the counter-ions and extra-pairs of positive/negative ions are considered, the flow approaches a plug flow as the number of extra-pair of ions increases. We also found that charges in liquid do not follow the Poisson-Boltzmann distribution, especially for the net charges which have a valley located at about 1.5 molecular sizes away from the solid surface.
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Debus, W., F. Melchert, M. Liehr, and E. Salzborn. "Ion-ion collisions involving H− ions." In Production and neutralization of negative ions and beams. AIP, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.39655.
Leung, Ka-Ngo. "Ion sources for high purity ions." In The fourteenth international conference on the application of accelerators in research and industry. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.52618.
Alves, Andrew, Sean M. Hearne, P. Reichart, Reiner Siegele, David N. Jamieson, and Peter N. Johnston. "Ion beam lithography with single ions." In Smart Materials, Nano-, and Micro-Smart Systems, edited by Jung-Chih Chiao, David N. Jamieson, Lorenzo Faraone, and Andrew S. Dzurak. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.582191.
Church, D. A., and S. D. Kravis. "Highly-Charged Ion Precision Spectroscopy Using Free Electron Laser Radiation." In Free-Electron Laser Applications in the Ultraviolet. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fel.1988.sa4.
The characteristics of radiation potentially available from proposed rf-linac free electron lasers1 are considered here for precision spectroscopy of highly-charged ions. Such ions are usually produced in environments not conducive to precision measurements, such as high temperature plasmas or fast ion beams. However, highly-charged recoil ions with eV energies have been produced by impact of fast, stripped ions on atomic targets2, and, using synchrotron radiation, multi-charged ions have been formed at thermal energies by K-shell photoionization followed by Auger emission and electron shake-off3. Using each of these cold ion sources, multi-charged ions have been stored under ultra-high vacuum conditions in Penning4,5 or radio-frequency6 ion traps, while maintaining the low energies at which the ions were generated. Long term storage at low energy in a near perturbation-free environment is consequently a reality for multi-charged ions, and experiments can be designed to exploit these properties for both spectroscopic7 and collision8 measurements. In particular, we discuss precision measurements on hydrogen-like multi-charged ions analagous to measurements on singly-charged alkalai-like ion hyperfine structures made using conventional pulsed laser techniques.9 Precision measurements of interest include, for example, studies of the Z-dependence of the Lamb shift in hydrogen-like and helium-like ions, and studies of the fine structure of helium-like ion n=2 states.
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Saitou, Y. "Effect of Light Ions on Ion-Ion Instability." In PLASMA PHYSICS: 11th International Congress on Plasma Physics: ICPP2002. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1593853.
Oliveira, Rogerio M., Mario Ueda, Jose O. Rossi, and Beatriz L. D. Moreno. "Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation with Lithium Ions." In 2007 IEEE Pulsed Power Plasma Science Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ppps.2007.4345866.
Borodin, N. I., A. G. Okhrimchuk, and D. V. Smolin. "The 2 micron cw oscillation due to sensitization of Tm3+ions luminescence by Cr4+ions in YAG:Tm3+,Cr4+,Ca2+crystal." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1994.cfc7.
In Ref. 1 authors supported that a four-fold coordinated four-valent chromium ion Cr t 4 + may be used as a sensitizer of luminescence of some rear-earth ions in YAG crystal, but no oscillation experiments had been performed. For the first time we report about laser action on the 3H4→ 3H6transition of Tm3+ion when it is excited due to energy transfer from Cr t 4 + ions.
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Ullrich, J., R. Dörner, H. Berg, C. L. Cocke, J. Euler, S. Lencinas, K. Froschauer, et al. "Recoil ions." In 6th International conference on the physics of highly charged ions. AIP, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.43712.
Schutt, Timothy, and Manoj Shukla. Predicting the impact of aqueous ions on fate and transport of munition compounds. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41481.
A model framework for natural water has been developed using computational chemistry techniques to elucidate the interactions between solvated munition compounds and eight common ions in naturally occurring water sources. The interaction energies, residence times, coordination statistics, and surface preferences of nine munition related compounds with each ion were evaluated. The propensity of these interactions to increase degradation of the munition compound was predicted using accelerated replica QM/MM simulations. The degradation prediction data qualitatively align with previous quantum mechanical studies. The results suggest that primary ions of interest for fate and transport modeling of munition compounds in natural waters may follow the relative importance of SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻ ≫ HCO₃⁻, Na⁺, Mg²⁺ > Ca²⁺, K⁺, and NH₄⁺.
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Peterson, James R. Metastable Negative Ions and Ion Pair Formation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada207886.
Lubman, David M. Ion Mobility Spectrometry with Laser-Produced Ions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada197117.
Author, Unknown. PR-138-907-R01 Test Kit Manual Field Sampling and Analysis of Contaminant Ions on Pipe Surfaces. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012142.
This document contains instructions for the sampling of steel pipe surfaces for contaminant ions using electrolytic limpet cell extraction or direct contact extraction with chromatographic papers, and analytical test methods for chloride, sulfate, nitrate/nitrite, and ferrous iron ions. The electrolytic limpet cell sampling method is the preferred technique for the recovery of ion contaminants from all pipe surfaces. Contact paper sampling may be used when operating conditions make the use of electrolytic limpet cell sampling impractical or inconvenient. Examples of sampling and analysis data forms to facilitate record keeping are located at the end of the manual.
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Bowers, Michael T. Cluster Ions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada282615.
Gillaspy, John D., John D. Gillaspy, Laura P. Ratliff, James R. Roberts, and Endre Takacs. Highly charged ions. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.972.
Peterson, James R. Excited Negative Ions and Molecules and Negative Ion Production. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada247017.
Wessel, J. E. Ion dip spectroscopy of cold molecules and ions. Progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/674623.
Lentz, Nicholas B. Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: From Cluster Ions to Toxic metal Ions in Biology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/933113.
