Journal articles: 'Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC)'

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Kumar, Ponnusamy Senthil, and P. R. Yaashikaa. "Ionic Polymer Metal Composites." Diffusion Foundations 23 (August 2019): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.23.64.

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Electroactive polymers, or EAPs, are polymers that show an adjustment fit as a fiddle when invigorated by an electric field. Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) are electro-dynamic polymers with great electromechanical coupling properties. They are proficient applicants in many progressed innovative applications, for example, actuators, artificial muscles, biomimetic sensors, and so forth. Type of membrane and electrodes determines the morphology and structure of IPMCs. IPMCs can be prepared using physical loading, chemical deposition and electroplating methods. The assembling of anodes for IPMCs is exceptionally basic in their electromechanical coupling. Optimization of force, determination of cations and molecule size dispersal inside the IPMC structure, and so on are the different components, which decides their proficiency. An ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) comprising of a thin Nafion sheet, platinum plated on the two side faces, experiences extensive twisting movement when an electric field is connected over its thickness. Then again, a voltage is created over its appearances when it is all of a sudden bends. IPMCs are best known for their proving advantages such as biocompactible, low activating voltage and more power efficiency

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Khmelnitskiy, I. K., V. M. Aivazyan, N. I. Alekseyev, A. P. Broyko, V. V. Luchinin, and D. O. Testov. "Investigation of Ionic EAP Actuators with Metal and Polymer Electrodes in Aqueous Medium." Nano- i Mikrosistemnaya Tehnika 23, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/nmst.23.32-43.

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Electroactive polymers (EAP) are promising materials for creating electromechanical transducers. Among ionic EAP, ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC), which are an ion-exchange membrane with metal electrodes on both sides, have been widely spread and well studied. The evolutionary development of IPMC results in ionic polymer-polymer composites (IP2C), in which polymer electrodes are used. To obtain IPMC actuators with platinum electrodes, the method of chemical reduction from the salt solution was chosen, and to obtain IP2C actuators with PEDOT electrodes, the method of in situ polymerization of the monomer on the membrane surface was chosen. Samples of 2x0.5 cm in size based on the MF-4SK membrane with a thickness of 290 μm were preliminarily kept in deionized water (H+ form) and in 0.1 M CuSO4 aqueous solution (Cu2+ form), after which their performance was studied in air, in deionized water, as well as in aqueous solutions of CuSO4 and NaCl. When applying a DC voltage and a sine wave AC voltage, a decrease in the maximum displacement and peak-to-peak displacement of the IPMC actuators and IP2C actuators with an increase in the ionic strength of the liquid was observed, except for the case of the IPMC actuator operation in CuSO4 aqueous solutions. In all considered media, the IPMC actuators and IP2C actuators in Cu2+ form displaced more strongly than the corresponding samples in H+ form, except for the IP2C actuators in deionized water. The largest peak-to-peak displacement was demonstrated by the IPMC actuators in Cu2+form when operating in air (5 mm) and the IP2С actuators in H+ form when operating in deionized water (8.4 mm).

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Huang, Liangsong, Yu Hu, Yun Zhao, and Yuxia Li. "Modeling and Control of IPMC Actuators Based on LSSVM-NARX Paradigm." Mathematics 7, no. 8 (August 13, 2019): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7080741.

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Ionic polymer-metal composites are electrically driven intelligent composites that are readily exposed to bending deformations in the presence of external electric fields. Owing to their advantages, ionicpolymer-metal composites are promising candidates for actuators. However, ionicpolymer-metal composites exhibit strong nonlinear properties, especially hysteresis characteristics, resulting in severely reduced control accuracy. This study proposes an ionic polymer-metal composite platform and investigates its modeling and control. First, the hysteresis characteristics of the proposed Pt-electrode ionic polymer-metal composite are tested. Based on the hysteresis characteristics, ionic polymer-metal composites are modeled using the Prandtl-Ishlinskii model and the least squares support vector machine-nonlinear autoregressive model, respectively. Then, the ionic polymer-metal composite is driven by a random sinusoidal voltage, and the LSSVM-NARX model is established on the basis of the displacement data obtained. In addition, an artificial bee colony algorithm is proposed for accuracy optimization of the model parameters. Finally, an inverse controller based on the least squares support vector machine-nonlinear autoregressive model is proposed to compensate the hysteresis characteristics of the ionic polymer-metal composite. A hybrid PID feedback controller is developed by combining the inverse controller with PID feedback control, followed by simulation and testing of its actual position control on the ionic polymer-metal composite platform. The results show that the hybrid PID feedback control system can effectively eliminate the effects of the hysteresis characteristics on ionic polymer-metal composite control.

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Koślik, Karina, Paweł Kowol, Rafał Brociek, Agata Wajda, and Grazia Lo Sciuto. "Design of Laboratory Stand for Displacement Measurement of IPMC Actuators." Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031271.

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The polymer technology based on Electroactive polymers and metal composite ionic polymer has great potential and advantages in many engineering fields. In this paper, a laboratory stand for testing Ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMC) is presented. The laboratory station includes a power supply system and a measuring system for the displacement of IPMC composites. Tests and measurements are carried out using a laser transducer and a camera equipped with image analysis software to determine the IPMC strips displacement. The experimental investigation of IPMCs under different voltage supplies and waveforms, environmental working humidity conditions, temperature, and loading conditions has proved the significant influence of geometric dimension and the effect of increased stress on the displacement value. For materials powered by a higher voltage value, an increased deflection value was noted. In case of displacement, longer is the sample, higher is the displacement value. The length of the sample under load, affects adversely its performance,resulting in an increase in the load on the sample. For samples of a thick size, a more stable movement with and without load can be noticed.

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Caponetto, R., S. Graziani, F. Sapuppo, and V. Tomasello. "An Enhanced Fractional Order Model of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites Actuator." Advances in Mathematical Physics 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/717659.

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Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) are electroactive polymers which transform the mechanical forces into electric signals and vice versa. The paper proposes an enhanced fractional order transfer function (FOTF) model for IPMC membrane working as actuator. In particular the IPMC model has been characterized through experimentation, and a more detailed structure of its FOTF has been determined via optimization routines. The minimization error was attained comparing the simple genetic algorithms with the simplex method and considering the error between the experimental and model derived frequency responses as cost functions.

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Zhang, Peng, and Maurizio Porfiri. "Modeling the actuation of curved ionic polymer metal composites." Smart Materials and Structures 31, no. 3 (February 3, 2022): 035013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac4c73.

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Abstract An ionic polymer metal composites (IPMC) is a soft actuator that consists of an ionomer membrane, neutralized by mobile counterions and plated by metal electrodes. Despite their early promise in robotics, medical devices, and microsystem technologies, widespread application of IPMC actuators is far from being reached. Recent advancements in additive manufacturing technologies have the potential to expand the reach of IPMCs by affording the realization of complex, design-specific geometries that were impossible to attain with standard manufacturing techniques. For this potential to be attained, it is critical to establish physically-based models that could inform 3D printing, beyond the flat, thin, non-tapered geometries that have been the object of investigation for almost three decades. Here, we bridge this gap by presenting an analytical framework to study actuation of a double-clamped IPMC arch under an applied voltage. We adopt a thermodynamically the consistent continuum model to describe the coupled electrochemo-mechanical phenomena taking place within the IPMC. We establish an analytical solution for the electrochemistry using the method of matched asymptotic expansions, which is, in turn, utilized to compute osmotic pressure and Maxwell stress. The mechanical response of the IPMC arch is modeled as a plane strain problem with an induced state of eigenstress, which is solved with the use of a smooth Airy function. The accuracy of our analytical solution is validated through finite element simulations. Through a parametric analysis, we investigate the effect of curvature on the deformation and the reaction forces exerted by the clamps. The proposed analytical framework offers new insight into the response of curved IPMCs, in which progress on 3D printing should be grounded.

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Truszkowska, A., and M. Porfiri. "Molecular dynamics of ionic polymer-metal composites." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2208 (August 30, 2021): 20200408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0408.

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Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) constitute a promising class of soft, active materials with potentially ubiquitous use in science and engineering. Realizing the full potential of IPMCs calls for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underpinning their most intriguing characteristics: the ability to deform under an electric field and the generation of a voltage upon mechanical deformation. These behaviours are tightly linked to physical phenomena at the level of atoms, including rearrangements of ions and molecules, along with the formation of sub-nanometre thick double layers on the surface of the metal electrodes. Several continuum theories have been developed to describe these phenomena, but their experimental and theoretical validation remains incomplete. IPMC modelling at the atomistic scale could beget valuable support for these efforts, by affording granular analysis of individual atoms. Here, we present a simplified atomistic model of IPMCs based on classical molecular dynamics. The three-dimensional IPMC membrane is constrained by two smooth walls, a simplified analogue of metal electrodes, impermeable only to counterions. The electric field is applied as an additional force acting on all the atoms. We demonstrate the feasibility of simulating counterions’ migration and pile-up upon the application of an electric field, similar to experimental observations. By analysing the spatial configuration of atoms and stress distribution, we identify two mechanisms for stress generation. The presented model offers new insight into the physical underpinnings of actuation and sensing in IPMCs. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Progress in mesoscale methods for fluid dynamics simulation’.

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Li, Shu Feng. "Effect of Thickness and Length of Ion Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC) on its Actuation Properties." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.401.

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IPMC (ionic polymer metal composite), a kind of ionic electroactive polymer (EAP) has wide applications in the filed of bionics and artificial apparatus for its fast and large bending deformation under the low driving voltages. In this paper, thick IPMCs with various numbers of films were first fabricated by the hot-pressing method. Then the effect of the thickness on its properties, such as the tip forces and water uptake capability, were investigated. The effect of length of the IPMC on its tip forces was further studied. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) micrographs of IPMC specimen were also examined.

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Oh, Il Kwon, and Jin Han Jeon. "Dynamic Characteristics of Novel Ionic-Polymer-Metal-Composites." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.208.

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The IPMC, one of new sensing and actuating materials is known for the fast and flexible bending actuation upon electric fields. In this paper, we investigated the dynamic deformation characteristics of the novel IPMC according to several fabrication methods. First we studied the effect of the surface modification of metallic electrodes on the large deformation. Present results show that the sandblasting method can give more reliable and large deflections than the sandpapering method under the same control voltage because the platinum electrode can be infiltrated into the ionic-polymer by the sandblasting method. Second, the IPMC with Li+ counter ions shows more large deformation than that with any other counter ions. Also, present results show the dynamic hysteresis according to driving voltages.

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Zhao, Yang, Bing Xu, Bu Lei Xu, Ling Ke Yu, and Dao Heng Sun. "Study on the Performance of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites of Various Fabrication Technique." Advanced Materials Research 815 (October 2013): 650–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.815.650.

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onic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC) is a new kind of electro-active smart material that has many advantages including bending actuation, large displacement, low weight, low driven voltage, low power consumption, flexibility etc. The mechanical characteristic of IPMC is related to ionic polymer membrane, such as thickness, roughening, cation type and so on. In this paper, the actuation principle of IPMC and fabrication technique of NafionTM membrane is presented. The performance of IPMC with Nafion membrane pre-treatment, different cation type and thickness are investigated. Experiment results showed that the fabrication process of ionic polymer membrane Nafion change can improve the performance of IPMC effectively.

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He, Qingsong, Guoxiao Yin, David Vokoun, Qi Shen, Ji Lu, Xiaofang Liu, Xianrui Xu, Min Yu, and Zhendong Dai. "Review on Improvement, Modeling, and Application of Ionic Polymer Metal Composite Artificial Muscle." Journal of Bionic Engineering 19, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 279–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42235-022-00153-9.

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AbstractRecently, researchers have concentrated on studying ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) artificial muscle, which has numerous advantages including a relatively large strain under low input voltage, flexibility, high response, low noise, light weight, and high driving energy density. This paper reports recent developments in IPMC artificial muscle, including improvement methods, modeling, and applications. Different types of IPMCs are described, along with various methods for overcoming some shortcomings, including improvement of Nafion matrix membranes, surface preparation of Nafion membranes, the choice of high-performing electrodes, and new electro-active polymers for enhancing the properties of IPMCs. IPMC models are also reviewed, providing theoretical guidance for studying the performance and applications of IPMCs. Successful applications such as bio-inspired robots, opto-mechatronic systems, and medical engineering are discussed.

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He, Chendong, Yunqing Gu, Junjun Zhang, Longbiao Ma, Muhan Yan, Jiegang Mou, and Yun Ren. "Preparation and Modification Technology Analysis of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 3522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073522.

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As a new type of flexible smart material, ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) has the advantages of being lightweight and having fast responses, good flexibility, and large deformation ranges. However, IPMC has the disadvantages of a small driving force and short lifespan. Based on this, this paper firstly analyzes the driving mechanism of IPMC. Then, it focuses on the current preparation technology of IPMC from the aspects of electroless plating and mechanical plating. The advantages and disadvantages of various preparation methods are analyzed. Due to the special driving mechanism of IPMC, there is a problem of short non-aqueous working time. Therefore, the modification research of IPMC is reviewed from the aspects of the basement membrane, working medium, and electrode materials. Finally, the current challenges and future development prospects of IPMC are discussed.

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Shahinpoor, Mohsen. "Chitosan/IPMC Artificial Muscles." Advances in Science and Technology 79 (September 2012): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.79.32.

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This presentation discusses how biopolymers such as chitosan and ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) can be combined by intercalation and co-polymerization to form a new nanocomposite with actuation, energy harvesting and sensing capabilities and yet have medical healing and diagnostics capabilities. Described are chitosan and ionic polymeric networks containing conjugated ions that can be redistributed by an imposed electric field and consequently act as distributed nanosensors, nanoactuators and artificial muscles. The presentation briefly discusses the manufacturing methodologies and the fundamental properties and characteristics of such chitosan/ionic polymers as distributed nanosensors, nanoactuators and artificial muscles. It will further include descriptions of the basic materials' typical molecular structures. An ionic model based on charge dynamics of the underlying sensing and actuation mechanisms is also presented. Intercalation of chitosan biopolymer and ionic polymers such as perfluorinated sufonic ionomers and subsequent chemical plating of them with a noble metal by a REDOX operation is also reported and the properties of the new product are briefly discussed.

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MohdIsa, WanHasbullah, Andres Hunt, and S. Hassan HosseinNia. "Sensing and Self-Sensing Actuation Methods for Ionic Polymer–Metal Composite (IPMC): A Review." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 14, 2019): 3967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183967.

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Ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMC) are smart material transducers that bend in response to low-voltage stimuli and generate voltage in response to bending. IPMCs are mechanically compliant, simple in construction, and easy to cut into desired shape. This allows the designing of novel sensing and actuation systems, e.g., for soft and bio-inspired robotics. IPMC sensing can be implemented in multiple ways, resulting in significantly different sensing characteristics. This paper will review the methods and research efforts to use IPMCs as deformation sensors. We will address efforts to model the IPMC sensing phenomenon, and implementation and characteristics of different IPMC sensing methods. Proposed sensing methods are divided into active sensing, passive sensing, and self-sensing actuation (SSA), whereas the active sensing methods measure one of IPMC-generated voltage, charge, or current; passive methods measure variations in IPMC impedances, or use it in capacitive sensor element circuit, and SSA methods implement simultaneous sensing and actuation on the same IPMC sample. Frequency ranges for reliable sensing vary among the methods, and no single method has been demonstrated to be effective for sensing in the full spectrum of IPMC actuation capabilities, i.e., from DC to ∼100 Hz. However, this limitation can be overcome by combining several sensing methods.

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Zhao, Chun, Yujun Ji, Gangqiang Tang, Xin Zhao, Dong Mei, Jie Ru, Denglin Zhu, and Yanjie Wang. "Rapid Preparation of Novel Ionic Polymer–Metal Composite for Improving Humidity Sensing Effect." Polymers 15, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15030733.

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Ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMCs) have attracted attention in recent years due to their integration of actuation and sensing functions. As one of the main sensing functions of IPMCs, humidity sensing has been of consistent interest in wearable health monitors and artificial skin. However, there are still some technical challenges in that classical IPMCs have poor humidity sensing performance due to their dense surface electrode, and IPMCs are damaged easily due to an electrode/membrane mismatch. In this work, through the spraying and electrodepositing process, we developed an efficient method to rapidly prepare a Au-shell-Ag-NW (silver nanowire)-based IPMC with high strength, low surface resistance and excellent humidity sensing performance. Meanwhile, we optimized the preparation method by clarifying the influence of solvent type and electrodepositing time on the performance of the Au-shell-Ag-NW-based IPMC, thus effectively improving the humidity sensing effect and strength of the IPMC. Compared with previous research, the humidity electrical response (~9.6 mV) of the Au-shell-Ag-NW-based IPMC is at least two orders of magnitude higher than that of the classical IPMC (~0.41 mV), which is mainly attributed to the sparse gap structure for promoting the exchange of water molecules in the environment and Nafion membrane, a low surface resistance (~3.4 Ohm/sq) for transmitting the signal, and a seamless connection between the electrode and Nafion membrane for fully collecting the ion charges in the Nafion membrane. Additionally, the Au-shell-Ag-NW-based IPMC could effectively monitor the human breathing process, and the humidity sensing performance did not change after being exposed to the air for 4 weeks, which further indicates that the Au-shell-Ag-NW-based IPMC has good application potential due to its efficient preparation technology, high stability and good reproducibility.

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Sun, Zhuang Zhi, Gang Zhao, Hua Jun Guo, Hao Jun Wang, Jue Jie Yang, Yu Jian Wang, Zhi Jie Wang, and Chuan Wang. "Processing and Modification of Ionic Polymers Metal Composites (IPMC) - A Review." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 22 (March 2015): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.22.13.

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This paper presents an overview of various innovative fabrication approaches and the potential applications of ionic polymer metal composites (IPMC), which is a composite material consisting of a polymer membrane sandwiched between two thin electrode layers. When given a voltage within a range of 1-5V, cations inside accompanying with water molecules of IPMC move across the width of the material causing a uniform water distribution and finally to achieve it’s bending motion. In addition to a classical processing method, three innovative modification approaches are recommended to fabricate IPMC, particularly to settle water electrolysis and leakage for multiple practical applications. Also, three applications are extensively highlighted in the later pages of the paper. This is a very new field and with the research done so far, it is believed that IPMC has a potential which is worth research elaborately. This paper presents an overview of the manufacturing components, techniques, related problems and applications of IPMC. Additionally, it recommends innovative modification fabrication approaches to subdue the associated problems in the existing conventional fabrication processing.

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Hosseini, Sara Sadat, Bakhtiar Yamini, Levan Ichkitidze, Majid Asadi, Julie Fernandez, and Seifollah Gholampour. "Enhanced Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites with Nanocomposite Electrodes for Restoring Eyelid Movement of Patients with Ptosis." Nanomaterials 13, no. 3 (January 24, 2023): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13030473.

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The present study aims to use enhanced ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMC) as an artificial muscle (a soft-active actuator) to restore eyelid movement of patients with ptosis. The previous eyelid movement mechanisms contained drawbacks, specifically in the lower eyelid. We used finite element analysis (FEA) to find the optimal mechanism among two different models (A and B). In addition to common electrodes of IPMC (gold and platinum), the bovine serum albumin (BSA) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) polymers, with optimal weight percentages of carbon nanotube (CNT) nanofiller, were also utilized as non-metallic electrodes to improve the efficiency of the IPMC actuator. In both models, IPMC with nanocomposite electrodes had higher efficiency as compared to the metallic electrodes. In model A, which moved eyelids indirectly, IPMC with MCC-CNT electrode generated a higher force (25.4%) and less stress (5.9 times) as compared to IPMC with BSA-CNT electrode. However, the use of model A (even with IPMCs) with nanocomposite electrodes can have limitations such as possible malposition issues in the eyelids (especially lower). IPMC with MCC-CNT nanocomposite electrode under model B, which moved eyelids directly, was the most efficient option to restore eyelid movement. It led to higher displacements and lower mechanical stress damage as compared to the BSA-CNT. This finding may provide surgeons with valuable data to open a window in the treatment of patients with ptosis.

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Wang, Jiale, Yanjie Wang, Zicai Zhu, Jiahui Wang, Qingsong He, and Minzhou Luo. "The Effects of Dimensions on the Deformation Sensing Performance of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites." Sensors 19, no. 9 (May 7, 2019): 2104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092104.

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As an excellent transducer, ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) can act as both an actuator and a sensor. During its sensing process, many factors, such as the water content, the cation type, the surface electrode, and the dimensions of the IPMC sample, have a considerable impact on the IPMC sensing performance. In this paper, the effect of dimensions focused on the Pd-Au typed IPMC samples with various thicknesses, widths, and lengths that were fabricated and their deformation sensing performances were tested and estimated using a self-made electromechanical sensing platform. In our experiments, we employed a two-sensing mode (both current and voltage) to record the signals generated by the IPMC bending. By comparison, it was found that the response trend was closer to the applied deformation curve using the voltage-sensing mode. The following conclusions were obtained. As the thickness increased, IPMC exhibited a better deformation-sensing performance. The thickness of the sample changed from 50 μm to 500 μm and corresponded to a voltage response signal from 0.3 to 1.6 mV. On the contrary, as the length increased, the sensing performance of IPMC decreased when subjected to equal bending. The width displayed a weaker effect on the sensing response. In order to obtain a stronger sensing response, a thickness increase, together with a length reduction, of the IPMC sample is a feasible way. Also, a simplified static model was proposed to successfully explain the sensing properties of IPMC with various sizes.

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Khazravi, M., and A. A. Dehghani-Sanij. "Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuator Behaviour in Two Novel Configurations." Advances in Science and Technology 61 (September 2008): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.61.163.

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IPMCs are one of the most promising smart actuators to replace traditional actuators for some specific applications particularly in the micro-nano scales. IPMC actuator’s shape and configuration have a dramatic effect on the actuation parameters. While the behaviour of IPMCs as a single fixed end strip actuator (cantilever) has been widely studied since the early 80’s, its behaviour in other configurations is relatively unknown. This paper presents work carried out in order to reconfigure these actuators for some new applications. The first configuration is when both ends of an IPMC actuator strip are fully constrained, in both the actuator plane and the normal direction. In this case the displacement and force measurements at the mid point of the strip are presented. The results of a series of experiments show the behaviour of the actuator in this configuration and using these results some models have been proposed. The second configuration is when only one end of the strip is fixed and the other end is constrained in the normal direction with respect to the plane of the actuator strip. A series of experiments were also carried out to explore the IPMC actuator behaviour in terms of maximum displacement and force generated in this configuration. The behaviour of the IPMC actuator in these two configurations is also investigated by studying the internal stresses in the IPMC structure.

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Caponetto, Riccardo, Salvatore Graziani, Fulvio L. Pappalardo, and Francesca Sapuppo. "Experimental Characterization of Ionic Polymer Metal Composite as a Novel Fractional Order Element." Advances in Mathematical Physics 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/953695.

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Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) are electroactive materials made of ionic polymer thin membranes with platinum metallization on their surfaces. They are interesting materials due to not only their electromechanical applications as transducers but also to their electrochemical features and the relationship between the ionic/solvent current and the potential field. Their electrochemical properties thus suggest the possibility for exploiting them as compact fractional-order elements (FOEs) with a view of defining fabrication processes and production strategies that assure the desired performances. In this paper, the experimental electrical characterization of a brand new IPMC setup in a fixed sandwich configuration is proposed. Two IPMC devices with different platinum absorption times (5 h and 20 h) are characterized through experimental data: first, a preliminary linearity study is performed for a fixed input voltage amplitude in order to determine the frequency region where IPMC can be approximated as linear; then, a frequency analysis is carried out in order to identify a coherent fractional-order dynamics in the bode diagrams. Such analyses take the first steps towards a simplified model of IPMC as a compact electronic FOE for which the fractional exponent value depends on fabrication parameters as the absorption time.

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Haq, Mazhar Ul, Zhao Gang, and Hafiz Muhammad Waqas. "A Comprehensive Review of the Biomimetic Applications of Ionic Polymer Metal Composite." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 23 (June 2015): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.23.47.

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Bio-inspiration focuses on translating the evolutionary successes of natural species into engineering systems that mimic the geometry, function, and performance of the natural system. In this paper we present a latest comprehensive review of ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) biomedical and biomimetic applications. IPMC is becoming an increasingly popular material among scholars, engineers and scientists due to its inherent properties of low activation voltage, large bending strain, flexibility, softness, suitable response time which make them a strong candidate to be applied as artificial muscle in biomimetic land and underwater applications. Among the diversity of electro active polymers (EAPs), recently developed IPMCs are good candidates for use in bio-related application because of their biocompatibility. Several recently reported IPMC biomimetic applications have been reported in this paper. The applications of IPMC have been growing due to progression in its manufacturing techniques, development of more accurate response models and control techniques, and recently more sophisticated IPMC actuator applications have been performed. This indicates that the IPMC actuators hold potential for more sophisticated and controlled applications in fields of biomedical and biomimetic. Extensive references are provided for more indepth explanation.

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Nardinocchi, Paola, Matteo Pezzulla, and Luca Placidi. "Thermodynamically based multiphysic modeling of ionic polymer metal composites." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 22, no. 16 (September 4, 2011): 1887–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x11417195.

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The modeling of the complex response of the IPMC-like body to electrical and mechanical stimuli is set within the context of the 3-D theory of linear elasticity. A field of chemically induced distortions is included in the model; these mechanical distortions and the derivation of the final PDE equations of the multiphysics problem are thermodynamically consistent. Some results of the numerical experiments are revisited through an original analysis of the stress distribution along the IPMC-like body.

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Park, Si Won, Sang Jun Kim, Seong Hyun Park, Juyeon Lee, Hyungjun Kim, and Min Ku Kim. "Recent Progress in Development and Applications of Ionic Polymer–Metal Composite." Micromachines 13, no. 8 (August 11, 2022): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081290.

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Electroactive polymer (EAP) is a polymer that reacts to electrical stimuli, such as voltage, and can be divided into electronic and ionic EAP by an electrical energy transfer mechanism within the polymer. The mechanism of ionic EAP is the movement of the positive ions inducing voltage change in the polymer membrane. Among the ionic EAPs, an ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC) is composed of a metal electrode on the surface of the polymer membrane. A common material for the polymer membrane of IPMC is Nafion containing hydrogen ions, and platinum, gold, and silver are commonly used for the electrode. As a result, IPMC has advantages, such as low voltage requirements, large bending displacement, and bidirectional actuation. Manufacturing of IPMC is composed of preparing the polymer membrane and plating electrode. Preparation methods for the membrane include solution casting, hot pressing, and 3D printing. Meanwhile, electrode formation methods include electroless plating, electroplating, direct assembly process, and sputtering deposition. The manufactured IPMC is widely demonstrated in applications such as grippers, micro-pumps, biomedical, biomimetics, bending sensors, flow sensors, energy harvesters, biosensors, and humidity sensors. This paper will review the overall field of IPMC by demonstrating the categorization, principle, materials, and manufacturing method of IPMC and its applications.

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Manaf, Eyman, Karol Fitzgerald, Clement L. Higginbotham, and John G. Lyons. "Computer Vision System: Measuring Displacement and Bending Angle of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (July 3, 2022): 6744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136744.

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A computer vision system for measuring the displacement and bending angle of ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMC) was proposed in this study. The logical progression of measuring IPMC displacement and bending angle was laid out. This study used Python (version 3.10) in conjunction with OpenCV (version 4.5.5.64) for the development of the vision system. The coding functions and the mathematical formulas used were elaborated on. IPMC contour detection was discussed in detail, along with appropriate camera and lighting setups. Measurements generated from the vision system were compared to approximated values via a manual calculation method. Good agreement was found between the results produced by the two methods. The mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) for the displacement values are 0.068080668 and 0.088160652, respectively, and 0.081544205 and 0.103880163, respectively, for the bending angle values. The proposed vision system can accurately approximate the displacement and bending angle of IPMCs.

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Zhao, Dongxu, Jie Ru, Tong Wang, Yanjie Wang, and Longfei Chang. "Performance Enhancement of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuators with Polyethylene Oxide." Polymers 14, no. 1 (December 26, 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010080.

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Current ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) always proves inadequate in terms of large attenuation and short working time in air due to water leakage. To address this problem, a feasible and effective solution was proposed in this study to enhance IPMC performance operating in air by doping polyethylene oxide (PEO) with superior water retention capacity into Nafion membrane. The investigation of physical characteristics of membranes blended with varying PEO contents revealed that PEO/Nafion membrane with 20 wt% PEO exhibited a homogeneous internal structure and a high water uptake ratio. At the same time, influences of PEO contents on electromechanical properties of IPMCs were studied, showing that the IPMCs with 20 wt% PEO presented the largest peak-to-peak displacement, the highest volumetric work density, and prolonged stable working time. It was demonstrated that doping PEO reinforced electromechanical performances and restrained displacement attenuation of the resultant IPMC.

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Farid, Muhammad, Zhao Gang, Tran Linh Khuong, Zhuang Zhi Sun, Naveed Ur Rehman, and Muhammad Rizwan. "Biomimetic Applications of Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC) Actuators - A Critical Review." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 20 (June 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.20.1.

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Biomimetic is the field of engineering in which biological creatures and their functions are investigated and are used as the basis for the design and manufacturing of machines. Ionic Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC) is a smart material which has demonstrated a meaningful bending and tip force after the application of a low voltage. It is light-weighted, flexible, easily actuated, multi-directional applicable and requires simple manufacturing. Resultantly, IPMC has attracted scientists and researchers to analyze it further and consider it for any industrial and biomimetic applications. Presently, the research on IPMC is bi-directional oriented. A few groups of researchers are busy to find out the causes for the weaknesses of the material and to find out any remedy for them. The second class of scientists is exploring new areas of applications where IPMC material can be used. Although, the application zone of IPMC is ranging from micropumps diaphragms to surgical holding devices, this paper provides an overview of the IPMC application in biomimetic and biomedical field.

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Biswal, D. K., D. Bandopadhya, and S. K. Dwivedy. "Electro-mechanical and thermal characteristics of silver-electroded ionic polymer–metal composite actuator." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 226, no. 6 (October 26, 2011): 1427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406211424979.

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The proposed work is in line with the evaluation of electro-mechanical and thermal characteristics of silver-electroded ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC). IPMCs are fabricated first using Nafion-117 as base polymer and non-precious metal silver as surface electrode by chemical decomposition method. Several testings are performed on fabricated IPMC to evaluate its thermo-mechanical and micro-structural properties. The characteristics of the electrode layer and deposited particles on IPMC surface are studied using scanning electron microscope. The bending experiment of the actuator is conducted by applying direct current potential and the tip displacement measured. Thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry test are carried out, and thermal stability of the actuator is investigated. The crystal structure of IPMC is investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis. Micro-tensile test of the specimen is carried out to ascertain the stress–strain relationship and comparison is made with the base polymer, Nafion. The experimental investigations, characterization, and performance of the IPMC demonstrate its effectiveness to be used as actuator and artificial muscle materials.

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Farid, Muhammad, Zhao Gang, Yu Min Zhu, Ashleigh Chatto, and Raja Ahsan Javed. "Performance Enhancement and Applications of Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC) - A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 389 (August 2013): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.389.298.

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This paper presents an overview of ionic polymer metal composites (IPMC), various properties improving techniques employed in the last decade and its potential applications. IPMC consists of a polymer membrane sandwiched by metal electrodes. On application of a small voltage, it bends towards anode. Due to its low activation voltage requirement (1-3V), low weight, high flexibility and ability to take any shape, IPMC has attracted the attention of researchers whose current aim include enhancing the force output to make them applicable for use in industrial, underwater SONARS, energy harvesting and biomedical fields. This paper provides an overview of the efforts made by the research community over the last decade, the identified applications with the references for elaborated study.

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Kobayashi, Takuma, and Masaki Omiya. "A Study on Properties of Ionic Polymer Metal Composite." Advanced Materials Research 143-144 (October 2010): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.143-144.394.

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After obtaining a way to fabricate IPMC actuator with palladium electrodes, the deformation of IPMC actuator behavior is evaluated under various solvents, various temperatures, and various frequencies of input voltages. By using the non-electrolytic plating method to obtain IPMC actuator, it is found that as the increase of the ionic radius the bending response of IPMC actuator becomes predominant from the experimental observation. When the electric field across its cross section is unloaded, IPMC actuator shows a large back relaxation under high temperature. In the experiment of the frequency response of the input voltage, IPMC actuator shows a good response to various frequencies from 0.1 to 6.0 Hz in which the resonant peak is observed at 5.5 Hz.

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Zhu, Zi Cai, Hua Ling Chen, Bo Li, and Yong Quan Wang. "Characteristics and Elastic Modulus Evaluation of Pd-Nafion Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 1590–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.1590.

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Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) show great potential in a large variety of engineering fields as actuator materials. They mainly consist of electrodes and ionic polymer as the substrate material. Many metal materials can be used as the electrode material of IPMCs. In this paper palladium was adopted to get a compromise between the cost and the stability, and Pd-Nafion IPMC was fabricated by chemical plating as test sample. Preliminary experiments were accomplished with satisfactory result using a suit of self-made measurement setup. The results showed that palladium was a good electrode material. Although some previous work has investigated on the elastic modulus of IPMCs by tensile test, a simple method based on the cantilever beam theory to estimate the modulus is still proposed here, which does not need a tensile testing machine. By the method we got that the elastic modulus of the sample is 362.35MPa.

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Yang, Liang, Dongsheng Zhang, Xining Zhang, Aifen Tian, and Miaomiao He. "Property of ionic polymer metal composite with different thicknesses based on solution casting technique." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 28 (October 27, 2020): 2050263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797922050263x.

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As an ionic electroactive polymer, ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) has unique advantages and is widely used in various fields. However, the output force of IPMC is small, which further limits the application of IPMC. In this study, the Nafion520cs were selected as the preparation solution, and three ion-exchange polymer membranes (IEPMs) with different thicknesses (158, 256 and 383 [Formula: see text]m) were designed and prepared successfully by solution casting technique to study the output force. Then, three platinum electrodes-IPMCs (Pt-IPMCs) were fabricated using electroless plating method. The properties of Pt-IPMCs in terms of morphology, displacements and blocking forces were then evaluated under direct current voltage. The results showed that the prepared ionic membranes were uniform, transparent and flat, without accumulation or bubble. The platinum particles were preferably deposited on the surface, which promoted delivery of current through the IPMCs under the applied voltage, and improved the actuation performance. With the increase of voltage, the maximum displacement and maximum blocking force of the three IPMCs increased first and then decreased. When the voltage is 5.5 V, the maximum displacement for 158 um is 26 mm, while the maximum blocking force of 10.74 mN appears at 6.5 V for 383 um. It is necessary to select suitable thickness of IPMCs to adapt to different working environment and field, which provides a strong basis for further application of IPMCs.

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Olsen, Zakai J., and Kwang J. Kim. "Characterizing the transduction behavior of ionic polymer-metal composite actuators and sensors via dimensional analysis." Smart Materials and Structures 31, no. 2 (December 24, 2021): 025014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac411e.

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Abstract Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) are functional smart materials that exhibit both electromechanical and mechanoelectrical transduction properties, and the physical phenomenon underlying the transduction mechanisms have been studied across the literature extensively. Here we use a new modeling framework to conduct the most comprehensive dimensional analysis of IPMC transduction phenomena, characterizing the IPMC actuator displacement, actuator blocking force, short-circuit sensing current, and open-circuit sensing voltage under static and dynamic loading. The information obtained in this analysis is used to construct nonlinear regression models for the transduction response as univariant and multivariant functions. Automatic differentiation techniques are leveraged to linearize the nonlinear regression models in the vicinity of a typical IPMC description and derive the sensitivity of the transduction response with respect to the driving independent variables. Further, the multiphysics model is validated using experimental data collected for the dynamic IPMC actuator and voltage sensor. With data collected from physical samples of IPMC materials in-lab, the regression models developed under the new computational framework are verified.

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Kwaśniewski, Janusz, Ireneusz Dominik, and Filip Kaszuba. "Laboratory Research on Energy Harvesting of Ionic Polymer Metal Composite." Solid State Phenomena 208 (September 2013): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.208.134.

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The aim of this paper is to present the results of laboratory research on Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite (IPMC), in context of energy harvesting applications. IPMC is a novel type of material, a smart polymer, which can work as a sensor or an actuator. One of its biggest advantages is low actuating voltage of about 4V (with 120mA current), what makes it very energy-efficient. Step response for various input amplitudes of two IPMC samples is shown. Also, a voltage generated in response to mechanical deformation of the composite is measured, and a hysteresis loop is plotted. Lastly, the changes of properties of the IPMC caused by long-term actuation are researched. These results are necessary to build an energy harvesting system utilizing IPMC. A simple gripper built with IPMC is also presented.

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STOIMENOV, Boyko, Jonathan ROSSITER, and Toshiharu MUKAI. "1P1-H02 Self-actuated compliant mechanism made of ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC)." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2007 (2007): _1P1—H02_1—_1P1—H02_4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2007._1p1-h02_1.

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Samaranayake, B. G. L. T., D. M. G. Preethichandra, A. M. U. S. K. Alahakoon, and K. Kaneto. "Dynamic Modeling of Ionic Polymer Metal Composite Using Equivalent Passive Electric Network Components." Advanced Materials Research 452-453 (January 2012): 1159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.452-453.1159.

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This paper presents dynamic modeling of Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC) using passive electric network components. The dynamic model using standard electric network components is a novel approach to model the transient and steady state voltage and current characteristics of IPMCs. This leads to a global model for IPMCs with fine tunable parameters, which depend on the material properties, the manufacturing process and the physical dimensions of the actuator. The dynamic model has been verified by simulation, system identification and experimental studies.

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Farid, Muhammad, Zhao Gang, Tran Linh Khuong, Zhuang Zhi Sun, and Muhammad Rizwan. "Deflection Analysis of Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC) Actuators for Bionic Joints." Applied Mechanics and Materials 627 (September 2014): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.627.251.

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Ionic Polymer Composite Material (IPMC) is a flexible material and has concealed many benefits to inspire the scientists and researchers to explore its physiognomies for real-world applications in various fields. Currently, the research area of IPMC can be alienated into two branches. One deals with the upgrading of the material properties to make it further advantageous and dependable while the other encompasses the consideration of new application capacities. In this paper, a new application of IPMC is recommended to stimulate a rigid link that can imitate a bionic knee joint for a grass hopper. Secondly, force-deflection mathematical model has been developed for the proposed design to investigate the amount of deflection that can be achieved by a certain force provided by the IPMC material strips. In this paper, the model is derived for the upward movement of the link; however the same model can be applied to the reverse direction because of the unanimity of the material properties and specifications.

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Dominik, Ireneusz, Janusz Kwaśniewski, and Filip Kaszuba. "Application of the Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Sensor Array Indisplacement Measurement." Key Engineering Materials 605 (April 2014): 396–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.605.396.

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An Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite (abbr. IPMC) is a type of a smart materialconsisting of two layers of noble metal and an ion-conducting layer between them. Smart ma-terials are generally capable of actuating and sensing. Mechanical deformation of the IPMCbeam produces an electric potential di erence (in the order of mV) proportional to the tipdisplacement on the electrodes. In this paper, the sensing capabilities of IPMC samples will beinvestigated. The composites are manufactured in a form of a thin (0.3 mm) plate, which arecut into rectangular samples. Tests will be performed on separate samples and two electricallyconnected samples. Response to various frequencies will be tested for each sample and for twomechanically and electrically coupled samples, creating a simple sensor array.

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Li, Yu Han, and Ri Zhe Jin. "Novel Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Employing Sulfonated Polyimide as Ion-Exchange Membrane." Advanced Materials Research 912-914 (April 2014): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.912-914.251.

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Novel ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC) based on sulfonated polyimide (SPI) was firstly developed by employing a more convenient, time-saving and effective electroless plating method. Their overall structure and the distribution of metal particles in the membranes were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) attached with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The actuation of the prepared IPMC was evaluated. The analytical results confirmed that platinum are successfully deposited on the membrane. Under DC voltage excitation, the IPMC undergo larger displacement compared with Nafion-based actuators. The larger displacement of the IPMC was considered to be the result of the higher concentration of sulfonyl groups, larger ion exchange capacity, and consequent larger volume of water moving.

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Biswal, Dillip Kumar, Dibakar Bandopadhya, and Santosha Kumar Dwivedy. "Fabrication and Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of Pure Silver-Electrode Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite (IPMC) Actuator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 1199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.1199.

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Till to date, fabrication of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMC) are carried out successfully using noble metal such as platinum/gold as the surface electrode. In this work we have proposed cost effective fabrication method for IPMC actuator using non-precious metal electrode of silver (Ag). Chemical decomposition method is followed using Nafion as the ion exchange membrane to fabricate pure Ag-electrode IPMC. Microscopic and morphological analyses reveal that, silver particles penetrate well through the surface of Nafion membrane. The bending deformation measurement and analysis of the thermo-mechanical properties of the fabricated IPMC is carried out. The experiment results and performance of the IPMC actuator confirm that the fabrication of pure Ag-IPMC is feasible and can be used as artificial muscle material.

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Wang, Yanjie, Jiayu Liu, Denglin Zhu, and Hualing Chen. "Active Tube-Shaped Actuator with Embedded Square Rod-Shaped Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites for Robotic-Assisted Manipulation." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4031705.

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This paper reports a new technique involving the design, fabrication, and characterization of an ionic polymer-metal composite- (IPMC-) embedded active tube, which can achieve multidegree-of-freedom (MODF) bending motions desirable in many applications, such as a manipulator and an active catheter. However, traditional strip-type IPMC actuators are limited in only being able to generate 1-dimensional bending motion. So, in this paper, we try to develop an approach which involves molding or integrating rod-shaped IPMC actuators into a soft silicone rubber structure to create an active tube. We modified the Nafion solution casting method and developed a complete sequence of a fabrication process for rod-shaped IPMCs with square cross sections and four insulated electrodes on the surface. The silicone gel was cured at a suitable temperature to form a flexible tube using molds fabricated by 3D printing technology. By applying differential voltages to the four electrodes of each IPMC rod-shaped actuator, MDOF bending motions of the active tube can be generated. Experimental results show that such IPMC-embedded tube designs can be used for developing robotic-assisted manipulation.

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Park, Hoon Cheol, Sang Ki Lee, and Kwang Jin Kim. "Equivalent Modeling for Shape Design of IPMC (Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite) as Flapping Actuator." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.616.

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In this work, flapping wings actuated by IPMCs are designed and simulated to mimick birds wing. In order for the wing to generate lift and thrust during flapping motion, the wing must be able to flap and twist at the same time. For design of such wings, shape of the IPMC actuator need to be designed such that the actuator can create bending and twisting motions during wing strokes. To determine the shape of the IPMC actuator, an equivalent bimorph beam model has been proposed based on the measured force-displacement data of an IPMC. The equivalent model and thermal analogy are used for numerical simulation of IPMC actuated wings to determine suitable shape of the IPMC actuator. In this way, we could select a best performing wing that can create the largest twist motion during flapping of the wing.

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Martinelli, Angelo, Andrea Nitti, Riccardo Po, and Dario Pasini. "3D Printing of Layered Structures of Metal-Ionic Polymers: Recent Progress, Challenges and Opportunities." Materials 16, no. 15 (July 28, 2023): 5327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16155327.

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Layered Structures of Metal Ionic Polymers, or Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs) are formed by a membrane of an ionic electroactive materials flanked by two metal electrodes on both surfaces; they are devices able to change their shape upon application of an electrical external stimulus. This class of materials is used in various fields such as biomedicine, soft robotics, and sensor technology because of their favorable properties (light weight, biocompatibility, fast response to stimulus and good flexibility). With additive manufacturing, actuators can be customized and tailored to specific applications, allowing for the optimization of performance, size, and weight, thus reducing costs and time of fabrication and enhancing functionality and efficiency in various applications. In this review, we present an overview of the newest trend in using different 3D printing techniques to produce electrically responsive IPMC devices.

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Cheng, Tai Hong, Dong Ji Xuan, Zhen Zhe Li, and Yun De Shen. "Development of IPMC Actuator for Flapping Motion of Dragonfly." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 1301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.1301.

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The Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMC) actuator as electro-active polymers is well known for the fast and flexible bending actuation in the electric fields. In this paper, the IPMC actuator is fabricated and designed for realization of biomimetic flapping motion of dragonflies. The resonant frequency of a wing of anisoptera(dragonfly) was calculated by using finite element method and experimental frequency response function. Flapping motion of zygoptera(dragonfly) was considered in resonant frequency of the designed wing structure. The experimental results show that the IPMC wing structure of dragonfly has a good flapping performance in resonant frequency.

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Wang, Bao Lei, Min Yu, Qing Song He, Jie Ru, and Zhen Dong Dai. "Investigation on a Linear Actuator Using an Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 461 (November 2013): 358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.461.358.

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Ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) is a new kind of electroactive polymer with the advantages of low driving voltage and large bend, which has shown great potential for practical applications. In this paper, IPMC was fabricated by casting and electroless plating. Using the as-fabricated IPMC, a linear actuator was designed to transform bending motion of a cantilever IPMC into straight line motion. The linear actuator's output displacement and blocking force were investigated on a test apparatus. The results showed that the mechanism design for the linear actuator was feasible.

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Kang, Sung Soo, and Yutaka Toi. "Modeling of Electrochemical-Mechanical Deformations of Ionic Polymer Metal Composite." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 1009–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.1009.

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The bending deformation of the ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) upon low electric field is dominated by internal water redistribution. The one-dimensional finite element formulation is conducted for the basic field equations governing electrochemical response of the IPMC. The three-dimensional finite element analysis for the mechanical response of the IPMC beam is also conducted. Some numerical studies are carried out to show the validity of the present formulation.

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Ru, Jie, Zicai Zhu, Yanjie Wang, Hualing Chen, and Dichen Li. "Tunable actuation behavior of ionic polymer metal composite utilizing carboxylated carbon nanotube-doped Nafion matrix." RSC Advances 8, no. 6 (2018): 3090–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra11498b.

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Ye, Xiu Fen, Yu Dong Su, and Shu Xiang Guo. "An IPMC Actuated 3D Swimming Microrobot and its Propulsive Efficiency Analysis." Key Engineering Materials 419-420 (October 2009): 785–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.419-420.785.

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An Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMC) actuated 3D swimming microrobot is presented first. Inspired by biologic fins, passive plastic fin is attached to the IPMC strip to increase the thrust. Infrared sensors are equipped for wireless control and autonomous navigation. Then propulsive efficiency analyses are carried out. From the water electrolysis influence analysis of the IPMC, the best working voltage is confirmed. Finally, a two parts IPMC actuator is presented to improve the propulsive efficiency of the microrobot after the analysis of propulsive efficiency of caudal fin.

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Zhang, Xiaojun, Man Wang, Manhong Li, Minglu Zhang, and Chengwei Zhang. "Fabrication of Macroporous Nafion Membrane from Silica Crystal for Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuator." Processes 8, no. 11 (October 31, 2020): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111389.

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Nafion membrane with macropores is synthesized from silica crystal and composited with Pt nanoparticles to fabricate macroporous ionic polymer-metal composite (M-IPMC) actuator. M-IPMC shows highly dispersed small Pt nanoparticles on the porous walls of Nafion membrane. After the electromechanical performance test, M-IPMC actuator demonstrates a maximum displacement output of 19.8 mm and a maximum blocking force of 8.1 mN, far better than that of IPMC actuator without macroporous structure (9.6 mm and 2.8 mN) at low voltages (5.8–7.0 V). The good electromechanical performance can be attributed to interconnected macropores that can improve the charge transport during the actuation process and can allow the Pt nanoparticles to firmly adsorb, leading to a good electromechanical property.

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Zhao, Yang, Di Xu, Jiazheng Sheng, Qinglong Meng, Dezhi Wu, Lingyun Wang, Jingjing Xiao, Wenlong Lv, Qinnan Chen, and Daoheng Sun. "Biomimetic Beetle-Inspired Flapping Air Vehicle Actuated by Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuator." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3091579.

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During the last decades, the ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) received much attention because of its potential capabilities, such as large displacement and flexible bending actuation. In this paper, a biomimetic flapping air vehicle was proposed by combining the superiority of ionic polymer metal composite with the bionic beetle flapping principle. The blocking force was compared between casted IPMC and IPMC. The flapping state of the wing was investigated and the maximum displacement and flapping angle were measured. The flapping displacement under different voltage and frequency was tested. The flapping displacement of the wing and the support reaction force were measured under different frequency by experiments. The experimental results indicate that the high voltage and low frequency would get large flapping displacement.

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Wang, Yanjie, Hualing Chen, Jiayu Liu, Zicai Zhu, Longfei Chang, Dichen Li, and Shuhai Jia. "Aided manufacturing techniques and applications in optics and manipulation for ionic polymer-metal composites as soft sensors and actuators." Journal of Polymer Engineering 35, no. 7 (September 1, 2015): 611–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0274.

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Abstract Recently, ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs), which are becoming an increasingly popular material, have been used as soft actuators because of their inherent properties of light weight, flexibility, softness, especially efficient transformation from electrical energy to mechanical energy with large bending strain response under low activation voltage. This paper mainly focuses on a review on optical and micromanipulation applications of IPMCs as soft actuators. After presenting the general mechanism of sensing and actuating in IPMCs, recent progresses are discussed about the preparation process and practical technologies, especially for aided manufacturing techniques defined as the methods to fabricate IPMC into all kinds of shapes in terms of the demands, which are reviewed for the first time. Then, a number of recent IPMC applications for optical actuators, grippers and catheters are reviewed and investigated in this paper. Further developments and suggestions for IPMCs are also discussed. Extensive previous researches are provided for references in detail.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC)'

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