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Journal articles on the topic 'Ionic microgels'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Truzzolillo, Domenico, Simona Sennato, Stefano Sarti, Stefano Casciardi, Chiara Bazzoni, and Federico Bordi. "Overcharging and reentrant condensation of thermoresponsive ionic microgels." Soft Matter 14, no. 20 (2018): 4110–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm02357j.

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We investigated the complexation of thermoresponsive anionic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNiPAM) microgels and cationic ε-polylysine chains. We show that the volume phase transition of the microgels triggers polyion adsorption and gives rise to a thermosensitive microgel overcharging and reentrant condensation.

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2

Kusaia, Viktoria S., Elena Yu Kozhunova, Darya A. Stepanova, Vladislava A. Pigareva, Andrey V. Sybachin, Sergey B. Zezin, Anastasiya V. Bolshakova, et al. "Synthesis of Magneto-Controllable Polymer Nanocarrier Based on Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic Acid) for Doxorubicin Immobilization." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 5440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245440.

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In this work, the preparation procedure and properties of anionic magnetic microgels loaded with antitumor drug doxorubicin are described. The functional microgels were produced via the in situ formation of iron nanoparticles in an aqueous dispersion of polymer microgels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (PNIPAM-PAA). The composition and morphology of the resulting composite microgels were studied by means of X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic-force microscopy, laser microelectrophoresis, and static and dynamic light scattering. The forming nanoparticles were found to be β-FeO(OH). In physiological pH and ionic strength, the obtained composite microgels were shown to possess high colloid stability. The average size of the composites was 200 nm, while the zeta-potential was −27.5 mV. An optical tweezers study has demonstrated the possibility of manipulation with microgel using external magnetic fields. Loading of the composite microgel with doxorubicin did not lead to any change in particle size and colloidal stability. Magnetic-driven interaction of the drug-loaded microgel with model cell membranes was demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy. The described magnetic microgels demonstrate the potential for the controlled delivery of biologically active substances.

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3

Sennato, Simona, Edouard Chauveau, Stefano Casciardi, Federico Bordi, and Domenico Truzzolillo. "The Double-Faced Electrostatic Behavior of PNIPAm Microgels." Polymers 13, no. 7 (April 4, 2021): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071153.

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PNIPAm microgels synthesized via free radical polymerization (FRP) are often considered as neutral colloids in aqueous media, although it is well known, since the pioneering works of Pelton and coworkers, that the vanishing electrophoretic mobility characterizing swollen microgels largely increases above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAm, at which microgels partially collapse. The presence of an electric charge has been attributed to the ionic initiators that are employed when FRP is performed in water and that stay anchored to microgel particles. Combining dynamic light scattering (DLS), electrophoresis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments, we show that collapsed ionic PNIPAm microgels undergo large mobility reversal and reentrant condensation when they are co-suspended with oppositely charged polyelectrolytes (PE) or nanoparticles (NP), while their stability remains unaffected by PE or NP addition at lower temperatures, where microgels are swollen and their charge density is low. Our results highlight a somehow double-faced electrostatic behavior of PNIPAm microgels due to their tunable charge density: they behave as quasi-neutral colloids at temperature below LCST, while they strongly interact with oppositely charged species when they are in their collapsed state. The very similar phenomenology encountered when microgels are surrounded by polylysine chains and silica nanoparticles points to the general character of this twofold behavior of PNIPAm-based colloids in water.

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4

Hwang, Byung Soo, Jong Sik Kim, Ju Min Kim, and Tae Soup Shim. "Thermogelling Behaviors of Aqueous Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide-co-2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate) Microgel–Silica Nanoparticle Composite Dispersions." Materials 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051212.

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Gelation behaviors of hydrogels have provided an outlook for the development of stimuli-responsive functional materials. Of these materials, the thermogelling behavior of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (p(NiPAm))-based microgels exhibits a unique, reverse sol–gel transition by bulk aggregation of microgels at the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Despite its unique phase transition behaviors, the application of this material has been largely limited to the biomedical field, and the bulk gelation behavior of microgels in the presence of colloidal additives is still open for scrutinization. Here, we provide an in-depth investigation of the unique thermogelling behaviors of p(NiPAm)-based microgels through poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) microgel (p(NiPAm-co-HEMA))–silica nanoparticle composite to expand the application possibilities of the microgel system. Thermogelling behaviors of p(NiPAm-co-HEMA) microgel with different molar ratios of N-isopropylacrylamide (NiPAm) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), their colloidal stability under various microgel concentrations, and the ionic strength of these aqueous solutions were investigated. In addition, sol–gel transition behaviors of various p(NiPAm-co-HEMA) microgel systems were compared by analyzing their rheological properties. Finally, we incorporated silica nanoparticles to the microgel system and investigated the thermogelling behaviors of the microgel–nanoparticle composite system. The composite system exhibited consistent thermogelling behaviors in moderate conditions, which was confirmed by an optical microscope. The composite demonstrated enhanced mechanical strength at gel state, which was confirmed by analyzing rheological properties.

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5

Sigolaeva, Larisa, Dmitry Pergushov, Marina Oelmann, Simona Schwarz, Monia Brugnoni, Ilya Kurochkin, Felix Plamper, Andreas Fery, and Walter Richtering. "Surface Functionalization by Stimuli-Sensitive Microgels for Effective Enzyme Uptake and Rational Design of Biosensor Setups." Polymers 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10070791.

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We highlight microgel/enzyme thin films that were deposited onto solid interfaces via two sequential steps, the adsorption of temperature- and pH-sensitive microgels, followed by their complexation with the enzyme choline oxidase, ChO. Two kinds of functional (ionic) microgels were compared in this work in regard to their adsorptive behavior and interaction with ChO, that is, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide), P(NIPAM-co-APMA), bearing primary amino groups, and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N-[3-(dimethylamino) propyl]methacrylamide), P(NIPAM-co-DMAPMA), bearing tertiary amino groups. The stimuli-sensitive properties of the microgels in the solution were characterized by potentiometric titration, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and laser microelectrophoresis. The peculiarities of the adsorptive behavior of both the microgels and the specific character of their interaction with ChO were revealed by a combination of surface characterization techniques. The surface charge was characterized by electrokinetic analysis (EKA) for the initial graphite surface and the same one after the subsequent deposition of the microgels and the enzyme under different adsorption regimes. The masses of wet microgel and microgel/enzyme films were determined by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) upon the subsequent deposition of the components under the same adsorption conditions, on a surface of gold-coated quartz crystals. Finally, the enzymatic responses of the microgel/enzyme films deposited on graphite electrodes to choline were tested amperometrically. The presence of functional primary amino groups in the P(NIPAM-co-APMA) microgel enables a covalent enzyme-to-microgel coupling via glutar aldehyde cross-linking, thereby resulting in a considerable improvement of the biosensor operational stability.

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6

Murphy, Ryan, Lijie Zhu, Ganesan Narsimhan, and Owen Jones. "Impacts of Size and Deformability of β-Lactoglobulin Microgels on the Colloidal Stability and Volatile Flavor Release of Microgel-Stabilized Emulsions." Gels 4, no. 3 (September 15, 2018): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels4030079.

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Emulsions can be prepared from protein microgel particles as an alternative to traditional emulsifiers. Prior experiments have indicated that smaller and more deformable microgels would decrease both the physical destabilization of emulsions and the diffusion-based losses of entrapped volatile molecules. The microgels were prepared from β-lactoglobulin with an average diameter of 150 nm, 231 nm, or 266 nm; large microgels were cross-linked to decrease their deformability. Dilute emulsions of 15–50 μm diameter were prepared with microgels by high shear mixing. Light scattering and microscopy showed that the emulsions prepared with larger, untreated microgels possessed a larger initial droplet size, but were resistant to droplet growth during storage or after acidification, increased ionic strength, and exposure to surfactants. The emulsions prepared with cross-linked microgels emulsions were the least resistant to flocculation, creaming, and shrinkage. All emulsion droplets shrank as limonene was lost during storage, and the inability of microgels to desorb caused droplets to become non-spherical. The microgels were not displaced by Tween 20 but were displaced by excess sodium dodecyl sulfate. Hexanol diffusion and associated shrinkage of pendant droplets was not prevented by any of the microgels, yet the rate of shrinkage was reduced with the largest microgels.

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7

Cui, Jiecheng, Ning Gao, Jian Li, Chen Wang, Hui Wang, Meimei Zhou, Meng Zhang, and Guangtao Li. "Poly(ionic liquid)-based monodisperse microgels as a unique platform for producing functional materials." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 3 (2015): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tc02487g.

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In this work, we report the microfluidic preparation of monodisperse imidazolium-based poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) microgels with a controlled size and morphology, and show that the imidazolium units in the microgel network can be exploited as reactive sites to efficiently access desired functional materials by a simple counteranion-exchange or conversion reaction.

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8

Moncho-Jordá, Arturo, and Joachim Dzubiella. "Swelling of ionic microgel particles in the presence of excluded-volume interactions: a density functional approach." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 7 (2016): 5372–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp07794j.

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In this work a new density functional theory framework is developed to predict the salt-concentration dependent swelling state of charged microgels and the local concentration of monovalent ions inside and outside the microgel.

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9

Al-Tikriti, Yassir, and Per Hansson. "Drug-Induced Phase Separation in Polyelectrolyte Microgels." Gels 8, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8010004.

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Polyelectrolyte microgels may undergo volume phase transition upon loading and the release of amphiphilic molecules, a process important in drug delivery. The new phase is “born” in the outermost gel layers, whereby it grows inward as a shell with a sharp boundary to the “mother” phase (core). The swelling and collapse transitions have previously been studied with microgels in large solution volumes, where they go to completion. Our hypothesis is that the boundary between core and shell is stabilized by thermodynamic factors, and thus that collapsed and swollen phases should be able to also coexist at equilibrium. We investigated the interaction between sodium polyacrylate (PA) microgel networks (diameter: 400–850 µm) and the amphiphilic drug amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMT) in the presence of NaCl/phosphate buffer of ionic strength (I) 10 and 155 mM. We used a specially constructed microscopy cell and micromanipulators to study the size and internal morphology of single microgels equilibrated in small liquid volumes of AMT solution. To probe the distribution of AMT micelles we used the fluorescent probe rhodamine B. The amount of AMT in the microgel was determined by a spectrophotometric technique. In separate experiments we studied the binding of AMT and the distribution between different microgels in a suspension. We found that collapsed, AMT-rich, and swollen AMT-lean phases coexisted in equilibrium or as long-lived metastable states at intermediate drug loading levels. In single microgels at I = 10 mM, the collapsed phase formed after loading deviated from the core-shell configuration by forming either discrete domains near the gel boundary or a calotte shaped domain. At I = 155 mM, single microgels, initially fully collapsed, displayed a swollen shell and a collapsed core after partial release of the AMT load. Suspensions displayed a bimodal distribution of swollen and collapsed microgels. The results support the hypothesis that the boundary between collapsed and swollen phases in the same microgel is stabilized by thermodynamic factors.

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10

Silva, Karen Cristina Guedes, Ana Isabel Bourbon, Lorenzo Pastrana, and Ana Carla Kawazoe Sato. "Emulsion-filled hydrogels for food applications: influence of pH on emulsion stability and a coating on microgel protection." Food & Function 11, no. 9 (2020): 8331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0fo01198c.

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Emulsion with gelatinized starch, also composed of alginate and gelatin, showed stability at pH 6, allowing microgels production by ionic gelation. During the in vitro digestion, microgels with the coating layer were more stable.

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11

Cai, Shixuan, Hongyan Shi, Guoqian Li, Qilu Xue, Lei Zhao, Fu Wang, and Bo Hu. "3D-Printed Concentration-Controlled Microfluidic Chip with Diffusion Mixing Pattern for the Synthesis of Alginate Drug Delivery Microgels." Nanomaterials 9, no. 10 (October 12, 2019): 1451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9101451.

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Alginate as a good drug delivery vehicle has excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. In the ionic gelation process between alginate and Ca2+, the violent reaction is the absence of a well-controlled strategy in the synthesizing calcium alginate (CaA) microgels. In this study, a concentration-controlled microfluidic chip with central buffer flow was designed and 3D-printed to well-control the synthesis process of CaA microgels by the diffusion mixing pattern. The diffusion mixing pattern in the microfluidic chip can slow down the ionic gelation process in the central stream. The particle size can be influenced by channel length and flow rate ratio, which can be regulated to 448 nm in length and 235 nm in diameter. The delivery ratio of Doxorubicin (Dox) in CaA microgels are up to 90% based on the central stream strategy. CaA@Dox microgels with pH-dependent release property significantly enhances the cell killing rate against human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). The diffusion mixing pattern gives rise to well-controlled synthesis of CaA microgels, serving as a continuous and controllable production process for advanced drug delivery systems.

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12

Roa, Rafael, Emiliy K. Zholkovskiy, and Gerhard Nägele. "Ultrafiltration modeling of non-ionic microgels." Soft Matter 11, no. 20 (2015): 4106–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm00678c.

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13

Hanel, Clemens, Christos Likos, and Ronald Blaak. "Effective Interactions between Multilayered Ionic Microgels." Materials 7, no. 12 (December 2, 2014): 7689–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma7127689.

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14

Denton, Alan R., and Qiyun Tang. "Counterion-induced swelling of ionic microgels." Journal of Chemical Physics 145, no. 16 (October 28, 2016): 164901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4964864.

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15

Wang, Jianying, Kai Song, Lei Wang, Yijing Liu, Ben Liu, Jintao Zhu, Xiaolin Xie, and Zhihong Nie. "Formation of hybrid core–shell microgels induced by autonomous unidirectional migration of nanoparticles." Materials Horizons 3, no. 1 (2016): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5mh00024f.

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A facile and unconventional strategy has been developed for the fabrication of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs)-loaded hybrid core–shell microgels. The formation of core–shell microgels constitutes a novel mechanism in which the ionic crosslinking of charged polymers (e.g., alginate) drives the unidirectional migration of NPs towards the center of droplets.

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16

Rovigatti, Lorenzo, Nicoletta Gnan, Letizia Tavagnacco, Angel J. Moreno, and Emanuela Zaccarelli. "Numerical modelling of non-ionic microgels: an overview." Soft Matter 15, no. 6 (2019): 1108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm02089b.

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17

Bergman, Maxime J., Sofi Nöjd, Priti S. Mohanty, Niels Boon, Jasper N. Immink, J. J. Erik Maris, Joakim Stenhammar, and Peter Schurtenberger. "On the role of softness in ionic microgel interactions." Soft Matter 17, no. 44 (2021): 10063–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sm01222c.

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18

Yan, Suting, Jianda Xie, Qingshi Wu, Shiming Zhou, Anqi Qu, and Weitai Wu. "Highly efficient solid polymer electrolytes using ion containing polymer microgels." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 7 (2015): 1052–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py01603c.

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19

Bergman, Maxime J., Jan S. Pedersen, Peter Schurtenberger, and Niels Boon. "Controlling the morphology of microgels by ionic stimuli." Soft Matter 16, no. 11 (2020): 2786–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm02170a.

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20

Chen, Shoumin, Aiping Chang, Xuezhen Lin, Zhenghao Zhai, Fan Lu, Shiming Zhou, Haoxin Guo, and Weitai Wu. "Synthesis and characterization of ureido-derivatized UCST-type poly(ionic liquid) microgels." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 12 (2018): 1439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py00077h.

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21

Sahiner, Mehtap, Selin S. Suner, Aynur S. Yilmaz, and Nurettin Sahiner. "Polyelectrolyte Chondroitin Sulfate Microgels as a Carrier Material for Rosmarinic Acid and Their Antioxidant Ability." Polymers 14, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 4324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14204324.

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Polyelectrolyte microgels derived from natural sources such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) possess considerable interest as therapeutic carriers because of their ionic nature and controllable degradation capability in line with the extent of the used crosslinker for long-term drug delivery applications. In this study, chemically crosslinked CS microgels were synthesized in a single step and treated with an ammonia solution to attain polyelectrolyte CS−[NH4]+ microgels via a cation exchange reaction. The spherical and non-porous CS microgels were injectable and in the size range of a few hundred nanometers to tens of micrometers. The average size distribution of the CS microgels and their polyelectrolyte forms were not significantly affected by medium pH. It was determined that the −34 ± 4 mV zeta potential of the CS microgels was changed to −23 ± 3 mV for CS− [NH4]+ microgels with pH 7 medium. No important toxicity was determined on L929 fibroblast cells, with 76 ± 1% viability in the presence of 1000 μg/mL concentration of CS−[NH4]+ microgels. Furthermore, these microgels were used as a drug carrier material for rosmarinic acid (RA) active agent. The RA-loading capacity was about 2.5-fold increased for CS−[R]+ microgels with 32.4 ± 5.1 μg/mg RA loading, and 23% of the loaded RA was sustainably release for a long-term period within 150 h in comparison to CS microgels. Moreover, RA-loaded CS−[R]+ microgels exhibited great antioxidant activity, with 0.45 ± 0.02 μmol/g Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity in comparison to no antioxidant properties for bare CS particles.

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22

Del Monte, Giovanni, Andrea Ninarello, Fabrizio Camerin, Lorenzo Rovigatti, Nicoletta Gnan, and Emanuela Zaccarelli. "Numerical insights on ionic microgels: structure and swelling behaviour." Soft Matter 15, no. 40 (2019): 8113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm01253b.

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23

Zhou, Xianjing, Qing Yang, Jianyuan Li, Jingjing Nie, Guping Tang, and Binyang Du. "Thermo-sensitive poly(VCL-4VP-NVP) ionic microgels: synthesis, cytotoxicity, hemocompatibility, and sustained release of anti-inflammatory drugs." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 1, no. 2 (2017): 369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6qm00046k.

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24

Chen, Minjun, Guido Bolognesi, and Goran T. Vladisavljević. "Crosslinking Strategies for the Microfluidic Production of Microgels." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 20, 2021): 3752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123752.

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This article provides a systematic review of the crosslinking strategies used to produce microgel particles in microfluidic chips. Various ionic crosslinking methods for the gelation of charged polymers are discussed, including external gelation via crosslinkers dissolved or dispersed in the oil phase; internal gelation methods using crosslinkers added to the dispersed phase in their non-active forms, such as chelating agents, photo-acid generators, sparingly soluble or slowly hydrolyzing compounds, and methods involving competitive ligand exchange; rapid mixing of polymer and crosslinking streams; and merging polymer and crosslinker droplets. Covalent crosslinking methods using enzymatic oxidation of modified biopolymers, photo-polymerization of crosslinkable monomers or polymers, and thiol-ene “click” reactions are also discussed, as well as methods based on the sol−gel transitions of stimuli responsive polymers triggered by pH or temperature change. In addition to homogeneous microgel particles, the production of structurally heterogeneous particles such as composite hydrogel particles entrapping droplet interface bilayers, core−shell particles, organoids, and Janus particles are also discussed. Microfluidics offers the ability to precisely tune the chemical composition, size, shape, surface morphology, and internal structure of microgels by bringing multiple fluid streams in contact in a highly controlled fashion using versatile channel geometries and flow configurations, and allowing for controlled crosslinking.

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25

Agnihotri, Priyanshi, Sangeeta, Shikha Aery, and Abhijit Dan. "Temperature- and pH-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) microgels as a carrier for controlled protein adsorption and release." Soft Matter 17, no. 42 (2021): 9595–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sm01197a.

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This work demonstrates the controlled protein adsorption and release of different crosslinked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) microgels under different external conditions, including pH, temperature and ionic strength.

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26

Monteillet, Hélène, Marcel Workamp, Xiaohua Li, Boelo Schuur, J. Mieke Kleijn, Frans A. M. Leermakers, and Joris Sprakel. "Multi-responsive ionic liquid emulsions stabilized by microgels." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 81 (2014): 12197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc04990j.

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27

Chen, Shoumin, Xuezhen Lin, Zhenghao Zhai, Ruyue Lan, Jin Li, Yusong Wang, Shiming Zhou, Zahoor Hussain Farooqi, and Weitai Wu. "Synthesis and characterization of CO2-sensitive temperature-responsive catalytic poly(ionic liquid) microgels." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 21 (2018): 2887–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py00352a.

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28

Zhou, Yuanyuan, Hui Tang, and Peiyi Wu. "Volume phase transition mechanism of poly[oligo(ethylene glycol)methacrylate] based thermo-responsive microgels with poly(ionic liquid) cross-linkers." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 38 (2015): 25525–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp03676c.

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Thermodynamic volume phase transition mechanisms of poly[oligo(ethylene glycol)methacrylate] (POEGMA) microgels with poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) cross-linking moieties were investigated in detail on the basis of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.

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29

Yang, Jianping, Bei Huang, Zhengxiang Lv, and Zheng Cao. "Preparation and self-assembly of ionic (PNIPAM-co-VIM) microgels and their adsorption property for phosphate ions." RSC Advances 13, no. 6 (2023): 3425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra06678e.

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30

Nigro, Valentina, Roberta Angelini, Monica Bertoldo, Elena Buratti, Silvia Franco, and Barbara Ruzicka. "Chemical-Physical Behaviour of Microgels Made of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks of PNIPAM and Poly(acrylic Acid)." Polymers 13, no. 9 (April 21, 2021): 1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13091353.

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Microgels composed of stimuli responsive polymers have attracted worthwhile interest as model colloids for theorethical and experimental studies and for nanotechnological applications. A deep knowledge of their behaviour is fundamental for the design of new materials. Here we report the current understanding of a dual responsive microgel composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), a temperature sensitive polymer, and poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc), a pH sensitive polymer, at different temperatures, PAAc contents, concentrations, solvents and pH. The combination of multiple techniques as Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Raman spectroscopy, Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS), rheology and electrophoretic measurements allow to investigate the hydrodynamic radius behaviour across the typical Volume Phase Transition (VPT), the involved molecular mechanism and the internal particle structure together with the viscoelastic properties and the role of ionic charge in the aggregation phenomena.

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31

Eichenbaum, Gary M., Patrick F. Kiser, Dipak Shah, William P. Meuer, David Needham, and Sidney A. Simon. "Alkali Earth Metal Binding Properties of Ionic Microgels." Macromolecules 33, no. 11 (May 2000): 4087–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma9917139.

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32

Riest, Jonas, Priti Mohanty, Peter Schurtenberger, and Christos N. Likos. "Coarse-Graining of Ionic Microgels: Theory and Experiment." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 226, no. 7-8 (August 2012): 711–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.2012.0258.

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33

Nöjd, Sofi, Priti S. Mohanty, Payam Bagheri, Anand Yethiraj, and Peter Schurtenberger. "Electric field driven self-assembly of ionic microgels." Soft Matter 9, no. 38 (2013): 9199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3sm51226f.

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34

García-Briega, María Inmaculada, Joaquín Ródenas-Rochina, Luis Amaro Martins, Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez, Gloria Gallego Ferrer, Amparo Sempere, and José Luís Gómez Ribelles. "Stability of Biomimetically Functionalised Alginate Microspheres as 3D Support in Cell Cultures." Polymers 14, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 4282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14204282.

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Alginate hydrogels can be used to develop a three-dimensional environment in which various cell types can be grown. Cross-linking the alginate chains using reversible ionic bonds opens up great possibilities for the encapsulation and subsequent release of cells or drugs. However, alginate also has a drawback in that its structure is not very stable in a culture medium with cellular activity. This work explored the stability of alginate microspheres functionalised by grafting specific biomolecules onto their surface to form microgels in which biomimetic microspheres surrounded the cells in the culture, reproducing the natural microenvironment. A study was made of the stability of the microgel in different typical culture media and the formation of polyelectrolyte multilayers containing polylysine and heparin. Multiple myeloma cell proliferation in the culture was tested in a bioreactor under gentle agitation.

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35

Suzuki, Shiho, Junichiro Nishioka, and Shinichi Kitamura. "Characterization of Amylose Nanogels and Microgels Containing Ionic Polysaccharides." Journal of Applied Glycoscience 64, no. 2 (2017): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2016_012.

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36

Fleury, E., J. Dubois, C. L�onard, J. P. Joseleau, and H. Chanzy. "Microgels and ionic associations in solutions of cellulose diacetate." Cellulose 1, no. 2 (June 1994): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00819663.

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37

Marcilla, Rebeca, Marta Sanchez-Paniagua, Beatriz Lopez-Ruiz, Enrique Lopez-Cabarcos, Estibalitz Ochoteco, Hans Grande, and David Mecerreyes. "Synthesis and characterization of new polymeric ionic liquid microgels." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 44, no. 13 (2006): 3958–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.21483.

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38

Fussell, S. L., K. Bayliss, C. Coops, L. Matthews, W. Li, W. H. Briscoe, M. A. Faers, C. P. Royall, and J. S. van Duijneveldt. "Reversible temperature-controlled gelation in mixtures of pNIPAM microgels and non-ionic polymer surfactant." Soft Matter 15, no. 42 (2019): 8578–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm01299k.

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Abstract:

We investigate the reversible, binary gelation of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) microgels in the presence of triblock-copolymer (PEO–PPO–PEO type) surfactant. Confocal microscopy highlights that both polymers are present in the gel network.

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Weyer, Tyler J., and Alan R. Denton. "Concentration-dependent swelling and structure of ionic microgels: simulation and theory of a coarse-grained model." Soft Matter 14, no. 22 (2018): 4530–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm00799c.

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Wang, Yitong, Ling Wang, Jingcheng Hao, and Shuli Dong. "Plasmonic core–shell ionic microgels for photo-tuning catalytic applications." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 3 (2018): 2149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj03661b.

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Chen, Rui, Xin Jin, and Xinyuan Zhu. "Investigation of the Formation Process of PNIPAM-Based Ionic Microgels." ACS Omega 2, no. 12 (December 8, 2017): 8788–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b01624.

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Schroeder, Ricarda, Walter Richtering, Igor I. Potemkin, and Andrij Pich. "Stimuli-Responsive Zwitterionic Microgels with Covalent and Ionic Cross-Links." Macromolecules 51, no. 17 (August 22, 2018): 6707–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00689.

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Sahiner, Nurettin, and Selin Sagbas. "Sucrose based ionic liquid colloidal microgels in separation of biomacromolecules." Separation and Purification Technology 196 (May 2018): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.07.001.

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Ahualli, Silvia, Alberto Martín-Molina, and Manuel Quesada-Pérez. "Excluded volume effects on ionic partitioning in gels and microgels: a simulation study." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 46 (2014): 25483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp03314k.

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Del Monte, Giovanni, Fabrizio Camerin, Andrea Ninarello, Nicoletta Gnan, Lorenzo Rovigatti, and Emanuela Zaccarelli. "Charge affinity and solvent effects in numerical simulations of ionic microgels." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 33, no. 8 (December 15, 2020): 084001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/abc4cb.

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Ma, Lan, and Peiyi Wu. "The role of unique spatial structure in the volume phase transition behavior of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based interpenetrating polymer network microgels including a thermosensitive poly(ionic liquid)." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 12 (2018): 8077–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp00340h.

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Sahiner, Nurettin, Selin Sagbas, and Nahit Aktas. "Very fast catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol, methylene blue and eosin Y in natural waters using green chemistry: p(tannic acid)–Cu ionic liquid composites." RSC Advances 5, no. 24 (2015): 18183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra00126a.

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Abstract:

Using tannic acid (TA) as a biopolymer, poly(tannic Acid) (p(TA)) microgels were obtained by cross-linking TA with trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TMPGDE) as cross-linker in a water-in-oil micro emulsion system.

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Zhang, Yanmei, Xian-Yang Quek, Leilei Wu, Yejun Guan, and Emiel J. Hensen. "Palladium nanoparticles entrapped in polymeric ionic liquid microgels as recyclable hydrogenation catalysts." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 379 (November 2013): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2013.07.010.

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Çalılı, Fatma, Papatya Kaner, Grace Aro, Ayse Asatekin, and P. Zeynep Çulfaz-Emecen. "Ionic strength-responsive poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) microgels for fouling removal during ultrafiltration." Reactive and Functional Polymers 156 (November 2020): 104738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104738.

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Horigome, Koji, Takeshi Ueki, and Daisuke Suzuki. "Direct visualization of swollen microgels by scanning electron microscopy using ionic liquids." Polymer Journal 48, no. 3 (October 28, 2015): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/pj.2015.103.

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