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Journal articles on the topic 'Ionised gases'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Cooper and Toshiaki Makabe, Ron. "Introduction." Australian Journal of Physics 48, no. 3 (1995): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph950333.

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In recent scientific history Australia and Japan have been especially active and gained international acceptance as centres of excellence in the areas of gaseous electronics. In this area of study, the identity and behaviour of all species-both charged and neutral, molecular and fragmented-in ionised gases are studied and theoretically modelled.

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Bachmann, Karin, Annette PN Kutter, Rahel Jud Schefer, Charlotte Marly-Voquer, and Nadja Sigrist. "Determination of reference intervals and comparison of venous blood gas parameters using standard and non-standard collection methods in 24 cats." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 19, no. 8 (August 1, 2016): 831–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x16663269.

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Objectives The aim of this study was to determine in-house reference intervals (RIs) for venous blood analysis with the RAPIDPoint 500 blood gas analyser using blood gas syringes (BGSs) and to determine whether immediate analysis of venous blood collected into lithium heparin (LH) tubes can replace anaerobic blood sampling into BGSs. Methods Venous blood was collected from 24 healthy cats and directly transferred into a BGS and an LH tube. The BGS was immediately analysed on the RAPIDPoint 500 followed by the LH tube. The BGSs and LH tubes were compared using paired t-test or Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test, Bland–Altman and Passing–Bablok analysis. To assess clinical relevance, bias or percentage bias between BGSs and LH tubes was compared with the allowable total error (TEa) recommended for the respective parameter. Results Based on the values obtained from the BGSs, RIs were calculated for the evaluated parameters, including blood gases, electrolytes, glucose and lactate. Values derived from LH tubes showed no significant difference for standard bicarbonate, whole blood base excess, haematocrit, total haemoglobin, sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose and lactate, while pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen, actual bicarbonate, extracellular base excess, ionised calcium and anion gap were significantly different to the samples collected in BGSs ( P <0.05). Furthermore, pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen, extracellular base excess, ionised calcium and anion gap exceeded the recommended TEa. Conclusions and relevance Assessment of actual and standard bicarbonate, whole blood base excess, haematocrit, total haemoglobin, sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose and lactate can be made based on blood collected in LH tubes and analysed within 5 mins. For pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen, extracellular base excess, anion gap and ionised calcium the clinically relevant alterations have to be considered if analysed in LH tubes.

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3

Kusano, Reinosuke, and Yukihiro Kusano. "Applications of Plasma Technologies in Recycling Processes." Materials 17, no. 7 (April 7, 2024): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17071687.

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Plasmas are reactive ionised gases, which enable the creation of unique reaction fields. This allows plasmas to be widely used for a variety of chemical processes for materials, recycling among others. Because of the increase in urgency to find more sustainable methods of waste management, plasmas have been enthusiastically applied to recycling processes. This review presents recent developments of plasma technologies for recycling linked to economical models of circular economy and waste management hierarchies, exemplifying the thermal decomposition of organic components or substances, the recovery of inorganic materials like metals, the treatment of paper, wind turbine waste, and electronic waste. It is discovered that thermal plasmas are most applicable to thermal processes, whereas nonthermal plasmas are often applied in different contexts which utilise their chemical selectivity. Most applications of plasmas in recycling are successful, but there is room for advancements in applications. Additionally, further perspectives are discussed.

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4

Supan, L., G. Castelletti, A. D. Supanitsky, M. G. Burton, G. F. Wong, and C. Braiding. "Natal molecular cloud of SNR Kes 41. Complete characterisation." Astronomy & Astrophysics 619 (November 2018): A108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833183.

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Using high-resolution data of the 12CO and 13CO (J = 1–0) line emission from the Mopra Southern Galactic Plane CO Survey in conjunction with neutral hydrogen observations from the Southern Galactic Plane Survey (SGPS) and mid-infrared Spitzer data, we have explored the large-scale environment of the supernova remnant Kes 41. On the basis of these data, we identified for the first time the parent cloud of Kes 41 in its whole extension and surveyed the HII regions, masers, and the population of massive young stellar objects in the cloud. The whole unveiled giant cloud, located at the kinematic distance of 12.0 ± 3.6 kpc, whose average total mass and size are ~10–30 × 105 M⊙ and ~ 26′, also shines in γ-rays, as revealed by the Large Area Telescope on board the Fermi satellite. We determined a high average proton density ~500–1000 cm−3 in the large molecular complex, of which protons from the neutral atomic and ionised gases comprise only ~15%.

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5

Castiñeiras-Campos, Alfonso, Ignacio S. de la Cueva-Torregrosa, Josefa M. González-Pérez, Aurora G. Sicilia-Zafra, Elena Bugella-Altamirano, and Juan Niclós-Gutiérrez. "Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Poly > [(N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)- N'-carboxymethyl-1,2-ethylenediamine-N, N'-Diacetato)copper(II) Hydrate], {[Cu(Hhedta)] · H2O }n." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 55, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2000-0207.

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Abstract The stoichiometric reaction of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-ethylenediamine-N,N,N′-triacetic acid [H3hedta = (HOCH2CH2)(HO2CCH2)NC2H4N(CH2CO2H)2)] and copper(II) hydroxy-carbonate in water yields crystalline samples of poly-{(N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N′-carboxymethyl-1,2-ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetato)copper(II) hydrate}, {[Cu(Hhedta)] · H2O}n (I)-The compound was studied by TG analysis (with FT-IR study of the evolved gases), IR, electronic and ESR spectra, magnetic susceptibility data and single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. It crystallises in the orthorhombic system, space group Fdd2 (a = 21.906(2), b = 36.602(4), c = 6.928(1) Å, Z = 16, and final R1 = 0.029 for 1554 independent reflections). The Cu(II) atom exhibits a very distorted octahedral coordination (type 4+1 + 1). The Hhedta ligand plays a N,N′,O,O′O″-pentadentate chelating role as well as a O,O′-carboxylate bridging one and has a free N-carboxymethyl arm. The bridging carboxylate group of the Hhedta ligand leads to polymeric chains {[Cu(Hhedta)] · H2O}n parallel the c axis. A hydrogen bonding network involves all O-H polar bonds (non-ionised carboxylic and alcoholic hydroxyl groups and water molecules). The structure reveals the preferred formation of a copper(II)-(N-2-hydroxyethyl-amino) or copper(II)-(ethanolamino) versus a copper(II)-(N-carboxymethylamino) chelate ring.

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6

Greenwald, Raymond A. "Space Weather, SuperDARN and the Tasmanian Tiger." Australian Journal of Physics 50, no. 4 (1997): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/p96115.

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The plasma environment extending from the solar surface through interplanetary space to the outermost reaches of the Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field is dynamic, often disturbed, and capable of harming humans and damaging manmade systems. Disturbances in this environment have been identified as space weather disturbances. At the present time there is growing interest in monitoring and predicting space weather disturbances. In this paper we present some of the difficulties involved in achieving this goal by comparing the processes that drive tropospheric-weather systems with those that drive space-weather systems in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. The former are driven by pressure gradients which result from processes that heat and cool the atmosphere. The latter are driven by electric fields that result from interactions between the streams of ionised gases emerging from the Sun (solar wind) and the Earth’s magnetosphere. Although the dimensions of the Earth’s magnetosphere are vastly greater than those of tropospheric weather systems, the global space-weather response to changes in the solar wind is much more rapid than the response of tropospheric-weather systems to changing conditions. We shall demonstrate the rapid evolution of space-weather systems in the upper atmosphere through measurements with a global network of radars known as SuperDARN. We shall also describe how the SuperDARN network is evolving, including a newly funded Australian component known as the Tasman International Geospace Environmental Radar (TIGER).

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7

Hooper, E. Bickford. "The Physics of Ionized Gases." Fusion Technology 19, no. 3P1 (May 1991): 577–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst91-a29401.

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8

Conrads, J. "Polarization Spectroscopy of Ionized Gases." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 199, Part_1 (January 1997): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.1997.199.part_1.135.

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9

Xavier, Christine Fernandes, and G. M. Kremer. "On the Thermodynamics of Ionized Gases." Brazilian Journal of Physics 27, no. 4 (December 1997): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-97331997000400017.

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10

Fichtner, Horst, S. Ranga Sreenivasn, and Norbert Vormbrock. "Transfer integrals for fully ionized gases." Journal of Plasma Physics 55, no. 1 (February 1996): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800018699.

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The general transfer integrals describing the collisional exchange of momentum and energy between the constituents of multicoimponent gases are evaluated for different plasma scenarios characterized by Maxwellian as well as non-Maxwellian distribution functions of the plasma species. Following a brief presentation of the standard approximation frequently employed in the literature, a comparison of numerical evaluations of the transfer integrals for various distribution functions reveals significant differences in the corresponding collisional momentum and energy exchange rates, which are shown to depend mainly on the core structure of the distributions. We demonstrate the inadequacy of the standard approximation and hence the importance of an accurate evaluation of the transfer integrals with an application to the electron proton as well as the helium proton interaction in the solar wind plasma.

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11

Burritt, Mary F. "Electrolytes and Blood Gases (Ionized Calcium)." Analytical Chemistry 65, no. 12 (June 15, 1993): 409–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00060a608.

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12

Stiller, W., R. Schmidt, and R. Schuster. "Proton-transfer reactions in ionized gases." Radiation Physics and Chemistry (1977) 26, no. 5 (January 1985): 571–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-5724(85)90212-2.

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13

Zweibel, Ellen G., and Fabian Heitsch. "Fast Dynamos in Weakly Ionized Gases." Astrophysical Journal 684, no. 1 (September 2008): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/589825.

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14

Zweibel, Ellen G. "Magnetic reconnection in partially ionized gases." Astrophysical Journal 340 (May 1989): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/167416.

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15

Smirnov, B. M. "Physics of ionized gases - Book Review." IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine 20, no. 3 (May 2004): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mei.2004.1307100.

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16

Jen, Coty N., Jun Zhao, Peter H. McMurry, and David R. Hanson. "Chemical ionization of clusters formed from sulfuric acid and dimethylamine or diamines." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 19 (October 7, 2016): 12513–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12513-2016.

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Abstract. Chemical ionization (CI) mass spectrometers are used to study atmospheric nucleation by detecting clusters produced by reactions of sulfuric acid and various basic gases. These instruments typically use nitrate to deprotonate and thus chemically ionize the clusters. In this study, we compare cluster concentrations measured using either nitrate or acetate. Clusters were formed in a flow reactor from vapors of sulfuric acid and dimethylamine, ethylene diamine, tetramethylethylene diamine, or butanediamine (also known as putrescine). These comparisons show that nitrate is unable to chemically ionize clusters with high base content. In addition, we vary the ion–molecule reaction time to probe ion processes which include proton-transfer, ion–molecule clustering, and decomposition of ions. Ion decomposition upon deprotonation by acetate/nitrate was observed. More studies are needed to quantify to what extent ion decomposition affects observed cluster content and concentrations, especially those chemically ionized with acetate since it deprotonates more types of clusters than nitrate.Model calculations of the neutral and ion cluster formation pathways are also presented to better identify the cluster types that are not efficiently deprotonated by nitrate. Comparison of model and measured clusters indicate that sulfuric acid dimers with two diamines and sulfuric acid trimers with two or more base molecules are not efficiently chemical ionized by nitrate. We conclude that acetate CI provides better information on cluster abundancies and their base content than nitrate CI.

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17

Helling, Ch, D. Lewis, D. Samra, L. Carone, V. Graham, O. Herbort, K. L. Chubb, et al. "Cloud property trends in hot and ultra-hot giant gas planets (WASP-43b, WASP-103b, WASP-121b, HAT-P-7b, and WASP-18b)." Astronomy & Astrophysics 649 (May 2021): A44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039911.

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Context. Ultra-hot Jupiters are the hottest exoplanets that have been discovered so far. Observations begin to provide insight into the composition of their extended atmospheres and their chemical day/night asymmetries. Both are strongly affected by cloud formation. Aims. We explore trends in cloud properties for a sample of five giant gas planets: the hot gas giant WASP-43b and the four ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs) WASP-18b, HAT-P-7b, WASP-103b, and WASP-121b. This provides a reference frame for cloud properties for the JWST targets WASP-43b and WASP-121b. We further explore chemically inert tracers to observe geometrical asymmetries of UHJs and if the location of the inner boundary of a 3D global circulation model (3D GCM) matters for the clouds that form. Methods. A homogeneous set of 3D GCM results was used as input for a kinetic cloud formation code to evaluate the cloud opacity and gas parameters such as C/O, mean molecular weight, and degree of ionisation. We cast our results in terms of integrated quantities to enable a global comparison between the sample planets. Results. The large day/night temperature differences of UHJs cause the following chemical asymmetries: cloud-free days but cloudy nights, atomic versus molecular gases and their different mean molecular weights, deep thermal ionospheres versus low-ionised atmospheres, and undepleted versus enhanced C/O. WASP-18b, as the heaviest planet in the sample, has the lowest global C/O. Conclusions. The global climate may be considered as similar amongst UHJs, but different to that of hot gas giants. The local weather, however, is individual for each planet since the local thermodynamic conditions, and hence the local cloud and gas properties, differ. The morning and the evening terminator of UHJs will carry signatures of their strong chemical asymmetry such that ingress and egress asymmetries can be expected. An increased C/O ratio is a clear sign of cloud formation, making cloud modelling a necessity when utilising C/O (or other mineral ratios) as a tracer for planet formation. The changing geometrical extension of the atmosphere from the day to the nightside may be probed through chemically inert species such as helium. Ultra-hot Jupiters are likely to develop deep atmospheric ionospheres which may impact the atmosphere dynamics through magneto-hydrodynamic processes.

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18

Kazantsev, S. A., N. Ya Polinovskaya, L. N. Pyatnitskii, and S. A. Edel'man. "Polarization of atomic ensembles in ionized gases." Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 156, no. 9 (1988): 3–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.0156.198809a.0003.

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19

Leemans, W. P., C. E. Clayton, W. B. Mori, K. A. Marsh, A. Dyson, and C. Joshi. "Plasma physics aspects of tunnel-ionized gases." Physical Review Letters 68, no. 3 (January 20, 1992): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.68.321.

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20

Murphy, A. B. "Diffusion in equilibrium mixtures of ionized gases." Physical Review E 48, no. 5 (November 1, 1993): 3594–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.48.3594.

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21

Killie, Mari Anne, Ase Marit Janse, Oystein Lie‐Svendsen, and Egil Leer. "Improved Transport Equations for Fully Ionized Gases." Astrophysical Journal 604, no. 2 (April 2004): 842–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/382023.

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22

Ishigami, Toshihiko. "International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 86, no. 3 (2002): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.86.3_161.

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23

Kazantsev, S. A., N. Ya Polynovskaya, L. N. Pyatnitskiĭ, and S. A. Edel'man. "Polarization of atomic ensembles in ionized gases." Soviet Physics Uspekhi 31, no. 9 (September 30, 1988): 785–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/pu1988v031n09abeh005620.

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24

Huba, J. D. "Universal interchange instability in partially ionized gases." Physics of Fluids B: Plasma Physics 2, no. 11 (November 1990): 2547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.859378.

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25

He-Ping, Li, and Chen Xi. "Diffusion in Two-Temperature Partially Ionized Gases." Chinese Physics Letters 18, no. 4 (March 21, 2001): 547–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/18/4/327.

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26

Stenflo, L., N. L. Tsintsadze, and T. D. Buadze. "Solitary acoustic waves in weakly ionized gases." Physics Letters A 135, no. 1 (February 1989): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(89)90722-6.

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27

Podder, N. K., R. B. Wilson IV, and P. Bletzinger. "Shock wave propagation in neutral and ionized gases." Journal of Applied Physics 104, no. 5 (September 2008): 053301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2973683.

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28

Takeda, Susumu. "The Electron Temperature in Low Density Ionized Gases." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 58, no. 7 (July 15, 1989): 2599–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.58.2599.

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29

Longo, S. "Kinetic simulation of neutral and weakly ionized gases." Computer Physics Communications 177, no. 1-2 (July 2007): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2007.02.080.

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30

Erwin, D. A., and J. A. Kunc. "Scalar DC electrical conductivity of partially ionized gases." Computer Physics Communications 42, no. 1 (September 1986): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4655(86)90236-5.

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31

Raju, T. Linga. "Electro-Magnetohydrodynamic Two Fluid Flow of Ionized-Gases with Hall and Rotation Effects." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 128–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijame-2021-0054.

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Abstract An electro-magnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) two fluid flow and heat transfer of ionized gases through a horizontal channel surrounded by non-conducting plates in a rotating framework with Hall currents is investigated. The Hall effect is considered with an assumption that the gases are completely ionized and the strength of the applied transverse magnetic field is strong. The governing equations are solved analytically for the temperature and velocity distributions in two fluid flow regions. The numerical solutions are demonstrated graphically for various physical parameters such the Hartmann number, Hall parameter, rotation parameter, and so on. It was noticed that an increment is either due to the Hall parameter or the rotation parameter reduces the temperature in the two regions.

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32

Shirinzadeh, B., G. C. Herring, and R. J. Exton. "Examination of Anomalous Shock Velocities in Weakly Ionized Gases." AIAA Journal 39, no. 6 (June 2001): 1210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.1438.

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33

Malyshkin, Leonid M., and Ellen G. Zweibel. "ONSET OF FAST MAGNETIC RECONNECTION IN PARTIALLY IONIZED GASES." Astrophysical Journal 739, no. 2 (September 8, 2011): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/739/2/72.

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34

Sunka, Milan Simek and Pavel. "The 28th International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 17, no. 2 (May 1, 2008): 020201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/17/2/020201.

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Urquijo, J. de. "The 29th International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 19, no. 3 (May 21, 2010): 030201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/19/3/030201.

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36

Morozov, A., Y. Luo, S. Suckewer, D. F. Gordon, and P. Sprangle. "Propagation of ultrashort laser pulses in optically ionized gases." Physics of Plasmas 17, no. 2 (February 2010): 023101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3294559.

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37

Kunhardt, E. E., J. Wu, and B. Penetrante. "Nonequilibrium macroscopic descriptions of electrons in weakly ionized gases." Physical Review A 37, no. 5 (March 1, 1988): 1654–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.37.1654.

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38

Matsoukas, Themis, and Marc Russell. "Fokker-Planck description of particle charging in ionized gases." Physical Review E 55, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.55.991.

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39

Belevtsev, A. A. "Charge kinetics in weakly ionized plasma of electronegative gases." High Temperature 51, no. 4 (July 2013): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0018151x13040020.

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Shirinzadeh, B., G. C. Herring, and R. J. Exton. "Examination of anomalous shock velocities in weakly ionized gases." AIAA Journal 39 (January 2001): 1210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.14859.

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41

Gallardo, Mario, Fausto Bredice, Monica Raineri, and Jorge Reyna Almandos. "Light source for obtaining spectra of highly ionized gases." Applied Optics 28, no. 21 (November 1, 1989): 4513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.28.004513.

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42

Kunhardt, E. E. "Electron macrokinetics in partially ionized gases: The hydrodynamic regime." Physical Review A 42, no. 2 (July 1, 1990): 803–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.42.803.

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43

Matsoukas, Themis. "The Coagulation Rate of Charged Aerosols in Ionized Gases." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 187, no. 2 (March 1997): 474–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1996.4723.

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44

Landt, M., G. L. Hortin, C. H. Smith, A. McClellan, and M. G. Scott. "Interference in ionized calcium measurements by heparin salts." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.4.565.

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Abstract We determined the suitability of various heparin salts used for anticoagulation of whole-blood specimens for measurement of ionized calcium (iCa), blood gases, and electrolytes. We were particularly interested in a new heparin product containing both zinc and lithium cations (CNLZ heparin), in which the binding sites with greatest affinity for divalent cations are bound with zinc and low-affinity sites with lithium. In initial experiments Li heparin decreased iCa concentrations 0.07 mmol/L at the lowest heparin concentration (3000 units/L) and progressively lowered them at higher concentrations. Zn heparin initially increased iCa concentrations 0.06 mmol/L but progressively lowered them as the heparin concentration was increased. Li heparin interfered even when present in amounts (9 units per 3-mL syringe) minimally effective in preventing coagulation. Use of CNLZ heparin (36 units per 3-mL syringe; Zn 63-78 g/kg of heparin) largely eliminated interference of heparin in iCa measurements. In studies that included the effects of concentration of heparin through partial filling of syringes, specimens anticoagulated with CNLZ heparin compared well with unheparinized controls in measurements of iCa, blood gases, and electrolytes. Blood gases and iCa results on CNLZ-heparinized specimens from intensive-care-unit patients also compared well with specimens anticoagulated with a preparation of heparin (EB heparin) in which calcium has been added to balance the calcium-binding capacity. However, the presence of calcium in EB heparin significantly increased measured total calcium concentrations, whereas the new CNLZ heparin did not interfere in total calcium determinations.

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45

Toffaletti, J., R. H. Christenson, S. Mullins, and R. E. Harris. "Relationship between serum lactate and ionized calcium in open-heart surgery." Clinical Chemistry 32, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 1849–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/32.10.1849.

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Abstract We studied 16 patients undergoing open-heart surgery and heart-lung bypass, to examine the relationship between ionized calcium and lactate. Blood was sampled at successive stages of the operation for measurement of ionized and total calcium, lactate, blood gases, pH, hematocrit, and other constituents. We found that correlations between ionized calcium and lactate were positive and statistically significant (p less than 0.05), both among and within patients. The linear regression of ionized calcium on lactate remained highly significant (p less than 0.0001) after adjustment for variability among patients and across operative stages as well as after correction for pH and hemodilution. The significant regressions between calcium and lactate, both before and after administration of calcium, indicate a relationship for calcium and lactate in patients undergoing open-heart surgery.

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46

Raju, T. Linga, and B. Venkat Rao. "Unsteady Electro-Magneto Hydrodynamic Flow and Heat Transfer of Two Ionized Fluids in a Rotating System with Hall Currents." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijame-2022-0009.

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Abstract An unsteady flow and heat transmission of ionized gases via a horizontal channel enclosed by non-conducting plates in a rotating framework with Hall currents is examined using electro-magnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) two-fluid heat flow. The Hall current impact is taken into account by assuming that the gases are totally ionized, the applied transverse magnetic field is very strong. For temperature and velocity distributions in two-fluid flow regions, the governing equations are solved analytically. For numerous physical parameters such as the Hartmann number, Hall parameter, rotation parameter, viscosity ratio, and so on, numerical solutions are visually displayed. It was discovered that an increase in temperature in the two regions is caused by the thermal conductivity ratio. It was also realized that an increase in rate of heat transfer coefficient at the plates is caused by either the Hartman number or the Hall parameter.

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Carter, B. G., J. Tibballs, M. Hochmann, A. Osborne, A. Chiriano, and G. Murray. "A Comparison of Syringes to Collect Blood for Analysis of Gases, Electrolytes and Glucose." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 22, no. 6 (December 1994): 698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9402200610.

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Abstract:

We studied the interchangeability of two blood gas syringes (Johns, Hardie Health Care Products Pty Ltd and Marksman, Martell Medical Products Inc) for the collection of blood for the analysis of PCO2, PO2, pH, sodium, potassium and glucose in 71 intensive care unit patients. The interchangeability of these two syringes with a specially designed syringe (Radiometer, Radiometer A/S) for the collection of blood for the analysis of ionized calcium was also studied. Analysis of pH, sodium, potassium and glucose showed no clinically significant differences between samples collected with Johns and Marksman syringes. However, differences in PCO2 and PO2 in samples collected with these syringes may be clinically significant if the PO2 is less than 100 mmHg. There were no clinically significant differences in ionized calcium levels in blood samples collected with Johns, Marksman and Radiometer syringes. We conclude that Johns and Marksman syringes are interchangeable for the collection of blood for the analysis of PCO2, PO2, pH, sodium, potassium and glucose and they are also interchangeable with Radiometer syringes for the collection of blood for ionized calcium analysis.

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Colonna, Gianpiero, and Mario Capitelli. "Boltzmann and Master Equations for Magnetohydrodynamics in Weakly Ionized Gases." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 22, no. 3 (July 2008): 414–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.33479.

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Zhang, X. N., A. B. Murphy, H. P. Li, and W. D. Xia. "Combined diffusion coefficients for a mixture of three ionized gases." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 23, no. 6 (October 27, 2014): 065044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/23/6/065044.

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Rodbard, M. G., A. G. Bezerra, and G. M. Kremer. "A combined Chapman–Enskog and Grad method. II. Ionized gases." Physics of Plasmas 2, no. 3 (March 1995): 642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871416.

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