Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC)

Academic literature on the topic 'Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC)'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC)"

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Kumar, Ponnusamy Senthil, and P. R. Yaashikaa. "Ionic Polymer Metal Composites." Diffusion Foundations 23 (August 2019): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.23.64.

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Electroactive polymers, or EAPs, are polymers that show an adjustment fit as a fiddle when invigorated by an electric field. Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) are electro-dynamic polymers with great electromechanical coupling properties. They are proficient applicants in many progressed innovative applications, for example, actuators, artificial muscles, biomimetic sensors, and so forth. Type of membrane and electrodes determines the morphology and structure of IPMCs. IPMCs can be prepared using physical loading, chemical deposition and electroplating methods. The assembling of anodes for IPMCs is exceptionally basic in their electromechanical coupling. Optimization of force, determination of cations and molecule size dispersal inside the IPMC structure, and so on are the different components, which decides their proficiency. An ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) comprising of a thin Nafion sheet, platinum plated on the two side faces, experiences extensive twisting movement when an electric field is connected over its thickness. Then again, a voltage is created over its appearances when it is all of a sudden bends. IPMCs are best known for their proving advantages such as biocompactible, low activating voltage and more power efficiency
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Khmelnitskiy, I. K., V. M. Aivazyan, N. I. Alekseyev, A. P. Broyko, V. V. Luchinin, and D. O. Testov. "Investigation of Ionic EAP Actuators with Metal and Polymer Electrodes in Aqueous Medium." Nano- i Mikrosistemnaya Tehnika 23, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/nmst.23.32-43.

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Electroactive polymers (EAP) are promising materials for creating electromechanical transducers. Among ionic EAP, ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC), which are an ion-exchange membrane with metal electrodes on both sides, have been widely spread and well studied. The evolutionary development of IPMC results in ionic polymer-polymer composites (IP2C), in which polymer electrodes are used. To obtain IPMC actuators with platinum electrodes, the method of chemical reduction from the salt solution was chosen, and to obtain IP2C actuators with PEDOT electrodes, the method of in situ polymerization of the monomer on the membrane surface was chosen. Samples of 2x0.5 cm in size based on the MF-4SK membrane with a thickness of 290 μm were preliminarily kept in deionized water (H+ form) and in 0.1 M CuSO4 aqueous solution (Cu2+ form), after which their performance was studied in air, in deionized water, as well as in aqueous solutions of CuSO4 and NaCl. When applying a DC voltage and a sine wave AC voltage, a decrease in the maximum displacement and peak-to-peak displacement of the IPMC actuators and IP2C actuators with an increase in the ionic strength of the liquid was observed, except for the case of the IPMC actuator operation in CuSO4 aqueous solutions. In all considered media, the IPMC actuators and IP2C actuators in Cu2+ form displaced more strongly than the corresponding samples in H+ form, except for the IP2C actuators in deionized water. The largest peak-to-peak displacement was demonstrated by the IPMC actuators in Cu2+form when operating in air (5 mm) and the IP2С actuators in H+ form when operating in deionized water (8.4 mm).
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Huang, Liangsong, Yu Hu, Yun Zhao, and Yuxia Li. "Modeling and Control of IPMC Actuators Based on LSSVM-NARX Paradigm." Mathematics 7, no. 8 (August 13, 2019): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7080741.

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Ionic polymer-metal composites are electrically driven intelligent composites that are readily exposed to bending deformations in the presence of external electric fields. Owing to their advantages, ionicpolymer-metal composites are promising candidates for actuators. However, ionicpolymer-metal composites exhibit strong nonlinear properties, especially hysteresis characteristics, resulting in severely reduced control accuracy. This study proposes an ionic polymer-metal composite platform and investigates its modeling and control. First, the hysteresis characteristics of the proposed Pt-electrode ionic polymer-metal composite are tested. Based on the hysteresis characteristics, ionic polymer-metal composites are modeled using the Prandtl-Ishlinskii model and the least squares support vector machine-nonlinear autoregressive model, respectively. Then, the ionic polymer-metal composite is driven by a random sinusoidal voltage, and the LSSVM-NARX model is established on the basis of the displacement data obtained. In addition, an artificial bee colony algorithm is proposed for accuracy optimization of the model parameters. Finally, an inverse controller based on the least squares support vector machine-nonlinear autoregressive model is proposed to compensate the hysteresis characteristics of the ionic polymer-metal composite. A hybrid PID feedback controller is developed by combining the inverse controller with PID feedback control, followed by simulation and testing of its actual position control on the ionic polymer-metal composite platform. The results show that the hybrid PID feedback control system can effectively eliminate the effects of the hysteresis characteristics on ionic polymer-metal composite control.
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Koślik, Karina, Paweł Kowol, Rafał Brociek, Agata Wajda, and Grazia Lo Sciuto. "Design of Laboratory Stand for Displacement Measurement of IPMC Actuators." Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031271.

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The polymer technology based on Electroactive polymers and metal composite ionic polymer has great potential and advantages in many engineering fields. In this paper, a laboratory stand for testing Ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMC) is presented. The laboratory station includes a power supply system and a measuring system for the displacement of IPMC composites. Tests and measurements are carried out using a laser transducer and a camera equipped with image analysis software to determine the IPMC strips displacement. The experimental investigation of IPMCs under different voltage supplies and waveforms, environmental working humidity conditions, temperature, and loading conditions has proved the significant influence of geometric dimension and the effect of increased stress on the displacement value. For materials powered by a higher voltage value, an increased deflection value was noted. In case of displacement, longer is the sample, higher is the displacement value. The length of the sample under load, affects adversely its performance,resulting in an increase in the load on the sample. For samples of a thick size, a more stable movement with and without load can be noticed.
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Caponetto, R., S. Graziani, F. Sapuppo, and V. Tomasello. "An Enhanced Fractional Order Model of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites Actuator." Advances in Mathematical Physics 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/717659.

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Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) are electroactive polymers which transform the mechanical forces into electric signals and vice versa. The paper proposes an enhanced fractional order transfer function (FOTF) model for IPMC membrane working as actuator. In particular the IPMC model has been characterized through experimentation, and a more detailed structure of its FOTF has been determined via optimization routines. The minimization error was attained comparing the simple genetic algorithms with the simplex method and considering the error between the experimental and model derived frequency responses as cost functions.
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Zhang, Peng, and Maurizio Porfiri. "Modeling the actuation of curved ionic polymer metal composites." Smart Materials and Structures 31, no. 3 (February 3, 2022): 035013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac4c73.

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Abstract An ionic polymer metal composites (IPMC) is a soft actuator that consists of an ionomer membrane, neutralized by mobile counterions and plated by metal electrodes. Despite their early promise in robotics, medical devices, and microsystem technologies, widespread application of IPMC actuators is far from being reached. Recent advancements in additive manufacturing technologies have the potential to expand the reach of IPMCs by affording the realization of complex, design-specific geometries that were impossible to attain with standard manufacturing techniques. For this potential to be attained, it is critical to establish physically-based models that could inform 3D printing, beyond the flat, thin, non-tapered geometries that have been the object of investigation for almost three decades. Here, we bridge this gap by presenting an analytical framework to study actuation of a double-clamped IPMC arch under an applied voltage. We adopt a thermodynamically the consistent continuum model to describe the coupled electrochemo-mechanical phenomena taking place within the IPMC. We establish an analytical solution for the electrochemistry using the method of matched asymptotic expansions, which is, in turn, utilized to compute osmotic pressure and Maxwell stress. The mechanical response of the IPMC arch is modeled as a plane strain problem with an induced state of eigenstress, which is solved with the use of a smooth Airy function. The accuracy of our analytical solution is validated through finite element simulations. Through a parametric analysis, we investigate the effect of curvature on the deformation and the reaction forces exerted by the clamps. The proposed analytical framework offers new insight into the response of curved IPMCs, in which progress on 3D printing should be grounded.
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Truszkowska, A., and M. Porfiri. "Molecular dynamics of ionic polymer-metal composites." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2208 (August 30, 2021): 20200408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0408.

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Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) constitute a promising class of soft, active materials with potentially ubiquitous use in science and engineering. Realizing the full potential of IPMCs calls for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underpinning their most intriguing characteristics: the ability to deform under an electric field and the generation of a voltage upon mechanical deformation. These behaviours are tightly linked to physical phenomena at the level of atoms, including rearrangements of ions and molecules, along with the formation of sub-nanometre thick double layers on the surface of the metal electrodes. Several continuum theories have been developed to describe these phenomena, but their experimental and theoretical validation remains incomplete. IPMC modelling at the atomistic scale could beget valuable support for these efforts, by affording granular analysis of individual atoms. Here, we present a simplified atomistic model of IPMCs based on classical molecular dynamics. The three-dimensional IPMC membrane is constrained by two smooth walls, a simplified analogue of metal electrodes, impermeable only to counterions. The electric field is applied as an additional force acting on all the atoms. We demonstrate the feasibility of simulating counterions’ migration and pile-up upon the application of an electric field, similar to experimental observations. By analysing the spatial configuration of atoms and stress distribution, we identify two mechanisms for stress generation. The presented model offers new insight into the physical underpinnings of actuation and sensing in IPMCs. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Progress in mesoscale methods for fluid dynamics simulation’.
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Li, Shu Feng. "Effect of Thickness and Length of Ion Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC) on its Actuation Properties." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.401.

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IPMC (ionic polymer metal composite), a kind of ionic electroactive polymer (EAP) has wide applications in the filed of bionics and artificial apparatus for its fast and large bending deformation under the low driving voltages. In this paper, thick IPMCs with various numbers of films were first fabricated by the hot-pressing method. Then the effect of the thickness on its properties, such as the tip forces and water uptake capability, were investigated. The effect of length of the IPMC on its tip forces was further studied. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) micrographs of IPMC specimen were also examined.
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Oh, Il Kwon, and Jin Han Jeon. "Dynamic Characteristics of Novel Ionic-Polymer-Metal-Composites." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.208.

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The IPMC, one of new sensing and actuating materials is known for the fast and flexible bending actuation upon electric fields. In this paper, we investigated the dynamic deformation characteristics of the novel IPMC according to several fabrication methods. First we studied the effect of the surface modification of metallic electrodes on the large deformation. Present results show that the sandblasting method can give more reliable and large deflections than the sandpapering method under the same control voltage because the platinum electrode can be infiltrated into the ionic-polymer by the sandblasting method. Second, the IPMC with Li+ counter ions shows more large deformation than that with any other counter ions. Also, present results show the dynamic hysteresis according to driving voltages.
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Zhao, Yang, Bing Xu, Bu Lei Xu, Ling Ke Yu, and Dao Heng Sun. "Study on the Performance of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites of Various Fabrication Technique." Advanced Materials Research 815 (October 2013): 650–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.815.650.

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onic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC) is a new kind of electro-active smart material that has many advantages including bending actuation, large displacement, low weight, low driven voltage, low power consumption, flexibility etc. The mechanical characteristic of IPMC is related to ionic polymer membrane, such as thickness, roughening, cation type and so on. In this paper, the actuation principle of IPMC and fabrication technique of NafionTM membrane is presented. The performance of IPMC with Nafion membrane pre-treatment, different cation type and thickness are investigated. Experiment results showed that the fabrication process of ionic polymer membrane Nafion change can improve the performance of IPMC effectively.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC)"

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Yusuf, Suhaila Mohamad. "Development of an ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) microgripper." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.550855.

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Ionic Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC) is a class of electroactive polymer , that is receiving great attention due to its advantages of large bending deflection, low power consumption and driving voltage. Although there is still no commercial application of IPMC, it has been actively investigated by researchers for the past decade. The IPMC has been identified as a potential material to be used in the specific application of sensor and/or actuation, such as microgripper and micropump. This research deals with the characterisation of small scale IPMC with the ultimate objective to develop a simple microgripper to demonstrate the ability of the IPMC to grasp a micro object. A vision system has been developed to perform image processing to measure the displacement of IPMC. New algorithms of edge detection and displacement measurement have been introduced to characterise the IPMC. Comparison between laser sensor measurements and vision systems measurement has been carried out and the results showed that the vision system is a reliable measurement. Characterisation of small scale IPMC is carried out to prove the claim that miniaturization of IPMC is possible without degrading its performance. The characterisation of the IPMC actuator is divided into two major works - the displacement and blocked force measurements. The results showed that small scale characteristics are in line with the results that have been published by other researchers for larger scale of IPMC, hence supported the claim. The dynamic sensory behaviour of the IPMC has also been characterised. The results showed that the sensor functions are better in terms of producing consistent output signals when it is dehydrated. With such finding, the possibility of using the IPMC as the actuator and sensor at the same time for micro gripper application is not promising because the actuator needs to be fully hydrated in order to work better while the sensor is working better in a dehydrated condition. The final part in this research work is to develop a simple micro gripper. A two-finger microgripper with size of lOmm x 2rnrn x O.2mm is controlled by a vision feedback system to grasp small objects. For a demonstration purposes, an object with diameter of lmm was successfully grasped in 4.6 seconds.
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Bhat, Nikhil Dilip. "Modeling and precision control of ionic polymer metal composite." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1152.

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This thesis describes the open-loop behavior of an ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) strip as a novel actuator, the empirical force and position models, the control system and the improved dynamic characteristics with the feedback control implemented. Ionic polymer metal composite is a novel polymer in the class of electroactive polymers. IPMC consists of a base polymer coated with electrodes made up of highly conducting pure metals such as gold. The actuation behavior of IPMC can be attributed to the bending of an IPMC strip upon application of voltage across its thickness. The main reasons for the bending are ion migration on the application of voltage and swelling and contraction caused by water content. An experimental setup to study the open-loop force and tip displacement of an IPMC strip in a cantilever configuration was developed, and real time controllers were implemented. In open loop, the force response of the IPMC strip of dimensions 25 mm x 3.9 mm x 0.16 mm to a 1.2-V step input is studied. The open-loop rise time was 0.08 s and the percent overshoot was 131.62 %, while the settling time was about 10 s. Based on this open-loop step response using a least-square curve-fitting methodology, a fourth-order empirical transfer function from the voltage input to the force output was derived. The tip displacement response of an IPMC strip of dimensions 23 mm x 3.96 mm x 0.16 mm to a 1.2-V step input was also studied. The step response exhibited a 205.34 % overshoot with a rise time of 0.08 s, and the settling time was 27 s. A fourth-order empirical transfer function from the step input to the tip displacement as output was also derived. Based on the derived transfer functions lead-lag feedback controllers were designed for precision control of both force and displacement. The control objectives were to decrease the settling time and the percent overshoot, and achieve reference input tracking. After implementing the controllers, the percent overshoot decreased to 30% while the settling time was reduced to 1.5 s in case of force control. With position control, the settling time was reduced to 1 s while the percent overshoot decreased to 20%. Precision micro-scale force and position-control capabilities of the IPMC were also demonstrated. A 4 ?N force resolution was achieved, with a force noise of 0.904-?N rms. The position resolution was 20 ?m with a position noise of 7.6-?m rms.
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Mudigonda, Ashwin. "Static and Dynamic Characterization of Ionic Polymer Metal Composites - 'Artificial Muscles'." Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1142538201.

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Dogruer, Deniz. "The development of a hydrodynamic model for the segmented ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) for underwater applications and the potential use of IPMCs for energy harvesting." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1438915.

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Najem, Joseph Samih. "Design and Development of a Bio-inspired Robotic Jellysh that Features Ionic Polymer Metal Composites Actuators." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32197.

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This thesis presents the design and development of a novel biomimetic jellyfish robot that features ionic polymer metal composite actuators. The shape and swimming style of this underwater vehicle are based on oblate jellyfish species, which are known for their high locomotive efficiency. Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMC) are used as actuators in order to contract the bell and thus propel the jellyfish robot. This research focuses on translating the evolutionary successes of the natural species into a jellyfish robot that mimics the geometry, the swimming style, and the bell deformation cycle of the natural species. Key advantages of using IPMC actuators over other forms of smart material include their ability to exhibit high strain response due to a low voltage input and their ability to act as artificial muscles in water environment. This research specifically seeks to implement IPMC actuators in a biomimetic design and overcome two main limitations of these actuators: slow response rate and the material low blocking force. The approach presented in this document is based on a combination of two main methods, first by optimizing the performance of the IPMC actuators and second by optimizing the design to fit the properties of the actuators by studying various oblate species. Ionic polymer metal composites consist of a semi-permeable membrane bounded by two conductive, high surface area electrode. The IPMCs are manufactured is several variations using the Direct Assembly Process (DAP), where the electrode architecture is controlled to optimize the strain and stiffness of the actuators. The resulting optimized actuators demonstrate peak to peak strains of 0.8 % in air and 0.7 % in water across a frequency range of 0.1-1.0 Hz and voltage amplitude of 2 V. A study of different oblate species is conducted in order to attain a model system that best fits the properties of the IPMC actuators. The Aequorea victoria is chosen based on its bell morphology and kinematic properties that match the mechanical properties of the IPMC actuators. This medusa is characterized by it low swimming frequency, small bell deformation during the contraction phase, and high Froude efficiency. The bell morphology and kinematics of the Aequorea victoria are studied through the computation of the radius of curvature and thus the strain energy stored in the during the contraction phase. The results demonstrate that the Aequorea victoria stores lower strain energy compared to the other candidate species during the contraction phase. Three consecutive jellyfish robots have been built for this research project. The first generation served as a proof of concept and swam vertically at a speed of 2.2 mm/s and consumed 3.2 W of power. The second generation mimicked the geometry and swimming style of the Aurelia aurita. By tailoring the applied voltage waveform and the flexibility of the bell, the robot swam at an average speed of 1.5 mm/s and consumed 3.5 W of power. The third and final generation mimicked the morphology, swimming behavior, and bell kinematics of the Aequorea victoria. The resulting robot, swam at an average speed of 0.77 mm/s and consumed 0.7 W of power when four actuators are used while it achieved 1.5 mm/s and 1.1 W of power consumption when eight actuators are used. Key parameter including the type of the waveform, the geometry of the bell, and position and size of the IPMC actuators are identified. These parameters can be hit later in order to further optimize the design of an IPMC based jellyfish robot.
Master of Science
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Tiwari, Rashi. "Modeling and characterization of the mechanoelectric response of ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) energy harvesters." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2009. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3387826.

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Mallavarapu, Kiran. "Feedback Control of Ionic Polymer Actuators." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34154.

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An ionic polymer actuator consists of a thin Nafion-117 sheet plated with gold or platinum on both sides. An ionic polymer actuator undergoes large deformation in the presence of low applied voltage across its thickness and exhibits low impedance. They can also be used as large displacement sensors by bending them to induce stresses and generate a voltage response. They operate best in a humid environment. Ionic polymer actuators have been used for various practical applications such as bio-mimetic robotic propulsion, flexible low mass robotic arms, propellors for swimming robotic structures, linear and platform type robotic actuators and active catheter systems. One of the disadvantages of ionic polymer actuators is that their settling time to a unit step voltage is on the order of 5-20 seconds in a cantilever configuration. The slow time constant of an ionic polymer limits the actuation bandwidth. The characteristics of ionic polymer actuators, low force and large displacement (as compared to other actuator technologies such as PZT or PVDF), cannot be used in applications requiring a faster response time for a given actuation signal. Due to this limitation, many applications will not be able to make use of the large displacement effectively because of the limited bandwidth of the actuator. Another disadvantage of using an ionic polymer actuator is that the stiffness of the actuator is a function of the hydration of the polymer. Difficulties in controlling the hydration, which changes with respect to time, results in inconsistencies in the mechanical response exhibited by the polymers during continual usage. Several physical models of ionic polymer actuators have been proposed. The physical phenomenon responsible for the bending is not completely understood and no clear set of principles have been able to explain the motion of the polymers completely. Physical phenomena like ionic motion, back diffusion of water and electrostatic force have been used to explain these models. This research demonstrates the use of feedback control to overcome the limitation of slow settling time. First, an empirical model of the ionic polymers developed by Kanno was modified by studying the step response of these actuators. The empirical model is used to design a feedback compensator by state space modeling techniques. Since the ionic polymer actuator has a slow settling time in the open-loop, the design objectives are to minimize the settling time and constrain the control voltage to be less than a prescribed value. The controller is designed using Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) techniques which reduced the number of design parameters to one variable. Simulations are performed which show settling times of 0.03 seconds for closed-loop feedback control are possible as compared to the open-loop settling time of 16-18 seconds. The maximum control voltage varied from 1.2 Volts to 3.5 Volts depending on the LQR design parameter. The controller is implemented and results obtained are consistent with the simulations. Closed-loop settling time is observed to be 4-8 seconds and the ratio of the peak response to the steady-state response is reduced by an order of magnitude. Discrepancies between the experiment and the simulations are attributed to the inconsistencies in the resonant frequency of the actuator. Experiments demonstrate that changes in the surface hydration of the polymer result in 20\% variations in the actuator resonance. Variations in the actuator resonance require a more conservative compensator design, thus limiting the performance of the feedback control system.
Master of Science
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Vickers, Jason Aaron. "The development and implementation of an ionic-polymer-metal-composite propelled vessel guided by a goal-seeking algorithm." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5936.

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This thesis describes the use of an ultrasonic goal-seeking algorithm while using ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC), an electroactive polymer, as the actuator to drive a vessel towards a goal. The signal transmitting and receiving circuits as well as the goal seeking algorithm are described in detail. Two test vessels were created; one was a larger vessel that contained all necessary components for autonomy. The second was a smaller vessel that contained only the sensors and IPMC strips, and all power and signals were transmitted via an umbilical cord. To increase the propulsive efforts of the second, smaller vessel, fins were added to the IPMC strips, increasing the surface area over 700%, determined to yield a 22-fold force increase. After extensive testing, it was found that the three IPMC strips, used as oscillating fins, could not generate enough propulsion to move either vessel, with or without fins. With the addition of fins, the oscillating frequency was reduced from 0.86-Hz to 0.25-Hz. However, the goal-seeking algorithm was successful in guiding the vessel towards the target, an ultrasonic transmitter. When moved manually according to the instructions given by the algorithm, the vessel successfully reached the goal. Using assumptions based on prior experiments regarding the speed of an IPMC propelled vessel, the trial in which the goal was to the left of the axis required 18.2% more time to arrive at the goal than the trial in which the goal was to the right. This significant difference is due to the goal-seeking algorithm’s means to acquire the strongest signal. After the research had concluded and the propulsors failed to yield desired results, many factors were considered to rationalize the observations. The operating frequency was reduced, and it was found that, by the impulse-momentum theorem, that the propulsive force was reduced proportionally. The literature surveyed addressed undulatory motion, which produces constant propulsive force, not oscillatory, which yields intermittent propulsive force. These reasons among others were produced to rationalize the results and prove the cause of negative results was inherent to the actuators themselves. All rational options have been considered to yield positive results.
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Jain, Vaibhav. "Applications of Layer-by-Layer Films in Electrochromic Devices and Bending Actuators." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28907.

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This thesis presents work done to improve the switching speed and contrast performance of electrochromic devices. Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembly was used to deposit thin electrochromic films of materials ranging from organic, inorganic, conducting polymers, etc. The focus was on developing new materials with high contrast and long lifecycles. A detailed switching-speed study of solid-state EC devices of already-developed (PEDOT (Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)), polyviologen, inorganic) materials and some new materials (Prodot-Sultone) was performed. Work was done to achieve the optimum thickness and number of bilayers in LbL films resulting in high-contrast and fast switching. Device sizes were varied for comparison of the performance of the lab-made prototype device with the commercially available â small pixelâ size displays. Symmetrical EC devices were fabricated and tested whenever conducting polymers are used as an EC material. This symmetrical configuration utilizes conducting polymers as an electroactive layer on each of two ITO-coated substrates; potential is applied to the two layers of similar conducting polymers and the device changes color from one redox state to another. This method, along with LbL film assembly, are the main factors in the improvement of switching speed results over already-published work in the literature. PEDOT results show that EC devices fabricated by LbL assembly with a switching speed of less than 30 ms make EC flat-panel displays possible by adjusting film thickness, device size, and type of material. The high contrast value (84%) for RuP suggests that its LbL films can be used for low-power consumption displays where contrast, not fastest switching, is the prime importance. In addition to the electrochromic work, this thesis also includes a section on the application of LbL assembly in fabricating electromechanical bending actuators. For bending actuators based on ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs), a new class of conductive composite network (CNC) electrode was investigated, based on LbL self-assembled multilayers of conductive gold (Au) nanoparticles. The CNC of an electromechanical actuator fabricated with 100 bilayers of polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH)/Au NPs exhibits high strain value of 6.8% with an actuation speed of 0.18 seconds for a 26 µm thick IPMC with 0.4 µm thick LbL CNCs under 4 volts.
Ph. D.
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Park, Jong Keun. "Anisotropic Morphologies and Properties in Perfluorosulfonate Ionomer-Based Materials." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40486.

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The overall goal of this investigation was to elucidate specific structure-property relationships in perfluorosulfonate ionomers (PFSIs)-related materials. The project can be broken into two primary foci. First, we explored the current state of understanding related to morphology-property relationships in PFSIs with specific attention to the nano-scale organization of the ionic and crystalline domains. Specifically, the effect of uniaxial orientation on the structure and transport properties of Nafion® membranes was examined. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments on dry membranes that were uniaxially elongated showed a strong anisotropic morphology which was shown to persist over the swelling process without a significant relaxation. Hermanâ s order parameters for the ionomer peak were strongly influenced by uniaxial deformation, which supports the presence of cylindrical rather than spherical morphology for ionic domains. Comparison of the water diffusion coefficients between unoriented and oriented samples revealed that uniaxial deformation of Nafion® membranes essentially enhances transport ability in one direction (i.e., the parallel to draw direction) and suppresses in the other two directions (i.e., two orthogonal directions relative to the stretching direction). Based on 1-dimensional analyses of oriented SAXS patterns at the azimuthal angle 90o, three recent models (lamellar model, semicrystalline rod-like model and fringed-micelle model) for the morphology of PFSIs were critically evaluated. The loss of meridional scattering, different orientation behavior of the crystalline and ionic domains, and inherent chain stiffness precludes the possibility of a chain-folded lamellar morphology. While the inter-aggregate dimensions remain constant at high draw ratios, the inter-crystalline spacings decrease significantly. Coupled with the distinctly different orientation behavior, these observations preclude the existence of crystallites solely within rod-like aggregates. While the worm-like ionic channel model was able to explain the behavior of SAXS and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) relatively well, this model also had limitations such as (1) crystalline domains directly linked to the ionic domain (and thus a lack of amorphous domains) and (2) a presence of only a single ionic channel between two neighboring crystallites. Second, electroactive materials, specifically ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) that undergo bending motions with the stimulus of a relatively weak electric field were fabricated. To understand the role of the nanoscale morphology of the membrane matrix in affecting the actuation behavior of IPMC systems, we evaluated actuation performance of IPMCs subjected to uniaxial orientation. The PFSI nanostructure altered by uniaxial orientation mimicked the fibrillar structure of biological muscle tissue and yielded a new anisotropic actuation response. It was evident that IPMCs cut from films oriented perpendicular to the draw direction yielded displacement values that were significantly greater than that of unoriented IPMCs. In contrast, IPMCs cut from films oriented parallel to the draw direction appeared to resist bending and yield displacement values that were much less than that of the unoriented IPMC. This anisotropic actuation behavior was attributed to the contribution of the nanoscale morphology to the bulk bending modulus. Overall, this study clearly demonstrated, for the first time, the importance of the nanoscale morphology in affecting/controlling the actuation behavior in IPMC systems.
Ph. D.
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Books on the topic "Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC)"

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Shahinpoor, Mohsen, ed. Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMCs). Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781782622581.

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Bhattacharya, Srijan. Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003204664.

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Inamuddin and Abdullah M. Asiri, eds. Ionic Polymer Metal Composites for Sensors and Actuators. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13728-1.

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Leronni, Alessandro. Modeling the Electrochemo-poromechanics of Ionic Polymer Metal Composites and Cell Clusters. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92276-4.

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Inamuddin and Abdullah M. Asiri. Ionic Polymer Metal Composites for Sensors and Actuators. Springer, 2019.

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Bhattacharya, Srijan. Ionic Polymer Metal Composites: Evolution, Applications and Future Direction. CRC Press LLC, 2022.

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Shahinpoor, Mohsen. Ionic Polymer Metal Composites: Smart Multi-Functional Materials and Artificial Muscles, Volume 1. Royal Society of Chemistry, The, 2015.

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Leronni, Alessandro. Modeling the Electrochemo-Poromechanics of Ionic Polymer Metal Composites and Cell Clusters. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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Modeling the Electrochemo-Poromechanics of Ionic Polymer Metal Composites and Cell Clusters. Springer International Publishing AG, 2023.

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Shahinpoor, Mohsen. Ionic Polymer Metal Composites Vol. 2: Smart Multi-Functional Materials and Artificial Muscles, Volume 2. Royal Society of Chemistry, The, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC)"

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Bhattacharya, Srijan. "Future Directions on IPMC Research." In Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites, 193–97. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003204664-8.

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Bhattacharya, Srijan. "Introduction to IPMC, Its Application and Present Scenario." In Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites, 1–15. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003204664-1.

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Bhattacharya, Srijan, Bikash Bepari, and Subhasis Bhaumik. "Selection of Elastomer for Compliant Robotic Gripper Harnessed with IPMC Actuator." In Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites, 123–48. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003204664-6.

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Jain, Ravi Kant. "Application of Ionic Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC) as Soft Actuators in Robotics and Bio-Mimetics." In Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites, 53–94. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003204664-4.

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Das, Suman, Srijan Bhattacharya, and Subrata Chattopadhyay. "Study of Polar Region Atmospheric Electric Field Impact on Human Beings and the Potential Solution by IPMC." In Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites, 149–91. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003204664-7.

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Topcu, Gokhan, Tugrul Guner, and Mustafa M. Demir. "Pressure Sensors Based on IPMC Actuator." In Ionic Polymer Metal Composites for Sensors and Actuators, 161–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13728-1_8.

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Josephine Selvarani Ruth, D. "Robotic Assemblies Based on IPMC Actuators." In Ionic Polymer Metal Composites for Sensors and Actuators, 183–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13728-1_9.

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Maranescu, Bianca, and Aurelia Visa. "Metal-Organic Framework Composites IPMC Sensors and Actuators." In Ionic Polymer Metal Composites for Sensors and Actuators, 1–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13728-1_1.

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Kim, Hyung-Man, and N. D. Vinh. "Study on Time-Dependent Bending Response of IPMC Actuator." In Ionic Polymer Metal Composites for Sensors and Actuators, 75–138. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13728-1_5.

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Bhattacharya, Srijan, Bikash Bepari, and Subhasis Bhaumik. "Design and Fabrication of Deformable Soft Gripper Using IPMC as Actuator." In Ionic Polymer Metal Composites for Sensors and Actuators, 195–207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13728-1_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC)"

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Seidi, M., M. Hajiaghamemar, E. Tabatabaie, and M. Shahinpoor. "Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs) as Impact Sensors." In ASME 2015 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2015-8842.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of using IPMC as a flexible impact sensor to be used in typical impact protective devices like a protective headgear to estimate the severity level of head impacts. To that end, IPMC strips were embedded into two layers of protective dilatant material and several impact testings were performed. Results of output IPMC voltage and impact acceleration were captured and analyzed. IPMCs appear to present a potential as impact sensors. In so doing, small strips of either Platinum or Gold chemically-plated IPMCs were used. Results of IPMC voltage output and impact accelerations were reported. The results indicate that IPMCs can be used as flexible impact sensors.
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Radmard, Sina, Mohammad Honarvar, Aria Alasty, Ali Meghdari, and Hasan Zohoor. "Position Control of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites Using Fuzzy Logic." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66355.

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The Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) form an important category of electroactive polymers which generate large deformation under a low driving voltage. In this paper an empirical model of IPMC is developed by measuring the step response of a 23 mm×3.6 mm×0.16 mm IPMC strip in a cantilever configuration. Moreover, a model-based precision position control of an IPMC base on the fuzzy logic is presented. Open-loop position responses of an IPMC are not repeatable, and hence closed-loop precision control is of critical importance to ensure proper functioning, repeatability and reliability. A CCD camera was used to observe the closed loop response of the IPMC strip in order to control this electro-mechanical actuator experimentally. The IPMC actuator could follow various commanded position trajectories such as sinusoidal and square position profiles. The control architecture presented includes a fuzzy system whose structure and parameters were designed by trail-and-error beside a gain scheduled PID controller using fuzzy system. The performance of the IPMC strip is investigated and compared under these controllers.
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Bahramzadeh, Yousef, and Mohsen Shahinpoor. "Characterizing of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMC) for Sensitive Curvature Measurement." In ASME 2010 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2010-3799.

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Application of Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMCs) for curvature sensing and measurement of dynamic structures has been presented. IPMC’s are electro active polymers that exhibit the characteristics of both actuators and sensors. The flexibility of IPMC makes it possible to be applied both in small and large deflection applications. Developing a curvature sensor based on IPMC can be of high importance in a wide variety of fields including shape monitoring of deployable structures in which the curvature of structure varies during deployment process until it maintains a target curvature. In this article, in order to characterize the IPMC sensor properties for curvature sensing, various experimental procedures have been conducted including sensing response of IPMC sensor to sinusoidal and step deflections at different frequencies. The effect of voltage recovery of IPMC on sensing signal was studied by applying the deformation in the form of ramp functions at very slow rates of curvature variation. Experiments show that due to the linear response of IPMC sensor to curvature change at different rates, it could be potentially used as a sensitive curvature sensor for several structural applications.
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Knight, Bryce M., Marco P. Schoen, and Alba Perez-Gracia. "Distributed Actuation and Shape Control of Ionic Polymer Metal Composites." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15826.

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Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMC) present great potential as future actuators and sensors in a variety of fields including aerospace and biomedical engineering. The benefits of using IPMCs are based on the material's large bending deformation capabilities, low power consumption, light weight and compact size. However, before this novel material can be exploited, a better understanding of its electromechanical properties and a higher level of controllability must be obtained. This paper presents the results of experimental research with these goals in mind. The actuation of these electro active polymers is achieved by using geometrically defined actuation points on the polymer's surface. The input voltage is spatially controlled to achieve faster response times as well as increased control of the shape of the polymer's surface. The experimental work is carried out under a constant humidity and uses vision based sensing to detect the various shapes generated by these electro active polymers. The experimental outcomes are compared against a dynamical model. The results demonstrate the ability for increased control of the shape generated by the surface. A good match of the dynamical model to predict the displacement of the polymer at instances in time is found. In addition, the proposed approach improves the response time of an IPMC through the application of distributed voltage sources over the surface of the material.
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Davidson, Jacob D., and N. C. Goulbourne. "Electromechanical Coupling in Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39582.

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Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) are smart materials which function as soft sensors and actuators. When a small DC voltage (1–5 V) is applied to an IPMC in a cantilever configuration, ion and solvent transport through the thickness of the polymer membrane causes the transducer to bend towards the anode. For device development and use in engineering applications, actuation is often described at a higher level in terms of an electromechanical coupling between the ionic charge distribution and the stresses developed in the IPMC. In this work we derive a set of relationships describing the coupling response by starting with basic considerations of polymer microstructure and local interactions during actuation. A micromechanical modeling framework is employed in order to account for the material microstructure. Using a generalized expression for electrostatic cluster pressure which takes into account clusters recombining to form larger cluster upon expansion, we define an effective local stiffness which varies with both solvent uptake and charge density in the boundary layers. An equilibrium relationship between solvent uptake and charge density is determined by considering the free energy of the homogenized polymer as the sum of elastic, electrostatic, and chemical components. Stress developed in the boundary layers is then calculated from changes in local stiffness and solvent uptake with respect to charge density. The resulting relationship for electromechanical coupling is found to be in good agreement with previous empirical models, thus serving as a model validation and demonstrating why certain forms for electromechanical coupling can be used to explain a variety of experimental observations. Specifically, we see that stress developed in the boundary layers is well described as a quadratic polynomial in charge density due to the form of the electrostatic cluster pressures.
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Paquette, J., K. J. Kim, J. D. Nam, and Y. S. Tak. "An Equivalent Circuit Model for Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites and Their Performance Improvement by a Clay-Based Polymer Nano-Composite Technique." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39003.

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Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite (IPMC) is a new class of polymeric material exhibiting large strain with inherent soft actuation. The observed motion characteristics of an IPMC subjected to an electric field is highly non-linear. This is believed to be due primarily to the particle electrodes on the IPMC surface, which is inherently both capacitive and resistive due to particle separation and density. Knowing that the value of resistivity and capacity can be manipulated by the number of metal platings applied to the IPMC, the force response of an IPMC when subjected to an imposed electric field is due to the interaction of an array of capacitors and resistors along with ionic migration. In this effort we attempt to incorporate a capacitive and resistive model into the previously developed linear irreversible thermodynamic model. The advantages of using such a model are i) the possible dynamic predictability of the material itself; and ii) the realization of capacitive and resistive effect arising from the particle electrodes and the base polymer, respectively. The behavior of the proposed model can explain typical experimentally obtained values well. Also, an experimental effort to improve the properties of the base polymer was carried out by a novel nanocomposite technique. The experiment results on the current/voltage (I/V) curves indicate that the starting material of ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) can be optimized to create effective polymer actuators.
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Chen, Zheng, and Xiaobo Tan. "Model-Based Nonlinear Control of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuators." In ASME 2009 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2009-2612.

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Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) are soft materials that can generate large deformation under a low voltage. IPMCs have many potential applications in biomedical, robotic and micro/nano manipulation systems. In this paper, we first present a distributed, nonlinear circuit model for IPMC, which incorporates the nonlinear capacitance, the nonlinear DC resistance, and the effect of surface resistance. The bending displacement is proportional to the total stored charge in IPMC. After discretizing the model in the length direction, we obtain a multiple-segment model which can be represented in the state space for nonlinear control design. The model is validated using experimental data, and we show that a one-segment model can predict the current and displacement response reasonably well. A model-based nonlinear controller is proposed for IPMC actuators, where feedback linearization is applied. Simulation results show that model-based nonlinear controller delivers better performance than a traditional PI controller in terms of the tracking error, control effort, and robustness to sensing noises.
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Krishnaswamy, Arvind, and D. Roy Mahapatra. "Hydrodynamic Energy Harvesting Using an Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Stack for Underwater Applications." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39549.

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Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMCs) are a class of Electro-Active Polymers (EAPs) consisting of a base polymer (usually Nafion), sandwiched between thin films of electrodes and an electrolyte. Apart from fuel cell like proton exchange process in Nafion, these IPMCs can act both as an actuator and a sensor. Typically, IPMCs have been known for their applications in fuel cell technology and in artificial muscles for robots. However, more recently, sensing properties of IPMC have opened up possibilities of mechanical energy harvesting. In this paper, we consider a bi-layer stack of IPMC membranes where fluid flow induced cyclic oscillation allows collection of electronic charge across a pair of functionalized electrode on the surface of IPMC layers/stacks. IPMCs work well in hydrated environment; more specifically, in presence of an electrolyte, and therefore, have great potential in underwater applications like hydrodynamic energy harvesting. Hydrodynamic forces produce bending deformation, which can induce transport of cations via polymer chains of the base polymer of Nafion or PTFE. In our experimental set-up, the deformation is induced into the array of IPMC membranes immersed in electrolyte by water waves caused by a plunger connected to a stepper motor. The frequency and amplitude of the water waves is controlled by the stepper motor through a micro-controller. The generated electric power is measured across a resistive load. Few orders of magnitude increase in the harvested power density is observed. Analytical modeling approach used for power and efficiency calculations are discussed. The observed electro-mechanical performance promises a host of underwater energy harvesting applications.
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Fotsing, Yannick Kengne, and Xiaobo Tan. "Bias-Dependent Impedance Model for Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuators." In ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-5011.

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Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) are a novel class of soft sensing and actuation materials with promising applications in robotic and biomedical systems. In this paper we present a model for nonlinear electrical dynamics of IPMC actuators, by applying perturbation analysis on the dynamics-governing partial differential equation (PDE) around a given bias voltage. By approximating the steady-state electric field under the bias with a piecewise linear function, we derive a linear PDE for the perturbed charge dynamics, which has piecewise constant coefficients and coefficients linear in the spatial variable. Through power series expansion, we solve the PDE to get the charge distribution up to any prescribed order. The perturbed electric field and current are subsequently obtained, which results in a bias-dependent impedance model. This model captures the nonlinear nature of the IPMC electrical dynamics, and degenerates to the linear model when the bias is zero. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the modeling approach.
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Arumugam, Jayavel, and Arun Srinivasa. "Thermodynamic Modeling of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Beams." In ASME 2012 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2012-8149.

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A thermodynamically consistent model to simulate the electromechanical response of ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) beams has been developed based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. Appropriate assumptions have been made and suitable forms for the Helmholtz free energy and the rate of dissipation have been chosen. The governing equations, describing the actuation and sensing behavior of IPMC strips in air, have been formulated using a set of kinematic assumptions, the power theorem, and the maximum rate of dissipation hypothesis, neglecting inertial effects. The model has been extended to solve for large deformations in IPMC cantilevers with certain loading conditions. The model has been shown to simulate the electromechanical responses of both Nafion and Flemion based IPMC strips. This includes the initial overshoot followed by a gradual back-relaxation observed in the tip deflection measurements of Nafion based IPMC strips under the application of a step voltage. It has been shown that a coupled convective heating term in the rate of dissipation function is crucial for simulating this overshoot and the back relaxation.
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Reports on the topic "Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC)"

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Shriver, D. F., and M. A. Ratner. Mixed ionic-electronic conduction and percolation in polymer electrolyte metal oxide composites. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/491618.

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