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1
Farah, Ashraf. "Single-Frequency Ionospheric-Delay Correction from BeiDou & GPS Systems for Northern Hemisphere." Artificial Satellites 54, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/arsa-2019-0002.
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Abstract The range delay caused by the ionosphere layer is the major current source of error for GNSS users with single-frequency receivers. GNSS advice users to correct this type of error using ionospheric models whose coefficients are sent in their navigation messages. GPS-users use the Klobuchar model to correct this type of error. GPS navigation message contains the model’s eight coefficients which vary on the basis of seasonal ionospheric variations and average solar flux. The correction accuracy of Klobuchar model is about 50% (rms) of the ionospheric range delay. Beidou system calculates and broadcast 8 parameters of Klobuchar model based on continuous monitoring stations. BeiDou system updates the ionospheric coefficients every two hours. GPS-Klobuchar model uses completely different coefficients than BeiDou-Klobuchar model. This research demonstrates a comparison study between the Klobuchar model using the GPS broadcast coefficients and the same model using BeiDou-coefficients. The correction accuracy offered by the two models has been judged using the most accurate International GNSS Service-Global Ionospheric Maps (IGS-GIMs) for three different-latitude stations along northern hemisphere, one station in low-latitude region, the second station is in mid-latitude region and the third station is in high-latiude region to reflect models’ behaviour in different geographic regions. The study was applied over three different months of the year 2017 that each of them reflects a different activity state for the ionosphere layer. The study proves that BeiDou model is able to show the ionosphere’s day-to-day fluctuations while GPS model can’t. It can be concluded that GPS model offers better behaviour than BeiDou model in correcting range delay in low-latitude and high-latitude geographic regions under any activity state for the ionosphere. BeiDou model offers better correction accuracy than GPS model in mid-latitude under any activity state for the ionosphere.
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Tsunomura, S. "Numerical analysis of global ionospheric current system including the effect of equatorial enhancement." Annales Geophysicae 17, no. 5 (May 31, 1999): 692–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-0692-2.
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Abstract. A modeling method is proposed to derive a two-dimensional ionospheric layer conductivity, which is appropriate to obtain a realistic solution of the polar-originating ionospheric current system including equatorial enhancement. The model can be obtained by modifying the conventional, thin shell conductivity model. It is shown that the modification for one of the non-diagonal terms (Σθφ) in the conductivity tensor near the equatorial region is very important; the term influences the profile of the ionospheric electric field around the equator drastically. The proposed model can reproduce well the results representing the observed electric and magnetic field signatures of geomagnetic sudden commencement. The new model is applied to two factors concerning polar-originating ionospheric current systems. First, the latitudinal profile of the DP2 amplitude in the daytime is examined, changing the canceling rate for the dawn-to-dusk electric field by the region 2 field-aligned current. It is shown that the equatorial enhancement would not appear when the ratio of the total amount of the region 2 field-aligned current to that of region 1 exceeds 0.5. Second, the north-south asymmetry of the magnetic fields in the summer solstice condition of the ionospheric conductivity is examined by calculating the global ionospheric current system covering both hemispheres simultaneously. It is shown that the positive relationship between the magnitudes of high latitude magnetic fields and the conductivity is clearly seen if a voltage generator is given as the source, while the relationship is vague or even reversed for a current generator. The new model, based on the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model, can be applied to further investigations in the quantitative analysis of the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling problems.Key words. Ionosphere (electric fields and currents; equatorial ionosphere; ionosphere-magnetosphere interactions)
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Wang, Chen, Zhang, Meng, and Wang. "Performance of Selected Ionospheric Models in Multi-Global Navigation Satellite System Single-Frequency Positioning over China." Remote Sensing 11, no. 17 (September 3, 2019): 2070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11172070.
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Ionospheric delay as the major error source needs to be properly handled in multi-GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) single-frequency positioning and the different ionospheric models exhibit apparent performance difference. In this study, two single-frequency positioning solutions with different ionospheric corrections are utilized to comprehensively analyze the ionospheric delay effects on multi-frequency and multi-constellation positioning performance, including standard point positioning (SPP) and ionosphere-constrained precise point positioning (PPP). The four ionospheric models studied are the GPS broadcast ionospheric model (GPS-Klo), the BDS (BeiDou Navigation Satellite System) broadcast ionospheric model (BDS-Klo), the BDS ionospheric grid model (BDS-Grid) and the Global Ionosphere Maps (GIM) model. Datasets are collected from 10 stations over one month in 2019. The solar remained calm and the ionosphere was stable during the test period. The experimental results show that for single-frequency SPP, the GIM model achieves the best accuracy, and the positioning accuracy of the BDS-Klo and BDS-Grid model is much better than the solution with GPS-Klo model in the N and U components. For the single-frequency PPP performance, the average convergence time of the ionosphere-constrained PPP is much reduced compared with the traditional PPP approach, where the improvements are of 11.2%, 11.9%, 21.3% and 39.6% in the GPS-Klo-, BDS-Klo-, BDS-Grid- and GIM-constrained GPS + GLONASS + BDS single-frequency PPP solutions, respectively. Furthermore, the positioning accuracy of the BDS-Grid- and GIM-constrained PPP is generally the same as the ionosphere-free combined single-frequency PPP. Through the combination of GPS, GLONASS and BDS, the positioning accuracy and convergence performance for all single-system single-frequency SPP/PPP solutions can be effectively improved.
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Chen, Zhou, Bokun An, Wenti Liao, Yungang Wang, Rongxin Tang, Jingsong Wang, and Xiaohua Deng. "Ionospheric Electron Density Model by Electron Density Grid Deep Neural Network (EDG-DNN)." Atmosphere 14, no. 5 (April 29, 2023): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050810.
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Electron density (or electron concentration) is a critical metric for characterizing the ionosphere’s mobility. Shortwave technologies, remote sensing systems, and satellite communications—all rely on precise estimations of electron density in the ionosphere. Using electron density profiles from FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (Constellation Observation System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate) from 2006 to 2013, a four-dimensional physical grid model of ionospheric electron density was created in this study. The model, known as EDG-DNN, utilizes a DNN (deep neural network), and its output is the electron density displayed as a physical grid. The preprocessed electron density data are used to construct training, validation, and test sets. The International Reference Ionosphere model (IRI) was chosen as the reference model for the validation procedure since it predicts electron density well. This work used the IRI-2016 version. IRI-2016 produced more precise results of electron density when time and location parameters were input. This study compares the electron density provided by IRI-2016 to the EDG-DNN to assess the merits of the latter. The final results reveal that EDG-DNN has low-error and strong stability, can represent the global distribution structure of electron density, has some distinctive features of ionospheric electron density distribution, and predicts electron density well during quiet periods.
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Yasyukevich, Yury V., Artem M. Vesnin, Alexander V. Kiselev, Anna A. Mylnikova, Alexey V. Oinats, Vera A. Ivanova, and Vladislav V. Demyanov. "MITIGATOR: GNSS-Based System for Remote Sensing of Ionospheric Absolute Total Electron Content." Universe 8, no. 2 (February 4, 2022): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8020098.
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Monitoring the Earth’s ionosphere is an important, fundamental and applied problem. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) provide a way of measuring the ionospheric total electron content (TEC), but real-time single-station absolute TEC measurements are still a problem. This study describes a single-station system to measure the absolute TEC, based on the GNSS–MITIGATOR (MonITorInG the Absolute TOtal electRon content) system. The latter enables real-time measurements for the absolute TEC and its derivatives in time and in space to be obtained. The system is implemented by using JAVAD receivers. The convergence time and the run-mode retention time is ~8 h. We provide potential methods for using the system to estimate the critical frequency of the ionosphere, foF2, at oblique paths in the Siberian region. The developed tool could be useful for supporting real-time multi-instrumental ionosphere monitoring or for compensating for the ionospheric errors of radio equipment.
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Kim, Mingyu, and Jeongrae Kim. "SBAS-Aided GPS Positioning with an Extended Ionosphere Map at the Boundaries of WAAS Service Area." Remote Sensing 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13010151.
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Space-based augmentation system (SBAS) provides correction information for improving the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning accuracy in real-time, which includes satellite orbit/clock and ionospheric delay corrections. At SBAS service area boundaries, the correction is not fully available to GNSS users and only a partial correction is available, mostly satellite orbit/clock information. By using the geospatial correlation property of the ionosphere delay information, the ionosphere correction coverage can be extended by a spatial extrapolation algorithm. This paper proposes extending SBAS ionosphere correction coverage by using a biharmonic spline extrapolation algorithm. The wide area augmentation system (WAAS) ionosphere map is extended and its ionospheric delay error is compared with the GPS Klobuchar model. The mean ionosphere error reduction at low latitude is 52.3%. The positioning accuracy of the extended ionosphere correction method is compared with the accuracy of the conventional SBAS positioning method when only a partial set of SBAS corrections are available. The mean positioning error reduction is 44.8%, and the positioning accuracy improvement is significant at low latitude.
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Le Roux, Y. M., J. Ménard, J. P. Jolivet, and P. J. Davy. "<i>Letter to the Editor:</i> SCIPION, a new flexible ionospheric sounder in Senegal." Annales Geophysicae 16, no. 6 (June 30, 1998): 738–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0738-x.
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Abstract. SCIPION is a new state of the art digital sounder that has been devoloped by France Telecom-CNET for ionospheric monitoring and research. Extensive data processing using DSP technology has resulted in a low power, low cost and full featured system for both vertical and oblique soundings. A SCIPION system is in the process of being installed in Dakar, Senegal, to study HF propagation in the sub-equatorial ionosphere. However, preliminary results have still been obtained during experiments wit a prototype system. In this paper, the system is described and some illustrative examples of its capabilities are shown.Keywords. Ionosphere (Equatorial ionosphere, Instruments and Techniques) &#x22C5 Radio science (ionospheric propagation).
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Håkansson, Martin. "Nadir-Dependent GNSS Code Biases and Their Effect on 2D and 3D Ionosphere Modeling." Remote Sensing 12, no. 6 (March 19, 2020): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12060995.
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Recent publications have shown that group delay variations are present in the code observables of the BeiDou system, as well as to a lesser degree in the code observables of the global positioning system (GPS). These variations could potentially affect precise point positioning, integer ambiguity resolution by the Hatch–Melbourne–Wübbena linear combination, and total electron content estimation for ionosphere modeling from global navigation satellite system (GNSS) observations. The latter is an important characteristic of the ionosphere and a prerequisite in some applications of precise positioning. By analyzing the residuals from total electron content estimation, the existence of group delay variations was confirmed by a method independent of the methods previously used. It also provides knowledge of the effects of group delay variations on ionosphere modeling. These biases were confirmed both for two-dimensional ionosphere modeling by the thin shell model, as well as for three-dimensional ionosphere modeling using tomographic inversion. BeiDou group delay variations were prominent and consistent in the residuals for both the two-dimensional and three-dimensional case of ionosphere modeling, while GPS group delay variations were smaller and could not be confirmed due to the accuracy limitations of the ionospheric models. Group delay variations were, to a larger extent, absorbed by the ionospheric model when three-dimensional ionospheric tomography was performed in comparison with two-dimensional modeling.
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Hayes, Laura A., and Peter T. Gallagher. "A Significant Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance Associated with Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 221009A." Research Notes of the AAS 6, no. 10 (October 26, 2022): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/ac9d2f.
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Abstract We report the detection of a significant sudden ionospheric disturbance in the D-region of Earth’s ionosphere (∼60–100 km), which was associated with the massive γ-ray burst GRB 221009A that occurred on 2022 October 9. We identified the disturbance over northern Europe—a result of the increased ionization by X- and γ-ray emission from the GRB-using very low frequency radio waves as a probe of the D-region. These observations demonstrate that an extra-galactic GRB (z ∼ 0.151) can have a significant impact on the terrestrial atmosphere and illustrates that the Earth’s ionosphere can be used as a giant X- and γ-ray detector. Indeed, these observations may provide an insight into the impacts of GRBs on the ionospheres of planets in our solar system and beyond.
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Peng, YuXiang, and Wayne A. Scales. "Ionospheric Remote Sensing with GNSS." Encyclopedia 1, no. 4 (November 22, 2021): 1246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040094.
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The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) plays a pivotal role in our modern positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) technologies. GNSS satellites fly at altitudes of approximately 20,000 km or higher. This altitude is above an ionized layer of the Earth’s upper atmosphere, the so called “ionosphere”. Before reaching a typical GNSS receiver on the ground, GNSS satellite signals penetrate through the Earth’s ionosphere. The ionosphere is a plasma medium consisting of free charged particles that can slow down, attenuate, refract, or scatter the GNSS signals. Ionospheric density structures (also known as irregularities) can cause GNSS signal scintillations (phase and intensity fluctuations). These ionospheric impacts on GNSS signals can be utilized to observe and study physical processes in the ionosphere and is referred to ionospheric remote sensing. This entry introduces some fundamentals of ionospheric remote sensing using GNSS.
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Dumbrava, Zinaida F., Vladimir P. Sivokon, Yuriy A. Teslyuk, and Sergey Y. Khomutov. "Ionosphere disturbance during cosmodrome “Vostochniy” launches." E3S Web of Conferences 62 (2018): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186201008.
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It is known that during spacecraft launches ionospheric plasma properties are modified in the result of impact of shock-acoustic waves generated during carrier rocket supersonic motion. As a rule, investigation of ionospheric plasma variations is carried out by the signals of Global Navigation Satellite Systems GPS/GLONASS that implies ground station network. There is no such a system near the “Vostochniy” cosmodrome that makes it necessary to search for an alternative solution. One of them may be the application of ionosphere vertical and oblique sounding stations. Based on the analysis of such station data, the possibility of evaluation of ionosphere modification during “Vostochniy” cosmodrome launches is shown.
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Su, Ke, and Shuanggen Jin. "Three Dual-Frequency Precise Point Positioning Models for the Ionospheric Modeling and Satellite Pseudorange Observable-Specific Signal Bias Estimation." Remote Sensing 13, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 5093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13245093.
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Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Precise Point Positioning (PPP) enables the estimation the ionospheric vertical total electron content (VTEC) as well as the by-product of the satellite Pseudorange observable-specific signal bias (OSB). The single-frequency PPP models, with the ionosphere-float and ionosphere-free approaches in ionospheric studies, have recently been discussed by the authors. However, the multi-frequency observations can improve the performances of the ionospheric research compared with the single-frequency approaches. This paper presents three dual-frequency PPP approaches using the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) B1I/B3I observations to investigate ionospheric activities. Datasets collected from the globally distributed stations are used to evaluate the performance of the ionospheric modeling with the ionospheric single- and multi-layer mapping functions (MFs), respectively. The characteristics of the estimated ionospheric VTEC and BDS satellite pseudorange OSB are both analyzed. The results indicated that the three dual-frequency PPP models could all be applied to the ionospheric studies, among which the dual-frequency ionosphere-float PPP model exhibits the best performance. The three dual-frequency PPP models all possess the capacity for ionospheric applications in the GNSS community.
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Vadakke Veettil, Sreeja, Claudio Cesaroni, Marcio Aquino, Giorgiana De Franceschi, Francesco Berrili, Filippo Rodriguez, Luca Spogli, et al. "The ionosphere prediction service prototype for GNSS users." Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate 9 (2019): A41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2019038.
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The effect of the Earth’s ionosphere represents the single largest contribution to the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) error budget and abnormal ionospheric conditions can impose serious degradation on GNSS system functionality, including integrity, accuracy and availability. With the growing reliance on GNSS for many modern life applications, actionable ionospheric forecasts can contribute to the understanding and mitigation of the impact of the ionosphere on our technology based society. In this context, the Ionosphere Prediction Service (IPS) project was set up to design and develop a prototype platform to translate the forecast of the ionospheric effects into a service customized for specific GNSS user communities. To achieve this overarching aim, four different product groups dealing with solar activity, ionospheric activity, GNSS receiver performance and service performance have been developed and integrated into a service chain, which is made available through a web based platform. This paper provides an overview of the IPS project describing its overall architecture, products and web based platform.
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Pokhotelov, D., W. Lotko, and A. V. Streltsov. "Simulations of resonant Alfvén waves generated by artificial HF heating of the auroral ionosphere." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 8 (September 7, 2004): 2943–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-2943-2004.
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Abstract. Numerical two-dimensional two-fluid MHD simulations of dynamic magnetosphere-ionosphere (MI) coupling have been performed to model the effects imposed on the auroral ionosphere by a powerful HF radio wave transmitter. The simulations demonstrate that modifications of the ionospheric plasma temperature and recombination due to artificial heating may trigger the ionospheric feedback instability when the coupled MI system is close to the state of marginal stability. The linear dispersion analysis of MI coupling has been performed to find the favorable conditions for marginal stability of the system. The development of the ionospheric feedback instability leads to the generation of shear waves which resonate in the magnetosphere between the heated ionospheric E-region and the strong gradient in the speed at altitudes of 1-2 RE. The application of the numerical results for the explanation of observations performed by low-orbiting satellites above the high-latitude ionosphere heated with a high power ground-based HF transmitter is discussed.
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Mochalov, Vladimir, and Anastasia Mochalova. "Application of deep learning methods to predict ionosphere parameters in real time." E3S Web of Conferences 196 (2020): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019602007.
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In this paper, the previously obtained results on recognition of ionograms using deep learning are expanded to predict the parameters of the ionosphere. After the ionospheric parameters have been identified on the ionogram using deep learning in real time, we can predict the parameters for some time ahead on the basis of the new data obtained Examples of predicting the ionosphere parameters using an artificial recurrent neural network architecture long short-term memory are given. The place of the block for predicting the parameters of the ionosphere in the system for analyzing ionospheric data using deep learning methods is shown.
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Parker, James A. D., S. Eleri Pryse, Natasha Jackson-Booth, and Rachel A. Buckland. "Modelling the main ionospheric trough using the Electron Density Assimilative Model (EDAM) with assimilated GPS TEC." Annales Geophysicae 36, no. 1 (January 25, 2018): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-125-2018.
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Abstract. The main ionospheric trough is a large-scale spatial depletion in the electron density distribution at the interface between the high- and mid-latitude ionosphere. In western Europe it appears in early evening, progresses equatorward during the night, and retreats rapidly poleward at dawn. It exhibits substantial day-to-day variability and under conditions of increased geomagnetic activity it moves progressively to lower latitudes. Steep gradients on the trough-walls on either side of the trough minimum, and their variability, can cause problems for radio applications. Numerous studies have sought to characterize and quantify the trough behaviour. The Electron Density Assimilative Model (EDAM) models the ionosphere on a global scale. It assimilates observations into a background ionosphere, the International Reference Ionosphere 2007 (IRI2007), to provide a full 3-D representation of the ionospheric plasma distribution at specified times and days. This current investigation studied the capability of EDAM to model the ionosphere in the region of the main trough. Total electron content (TEC) measurements from 46 GPS stations in western Europe from September to December 2002 were assimilated into EDAM to provide a model of the ionosphere in the trough region. Vertical electron content profiles through the model revealed the trough and the detail of its structure. Statistical results are presented of the latitude of the trough minimum, TEC at the minimum and of other defined parameters that characterize the trough structure. The results are compared with previous observations made with the Navy Ionospheric Monitoring System (NIMS), and reveal the potential of EDAM to model the large-scale structure of the ionosphere. Keywords. Ionosphere (midlatitude ionosphere; modelling and forecasting) – radio science (ionospheric physics)
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Danzer, J., S. B. Healy, and I. D. Culverwell. "A simulation study with a new residual ionospheric error model for GPS radio occultation climatologies." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 8 (August 21, 2015): 3395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3395-2015.
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Abstract. In this study, a new model was explored which corrects for higher order ionospheric residuals in Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data. Recently, the theoretical basis of this new "residual ionospheric error model" has been outlined (Healy and Culverwell, 2015). The method was tested in simulations with a one-dimensional model ionosphere. The proposed new model for computing the residual ionospheric error is the product of two factors, one of which expresses its variation from profile to profile and from time to time in terms of measurable quantities (the L1 and L2 bending angles), while the other describes the weak variation with altitude. A simple integral expression for the residual error (Vorob’ev and Krasil’nikova, 1994) has been shown to be in excellent numerical agreement with the exact value, for a simple Chapman layer ionosphere. In this case, the "altitudinal" element of the residual error varies (decreases) by no more than about 25 % between ~10 and ~100 km for physically reasonable Chapman layer parameters. For other simple model ionospheres the integral can be evaluated exactly, and results are in reasonable agreement with those of an equivalent Chapman layer. In this follow-up study the overall objective was to explore the validity of the new residual ionospheric error model for more detailed simulations, based on modeling through a complex three-dimensional ionosphere. The simulation study was set up, simulating day and night GPS RO profiles for the period of a solar cycle with and without an ionosphere. The residual ionospheric error was studied, the new error model was tested, and temporal and spatial variations of the model were investigated. The model performed well in the simulation study, capturing the temporal variability of the ionospheric residual. Although it was not possible, due to high noise of the simulated bending-angle profiles at mid- to high latitudes, to perform a thorough latitudinal investigation of the performance of the model, first positive and encouraging results were found at low latitudes. Furthermore, first application tests of the model on the data showed a reduction in temperature level of the ionospheric residual at 40 km from about −2.2 to −0.2 K.
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Danzer, J., S. B. Healy, and I. D. Culverwell. "A simulation study with a new residual ionospheric error model for GPS radio occultation climatologies." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 1 (January 27, 2015): 1151–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-1151-2015.
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Abstract. In this study, a new model was explored, which corrects for higher order ionospheric residuals in global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data. Recently, the theoretical basis of this new "residual ionospheric error model" has been outlined (Healy and Culverwell, 2015). The method was tested in simulations with a one-dimensional model ionosphere. The proposed new model for computing the residual ionospheric error is the product of two factors, one of which expresses its variation from profile-to-profile and from time-to-time in terms of measurable quantities (the L1 and L2 bending angles), the other of which describes the weak variation with altitude. A simple integral expression for the residual error (Vorob’ev and Krasil’nikova, 1994) has been shown to be in excellent numerical agreement with the exact value, for a simple Chapman layer ionosphere. In this case, the "altitudinal" element of the residual error varies (decreases) by no more than about 25% between ~10 and ~100 km for physically reasonable Chapman layer parameters. For other simple model ionospheres the integral can be evaluated exactly, and results are in reasonable agreement with those of an equivalent Chapman layer. In this follow-up study the overall objective was to explore the validity of the new residual ionospheric error model for more detailed simulations, based on modelling through a complex three-dimensional ionosphere. The simulation study was set up, simulating day and night GPS RO profiles for the period of a solar cycle with and without an ionosphere. The residual ionospheric error was studied, the new error model was tested, and temporal and spatial variations of the model were investigated. The model performed well in the simulation study, capturing the temporal variability of the ionospheric residual. Although, it was not possible, due to high noise of the simulated bending angle profiles at mid to high latitudes, to perform a thorough latitudinal investigation of the performance of the model, first positive and encouraging results were found at low latitudes. Furthermore, first application tests of the model on the data showed a reduction on temperature level of the ionospheric residual at 40 km from about −2.2 to −0.2 K.
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Rahayu, R. W., M. N. Cahyadi, B. Muslim, I. M. Anjasmara, E. Y. Handoko, and I. N. Muafiry. "Three-dimensional Tomography of Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances from the 2016 West Sumatera Earthquake." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 936, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/936/1/012022.
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Abstract Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a navigation system that uses satellite signals to determine its position, which consists of several satellites arranged in a constellation system. GNSS transmits signals to receivers on Earth. The GNSS receiver determines the user’s position, speed, and time by processing the signals transmitted by the satellites. The initial purpose of launching the GNSS was for navigation purposes, but along with its development, GNSS can be used for the purposes of observing deformation of the earth’s crust and in studying the atmosphere. The delayed wave data when passing through the ionosphere can be used to obtain Total Electron Content (TEC) values which then used to study ionospheric disturbances. Ionospheric disturbances are caused by various phenomena, the most common one is the ionospheric disturbances caused by the induction of acoustic and gravitational waves excited by co seismic crustal motions from large earthquakes. Ionospheric disturbances that happened before an earthquake are called Pre-seismic Ionospheric Disturbances and those that occur after an earthquake are called Co-seismic Ionospheric Disturbances (CID). Most studies of ionospheric disturbances still provide information on the timing and value of TEC anomalies in 2D form. Therefore, in this study, a 3D ionosphere profile modelling using computed 3D tomography will be carried out. The 3D information provided is in the form of time, ionosphere altitude and TEC anomaly value by utilizing GNSS data. The TEC anomaly value is obtained from the calculation of linear combination of the ionosphere. This study aims to obtain a spatial and temporal analysis of the CID caused by the West Sumatra Earthquake on March 2, 2016.
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Zhang, Yixin, Yang Liu, Junlei Mei, Chunxi Zhang, and Jinling Wang. "A Study on the Characteristics of the Ionospheric Gradient under Geomagnetic Perturbations." Sensors 20, no. 7 (March 25, 2020): 1805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20071805.
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The Earth’s ionosphere is greatly influenced by geomagnetic activities, especially geomagnetic storms. During a geomagnetic storm, the ionosphere suffers many perturbations, leading to a spatial gradient that are neglected during geomagnetically quiet periods. An ionospheric gradient generates potential hazards for a ground-based argumentation system (GBAS) by enlarging the errors in the delay corrections between ground monitor stations and users. To address this problem, this work investigates the characteristics of the ionospheric gradient under geomagnetic storms. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations from the continuously operating reference station (CORS) network were used to analyze the ionospheric gradients during the geomagnetic storm on 8 September 2017. The statistical behavior of the ionospheric gradient was further discussed. Experiments show that strong geomagnetic perturbations lead to large ionospheric gradients, and the gradients also vary with the geomagnetic location.
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Okoh, D. I., L. A. McKinnell, and P. J. Cilliers. "Developing an ionospheric map for South Africa." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 7 (July 12, 2010): 1431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-1431-2010.
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Abstract. The development of a map of the ionosphere over South Africa is presented in this paper. The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model, South African Bottomside Ionospheric Model (SABIM), and measurements from ionosondes in the South African Ionosonde Network, were combined within their own limitations to develop an accurate representation of the South African ionosphere. The map is essentially in the form of a computer program that shows spatial and temporal representations of the South African ionosphere for a given set of geophysical parameters. A validation of the map is attempted using a comparison of Total Electron Content (TEC) values derived from the map, from the IRI model, and from Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements. It is foreseen that the final South African ionospheric map will be implemented as a Space Weather product of the African Space Weather Regional Warning Centre.
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Materassi, Massimo, Tommaso Alberti, Yenca Migoya-Orué, Sandro Maria Radicella, and Giuseppe Consolini. "Chaos and Predictability in Ionospheric Time Series." Entropy 25, no. 2 (February 17, 2023): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25020368.
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Modelling the Earth’s ionosphere is a big challenge, due to the complexity of the system. Different first principle models have been developed over the last 50 years, based on ionospheric physics and chemistry, mostly controlled by Space Weather conditions. However, it is not understood in depth if the residual or mismodelled component of the ionosphere’s behaviour is predictable in principle as a simple dynamical system, or is conversely so chaotic to be practically stochastic. Working on an ionospheric quantity very popular in aeronomy, we here suggest data analysis techniques to deal with the question of how chaotic and how predictable the local ionosphere’s behaviour is. In particular, we calculate the correlation dimension D2 and the Kolmogorov entropy rate K2 for two one-year long time series of data of vertical total electron content (vTEC), collected on the top of the mid-latitude GNSS station of Matera (Italy), one for the year of Solar Maximum 2001 and one for the year of Solar Minimum 2008. The quantity D2 is a proxy of the degree of chaos and dynamical complexity. K2 measures the speed of destruction of the time-shifted self-mutual information of the signal, so that K2−1 is a sort of maximum time horizon for predictability. The analysis of the D2 and K2 for the vTEC time series allows to give a measure of chaos and predictability of the Earth’s ionosphere, expected to limit any claim of prediction capacity of any model. The results reported here are preliminary, and must be intended only to demonstrate how the application of the analysis of these quantities to the ionospheric variability is feasible, and with a reasonable output.
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Kaloshin, Ivan, Vladimir Skripachev, Irina Surovceva, Vladimir Kuznetsov, and Alexander Kharlamov. "Application of satellites system based on different heights for ionospheric disturbances monitoring." MATEC Web of Conferences 158 (2018): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815801015.
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Results of data processing on-board Langmuir probes of CHAMP and DEMETER satellites are presented. The characteristics of satellites are given. Analysis of ionospheric parameters before strong earthquake is performed. At the altitudes of the satellites anomalous changes in the ionosphere parameters were detected a few days before the seismic event. Frequency distribution of anomalous ionospheric disturbances is obtained.
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Manaswini, R., and G. Raju. "Effect of Ionosphere on Global Navigation Satellite System and Analysis of the Effects with Real Time Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System Data Positioned at Jain University." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 9 (July 1, 2020): 4061–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9020.
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Global navigation satellites systems provide real time positioning and timing services more efficiently and effectively. The ionosphere is one dynamic layer that affects the communication and remote sensing to maximum extent under different conditions. The ionospheric errors affects the integrity, continuity, accuracy and availability of satellites of GNSS systems. These effects are basically because of variation in space weather effects. The environmental conditions of the Earth’s ionosphere, magnetosphere, thermosphere which dynamically varies because of sun activities and consecutively affects activities in space and on the Earth is defined as space weather. In the present paper different reasons for ionospheric layer various are discussed in detail and errors that occur in the GNSS errors are discussed. The real time data of Indian regional navigation satellite systems are also considered for some prominent duration and how various parameters of the IRNSS data have changed are explored.
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Jee, Geonhwa, Eun-Young Ji, Eunsol Kim, Young-Sil Kwak, Changsup Lee, Hyuck-Jin Kwon, Ji-Eun Kim, et al. "Observations for the Ionosphere Using European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) in the Dayside Polar Cap/Cusp and Auroral Region." Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences 40, no. 1 (March 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5140/jass.2023.40.1.1.
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Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) and Korea Astronomy and Space Institute (KASI) have been participating in the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Scientific Association as an affiliate institution in order to observe the polar ionosphere since 2015. During the period of December 16–21, 2016 and January 3–9, 2018, the observations for the polar ionospheric parameters such as the electron density profiles, ion drift, and electron/ion temperature are carried out in the polar cap/cusp region by the EISCAT Svalbard radar (ESR). The purpose of the observations is to investigate the characteristic of the winter ionosphere in the dayside polar cap/cusp region. In this paper, we briefly report the results of the ESR observations for winter daytime ionosphere and also the simultaneous observations for the ionosphere-thermosphere system together with the balloon-borne instrument High-Altitude Interferometer WIND Experiment (HIWIND) performed by the High Altitude Observatory (HAO), National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). We further introduce our research activities using long-term EISCAT observations for the occurrence of ion upflow and the climatology of the polar ionospheric density profiles in comparison with the mid-latitude ionosphere. Finally, our future research plans will briefly be introduced.
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Stumpo, Mirko, Giuseppe Consolini, Tommaso Alberti, and Virgilio Quattrociocchi. "Measuring Information Coupling between the Solar Wind and the Magnetosphere–Ionosphere System." Entropy 22, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22030276.
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The interaction between the solar wind and the Earth’s magnetosphere–ionosphere system is very complex, being essentially the result of the interplay between an external driver, the solar wind, and internal processes to the magnetosphere–ionosphere system. In this framework, modelling the Earth’s magnetosphere–ionosphere response to the changes of the solar wind conditions requires a correct identification of the causality relations between the different parameters/quantities used to monitor this coupling. Nowadays, in the framework of complex dynamical systems, both linear statistical tools and Granger causality models drastically fail to detect causal relationships between time series. Conversely, information theory-based concepts can provide powerful model-free statistical quantities capable of disentangling the complex nature of the causal relationships. In this work, we discuss how to deal with the problem of measuring causal information in the solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere system. We show that a time delay of about 30–60 min is found between solar wind and magnetospheric and ionospheric overall dynamics as monitored by geomagnetic indices, with a great information transfer observed between the z component of the interplanetary magnetic field and geomagnetic indices, while a lower transfer is found when other solar wind parameters are considered. This suggests that the best candidate for modelling the geomagnetic response to solar wind changes is the interplanetary magnetic field component B z . A discussion of the relevance of our results in the framework of Space Weather is also provided.
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Safi’i, A. N., Susilo, D. Ramdani, and B. Muslim. "Utilization of Indonesia’s regional ionosphere model to improve the accuracy of GPS measurements to support disaster mitigation studies." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 950, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/950/1/012097.
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Abstract Ionospheric can cause severe degradation of GPS (Global Positioning System) functionality and decrease coordinate accuracy. Increasing the precision of GPS station coordinates will improve accuracy in many applications. Many applications can use GPS for deformation studies, such as geodynamic studies, active fault studies, volcanic deformation monitoring, land subsidence studies, and hazard mitigation studies. We can use global ionospheric correction to produce better coordinates by utilizing post-processing GPS data. With the increasing number of GPS stations in Indonesia, it is possible to develop regional ionosphere models. This study computes regional ionospheric models from real-time streaming GPS data and uses them in GPS processing. Regional ionospheric models can increase the accuracy of GPS station coordinates by 5% -10% compared to global ionosphere models (igsg and codg).
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Streltsov, A. V., and T. R. Pedersen. "Excitation of zero-frequency magnetic field-aligned currents by ionospheric heating." Annales Geophysicae 29, no. 6 (June 27, 2011): 1147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-1147-2011.
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Abstract. Time-dependent, three-dimensional numerical simulations of the reduced MHD model describing shear Alfvén waves in the magnetosphere provide an interesting prediction superficially similar to results of several ionospheric heating experiments conducted at high altitudes. In these experiments, heating of the ionospheric F-region with a constant/zero-frequency beam of HF waves causes luminous structures in the ionosphere in the form of a ring or a solid spot with a characteristic size comparable to the size of the heated spot. Simulations suggest that spots/rings or similar optical appearance might be associated with a magnetic field-aligned current system produced by the ionospheric heating. Two of the most interesting features of this current system are (1) strong localization across the ambient magnetic field and (2) distinctive non-symmetrical luminous signatures (ring/spot) in magnetically conjugate locations in the ionosphere.
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Savastano, Giorgio, Attila Komjathy, Esayas Shume, Panagiotis Vergados, Michela Ravanelli, Olga Verkhoglyadova, Xing Meng, and Mattia Crespi. "Advantages of Geostationary Satellites for Ionospheric Anomaly Studies: Ionospheric Plasma Depletion Following a Rocket Launch." Remote Sensing 11, no. 14 (July 23, 2019): 1734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11141734.
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In this study, we analyzed signals transmitted by the U.S. Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) geostationary (GEO) satellites using the Variometric Approach for Real-Time Ionosphere Observation (VARION) algorithm in a simulated real-time scenario, to characterize the ionospheric response to the 24 August 2017 Falcon 9 rocket launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. VARION is a real-time Global Navigation Satellites Systems (GNSS)-based algorithm that can be used to detect various ionospheric disturbances associated with natural hazards, such as tsunamis and earthquakes. A noise reduction algorithm was applied to the VARION-GEO solutions to remove the satellite-dependent noise term. Our analysis showed that the interactions of the exhaust plume with the ionospheric plasma depleted the total electron content (TEC) to a level comparable with nighttime TEC values. During this event, the geometry of the satellite-receiver link is such that GEO satellites measured the depleted plasma hole before any GPS satellites. We estimated that the ionosphere relaxed back to a pre-perturbed state after about 3 h, and the hole propagated with a mean speed of about 600 m/s over a region of 700 km in radius. We conclude that the VARION-GEO approach can provide important ionospheric TEC real-time measurements, which are not affected by the motion of the ionospheric pierce points (IPPs). Furthermore, the VARION-GEO measurements experience a steady noise level throughout the entire observation period, making this technique particularly useful to augment and enhance the capabilities of well-established GNSS-based ionosphere remote sensing techniques and future ionospheric-based early warning systems.
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Coates, Andrew J. "Interaction of Titan's ionosphere with Saturn's magnetosphere." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367, no. 1889 (November 20, 2008): 773–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0248.
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Titan is the only Moon in the Solar System with a significant permanent atmosphere. Within this nitrogen–methane atmosphere, an ionosphere forms. Titan has no significant magnetic dipole moment, and is usually located inside Saturn's magnetosphere. Atmospheric particles are ionized both by sunlight and by particles from Saturn's magnetosphere, mainly electrons, which reach the top of the atmosphere. So far, the Cassini spacecraft has made over 45 close flybys of Titan, allowing measurements in the ionosphere and the surrounding magnetosphere under different conditions. Here we review how Titan's ionosphere and Saturn's magnetosphere interact, using measurements from Cassini low-energy particle detectors. In particular, we discuss ionization processes and ionospheric photoelectrons, including their effect on ion escape from the ionosphere. We also discuss one of the unexpected discoveries in Titan's ionosphere, the existence of extremely heavy negative ions up to 10 000 amu at 950 km altitude.
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Velichko, E. N., A. Yu. Grishentsev, and A. G. Korobeynikov. "Inverse problem of radiofrequency sounding of ionosphere." International Journal of Modern Physics A 31, no. 02n03 (January 20, 2016): 1641033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x16410335.
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An algorithm for the solution of the inverse problem of vertical ionosphere sounding and a mathematical model of noise filtering are presented. An automated system for processing and analysis of spectrograms of vertical ionosphere sounding based on our algorithm is described. It is shown that the algorithm we suggest has a rather high efficiency. This is supported by the data obtained at the ionospheric stations of the so-called “AIS-M” type.
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Liu, Tongxin, Guobin Yang, Zhengyu Zhao, Yi Liu, Chen Zhou, Chunhua Jiang, Binbin Ni, Yaogai Hu, and Peng Zhu. "Design of Multifunctional Mesosphere-Ionosphere Sounding System and Preliminary Results." Sensors 20, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 2664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092664.
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This paper describes a novel sounding system for which the functions of the medium frequency (MF) radar and the ionosonde are integrated on the same hardware platform and antenna structure, namely the middle atmosphere-ionosphere (MAI) system. Unlike the common MF radar, MAI system adopts the pseudo-random (PRN) phase-coded modulation technology, which breaks the limitation of the traditional monopulse mode. Through the pulse compression, only a small peak power is needed to achieve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) requirement. The excellent anti-jamming performance is also very suitable for the ionospheric sounding. One transmitting and six receiving modes are adopted for the MF sounding. While neglecting the structure of the T/R switches, the coupling interference between the transmitter and the receiver may also be avoided. Moreover, by employing a miniaturized antenna array composed of progressive-wave antennas for the MF receiving and ionospheric sounding, the MAI system takes account of the requirements of the inversion algorithms of MF radar and the large bandwidth need for the ionospheric sounding concurrently. Such an antenna structure can also greatly simplify the system structure and minimize the difficulty of deployment. The experiments verified the availability of the system scheme and its engineering application significance. Through further analysis of the sounding data, the wind field of the mesosphere, the electron density of D layer and electron density profile from layers E to F were obtained at the identical location. The capability of MAI system can play an important role in studying the interaction and coupling mechanism between the mesosphere and ionosphere.
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Polozov, Yuryi, and Nadezhda Fetisova. "Algorithms of ionospheric anomalies detection in “Aurora” system of operational data analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 62 (2018): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186202002.
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Algorithms for ionospheric data processing are presented in the paper. The algorithms are implemented in the real-time mode of ionospheric parameter analysis. They are a component of “Aurora” software system for geophysical data analysis. The algorithms allow us to estimate the state of the ionosphere in the region of Kamchatka Peninsula and to detect ionospheric anomalies. Assessment of the algorithms efficiency has shown that it is possible to use them to detect ionospheric anomalies that may occur on the eve of magnetic storms. The research is supported by the Russian Science Foundation Grant (Project No. 14-11-00194).
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Liu, Tong, Zhibin Yu, Zonghua Ding, Wenfeng Nie, and Guochang Xu. "Observation of Ionospheric Gravity Waves Introduced by Thunderstorms in Low Latitudes China by GNSS." Remote Sensing 13, no. 20 (October 15, 2021): 4131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13204131.
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The disturbances of the ionosphere caused by thunderstorms or lightning events in the troposphere have an impact on global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals. Gravity waves (GWs) triggered by thunderstorms are one of the main factors that drive short-period Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs). At mid-latitudes, ionospheric GWs can be detected by GNSS signals. However, at low latitudes, the multi-variability of the ionosphere leads to difficulties in identifying GWs induced by thunderstorms through GNSS data. Though disturbances of the ionosphere during low-latitude thunderstorms have been investigated, the explicit GW observation by GNSS and its propagation pattern are still unclear. In this paper, GWs with periods from 6 to 20 min are extracted from band-pass filtered GNSS carrier phase observations without cycle-slips, and 0.2–0.8 Total Electron Content Unit (TECU) magnitude perturbations are observed when the trajectories of ionospheric pierce points fall into the perturbed region. The propagation speed of 102.6–141.3 m/s and the direction of the propagation indicate that the GWs are propagating upward from a certain thunderstorm at lower atmosphere. The composite results of disturbance magnitude, period, and propagation velocity indicate that GWs initiated by thunderstorms and propagated from the troposphere to the ionosphere are observed by GNSS for the first time in the low-latitude region.
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Zhang, Ruicheng, Chengfa Gao, Zhibin Wang, Qing Zhao, Rui Shang, Zihan Peng, and Qi Liu. "Ambiguity Resolution for Long Baseline in a Network with BDS-3 Quad-Frequency Ionosphere-Weighted Model." Remote Sensing 14, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14071654.
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For long baseline in a network, the traditional combined ionosphere-free (IF) + wide-lane (WL) strategy is commonly used, but the residual tropospheric delays and larger noise hamper the basic ambiguity resolution (AR). With the completion of the BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3) and the quad-frequency signals provided by BDS-3 satellites, we can construct more combinations that are conducive to ambiguity resolution. Compared with ionosphere-free linear combinations, we estimated ionospheric delay using three independent WL observations, and formed an ionosphere-weighted model using uncombined code and phase observations, which proved to be quite effective. Based on the real quad-frequency BDS-3 observations of two CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Stations) and two user stations, we processed eight days of data to study the formal and empirical ambiguity success rates and user positioning errors. The rounding success rate of WL ambiguity was significantly improved with ionospheric correction. The success rate of the basic ambiguity increased from 94.4 and 96.1% to 98.0% using the quad-frequency ionosphere-weighted (QFIW) model compared with the double-frequency ionosphere-free (DFIF) model and the triple-frequency geometry-based (TFGB) model. Furthermore, the user E/N/U positioning accuracy improved by 20.6/31.5/13.1% and 6.3/22.9/5.8%, respectively.
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Chen, Zhuo, Yang Liu, Kai Guo, and Jinling Wang. "Study of the Ionospheric Scintillation Radio Propagation Characteristics with Cosmic Observations." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (January 26, 2022): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030578.
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The ionosphere has important influences on trans-ionosphere radio propagation. When signals pass through ionospheric irregularities, their amplitude and phase are often attenuated and distorted. In this work, the statistical features of scintillation observed by the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and low earth orbit (LEO) satellites are investigated with Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) data in solar cycle 24. The amplitude scintillation propagation channel is fitted by the Nakagami-m, α-μ and κ-μ models. The performance is evaluated in terms of root mean square error (RMSE), kurtosis and information entropy. The results reveal that the α-μ model achieves the best performance in all considered scintillation intensities, while the Nakagami-m model achieves better performance under severe scintillation in the GNSS-LEO propagation channels.
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Liu, J. Y., Y. J. Chuo, S. J. Shan, Y. B. Tsai, Y. I. Chen, S. A. Pulinets, and S. B. Yu. "Pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies registered by continuous GPS TEC measurements." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 5 (April 8, 2004): 1585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-1585-2004.
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Abstract. In this paper we examine pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies by the total electron content (TEC) derived from a ground-based receiver of the Global Positioning System (GPS). A 15-day running median of the TEC and the associated inter-quartile range (IQR) are utilized as a reference for identifying abnormal signals during all of the 20M≥6.0 earthquakes in the Taiwan area from September 1999 to December 2002. Results show that the pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies appear during 18:00–22:00LT (LT=UT+8h) within 5 days prior to 16 of the 20M≥6.0 earthquakes. This success rate of 80% (=16/20%) suggests that the GPS TEC is useful to register pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies appearing before large earthquakes. Key words. Ionosphere (ionospheric disturbances; ionosphere-atmosphere interactions)
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Pryse, S. E., L. Kersley, M. J. Williams, and I. K. Walker. "The spatial structure of the dayside ionospheric trough." Annales Geophysicae 16, no. 10 (October 31, 1998): 1169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-1169-4.
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Abstract. Tomographic imaging provides a powerful technique for obtaining images of the spatial distribution of ionospheric electron density at polar latitudes. The method, which involves monitoring radio transmissions from the Navy Navigation Satellite System at a meridional chain of ground receivers, has particular potential for complementing temporal measurements by other observing techniques such as the EISCAT incoherent-scatter radar facility. Tomographic reconstructions are presented here from a two-week campaign in November 1995 that show large-scale structuring of the polar ionosphere. Measurements by the EISCAT radar confirm the authenticity of the technique and provide additional information of the plasma electron and ion temperatures. The dayside trough, persistently observed at high latitudes during a geomagnetically quiet period but migrating to lower latitudes with increasing activity, is discussed in relationship to the pattern of the polar-cap convection.Key words. Ionosphere-magnetosphere interactions · Polar ionosphere · Radio science · Ionospheric propagation
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Wang, Jin, Gang Chen, Tao Yu, Zhongxin Deng, Xiangxiang Yan, and Na Yang. "Middle-Scale Ionospheric Disturbances Observed by the Oblique-Incidence Ionosonde Detection Network in North China after the 2011 Tohoku Tsunamigenic Earthquake." Sensors 21, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21031000.
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The 2011 Tohoku earthquake and the following enormous tsunami caused great disturbances in the ionosphere that were observed in various regions along the Pacific Ocean. In this study, the oblique-incidence ionosonde detection network located in North China was applied to investigate the inland ionospheric disturbances related to the 2011 tsunamigenic earthquake. The ionosonde network consists of five transmitters and 20 receivers and can monitor regional ionosphere disturbances continuously and effectively. Based on the recorded electron density variations along the horizontal plane, the planar middle-scale ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) associated with the 2011 Tohoku tsunamigenic earthquake were detected more than 2000 km west of the epicenter about six hours later. The MSTIDs captured by the Digisonde, high-frequency (HF) Doppler measurement, and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) satellite provided more information about the far-field inland propagation characteristics of the westward propagating gravity waves. The results imply that the ionosonde network has the potential for remote sensing of ionospheric disturbances induced by tsunamigenic earthquakes and provide a perspective for investigating the propagation process of associated gravity waves.
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Blagoveshchenskaya, N. F., T. D. Borisova, V. A. Kornienko, B. Thidé, M. T. Rietveld, M. J. Kosch, and T. Bösinger. "Phenomena in the ionosphere-magnetosphere system induced by injection of powerful HF radio waves into nightside auroral ionosphere." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 1 (January 31, 2005): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-87-2005.
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Abstract. Experimental results from three ionospheric HF pumping experiments in overdense E or F regions are summarized. The experiments were conducted by the use of the EISCAT HF Heating facility located near Tromsø, Norway, allowing HF pumping the ionosphere in a near geomagnetic field-aligned direction. Distinctive features related to auroral activations in the course of the experiments are identified. Typical features observed in all experiments are the following: generation of scattered components in dynamic HF radio scatter Doppler spectra; strong increase of ion temperatures Ti and local ionospheric electric field E0; modification of the auroral arc and local spiral-like formation. However, some effects were observed only when the HF pump wave was reflected from the F2 layer. Among them are the generation of intense field-aligned ion outflows, and a strong increase in the electron temperature Te with altitude. A possible scenario for the substorm triggering due to HF pumping into an auroral ionosphere is discussed. The authors present their interpretation of the data as follows. It is suggested that two populations of charged particles are at play. One of them is the runaway population of electrons and ions from the ionosphere caused by the effects of the powerful HF radio wave. The other is the population of electrons that precipitate from the magnetosphere. It is shown that the hydrodynamical equilibrium was disrupted due to the effects of the HF pumping. We estimate that the parallel electric field can reach values of the order of 30mV/m during substorm triggering.
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de Gasperin, F., M. Mevius, D. A. Rafferty, H. T. Intema, and R. A. Fallows. "The effect of the ionosphere on ultra-low-frequency radio-interferometric observations." Astronomy & Astrophysics 615 (July 2018): A179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833012.
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Context. The ionosphere is the main driver of a series of systematic effects that limit our ability to explore the low-frequency (<1 GHz) sky with radio interferometers. Its effects become increasingly important towards lower frequencies and are particularly hard to calibrate in the low signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) regime in which low-frequency telescopes operate. Aims. In this paper we characterise and quantify the effect of ionospheric-induced systematic errors on astronomical interferometric radio observations at ultra-low frequencies (<100 MHz). We also provide guidelines for observations and data reduction at these frequencies with the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) and future instruments such as the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). Methods. We derive the expected systematic error induced by the ionosphere. We compare our predictions with data from the Low Band Antenna (LBA) system of LOFAR. Results. We show that we can isolate the ionospheric effect in LOFAR LBA data and that our results are compatible with satellite measurements, providing an independent way to measure the ionospheric total electron content (TEC). We show how the ionosphere also corrupts the correlated amplitudes through scintillations. We report values of the ionospheric structure function in line with the literature. Conclusions. The systematic errors on the phases of LOFAR LBA data can be accurately modelled as a sum of four effects (clock, ionosphere first, second, and third order). This greatly reduces the number of required calibration parameters, and therefore enables new efficient calibration strategies.
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Bai, Weihua, Guojun Wang, Yueqiang Sun, Jiankui Shi, Guanglin Yang, Xiangguang Meng, Dongwei Wang, et al. "Application of the Fengyun 3 C GNSS occultation sounder for assessing the global ionospheric response to a magnetic storm event." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 3 (March 7, 2019): 1483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1483-2019.
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Abstract. The rapid advancement of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) occultation technology in recent years has made it one of the most advanced space-based remote sensing technologies of the 21st century. GNSS radio occultation has many advantages, including all-weather operation, global coverage, high vertical resolution, high precision, long-term stability, and self-calibration. Data products from GNSS occultation sounding can greatly enhance ionospheric observations and contribute to space weather monitoring, forecasting, modeling, and research. In this study, GNSS occultation sounder (GNOS) results from a radio occultation sounding payload aboard the Fengyun 3 C (FY3-C) satellite were compared with ground-based ionosonde observations. Correlation coefficients for peak electron density (NmF2) derived from GNOS Global Position System (GPS) and Beidou navigation system (BDS) products with ionosonde data were higher than 0.9, and standard deviations were less than 20 %. Global ionospheric effects of the strong magnetic storm event in March 2015 were analyzed using GNOS results supported by ionosonde observations. The magnetic storm caused a significant disturbance in NmF2 level. Suppressed daytime and nighttime NmF2 levels indicated mainly negative storm conditions. In two longitude section zones of geomagnetic inclination between 40 and 80∘, the results of average NmF2 observed by GNOS and ground-based ionosondes showed the same basic trends during the geomagnetic storm and confirmed the negative effect of this storm event on the ionosphere. The analysis demonstrates the reliability of the GNSS radio occultation sounding instrument GNOS aboard the FY3-C satellite and confirms the utility of ionosphere products from GNOS for statistical and event-specific ionospheric physical analyses. Future FY3 series satellites and increasing numbers of Beidou navigation satellites will provide increasing GNOS occultation data on the ionosphere, which will contribute to ionosphere research and forecasting applications.
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Kolarski, Aleksandra, Vladimir A. Srećković, and Zoran R. Mijić. "Response of the Earth’s Lower Ionosphere to Solar Flares and Lightning-Induced Electron Precipitation Events by Analysis of VLF Signals: Similarities and Differences." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 7, 2022): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020582.
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The lower ionosphere influences the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves, satellite and also terrestrial (anthropic) signals at the time of intense perturbations and disturbances. Therefore, data and modelling of the perturbed lower ionosphere are crucial in various technological areas. An analysis of the lower ionospheric response induced by sudden events during daytime-solar flares and during night-time-lightning-induced electron precipitation was carried out. A case study of the solar flare event recorded on 7 September 2017 and lightning-induced electron precipitation event recorded on 16 November 2004 were used in this work. Sudden events induced changes in the ionosphere and, consequently, the electron density height profile. All data are recorded by Belgrade (BEL) radio station system and the model computation is used to obtain the ionospheric parameters induced by these sudden events. According to perturbed conditions, variation of estimated parameters, sharpness and reflection height differ for analysed cases. Data and results are useful for Earth observation, telecommunication and other applications in modern society.
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Stocker, A. J., N. F. Arnold, and T. B. Jones. "The synthesis of travelling ionospheric disturbance (TID) signatures in HF radar observations using ray tracing." Annales Geophysicae 18, no. 1 (January 31, 2000): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-0056-4.
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Abstract. Characteristic signatures are often observed in HF radar range-time-intensity plots when travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) are present. These signatures, in particular the variation of the F-region skip distance, have been synthesised using a ray tracing model. The magnitude of the skip variation is found to be a function of the peak electron density perturbation associated with the TID and radar frequency. Examination of experimental observations leads to an estimate of the peak electron density perturbation amplitude of around 25% for those TIDs observed by the CUTLASS radar system. The advantage of using the skip variation over the radar return amplitude as an indicator of density perturbation is also discussed. An example of a dual radar frequency experiment has been given. The investigation of the effect of radar frequency on the observations will aid the optimisation of future experiments..Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; ionosphere -atmosphere interactions; ionospheric disturbances)
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Goryachkin O. V. and Maslov I. V. "Determination of statistical parameters of fluctuations in the refractive index of the ionosphere according to the data of the space-earth information transmission radio line." Technical Physics Letters 48, no. 11 (2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tpl.2022.11.54884.19303.
Full textAbstract:
The study considers the problem of restoring the covariance function of fluctuations in the refractive index of the ionosphere based on the analysis of random changes in the frequency of the radio signal. To solve the problem, a trans-ionospheric signal of an information transmission radio line is used, radiated from a low-orbit spacecraft and received at a stationary receiving point. A method for estimating ionospheric parameters based on data from one typical communication session is described. To conduct a full-scale experiment, the signal emitted by the P-band radio transmitter of the on-board monitoring and control system of the Aist-2D spacecraft is used during a typical communication session. To receive the signal, ground-based equipment of a bistatic radar complex with a synthesized aperture of the P frequency band is used. Keywords: the ionosphere, fluctuations in the refractive index, the radio line of information transmission from the spacecraft, the scale of inhomogeneities and the dispersion of the electron density of the ionosphere.
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Farah, Ashraf. "Behavior of Broadcast Ionospheric-Delay Models from GPS, Beidou, and Galileo Systems." Artificial Satellites 55, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/arsa-2020-0005.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe GNSS observations suffer from different types of errors that could affect the achieved positioning accuracy based on the receiver type used. Single-frequency receivers are widely used worldwide because of its low cost. The ionospheric delay considers the most challenging error for single-frequency GNSS observations. All satellite navigation systems, except GLONASS, are advising their users to correct for the ionospheric delay using a certain model. Those models’ coefficients are sent to users in the system’s navigation message. These models are different in their accuracy and behavior based on its foundation theory as well as the updating rate of their coefficients. The GPS uses Klobuchar model for mitigating the ionospheric delay. BeiDou system (BDS-2) adopts a slightly modified Klobuchar model that resembles GPS ICA (Ionospheric Correction Algorithm) with eight correction parameters but is formulated in a geographic coordinate system with different coefficients in origin and updating rate. Galileo system uses a different model (NeQuick model). This article investigates the behavior of the three models in correcting the ionospheric delay for three stations at different latitudes during 3 months of different states of ionospheric activity, comparing with International GNSS Service-Global Ionospheric Maps (IGS-GIMs). It is advised from this research’s outputs to use the GPS model for mitigating the ionospheric delay in low-latitude regions during the state of low-and medium-activity ionosphere. It is advised to use the BeiDou model for mitigating the ionospheric delay in mid-latitude regions during different states of ionospheric activity. It is advised to use the Galileo model for mitigating the ionospheric delay in high-latitude regions during different states of ionospheric activity. Also, the Galileo model is recommended for mitigating the ionospheric delay for low-latitude regions during the state of high-activity ionosphere.
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Jakowski, N., and H. D. Bettac. "Proposal for an ionosphere/plasmasphere monitoring system." Annales Geophysicae 12, no. 5 (April 30, 1994): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-994-0431-7.
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Abstract. A space-based satellite system suited for long-term monitoring of the Earth's ionosphere/plasmasphere systems is proposed. The monitoring system consists of a network of radio beacon satellites capable of measuring the ionospheric and plasmaspheric electron content on a continuous base with high time resolution. It takes advantage of the geometrical relationship between the orbit of geostationary satellites and the position of the plasmapause region characterized by a steep electron density gradient. A combination of geostationary and nongeostationary satellites may explore the three-dimensional structure of the plasmasphere. Taking into account plasmaspheric characteristics some criteria for an effective arrangement of the satellites are derived and discussed. Since the plasmapause position is very sensitive to changes or distortions in the solar wind and the related geomagnetic activity, a continuous monitoring of the position of the plasmapause would be helpful in understanding solar-terrestrial relationships.
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Palmroth, M., P. Janhunen, T. I. Pulkkinen, and H. E. J. Koskinen. "Ionospheric energy input as a function of solar wind parameters: global MHD simulation results." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 549–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-549-2004.
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Abstract. We examine the global energetics of the solar wind magnetosphere-ionosphere system by using the global MHD simulation code GUMICS-4. We show simulation results for a major magnetospheric storm (6 April 2000) and a moderate substorm (15 August 2001). The ionospheric dissipation is investigated by determining the Joule heating and precipitation powers in the simulation during the two events. The ionospheric dissipation is concentrated largely on the dayside cusp region during the main phase of the storm period, whereas the nightside oval dominates the ionospheric dissipation during the substorm event. The temporal variations of the precipitation power during the two events are shown to correlate well with the commonly used AE-based proxy of the precipitation power. The temporal variation of the Joule heating power during the substorm event is well-correlated with a commonly used AE-based empirical proxy, whereas during the storm period the simulated Joule heating is different from the empirical proxy. Finally, we derive a power law formula, which gives the total ionospheric dissipation from the solar wind density, velocity and magnetic field z-component and which agrees with the simulation result with more than 80% correlation. Key words. Ionosphere (modeling and forecasting) – Magnetospheric physics (magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions; storms and substorms)
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Ham, Young-Bae, Geonhwa Jee, Changsup Lee, Hyuk-Jin Kwon, Jeong-Han Kim, Nikolay Zabotin, and Terence Bullett. "Observations of the Polar Ionosphere by the Vertical Incidence Pulsed Ionospheric Radar at Jang Bogo Station, Antarctica." Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences 37, no. 2 (June 2020): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5140/jass.2020.37.2.143.
Full textAbstract:
Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) installed an ionospheric sounding radar system called Vertical Incidence Pulsed Ionospheric Radar (VIPIR) at Jang Bogo Station (JBS) in 2015 in order to routinely monitor the state of the ionosphere in the auroral oval and polar cap regions. Since 2017, after two-year test operation, it has been continuously operated to produce various ionospheric parameters. In this article, we will introduce the characteristics of the JBS-VIPIR observations and possible applications of the data for the study on the polar ionosphere. The JBS-VIPIR utilizes a log periodic transmit antenna that transmits 0.5–25 MHz radio waves, and a receiving array of 8 dipole antennas. It is operated in the Dynasonde B-mode pulse scheme and utilizes the 3-D inversion program, called NeXtYZ, for the data acquisition and processing, instead of the conventional 1-D inversion procedure as used in the most of digisonde observations. The JBS-VIPIR outputs include the height profiles of the electron density, ionospheric tilts, and ion drifts with a 2-minute temporal resolution in the bottomside ionosphere. With these observations, possible research applications will be briefly described in combination with other observations for the aurora, the neutral atmosphere and the magnetosphere simultaneously conducted at JBS.
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Li, Mei, Handong Tan, and Meng Cao. "Ionospheric influence on the seismo-telluric current related to electromagnetic signals observed before the Wenchuan <i>M</i><sub><i>S</i></sub> 8.0 earthquake." Solid Earth 7, no. 5 (October 19, 2016): 1405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1405-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. A three-layer (Earth–air–ionosphere) physical model, as well as a two-layer (Earth–air) model, is employed in this paper to investigate the ionospheric effect on the wave fields for a finite length dipole current source co-located at a hypocenter depth and along the main fault of an earthquake when the distance between the epicenter and an observing station is up to 1000 km or even more. The results show that all electrical fields are free of ionospheric effects for different frequencies in a relative short range, e.g., ∼ 300 km for f = 1 Hz, implying the ionospheric influence on electromagnetic fields can be neglected within this range, which becomes smaller as the frequency increases. However, the ionosphere can give a constructive interference to the waves passing through and make them decay slowly when an observation is out of this range; moreover, the ionospheric effect can be up to 1–2 orders of magnitude of the electrical fields. For a ground-based observable 1.3 mV m−1 electric signal at f = 1 Hz 1440 km away from the Wenchuan MS 8.0 earthquake, the expected seismo-telluric current magnitude for the Earth–air–ionosphere model is of 5.0 × 107A, 1 magnitude smaller than the current value of 3.7 × 108A obtained by the Earth–air model free of ionospheric effects. This indicates that the ionosphere facilitates the electromagnetic wave propagation, as if the detectability of the system were improved effectively and it is easier to record a signal even for stations located at distances beyond their detectability thresholds. Furthermore, the radiating patterns of the electrical field components |Ex| and |Ey| are complementary to each other, although any two-dimensional (2-D) power distribution of these components shows strong power areas as well as weak ones, which is advantageous to register a signal if the observing system is designed to measure both of them instead of only one.