Journal articles: 'Ionizz'

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Beyerlein, Kenneth R., H. Olof Jönsson, Roberto Alonso-Mori, Andrew Aquila, Saša Bajt, Anton Barty, Richard Bean, et al. "Ultrafast nonthermal heating of water initiated by an X-ray Free-Electron Laser." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 22 (May 14, 2018): 5652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711220115.

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The bright ultrafast pulses of X-ray Free-Electron Lasers allow investigation into the structure of matter under extreme conditions. We have used single pulses to ionize and probe water as it undergoes a phase transition from liquid to plasma. We report changes in the structure of liquid water on a femtosecond time scale when irradiated by single 6.86 keV X-ray pulses of more than 106 J/cm2. These observations are supported by simulations based on molecular dynamics and plasma dynamics of a water system that is rapidly ionized and driven out of equilibrium. This exotic ionic and disordered state with the density of a liquid is suggested to be structurally different from a neutral thermally disordered state.

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Del Favero, C. "Effetti secondari comparati dei mezzi di contrasto ionici e non ionici." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 1, no. 2 (August 1988): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140098800100206.

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Vengono presentati i risultati relativi alle reazioni avverse dei mezzi di contrasto ionici e non ionici introdotti per via venosa in 34.928 pazienti. L'incidenza delle reazioni avverse è stata dell '11.47% con il mezzo di contrasto ionico e 2.1% con il mezzo di contrasto non ionico. Si è notato un incremento di rischio per i soggetti con anamnesi allergica. Le reazioni avverse sono state prevalentemente minori e moderate mentre le gravi sono state più frequenti con il mezzo di contrasto ionico. Complessivamente i mezzi di contrasto non ionici diminuiscono l'incidenza delle reazioni avverse da 1 a 5–8 volte rispetto ai contrasti ionici.

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Matsuda, Yoshinori, Koji Kakutani, Teruo Nonomura, Yoshihiro Takikawa, Kiyotsugu Okada, Manabu Shibao, Kazuhiro Miyama, Shinya Yokoo, Shin-ichi Kusakari, and Hideyoshi Toyoda. "A Simple Electrostatic Device for Eliminating Tobacco Sidestream Smoke to Prevent Passive Smoking." Instruments 2, no. 3 (July 22, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments2030013.

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An electrostatic apparatus was constructed to capture tobacco sidestream smoke. This apparatus consisted of a perforated polypropylene plate with metal spikes and a grounded metal net arrayed in parallel at a defined interval. Spikes were negatively charged to positively polarize the net and an electric field was formed between the opposite charges of the spike tips and the grounded net. Discharge from the spike tips occurred, which depended on the pole distance and the voltage applied to the spikes. At lower voltages (<12.1 kV) that do not cause arc discharge from the tips, a corona discharge occurred with the generation of an ionic wind from the spiked plate to the net. This discharge increased in direct proportion to the applied voltage and relative humidity, while a larger corona discharge generated a stronger ionic wind. The ionic wind involved negative ions and the number of negative ions in the wind increased with increasing applied voltage. The optimal voltage (10 kV) generated sufficient negative ions to ionize smoke particles in the electric field, before the ionized smoke particles were successfully captured by the oppositely charged metal net. Thus, this study provides an experimental basis for the practical application of an electrostatic-based method to prevent the production of tobacco sidestream smoke that leads to passive smoking by non-smokers.

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Fennell, Eanna, Juliane Kamphus, and Jacques M. Huyghe. "The Importance of the Mixing Energy in Ionized Superabsorbent Polymer Swelling Models." Polymers 12, no. 3 (March 7, 2020): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030609.

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The Flory–Rehner theoretical description of the free energy in a hydrogel swelling model can be broken into two swelling components: the mixing energy and the ionic energy. Conventionally for ionized gels, the ionic energy is characterized as the main contributor to swelling and, therefore, the mixing energy is assumed negligible. However, this assumption is made at the equilibrium state and ignores the dynamics of gel swelling. Here, the influence of the mixing energy on swelling ionized gels is quantified through numerical simulations on sodium polyacrylate using a Mixed Hybrid Finite Element Method. For univalent and divalent solutions, at initial porosities greater than 0.90, the contribution of the mixing energy is negligible. However, at initial porosities less than 0.90, the total swelling pressure is significantly influenced by the mixing energy. Therefore, both ionic and mixing energies are required for the modeling of sodium polyacrylate ionized gel swelling. The numerical model results are in good agreement with the analytical solution as well as experimental swelling tests.

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Masuyama, Kento, and Steven R. H. Barrett. "On the performance of electrohydrodynamic propulsion." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 469, no. 2154 (June 8, 2013): 20120623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2012.0623.

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Partially ionized fluids can gain net momentum under an electric field, as charged particles undergo momentum-transfer collisions with neutral molecules in a phenomenon termed an ionic wind. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) thrusters generate thrust by using two or more electrodes to ionize the ambient fluid and create an electric field. We characterize the performance of EHD thrusters of single- (SS) and dual-stage (DS) configurations. SS thrusters refer to a geometry using one emitter electrode, an air gap and a collector electrode with large radius of curvature relative to the emitter. DS thrusters add a collinear intermediate electrode. SS thruster performance was shown to be consistent with a one-dimensional theory. Increasing the gap length requires a higher voltage for thrust onset, generates less thrust per input voltage, generates more thrust per input current and most importantly generates more thrust per input power. A thrust-to-power ratio as high as approximately 100 N kW −1 was obtained. DS thrusters were shown to be more effective than their SS counterparts at producing current, leading to a smaller total voltage necessary for producing equal thrust. However, losses involving ion collection at the intermediate electrode led to reduced thrust-per-power compared with the SS thruster of equal length.

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Xu, Fang, Guang Xian Zhang, Feng Xiu Zhang, and Da Yang Wu. "High Hydrophilic Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)(PET) Fabric Modified by Ionic Agent." Applied Mechanics and Materials 319 (May 2013): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.319.58.

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As the surface of polyester fabric is hydrophobic, it is not comfortable to wear. In this paper, the surface of polyester fabric was ionized by an ionic agent. The result showed that the ionized polyester fabric had wonderful hydrophilicity. The water contact angle of ionized polyester fabric decreased to 0o, and the capillary rise height increased from 0.4cm to 14.4cm, water content from 23.77% to 119.78%. Water spraying rate decreased from 4 degree to 1 degree. The whiteness of ionized polyester fabric kept well.

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Dorozhkin, Sergey V., Elena I. Dorozhkina, S. Salman, and Faik N. Oktar. "Crystallization of a Bone-like Apatite from a Milk-Containing Revised Simulated Body Fluid (SBF)." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.641.

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Revised simulated body fluid (rSBF) was prepared using a conventional route but all the chemicals were dissolved in commercial cow milk instead of de-ionized water. To accelerate crystallization and increase the amount of precipitates, the influence of milk on the crystallization of calcium phosphates was studied in supersaturated solutions equal to 4 times the ionic concentrations of rSBF. The experiments were carried out in physiological conditions, i.e. pH of 7.35–7.40, temperature of 37.0 (± 0.2) °C, and duration of 7 days, using a constant-composition double-diffusion (CCDD) device, which enables slow precipitation in strictly controlled crystallization conditions. Similar experiments with 4 times the ionic concentrations of rSBF using de-ionized water as solvent were carried out as control. For comparison purposes, another set of experiments with 4 times the ionic concentrations of rSBF in de-ionized water also containing 40 g of bovine serum albumin (BSA) per liter was also conducted. The experimental results showed that the behavior of milk was similar to the presence of dissolved BSA. Some components of milk, presumably proteins, co-precipitated with calcium phosphates. This phenomenon had a strong negative influence on the crystallinity of the precipitates.

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KORATKAR, NIKHIL. "NANOSCALE FIELD IONIZATION SENSORS: A REVIEW." International Journal of Nanoscience 04, no. 05n06 (October 2005): 945–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x05003905.

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So far, one of the most promising applications of nanoscale science and technology has been in the area of field emission. The electric field amplification effects associated with sharp nanostructure tips can be used to significantly reduce the emission voltages. Another equally promising area that also takes advantage of the field amplification effects is the area of field ionization. The extremely high electrical fields generated near the vicinity of sharp nanostructure tips can be used to ionize chemical or biological species at a fraction of the voltage of a traditional ionizer. In this article we review two of the very first reported papers related to nanoscale field ionization published by our group at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. The first paper describes a carbon nanotube gas ionizer, which shows potential for gas sensing applications. The second paper describes an ultra low-power gas ionizer featuring β-phase Tungsten nanorod electrodes. We end with a review of the major challenges that must be overcome to develop nanoscale ionization sensors.

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Jen, Coty N., Jun Zhao, Peter H. McMurry, and David R. Hanson. "Chemical ionization of clusters formed from sulfuric acid and dimethylamine or diamines." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 19 (October 7, 2016): 12513–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12513-2016.

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Abstract. Chemical ionization (CI) mass spectrometers are used to study atmospheric nucleation by detecting clusters produced by reactions of sulfuric acid and various basic gases. These instruments typically use nitrate to deprotonate and thus chemically ionize the clusters. In this study, we compare cluster concentrations measured using either nitrate or acetate. Clusters were formed in a flow reactor from vapors of sulfuric acid and dimethylamine, ethylene diamine, tetramethylethylene diamine, or butanediamine (also known as putrescine). These comparisons show that nitrate is unable to chemically ionize clusters with high base content. In addition, we vary the ion–molecule reaction time to probe ion processes which include proton-transfer, ion–molecule clustering, and decomposition of ions. Ion decomposition upon deprotonation by acetate/nitrate was observed. More studies are needed to quantify to what extent ion decomposition affects observed cluster content and concentrations, especially those chemically ionized with acetate since it deprotonates more types of clusters than nitrate.Model calculations of the neutral and ion cluster formation pathways are also presented to better identify the cluster types that are not efficiently deprotonated by nitrate. Comparison of model and measured clusters indicate that sulfuric acid dimers with two diamines and sulfuric acid trimers with two or more base molecules are not efficiently chemical ionized by nitrate. We conclude that acetate CI provides better information on cluster abundancies and their base content than nitrate CI.

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Zikri, Afdhal, Martias Martias, and Toto Sugiarto. "The Effect of Air Ionizers Installation on Motorcycle Performance." MOTIVECTION : Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering 1, no. 2 (May 15, 2019): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46574/motivection.v1i2.2.

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An air ionizer device can produce negative ion which ionizes the air, can be used for engine air induction system for improving the quality of fuel mixture that increase the engine output of power & torque. Test is done by using a dynamometer by comparing power & torque with installed air ionizer active and inactive. Data analysis technique using descriptive analysis of formula ttest with 5% of significant level. The t test results showed a significant increase in maximum power under active air ionizer conditions (tcount 5,128> ttable 4,303) with a significant level of 5%, increase 0.8 HP or 11.7% of inactive air ionizer with a value 7.2 HP to 8.0 HP. Meanwhile, the maximum torque shows an insignificant increase (tcount = 0.929 <ttable = 4,303) with a significant level of 5%, increase 0.5 Nm or 6.9% of inactive air ionizer with a value of 7.24 Nm to 7, 74 Nm.

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Koparal, Elif, and Numan Tuna. "Results of the field surveys at Teos and environs (2007–2009): revealing the Archaic landscape." Journal of Greek Archaeology 2 (January 1, 2017): 195–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v2i.579.

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Teos is one of the Ionian dodecapolis cities located on the western coast of Anatolia (Figure 1). It is visually one of the most favourable sites with its monumental buildings and post-classical urban layout well preserved within its landscape. Including Teos, the imagination stirred by Ionian poleis is mostly of an urban centre and its monuments, particularly the temples. At most places in Ionia post-Archaic urban structures seal up the earlier layers of habitation, which has been an obstacle for a long dureé approach, and a consequence of the preferred research strategies. Archaeological practice in Ionia has long been focused on the excavation of temples and monumental buildings, which contributed to the macro history of the region as presented by the ancient authors.

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Weidlich, Michael. "Zur Schmetterlingsfauna der Ionischen Inseln Griechenlands mit der Beschreibung neuer Psychiden-Taxa sowie ein Beitrag zu ihrer Köcherfliegenfauna (Lepidoptera, Trichoptera)." Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 66, no. 2 (December 20, 2016): 265–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.66.2.265-320.

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Der Autor führte insgesamt 8 Exkursionen zu den Ionischen Inseln in Griechenland durch. Zwei neue Psychidenarten, Bankesia cephalonica spec. nov. und Reisseronia ionica spec. nov. sowie zwei neue Unterarten Reisseronia ionica odysseus subspec. nov. und Reisseronia ionica lefkadensis subspec. nov. werden beschrieben und mit verwandten Arten verglichen. Das erste Taxon wurde im Nationalpark „Enos“ auf Kefalonia auf 1600 m NN entdeckt, R. ionica spec. nov. kommt auf Kefalonia, odysseus subspec. nov. auf Ithaka und lefkadensis subspec. nov auf Lefkada vor. Die Taxa von Reisseronia sind auf den Inseln weit verbreitet und stellenweise häufig. Während der Jahre 1993, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2012 und 2015 wurde ihre Biologie und Ökologie studiert. Weiterhin wird der Kenntnisstand zur Lepidopterenfauna der Ionischen Inseln recherchiert und umfassend diskutiert. Im Ergebnis werden 638 Lepidopterenarten bekanntgegeben. Darunter befindet sich eine Art, deren Erstnachweis für Europa mitgeteilt wird und zwei Arten als neu für Griechenland genannt. Für weitere 105 Arten wird deren Erstnachweis für die Ionischen Inseln bekannt gemacht. Ausserdem werden die Beifänge zur Köcherfliegenfauna veröffentlicht.StichwörterGreece, Ionian Islands, Bankesia cephalonica spec. nov., Reisseronia ionica spec. nov., Reisseronia ionica odysseus subspec. nov., Reisseronia ionica lefkadensis subspec. nov., Psychidae, Lepidoptera, Trichoptera.

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Ren, Shenqiang. "(Invited) Switching Molecular Ionic Magnetism." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 59 (October 9, 2022): 2211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02592211mtgabs.

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Magneto-ionics of molecular based magnets, the ionic control of magnetism, promise ultralow-power sensor technologies, while the extent of reversible ion intercalation in turn is also the key state-of-charge feature in rechargeable battery electrodes. Here we report the reversible ion intercalation in molecular magnetic electrode, which simultaneously monitors the state of charge in battery and enables dynamic switching of its room-temperature magnetic transition. Microwave excited spin wave reveals lithiation degree in molecular-magnetic anode, enabling magneto-ionics towards the real-time monitoring of state of charge in rechargeable battery under a low magnetic field and radiofrequency. The structural vacancy and hydrogen-bonding networks in such molecular magneto-ionic compound enables the reversible lithiation and delithiation, which in turn, leads to a dynamical and reversible magnetization tunability.

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Won, Jongok, Ji Young Yoo, Moon-Sung Kang, and Yong Soo Kang. "Ionic cluster mimic membranes using ionized cyclodextrin." Macromolecular Research 14, no. 4 (August 2006): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03219109.

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15

Naumann, W. "Ionic recombination in a weakly ionized gas." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 150, no. 3 (June 1988): 627–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(88)90260-9.

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Naumann, W. "Ionic recombination in a weakly ionized gas." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 150, no. 3 (June 1988): 642–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(88)90261-0.

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Morcelle, Viviane, Aline Medina, Leonardo C. Ribeiro, Ítalo Prazeres, Ricardo R. T. Marinho, Manuela S. Arruda, Luis A. V. Mendes, et al. "Ionization and Fragmentation of a Global Warming Gas by EUV and X-Ray Photons." QUARKS: Brazilian Electronic Journal of Physics, Chemistry and Materials Science 1, no. 1 (September 17, 2019): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34019/2674-9688.2019.v1.28219.

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An experimental investigation of the processes leading tothe fragmentation of the singly ionized 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a, CH2FCF3) by EUV and soft X-rays is presented. HFC-134ais taken into consideration as the most convenient replacement for CFC-12 in refrigeration applications due to the fact that it has null ozone depletion factor. Dissociation of the singly ionized HFC-134amolecule was induced by valence, direct and indirect C 1s core photoionization or photoexcitation and the ionic fragments were detected in coincidence (PEPICO mode) with the ejected electrons without energy analysis. The singly ionized parent ion CF4CH2+can be detected even at photon energies above the C 1s threshold.

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Hayakawa, K., Y. Okuno, K. Fujiwara, and Y. Shimizu. "Effect of Iodinated Contrast Media on Ionic Calcium." Acta Radiologica 35, no. 1 (January 1994): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519403500117.

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This study was conducted to characterize the alterations in serum ionized calcium induced by contrast media (CM) and to determine the cause of the change. Fresh human blood samples as well as an electrolyte solution (ES) containing 1.2 mM calcium ions were diluted with CM and alterations in ionized calcium were measured using an electrometer. The CM tested were diatrizoate, iopamidol, iohexol, ioxaglate, isotonic saline, Na2-Ca-EDTA and pure meglumine. When CM were mixed with blood, ionic CM produced a greater decrease in ionized calcium than nonionic CM or saline. When mixed with ES, a significant reduction of ionized calcium was induced by ioxaglate and diatrizoate in comparison with saline. Na2-Ca-EDTA and meglumine caused no reduction in ionized calcium. Ioxaglate and diatrizoate caused calcium binding due to anions; binding induced by the latter was more prominent than that by the former. These observations suggest that a nonionic CM is more desirable for coronary arteriography of high-risk patients.

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Kuldashov, O. H., A. O. Komilov, and D. A. Abdusamatov. "COMPUTER MODEL OF IONIZER." International Journal of Advance Scientific Research 02, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-02-12-19.

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Depending on the field of application and nature of high voltage generation technologies used in various economic sectors, several requirements are imposed, in particular, requirements such as service life, environmental safety, work efficiency and energy efficiency. In this work, a computer model for generating high voltages that are safe for humans using transistors designed to amplify semiconductor electrical signals is described.

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Verma, Updesh, and A. K. Sharma. "Laser focusing and multiple ionization of Ar in a hydrogen plasma channel created by a pre-pulse." Laser and Particle Beams 29, no. 2 (April 6, 2011): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034611000188.

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AbstractA model for plasma channel formation by a laser pre-pulse in a low Z gas (Hydrogen) embedded with high Z atoms (Ar) is developed. The laser of intensity I ≅ 1014 W/cm2 ionizes hydrogen atoms fully whereas Ar atoms are ionized only singly. After the first pulse is gone, plasma expands on the time scale of a nanosecond to produce a hydrogen plasma channel with minimum density on the axis. A second intense short pulse laser of intensity I ≥ 1016 W/cm2 gets focused. It tunnel ionizes the remaining Ar. The Ar acquires Ar8+ charge state after loosing 8 ions and acquires Ne like configuration and could emit X-rays.

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Rakhmatov, A., and A. Sanbetova. "Study on modeling of the air ionization process in the technology of long-term storage of fruit and grape." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 939, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/939/1/012012.

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Abstract This article presents the results of modeling the process of air ionization in the technology of long-term storage of fruits and grapes in fruit storage facilities.Also was determined the main forces acting on ions in the ionization zone, in the volume of the fruit storage and on the surface of the processed product in order to establish the ionization modes and design the discharge gap of the ionizer. Based on the results of the research, the issues of the ionizer placement in the volume of the fruit storage have been resolved. The results of theoretical studies have been verified experimentally and the corresponding dependencies of the parameters of ionized air was obtained.

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Baliousis, Evagelos. "Flora and Vegetation of the Island of Kalamos (Ionian Sea, Greece) – Floristic Analysis and Phytogeographical Aspects." Hacquetia 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hacq-2015-0002.

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Abstract The floristic investigation of the Ionian island of Kalamos resulted in the addition of 275 specific and infraspecific taxa, which are reported here, to a present total of 502 taxa. For each newly recorded taxon local distribution and habitat types are presented. Convolvulus pentapetaloides and Malcolmia graeca subsp. hydraea are reported for the first time from the Ionian islands. Some of the new records concern rare taxa in Greece or regional endemics, which are, therefore, chorologically significant, such as Alkanna corcyrensis, Stachys ionica, Heptaptera colladonioides. A brief description of some of the vegetation types of the island is given. The results of floristic analysis and phytogeographical aspects demonstrate the pronounced Mediterranean character of the island’s flora.

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Stepnowski, Piotr. "Preliminary Assessment of the Sorption of some Alkyl Imidazolium Cations as used in Ionic Liquids to Soils and Sediments." Australian Journal of Chemistry 58, no. 3 (2005): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch05018.

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The growing interest in the use of ionic liquids may soon result in their presence in the environment. In any evaluation of the environmental fate of these compounds, their sorption on soil is an essential parameter. This paper reports data on the sorption of ionic liquids on selected soils and marine sediments. Batch-equilibrium adsorption tests were conducted on a selection of imidazolium ionic liquid entities. All the compounds were strongly sorbed on all the soils under study. It seems that, regardless of the hydrophobic interaction with organic matter, non-hydrophobic interactions contribute to the sorption of these compounds to soils and sediments, which usually tends to occur with highly polar ionized groups such as quaternary moieties.

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Hitchcock, A. P., P. Lablanquie, P. Morin, E. Lizon A Lugrin, M. Simon, P. Thiry, and I. Nenner. "Ionic fragmentation ofK-shell excited and ionized CO." Physical Review A 37, no. 7 (April 1, 1988): 2448–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.37.2448.

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Liu, Yuyan, Hongjun Kang, Xianyun Gong, Lifei Mao, and Sonquan Wu. "The effect of ionic liquids on the decomposition behavior of epoxy resin in subcritical water." RSC Advances 5, no. 19 (2015): 14553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra14898c.

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The [Bmim]BF₄ and [Bmim]Cl/xZnCl₂ (x = 0.67) ionic liquids could improve the decomposition ratio, which was attributed to the ionized H⁺ from [Bmim]⁺. Meanwhile, the decomposition kinetics of resin system in subcritical water was also studied.

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Teng, Yunfei, Pei Liu, Lin Fu, Xiang-Yu Kong, Lei Jiang, and Liping Wen. "Bioinspired nervous signal transmission system based on two-dimensional laminar nanofluidics: From electronics to ionics." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 29 (July 1, 2020): 16743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005937117.

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Mammalian nervous systems, as natural ionic circuitries, stand out in environmental perception and sophisticated information transmission, relying on protein ionic channels and additional necessary structures. Prosperously emerged ionic regulated biomimetic nanochannels exhibit great potentialities in various application scenarios, especially signal transduction. Most reported direct current systems possess deficiencies in informational density and variability, which are superiorities of alternating current (AC) systems and necessities in bioinspired nervous signal transmission. Here, inspired by myelinated saltatory conduction, alternating electrostatic potential controlled nanofluidics are constructed with a noncontact application pattern and MXene nanosheets. Under time-variant external stimuli, ions confined in the interlaminar space obtain the capability of carriers for the AC ionic circuit. The transmitted information is accessible from typical sine to a frequency-modulated binary signal. This work demonstrates the potentiality of the bioinspired nervous signal transmission between electronics and ionic nanofluidics, which might push one step forward to the avenue of AC ionics.

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KAKKAR, RITA, MAMTA BHANDARI, and RITU GABA. "DFT STUDY OF SOME TRIVALENT d- AND f-BLOCK METAL ION COMPLEXES OF ALLOXAN." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 12, no. 06 (September 2013): 1350052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633613500521.

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Density functional calculations have been employed to elucidate the structures of some six coordinated complexes of alloxan monohydrate with some d- and f-block metals. Alloxan monohydrate may exist in the mono-ionized or di-ionized form in its complexes, and both states were investigated. It is found that when the metal ion is coordinated to three bidentate ligands, the structures are nearly trigonal prismatic, but replacement of a bidendate ligand by two monovalent ligands changes the geometry to deformed octahedral. The metal-alloxanate bonding is largely ionic for the lanthanoids. The calculated vibrational frequencies are in agreement with the experimentally determined ones.

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Bik, A., G. Östlin, V. Menacho, A. Adamo, M. Hayes, J. Melinder, and P. Amram. "The super star cluster driven feedback in ESO338-IG04 and Haro 11." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 12, S316 (August 2015): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316007031.

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AbstractThe stellar content of young massive star clusters emit large amounts of Lyman continuum photons and inject momentum into the inter stellar medium (ISM) by the strong stellar winds of the most massive stars in the cluster. When the most massive stars explode as supernovae, large amounts of mechanical energy are injected in the ISM. A detailed study of the ISM around these massive cluster provides insights on the effect of cluster feedback.We present high quality integral field spectroscopy taken with VLT/MUSE of two starburst galaxies: ESO 338-IG04 and Haro 11. Both galaxies contain a significant number of super star clusters. The MUSE data provide us with an unprecedented view of the state and kinematics of the ionized gas in the galaxy allowing us to study the effect of stellar feedback on small and large spatial scales. We present our recent results on studying the ISM state of these two galaxies. The data of both galaxies show that the mechanical and ionization feedback of the super star clusters in the galaxy modify the state and kinematics of the ISM substancially by creating highly ionized bubbles around the cluster, making the central part of the galaxy highly ionized. This shows that the HII regions around the individual clusters are density bounded, allowing the ionizing photons to escape and ionize the ISM further out.

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Silver, R. B., and D. C. Jackson. "Ionic compensation with no renal response to chronic hypercapnia in chrysemys picta bellii." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 251, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): R1228—R1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1986.251.6.r1228.

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The ionic compensatory response to CO2 breathing for 3 days was studied on intact and cystectomized turtles at 10 and 20 degrees C. Arterial blood gases, pH, ionized calcium, and the plasma concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl-, total Ca2+, and total Mg2+ were measured periodically. At 20 degrees C, ureteral urine was also collected from bladderless turtles and was analyzed for pH, ions, NH3+, total CO2, osmolality, and titratable acid. When CO2 was breathed there was a compensatory change in the strong-ion difference as manifest by an increase in plasma [HCO3-] that was approximately 10 meq/l both in the 10 and 20 degrees C turtles. The only significant associated strong-ion changes observed consistent with the ionic compensatory response were increases in total and ionized Ca2+ and total Mg2+. These results were unaffected at either temperature by surgical removal of the urinary bladder. Urine collected from cystectomized turtles showed no compensatory increase in acid excretion during hypercapnia; in fact, changes occurred in the opposite direction. Urinary excretion of HCO3- and urine pH increased significantly, whereas titratable acidity decreased significantly. No significant change occurred in ammonia excretion over the three days of hypercapnia. These data argue against compensatory roles for the kidneys and urinary bladder in this species and point to internal ionic exchanges involving bone and shell.

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van Ingen, H. E., H. J. Huijgen, W. T. Kok, and G. T. Sanders. "Analytical evaluation of Kone Microlyte determination of ionized magnesium." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.1.52.

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Abstract We performed an analytical evaluation of a commercially available instrument for determining ionized magnesium through use of a neutral carrier, liquid-membrane-based ion-selective electrode. Reproducibility (CV 2-4%), linearity (0.30-2.50 mmol/L), lower limit of detection (0.30 mmol/L), and absence of interference from Ca2+ indicate adequate performance for measuring ionized magnesium in plasma or serum samples in the normal to high-concentration range. Sodium in excess of 150 mmol/L caused a negative bias, which can be explained by ionic strength-induced changes in activity coefficients. The use of heparin as an anticoagulant must be restricted to concentrations < 15 units/mL because of the binding of magnesium to heparin. The mean +/- SD concentration of ionized magnesium and its fraction of total magnesium in 76 healthy volunteers were 0.56 +/- 0.05 mmol/L and 0.65 +/- 0.04, respectively.

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Santoro, F., M. Rose, R. Morganti, C. Tadhunter, T. A. Oosterloo, and J. Holt. "Probing multi-phase outflows and AGN feedback in compact radio galaxies: the case of PKS B1934-63." Astronomy & Astrophysics 617 (September 2018): A139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833248.

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Young radio AGN are pivotal for our understanding of many of the still-debated aspects of AGN feedback. In this paper we present a study of the interstellar medium (ISM) in the compact, peaked-spectrum radio galaxy PKS B1934-63 using X-shooter observations. Most of the warm ionized gas resides within a circum-nuclear disk with a radius of about 200 pc that is likely to constitute the gas reservoir from which the central black hole feeds. On the other hand, we find a biconical outflow of warm ionized gas with an estimated radius of 59 ± 12 pc. This matches the radial extent of the radio source and suggests that the outflow is jet driven. Thanks to the superior wavelength coverage of the data, we can estimate the density of the warm ionized gas using the trans-auroral line technique, and we find that the outflowing gas has remarkably high density, up to log ne (cm−3) ≃ 5.5. The estimated mass outflow rate is low (Ṁ = 10−3 −10−1 M⊙ yr−1), and the AGN feedback operates at relatively low efficiency (Ė/Lbol ∼ 10−4−10−3%). In addition, optical and near-IR line ratios show that the expansion of the radio source drives fast shocks (with velocities vs ≳ 500 km s−1) that ionize and accelerate the outflowing gas. At odds with the properties of other compact, peaked-spectrum radio sources hosting warm ionized gas outflows, we do not find signs of kinematically disturbed or outflowing gas in phases colder than the warm ionized gas. We argue that this is due to the young age of our source and thus to the recent nature of the AGN-ISM interaction, and suggest that cold gas forms within the outflowing material and the shock-ionized outflowing gas of PKS B1934-63 did not have enough time to cool down and accumulate in a colder phase. This scenario is also supported by the multi-phase outflows of other compact and young radio sources in the literature.

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Pelling, Christopher. "Speech and action: Herodotus' debate on the constitutions." Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 48 (2002): 123–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068673500000869.

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When Mardonius sailed along the coast of Asia and arrived in Ionia, something happened that will seem very wondrous to those Greeks who find it impossible to accept that Otanes proposed to the seven Persians that Persia ought to have a democratic government: for Mardonius suppressed all the Ionian tyrannies and established democracies in the cities. (Herodotus 6.43.3)

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Meenakshi, Moun, Dipanjan Mukherjee, Alexander Y. Wagner, Nicole P. H. Nesvadba, Raffaella Morganti, Reinier M. J. Janssen, and Geoffrey V. Bicknell. "The extent of ionization in simulations of radio-loud AGNs impacting kpc gas discs." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 511, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 1622–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac167.

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ABSTRACT We use the results of relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of jet-interstellar medium (ISM) interactions in a galaxy with a radio-loud AGN to quantify the extent of ionization in the central few kpcs of the gaseous galactic disc. We perform post-process radiative transfer of AGN radiation through the simulated gaseous jet-perturbed disc to estimate the extent of photo-ionization by the AGN with an incident luminosity of 1045 erg s−1. We also map the gas that is collisionally ionized due to shocks driven by the jet. The analysis was carried out for simulations with similar jet power (1045 erg s−1) but different jet orientations with respect to the gas disc. We find that the shocks from the jets can ionize a significant fraction (up to 33 ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) of dense gas ($n\gt 100\, \mathrm{cm^{-3}}$) in the disc, and that the jets clear out the central regions of gas for AGN radiation to penetrate to larger distances in the disc. Jets inclined towards the disc plane couple more strongly with the ISM and ionize a larger fraction of gas in the disc as compared to the vertical jet. However, similar to previous studies, we find that the AGN radiation is quickly absorbed by the outer layers of dense clouds in the disc, and is not able to substantially ionize the disc on a global scale. Thus, compared to jet–ISM interactions, we expect that photo-ionization by the AGN radiation only weakly affects the star-formation activity in the central regions of the galactic disc (≲ 1 kpc), although the jet-induced shocks can spread farther out.

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Becskereki, Gergely, George Horvai, and Blanka Tóth. "Adsorption of Hydrophobic Ions on Environmentally Relevant Sorbents." Polymers 14, no. 15 (August 3, 2022): 3167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14153167.

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Environmental monitoring and remediation often requires the collection of harmful substances from aqueous solutions. Absorption with solids is a useful technique for binding such substances even at very low concentration levels. Many of these contaminants are weak acids or bases. Some novel, nonionic polymeric sorbents, such as hypercrosslinked polymers or polymers with balanced hydrophilic-lipophilic properties (HLB) have been found to bind weak acids and bases with high distribution coefficients even at pH values where these compounds are almost completely ionized (typically near pH 7). To understand this phenomenon and its practical consequences, we have experimentally studied the adsorption of ionizable weak acids and bases as a function of pH and ionic strength on a the OASIS® HLB sorbent. Not surprisingly, the ionic forms of the weak acids and bases were found to be much less bound in the aqueous solution than their neutral forms. In spite of this, OASIS® HLB binds weak acids and bases around pH 7 considerably better than typical hydrophobic sorbents. The high overall distribution coefficients around pH 7 could be explained by two factors. One is that on OASIS® HLB, and on some other novel polymeric sorbents, the binding constant of the moderately hydrophobic neutral form is on the order of 100,000, i.e., much higher than on typical hydrophobic sorbents. Thus, even if the proportion of the neutral form in solution is only around 1% near pH 7, the adsorption of the neutral form is still significant. On the other hand, the binding of the apparently hydrophilic ionized forms occurs with distribution coefficients well above 100. The distribution coefficient of the ionic form appears to depend on ionic strength and the presence of competing ions. Adsorption of the ionic forms is found to be very similar to the adsorption of ionic surfactants. The pH dependence of the total adsorption of neutral and ionic forms together, is found to be steep around pH 7, and therefore the varying pH of natural waters may strongly influence the binding efficiency in practical applications, such as the collection (concentration) of contaminants or their passive sampling.

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Prihatinningtyas, Eka, and Agus Jatnika Effendi. "Karakterisasi Ekstrak Tapioka dan Tapioka Ionik sebagai Biokoagulan dalam Proses Pengolahan Air." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 19, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v19i2.2041.

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ABSTRACTThe ability of tapioca to act as natural coagulants (biocoagulants) was tested using artificial water. As turbidity was added as kaolin. This research aimed to determine the compounds and or groups that act as natural coagulant and to describe the mechanism of flocculation: extraction which yields tapioca extract and ion exchange which yields ionic tapioca. Coagulation process was performed at three different initial turbidities, i.e. 50 NTU (low turbidities), 150 NTU (middle turbidities) and 300 NTU (high initial turbidites). At the same condition (coagulant dose 20 ppmv, pH 5), ionic tapioca yield better turbidity removal compared tapioca extract i.e 11.2% at low initial turbidites; 2.4% at middle initial turbidities and 12.8% at high initial turbidities. FTIR analysis showed that tapioca extract and ionic tapioca contained of carboxyl, hydroxyl and amides groups which can act as active components on coagulation process. The presence of those groups caused positive and negative charges (amphoter). Coagulation process ran efficiently at pH 5 because the isoelectric point is obtained at that condition.Keyword : bio coagulants, coagulation, coagulant agents, ionic tapioca, tapioca extract,ABSTRAK Kemampuan tepung tapioka sebagai koagulan alami (biokoagulan) telah diuji dengan menggunakan limbah artifisial dari kaolin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan senyawa atau gugus yang berperan sebagai biokoagulan dan menjelaskan mekanisme flokulasi yang terjadi. Perlakuan awal tapioca sebelum digunakan sebagai koagulan adalah ekstraksi yang menghasilkan ekstrak tapioka dan pertukaran ion yang menghasilkan tapioka ionik. Proses koagulasi dilakukan pada 3 macam kekeruhan awal yaitu 50 NTU (kekeruhan rendah), 150 NTU (kekeruhan sedang) dan 300 NTU (kekeruhan tinggi). Pada kondisi operasi yang sama (dosis 20 ppmv dan pH 5), tapioka ionik memberikan efisiensi penurunan kekeruhan yang lebih tinggi, yaitu sebesar 11,0% pada kekeruhan awal 50 NTU; 2,4% pada kekeruhan awal 150 NTU dan 12,8% pada kekeruhan awal 300 NTU. Hasil analisa FTIR menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak tapioka dan tapioka ionik mempunyai gugus karboksil (-OH), gugus karboksil (-COOH) dan gugus amida (-CONH2). Keberadaan ketiga gugus tersebut menyebabkan biokoagulan ini memiliki muatan positif dan negatif sekaligus (amfoter). Proses koagulasi berjalan dengan efisien pada pH 5 karena titik isoelektrik diperoleh pada pH tersebut. Kata kunci : biokoagulan, koagulasi, agen koagulan, ekstrak tapioka, tapioka ionik

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Eliasson, H., M. Rudolph, N. Brenning, H. Hajihoseini, M. Zanáška, M. J. Adriaans, M. A. Raadu, T. M. Minea, J. T. Gudmundsson, and D. Lundin. "Modeling of high power impulse magnetron sputtering discharges with graphite target." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 30, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 115017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/ac352c.

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Abstract The ionization region model (IRM) is applied to model a high power impulse magnetron sputtering discharge in argon with a graphite target. Using the IRM, the temporal variation of the various species and the average electron energy, as well as internal parameters such as the ionization probability, back-attraction probability, and the ionized flux fraction of the sputtered species, is determined. It is found that thedischarge develops into working gas recycling and most of the discharge current at the cathode target surface is composed of Ar+ ions, which constitute over 90% of the discharge current, while the contribution of the C+ ions is always small ( < 5 %), even for peak current densities close to 3 A cm−2. For the target species, the time-averaged ionization probability ⟨α t,pulse⟩ is low, or 13–27%, the ion back-attraction probability during the pulse β t,pulse is high ( 92$?> > 92 %), and the ionized flux fraction is about 2%. It is concluded that in the operation range studied here it is a challenge to ionize carbon atoms, that are sputtered off of a graphite target in a magnetron sputtering discharge, when depositing amorphous carbon films.

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Oey, M. S., E. W. Pellegrini, P. F. Winkler, S. D. Points, R. C. Smith, A. E. Jaskot, and J. Zastrow. "HII radiative transfer revealed by ionization parameter mapping." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, H16 (August 2012): 587–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314012290.

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AbstractWe develop the technique of ionization parameter mapping (IPM) to probe the optical depth of Hii regions, applying our method to the Magellanic Clouds. Our results dramatically clarify the radiative transfer in these galaxies. Based on Sii, Oiii, and Hα imaging from the Magellanic Clouds Emission Line Survey, we find that the frequency of optically thin objects correlates strongly with Hα luminosity and correlates inversely with Hi column density. The aggregate escape fraction for the Lyman continuum is sufficient to ionize the diffuse, warm ionized medium, but the galactic escape fraction is dominated by the few largest Hii regions. The quantitative trends are similar in both the LMC and SMC in spite of their different star formation and Hi properties.

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Hitchcock, A. P., P. Lablanquie, P. Morin, E. Lizon, A. Lugrin, M. Simon, P. Thiry, and I. Nenner. "Erratum: Ionic fragmentation ofK-shell excited and ionized CO." Physical Review A 39, no. 11 (June 1, 1989): 6051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.39.6051.

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Barneveld, P. A., J. M. H. M. Scheutjens, and J. Lyklema. "Ionic features in free liquid films of non-ionics." Colloids and Surfaces 52 (January 1991): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-6622(91)80008-c.

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40

Denker, A., and H. Oniz. "3D MODELING OF THE ARCHAIC AMPHORAS OF IONIA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5/W5 (April 9, 2015): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-w5-85-2015.

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Few other regions offer such a rich collection of amphoras than the cities of Ionia. Throughout history amphoras of these cities had been spread all over the Mediterranean. Despite their common characteristics, amphora manufacturing cities of Ionia had their own distinctive styles that can be identified. They differed in details of shape and decoration. Each city produced an authentic type of amphora which served as a trademark of itself and enabled its attribution to where it originated from. That’s why, amphoras provide important insight into commerce of old ages and yield evidence into ancient sailing routes. Owing to this our knowledge of the ancient trade is profoundly enriched. The following is based on the finds of amphoras which originated from the Ionian cities of Chios, Clazomenai, Lesbos, Miletus, and Samos. Starting from city-specific forms which offer interpretative advantages in provenancing, this article surveys the salient features of the regional forms and styles of the those Ionian cities. 3D modeling is utilized with the aim of bringing fresh glimpses of the investigated amphoras by showing how they originally looked. Due to their virtual indestructibility these models offer interpretative advantages by enabling experimental testing of hypotheses upon the finds without risking them. The 3D models in the following sections were reconstructed from numerous fragments of necks, handles, body sherds and bases. They convey in color- unlike the monochrome drawings which we were accustomed to-the texture, decoration, tint and the vitality of the amphoras of Ionia.

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41

Allam, Dhaifullah, Ekki Kurniawan, and Irham Mulkan Rodiana. "DESIGN OF ELECTROLYSIS CURRENT CONTROL IN WATER IONIZER WITH VOLTAGE SOURCE FROM SOLAR ENERGY." JEEMECS (Journal of Electrical Engineering, Mechatronic and Computer Science) 5, no. 1 (February 18, 2022): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/jeemecs.v5i1.6160.

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Water is one of the human needs. There are many types of water that are needed and good for humans, including alkaline water and acidic water. Alkaline water has benefits, one of which is to improve the immune system. While acidic water has benefits, one of which is as an antiseptic or disinfectant. There are obstacles for this water-producing device, which is that it is still very expensive for water-producing equipment and it is still very rare to use solar energy as a source of electricity. The author will make a device that produces alkaline water and acid water with solar energy as a power source using a Solar Cell Module (MSS). Water ionizer is an instrument to ionize water and its mineral content by using water electrolysis method, so that the water ionizer can produce alkaline water and acid water. The tool in this study used a 20 WP solar cell module that stores electrical energy in a 12V 7AH battery. Other components used are the container water ionizer, PH4502C pH sensor, INA219 current sensor, DS18B20 temperature sensor which is connected to a microcontroller. The value of the current produced depends on the TDS of the water used, if the TDS of the water is high, the current generated is also high. Changes in pH obtained in this study with a maximum pH increase of 2.60 and a maximum decrease of 9,30 pH.

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Turek, M. "Ionization Efficiency in a Hot Flat Disc-Shaped Cavity." Devices and Methods of Measurements 11, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2020-11-2-132-139.

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Hot cavity ion sources of different kinds are widely used in nuclear and mass spectroscopy, especially in on-line isotope separation devices attracting attention of scientists and engineers looking for high ionization efficiency, robustness and beam purity. In the paper a new type of hot ionizer cavity is proposed: namely cavity having the shape of a flat disc, which may be especially suitable for short-lived nuclides to be ionized.A numerical model of the ion source is presented in the paper. The particle tracking code takes into account ionization at hot surfaces and enables modeling of both flat disc cavity and standard elongated cavity ionizers. The code enables calculation of total ionization efficiency and is suitable for stable and long-lived nuclides.Influence of the flat disc cavity geometry (thickness and radius) and its temperature on total ionization efficiency was considered – it was shown that the efficiency increases with cavity radius due to the growing number of particle-wall collisions. This effect may be important in the case of the hard-to-ionize nuclides.The optimal ionizer geometry is characterized by 90 % efficiency, even for substances with rather low ionization coefficient (of order 0.05). The role played by the size of the extraction opening is explained – it is demonstrated that the ionization efficiency increases due to the opening radius reduction. It is also proven that extraction voltage of 1–2 kV is sufficient to maintain optimal ionizer efficiency.

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Masters, P. W., and R. B. Payne. "Comparison of hypertonic and isotonic reference electrode junctions for measuring ionized calcium in whole blood: a clinical study." Clinical Chemistry 39, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 1082–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/39.6.1082.

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Abstract We measured ionized calcium concentrations in whole blood from 91 patients who had no clinical or biochemical evidence of disturbed calcium homeostasis and who had a wide range of serum albumin concentrations. We used both a standard Ciba-Corning 634 analyzer, which has a membrane-restricted saturated KCl reference electrode bridge, and a modified instrument with a 150 mmol/L NaCl bridge. After adjusting the externally standardized values from each instrument for their least-squares regressions on pH, there was a significant correlation between ionized calcium and albumin only with the standard analyzer. In contrast, only values from the modified instrument correlated with serum chloride; this was not explained by ionic strength or organic anion interferences. We conclude that there is unlikely to be any major advantage in using a membrane-restricted isotonic NaCl reference electrode for in vitro clinical measurements, although it may be of value for in vivo monitoring. The importance of measuring serum albumin when using most commercial ionized calcium analyzers is emphasized.

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Shimizu, Y., S. Yamazaki, and Y. Terashima. "Sorption of Anionic Pentachlorophenol (PCP) in Aquatic Environments: The Effect of pH." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 11 (June 1, 1992): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0271.

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The sorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP, pKa’ = 4.75) onto natural solids from aqueous phase was investigated by batch sorption experiments. The experimental aqueous phase was prepared for set values of pH (2 to 12) and ionic strength (0.1 M). Experimental results indicated that the sorption decreased with increasing pH over the entire pH range tested. A simple mathematical model, based on the hypotheses that the sorption coefficients of non-ionized and ionized species are different and the pH has only negligible effect on the natural solid characteristics, was applied to the pH range between 6 and 8, and the sorption coefficients (Kd) of both species were estimated. The Kd of ionized species (phenolate anion) was smaller than that of non-ionized species. The Kd of both species had poor correlation to the organic carbon content of natural solids. The Kd, however, correlated well with the swelling clay content and cation exchange capacity of natural solids. These results indicated that the sorption of PCP was not controlled by the organic carbon referenced hydrophobic sorption. For broader pH range (i.e., below 6 or above 8), the dependence of the natural solid characteristics on pH must be additionally included in the model.

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Riyanto, Agus, Simon Sembiring, and Junaidi. "KARAKTERISTIK FISIS ALUMINOSILIKAT GEOPOLIMER BERBASIS SILIKA SEKAM PADI UNTUK APLIKASI FAST IONIC CONDUCTOR." Reaktor 17, no. 2 (June 20, 2017): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.17.2.96-103.

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The study aims to investigate the effect of calcination temperatures on the phase formation and electrical properties of aluminosilicate geopolymer prepared from rice husk silica and sodium aluminate. The samples were calcined at temperature from 150 oC to 550 oC, the development of structures was characterized using x-ray difraction (XRD) and the electrical properties were measured by LCR meter. The result obtained indicated the significant role of calcining temperature on phase transformation of boehmite and quartz into aluminosilicate geopolymer, in which at calcining temperatures from 450 oC to 550 oC, and the samples were dominated by semicrystal to amorphous phase which indicated that the aluminosilicate geoplymer has been formed. The presence of aluminosilicate geopolymer resulted in increased ionic electrical conductivity and dielectric loss factor as well as decrease dielectric constant. Ionic electrical conductivity of the calcined sample at 450 oC is 4,49.10-5 S/cm at frequancy of 5.106 Hz, and XRD analysis demostrated that the main structure is phase of semicrystal aluminosilicate geopolymer. Based on these character, the sample was considered is very suitable used to the fast ionic conductor materials.Studi ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi efek suhu kalsinasi pada formasi fasa dan sifat listrik aluminosilikat geopolimer yang dipreparasi dari silika sekam padi dan sodium aluminat. Sampel dikalsinasi pada suhu 150 oC – 550 oC, perubahan struktur dikarakterisasi menggunakan x-ray difraction (XRD) dan sifat listrik diukur menggunakan LCR meter. Hasil yang diperoleh mengindikasikan pengaruh yang signifikan suhu kalsinasi pada transformasi boehmite dan quartz menjadi aluminosilikat geopolimer, dimana pada suhu kalsinasi 450 oC – 550 oC didominasi oleh fasa semikristal hingga amorf yang mencirikan terbetuknya aluminosilikat geopolimer. Terbentuknya struktur aluminosilikat geopolimer diikuti dengan peningkatan konduktivitas listrik ionik, penurunan konstanta dielektrik, serta peningkatan faktor rugi dielektrik. Nilai konduktivitas listrik ionik sampel kalsinasi 450 oC ialah 4,49.10-5 S/cm pada frekuensi 5.106 Hz, dan analisis XRD menunjukkan struktur utamanya berupa fasa semikristal aluminosilikat geopolimer. Berdasarkan karakteristik tersebut, sampel yang ditinjau merupakan material dengan konduktivitas ionik yang tinggi sehingga sampel tersebut sangat potensial untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai fast ionic conductor.

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Grieshammer, Steffen, and Sebastian Eisele. "Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations for Solid State Ionics: Case Studies with the MOCASSIN Program." Diffusion Foundations 29 (April 2021): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.29.117.

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Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations are a useful tool to predict and analyze the ionic conductivity in crystalline materials. We present here the basic functionalities and capabilities of our recently published Monte Carlo software for solid state ionics called MOCASSIN, exemplified by simulations of several model systems and real materials. We address the simulation of tracer correlation factors for various structures, the correlation in systems with complex migration mechanisms like interstitialcy or vehicle transport, and the impact of defect interactions on ionic conductivity. Simulations of real materials include a review of oxygen vacancy migration in doped ceria, oxygen interstitial migration in La-rich melilites, and proton conduction in acceptor doped fully hydrated barium zirconate. The results reveal the impact of defect interactions on the ionic conductivity and the importance of the defect distribution. Combinations of these effects can lead to unexpected transport behavior in solid state ionic materials, especially for multiple mobile species. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations are therefore useful to interpret experimental data which shows unexpected behavior regarding the dependence on temperature and composition.

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Sholihah, Ila Lailatun, Dani Gustaman Syarif, and Andhy Setiawan. "KETANGGUHAN RETAK, KEKERASAN DAN KONDUKTIVITAS IONIK CSZ SEBAGAI ELEKROLIT PADAT SOFC DENGAN PENAMBAHAN CuO." Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Nuklir Indonesia 16, no. 2 (August 5, 2015): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/jstni.2015.16.2.2360.

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ABSTRAK KETANGGUHAN RETAK, KEKERASAN DAN KONDUKTIVITAS IONIK CSZ SEBAGAI ELEKROLIT PADAT SOFC DENGAN PENAMBAHAN CuO. Penelitian mengenai pengaruh penambahan CuO terhadap konduktivitas ionik, kekerasan dan ketangguhan retak CSZ sebagai elektrolit padat SOFC telah dilakukan. CSZ didoping dengan CuO dengan konsentrasi 0, 1, dan 2 % berat. Pelet CSZ yang didoping CuO dikompaksi dengan tekanan 4 ton/cm2 dan disinter pada suhu 1475 0C selama 3 jam. Konduktivitas ionik diukur dengan menggunakan alat LCR meter. Konduktivitas ionik CSZ dengan doping 0, 1, dan 2 % berat CuO adalah 0,063 mS/cm; 0,110 mS/cm; dan 0,082 mS/cm. Kekerasan dan ketangguhan retak diukur dengan metode vickers menggunakan alat uji keras Zwick. Hasil kekerasan vickers berturut-turut 9,9 GPa; 12,1 GPa; dan 10,5 GPa, dan ketangguhan retak berturut-turut 1,61 MPa/m0,5; 1,85 MPa/m0,5; dan 1,54 MPa/m0,5. Analisis struktur kristal dilakukan dengan menggunakan XRD. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa keramik yang dibuat berfase kubik FCC. Analisis struktur mikro dengan menggunakan mikroskop optik menunjukkan bertambahnya ukuran butir dengan peningkatan 1% berat CuO. Secara keseluruhan penambahan CuO dengan konsentrasi 1% berat dapat memperbaiki sifat listrik dan sifat mekanik CSZ sebagai elektrolit padat. ABSTRACT FRACTURE TOUGHNESS, HARDNESS AND IONIC CONDUCTIVITY OF CSZ AS SOLID ELECTROLYTE WITH ADDITION OF CuO. A research on effect of CuO addition on ionic conductivity, hardness and fracture toughness of CSZ as solid electrolyte had been conducted. CSZ was doped with 0, 1, and 2 wt % CuO. Pellets of CuO doped CSZ had been prepared by pressing with pressure of 4 ton/cm2 and sintered at 1475oC for 3 hours. Ionic conductivity was measured by means of LCR meter. Ionic conductivity values of CSZ with doped 0, 1, and 2 % CuO were 0.063 mS/cm, 0.110 mS/cm, and 0.082 mS/cm. Hardness and fracture toughness were measured by vickers method using a hardness tester Zwick. The measured vickerss hardness were 9.9 GPa, 12.1 GPa and 10.5 GPa, and fracture toughness were 1.61 MPa/m0,5, 1.85 MPa/m0,5, and 1.54 MPa/m0,5. Crystal structure analysis was done by using XRD. The analysis result showed that the prepared ceramics have cubic phase of FCC. Microstructure analysis by using an optical microscope showed that grain size increased with the increased of 1 wt % CuO. The addition of CuO at conscentration of 1 wt % can improve the electrical and mechanical properties of CSZ as solid electrolyte.

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48

Shingles, Luke J., Andreas Flörs, Stuart A. Sim, Christine E. Collins, Friedrich K. Röpke, Ivo R. Seitenzahl, and Ken J. Shen. "Modelling the ionization state of Type Ia supernovae in the nebular phase." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 512, no. 4 (April 5, 2022): 6150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac902.

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ABSTRACT The nebular spectra of Type Ia supernovae (⪆100 d after explosion) consist mainly of emission lines from singly and doubly ionized Fe-group nuclei. However, theoretical models for many scenarios predict that non-thermal ionization leads to multiply ionized species whose recombination photons ionize and deplete Fe+, resulting in negligible [Fe ii] emission. We investigate a method to determine the collisional excitation conditions from [Fe ii] line ratios independently from the ionization state and find that it cannot be applied to highly ionized models due to the influence of recombination cascades on Fe+ level populations. When the ionization state is artificially lowered, the line ratios (and excitation conditions) are too similar to distinguish between explosion scenarios. We investigate changes to the treatment of non-thermal energy deposition as a way to reconcile overionized theoretical models with observations and find that a simple work function approximation provides closer agreement with the data for sub-Mch models than a detailed Spencer–Fano treatment with widely used cross-section data. To quantify the magnitude of additional heating processes that would be required to sufficiently reduce ionization from fast leptons, we artificially boost the rate of energy loss to free electrons. We find that the equivalent of as much as an eight times increase to the plasma loss rate would be needed to reconcile the sub-Mch model with observed spectra. Future studies could distinguish between reductions in the non-thermal ionization rates and increased recombination rates, such as by clumping.

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Mason, Charlotte A., and Max Gronke†. "Measuring the properties of reionized bubbles with resolved Lyα spectra." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 499, no. 1 (September 23, 2020): 1395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2910.

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ABSTRACT Identifying and characterizing reionized bubbles enables us to track both their size distribution, which depends on the primary ionizing sources, and the relationship between reionization and galaxy evolution. We demonstrate that spectrally resolved z ≳ 6 Lyman-alpha (Lyα) emission can constrain properties of reionized regions. Specifically, the distance from a source to a neutral region sets the minimum observable Lyα velocity offset from systemic. Detection of flux on the blue side of the Lyα resonance implies the source resides in a large, sufficiently ionized region that photons can escape without significant resonant absorption, and thus constrains both the sizes of and the residual neutral fractions within ionized bubbles. We estimate the extent of the region around galaxies which is optically thin to blue Lyα photons, analogous to quasar proximity zones, as a function of the source’s ionizing photon output and surrounding gas density. This optically thin region is typically ≲ 0.3 pMpc in radius (allowing transmission of flux ≳ −250 km s−1), ≲ 20 per cent of the distance to the neutral region. In a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate the z ≈ 6.6 galaxy COLA1 – with a blue Lyα peak – likely resides in an ionized region >0.7 pMpc, with residual neutral fraction <10−5.5. To ionize its own proximity zone we infer COLA1 has a high ionizing photon escape fraction (fesc > 0.50), relatively steep UV slope (β < −1.79), and low line-of-sight gas density (∼0.5 times the cosmic mean), suggesting it is a rare, underdense line-of-sight.

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50

Huang, De-Yi, Meng-Jiy Wang, Jih-Jen Wu, and Yu-Chie Chen. "Ionization of Volatile Organics and Nonvolatile Biomolecules Directly from a Titanium Slab for Mass Spectrometric Analysis." Molecules 26, no. 22 (November 9, 2021): 6760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226760.

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Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-mass spectrometry (MS) and electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS can cover the analysis of analytes from low to high polarities. Thus, an ion source that possesses these two ionization functions is useful. Atmospheric surface-assisted ionization (ASAI), which can be used to ionize polar and nonpolar analytes in vapor, liquid, and solid forms, was demonstrated in this study. The ionization of analytes through APCI or ESI was induced from the surface of a metal substrate such as a titanium slab. ASAI is a contactless approach operated at atmospheric pressure. No electric contacts nor any voltages were required to be applied on the metal substrate during ionization. When placing samples with high vapor pressure in condensed phase underneath a titanium slab close to the inlet of the mass spectrometer, analytes can be readily ionized and detected by the mass spectrometer. Furthermore, a sample droplet (~2 μL) containing high-polarity analytes, including polar organics and biomolecules, was ionized using the titanium slab. One titanium slab is sufficient to induce the ionization of analytes occurring in front of a mass spectrometer applied with a high voltage. Moreover, this ionization method can be used to detect high volatile or polar analytes through APCI-like or ESI-like processes, respectively.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ionizz'

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