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Journal articles on the topic 'Ionic Liquids and Crown Ethers'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Tian, Ju, Qi Tang, Yongshen Zhang, Yuzhen Shu, Lihua Zhang, and Weiming Zheng. "A study on the viscosity, density, and derivative properties of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imides with benzo-15-crown-5 binary mixtures." Journal of Chemical Research 47, no. 1 (January 2023): 174751982311563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17475198231156358.

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The essential factors that affect the interfacial mass transfer rate of crown ether–ionic liquid systems are studied by examining the physicochemical properties of mixtures of ionic liquids with benzo-15-crown-5. In the present work, the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imides ionic liquids ([C2MIm][NTf2], [C3MIm][NTf2], [C4MIm][NTf2], and [C5MIm][NTf2]) are adopted as the solvent and benzo-15-crown-5 is used as the solute. A series of binary mixtures of the ionic liquid and benzo-15-crown-5, with different molar fractions of ionic liquids, is formulated by the weight method. The viscosity and density are determined for four binary mixtures of ionic liquid and benzo-15-crown-5 at atmospheric pressure in a temperature range of 298.15 to 343.15 K. The values obtained for viscosity and density are fitted with empirical equations, and the energy barrier, a-constant, and the isobaric thermal expansion coefficient are all calculated. Interactions between the ionic liquid and the solute benzo-15-crown-5 are analyzed, and the above properties are discussed by comparison with systems in which different solutes are present in the same ionic liquid. It is found that interactions between the ionic liquid and benzo-15-crown-5 in the mixtures are more intense than in mixed systems composed of ionic liquids and other solutes.

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2

Shkrob, Ilya A., Timothy W. Marin, and Mark L. Dietz. "On the Radiation Stability of Crown Ethers in Ionic Liquids." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 115, no. 14 (April 14, 2011): 3903–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp200307h.

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3

Yao, Hervé, and Katharina M. Fromm. "Ionic liquids based on crown ethers as electrolytes for batteries." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 72, a1 (August 28, 2016): s290—s291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273316095632.

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4

Oba, Yukiko, Megumi Okuhata, Toshiyuki Osakai, and Tomoyuki Mochida. "Solvate and protic ionic liquids from aza-crown ethers: synthesis, thermal properties, and LCST behavior." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 5 (2018): 3118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp02807e.

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5

Ueno, Kazuhide, Ryoichi Tatara, Seiji Tsuzuki, Soshi Saito, Hiroyuki Doi, Kazuki Yoshida, Toshihiko Mandai, et al. "Li+ solvation in glyme–Li salt solvate ionic liquids." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 12 (2015): 8248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp05943c.

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Raman spectra and electrode potentials corroborated that glyme–Li salt solvate ionic liquids consist of crown-ether like complex cations and counter anions with a few uncoordinated glyme molecules in the liquid state.

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6

Atanassova, M. "Crown ethers as synergistic agents in the solvent extraction of trivalent lanthanides with 8-hydroxyquinoline." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 73, no. 1 (2008): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0801029a.

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The liquid extraction of the 13 lanthanides with mixtures of 8-hydro?xyquinoline (HQ) and crown ethers (S) dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) and di?benzo-24-crown-8 (DB24C8) in 1,2-dichloroethane as a diluent from chloride medium at constant ionic strength ? = 0.1 was investigated. The composition of the extracted species was established as LnQ3 with HQ alone and as LnQ3?S in the presence of a crown ether. The values of the equilibrium constants were calculated. The addition of DB18C6 to the metal chelate system improved the extraction efficiency, while a weak synergistic enhancement was found when the metals were extracted with mixtures of HQ-DB24C8. The parameters of the extraction process were determined and the separation factors between two adjacent lanthanides(III) were calculated.

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7

Wang, Yun, Zhengnan Tian, Pengfei Sun, Jie Zhao, Hao Sun, Lijun Gao, and Guifu Zou. "A multi-iodine doped strategy for ionic conductivity enhancement of crown ether functionalized ionic liquids." RSC Advances 5, no. 129 (2015): 107185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra23229e.

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8

Barman, Siti, and Mahendra Nath Roy. "Hollow circular compound-based inclusion complexes of an ionic liquid." RSC Advances 6, no. 80 (2016): 76381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra14138b.

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Inclusion complex formation between hollow circular compounds, e.g. crown ethers, and an ionic liquid, 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, in acetonitrile solvent is studied by means of conductivity measurements, IR and NMR spectra.

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9

Cheng, Chen, and Huanwang Jing. "Brønsted acidic ionic liquids of aza-crown ether complex cations: preparation and applications in organic reactions." RSC Adv. 4, no. 65 (2014): 34325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra03061c.

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10

Marin, Timothy W., Ilya A. Shkrob, and Mark L. Dietz. "Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions and Protic Equilibria in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids Containing Crown Ethers." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 115, no. 14 (April 14, 2011): 3912–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp201193f.

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11

Borodkin, G. I., I. R. Elanov, and V. G. Shubin. "Mechanochemical fluorination of naproxen and its salts with F-TEDA-BF4." Журнал органической химии 59, no. 11 (December 15, 2023): 1418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0514749223110034.

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The mechanochemical fluorination of naproxen and its salts (Li, Na and K) using 1-chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate) (Selectfluor™, F-TEDA-BF4) has been studied. The reaction of naproxen with an excess of Selectfluor gives 2-(5,5-difluoro-6-oxo-5,6-dihydronaphthalene-2-yl)propionic acid in high yield. The use of a small amount of Al2O3, SiO2, M2CO3 (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs), ionic liquids (ILs), crown ethers, and N-bases enhances the rate of reaction of naproxen with Selectfluor and increases the proportion of the monofluorination product compared to the difluorination product.

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12

Liang, Yatao, Jinyuan Wang, Chen Cheng, and Huangwang Jing. "Lewis acidic ionic liquids of crown ether complex cations: preparation and applications in organic reactions." RSC Advances 6, no. 96 (2016): 93546–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra21947k.

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New Lewis acidic ionic liquids composed of crown ether complex cations were designed, synthesised and characterised by Raman, MS, FT-IR, TGA-DSC and elemental analysis. They have been successfully used in various organic reactions as catalysts.

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13

Sengupta, Arijit, and Prasanta Kumar Mohapatra. "Extraction of radiostrontium from nuclear waste solution using crown ethers in room temperature ionic liquids." Supramolecular Chemistry 24, no. 11 (August 31, 2012): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10610278.2012.716840.

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14

Li, Dandan, Jinyuan Wang, Fengjuan Chen, and Huanwang Jing. "Fe3O4@SiO2 supported aza-crown ether complex cation ionic liquids: preparation and applications in organic reactions." RSC Advances 7, no. 8 (2017): 4237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra25291e.

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A series of aza-crown ether ionic liquids supported on magnetic Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ core–shell particles were designed, synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, TEM, TG and FT-IR.

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15

Liu, Hui, Han-zhi Wang, Guo-hong Tao, and Yuan Kou. "Novel Imidazolium-based Ionic Liquids with a Crown-ether Moiety." Chemistry Letters 34, no. 8 (August 2005): 1184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.2005.1184.

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16

Bartsch, Richard A., Sangki Chun, and Sergei V. Dzyuba. "ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquids as Novel Diluents for Solvent Extraction of Metal Salts by Crown Ethers." ChemInform 33, no. 46 (May 19, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200246278.

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17

Shimojo, Kojiro, Kazunori Nakashima, Noriho Kamiya, and Masahiro Goto. "Crown Ether-Mediated Extraction and Functional Conversion of Cytochromecin Ionic Liquids." Biomacromolecules 7, no. 1 (January 2006): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm050847t.

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18

Luo, Huimin, Sheng Dai, Peter V. Bonnesen, and A. C. Buchanan. "Separation of fission products based on ionic liquids: Task-specific ionic liquids containing an aza-crown ether fragment." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 418, no. 1-2 (July 2006): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.10.054.

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19

Mohammadzadeh, Iman, Ali Asadipour, Abbas Pardakhty, and Mehdi Abaszadeh. "New Crown Ether-Based Ionic Liquids as a Green and Versatile Organocatalyst for Three-Component Synthesis of 1,5-Dihydropyrano[2,3- c]chromene Derivatives." Letters in Organic Chemistry 17, no. 3 (February 19, 2020): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570178616666190620124947.

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A simple and green method for the synthesis of 1,5-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]chromene derivatives has been reported by three-component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile, and 3-hydroxycoumarin in the presence of a series of novel crown ether-based ionic liquids (CE-based ILs) in H2O/EtOH (1:1), under the reflux conditions. The novel CE-based ILs have been synthesized by 18-crown-6 or dibenzo 18-crown-6 chelated with sodium benzenesulfinate derivatives and used as a green and environmental organocatalyst. This method has some advantages such as the aqueous reaction medium, stable catalysts, cleaner reaction profiles and high yield of products in short reaction time.

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20

Luo, Huimin, Sheng Dai, and Peter V. Bonnesen. "Solvent Extraction of Sr2+and Cs+Based on Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids Containing Monoaza-Substituted Crown Ethers." Analytical Chemistry 76, no. 10 (May 2004): 2773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac035473d.

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21

Song, Yingying, Huanwang Jing, Bo Li, and Dongsheng Bai. "Crown Ether Complex Cation Ionic Liquids: Preparation and Applications in Organic Reactions." Chemistry - A European Journal 17, no. 31 (June 15, 2011): 8731–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201100112.

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22

Visser, Ann E., Richard P. Swatloski, W. Matthew Reichert, Scott T. Griffin, and Robin D. Rogers. "Traditional Extractants in Nontraditional Solvents: Groups 1 and 2 Extraction by Crown Ethers in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids†." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 39, no. 10 (October 2000): 3596–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie000426m.

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23

Wang, Jinyuan, Panpan Zhou, and Huanwang Jing. "Reply to the ‘Comment’ on “Lewis acidic ionic liquids of crown ether complex cations: preparation and applications in organic reactions” by M. Swadźba-Kwaśny, RSC Adv., 2017, 7, DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05921c." RSC Advances 7, no. 85 (2017): 53686–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra09037d.

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We published recently in RSC Advances a paper, reporting a new group of Lewis acidic ionic liquids that were prepared by the combination of 18-crown-6, alkali metal chloride (NaCl or KCl) and metal chloride (FeCl₃, AlCl₃, ZnCl₂) and applied in organic reactions as catalysts.

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24

Song, Yingying, Chen Cheng, and Huanwang Jing. "Aza-Crown Ether Complex Cation Ionic Liquids: Preparation and Applications in Organic Reactions." Chemistry - A European Journal 20, no. 40 (August 22, 2014): 12894–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201403118.

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25

Hawkins, Cory A., M. A. Momen, Sarah L. Garvey, John Kestell, Michael D. Kaminski, and Mark L. Dietz. "Evaluation of solid-supported room-temperature ionic liquids containing crown ethers as media for metal ion separation and preconcentration." Talanta 135 (April 2015): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.12.019.

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26

Dai, Sheng, Y. H. Ju, and C. E. Barnes. "Solvent extraction of strontium nitrate by a crown ether using room-temperature ionic liquids †." Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, no. 8 (1999): 1201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a809672d.

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27

Song, Yingying, Huanwang Jing, Bo Li, and Dongsheng Bai. "ChemInform Abstract: Crown Ether Complex Cation Ionic Liquids: Preparation and Applications in Organic Reactions." ChemInform 42, no. 50 (November 17, 2011): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201150022.

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28

Pawlak, Alan J., and Mark L. Dietz. "Thermal Properties of Macrocyclic Polyethers: Implications for the Design of Crown Ether-Based Ionic Liquids." Separation Science and Technology 49, no. 18 (December 2014): 2847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2014.946146.

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29

Shimojo, Kojiro, Noriho Kamiya, Fumito Tani, Hirochika Naganawa, Yoshinori Naruta, and Masahiro Goto. "Extractive Solubilization, Structural Change, and Functional Conversion of Cytochromecin Ionic Liquids via Crown Ether Complexation." Analytical Chemistry 78, no. 22 (November 2006): 7735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0612877.

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30

Song, Yingying, Chen Cheng, and Huanwang Jing. "ChemInform Abstract: Aza-Crown Ether Complex Cation Ionic Liquids: Preparation and Applications in Organic Reactions." ChemInform 46, no. 12 (March 2015): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201512025.

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31

Chaumont, A., and G. Wipff. "Strontium Nitrate Extraction to Ionic Liquids by a Crown Ether: A Molecular Dynamics Study of Aqueous Interfaces with C4mim+- vs C8mim+-Based Ionic Liquids." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 114, no. 43 (November 4, 2010): 13773–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp106441h.

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32

Roy, Mahendra Nath, Subhadeep Saha, Subhankar Choudhury, and Aditi Roy. "Study of complexation of an ionic liquid inside into crown ethers in aqueous environments by physicochemical techniques." Physics and Chemistry of Liquids 55, no. 5 (November 24, 2016): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00319104.2016.1261140.

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33

Liu, Bing, Su Wang, Yongzhong Jia, Wenbo Zhu, Quanyou Zhang, Xingquan Wang, Ying Yao, and Yan Jing. "Lithium isotope separation by crown ethers of different nitrogen-containing derivatives in the ionic liquid-anisole system." Journal of Molecular Liquids 272 (December 2018): 548–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.09.105.

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34

Turanov, A. N., V. K. Karandashev, and V. E. Baulin. "Extraction of rare earth elements with phosphoryl-containing lariat crown ether in the presence of ionic liquids." Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 57, no. 2 (February 2012): 292–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036023612020246.

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35

Wang, Jinyuan, Yatao Liang, Dagang Zhou, Jiangping Ma, and Huanwang Jing. "New crown ether complex cation ionic liquids with N-heterocycle anions: preparation and application in CO2 fixation." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 5 (2018): 741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7qo00829e.

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36

Ishida, Yasuhiro, Daisuke Sasaki, Hiroyuki Miyauchi, and Kazuhiko Saigo. "Design and synthesis of novel imidazolium-based ionic liquids with a pseudo crown-ether moiety: diastereomeric interaction of a racemic ionic liquid with enantiopure europium complexes." Tetrahedron Letters 45, no. 51 (December 2004): 9455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.10.073.

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37

Wankowski, James L., Michael J. Kaul, and Mark L. Dietz. "Micelle formation as a factor influencing the mode(s) of metal ion partitioning into N-alkylpyridinium-based ionic liquids (ILs): implications for the design of IL-based extraction systems." Green Chemistry 19, no. 23 (2017): 5674–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7gc02338c.

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In the extraction of alkali and alkaline earth cations by a crown ether into certain N-alkylpyridinium-based ILs, the balance between neutral complex/ion-pair partitioning and ion exchange is significantly altered by the formation of micelles in the aqueous phase involving the IL cation.

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38

Cheng, Chen, and Huanwang Jing. "ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acidic Ionic Liquids of Aza-Crown Ether Complex Cations: Preparation and Applications in Organic Reactions." ChemInform 46, no. 8 (February 2015): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201508021.

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39

Biswas, Rima, Pallab Ghosh, Tamal Banerjee, and Sk Musharaf Ali. "Partitioning of Cs+ and Na+ ions by dibenzo-18-crown-6 ionophore in biphasic aqueous systems of octanol and ionic liquid." Radiochimica Acta 106, no. 6 (June 27, 2018): 477–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2017-2786.

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Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out to obtain molecular level insights on the behavior of Cs+/Na+ ions at the water–ionic liquid and water–octanol interface in the presence of dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) ionophore with an aim to compare an ionic liquid (IL) to a octanol as receiving organic solvent phase. It was observed that the rate of phase separation for the octanol system was rapid as compared to the IL system. The free crown ethers (CE) were found to be highly solvated by the IL phase. A dual cationic exchange mechanism was observed at the [BMIM]/water interface. The [BMIM]+ cation was found to exchange with both the metal ions in aqueous phase as well as with the metal ion aided by the ionophore. The self-diffusion coefficient of the 1:2 complex (0.07×10−9 m2/s) at the octanol/water interface were found to be smaller than that of 1:1 complex (0.37 and 0.14×10−9 m2/s). It was observed that the surface tension of ILs decreased in the presence of complexes and free CE, whereas the surface tension of water was found to increase in presence of salts (Cs+NO3− and Na+NO3−). The experimentally determined value of DCs was found to be quite high in IL phase (1.595) compared to the octanol phase (0.139) in presence of CE. The kinetics of Cs+ was found to be very fast having rate with values of $\widehat {{k_1}}$ =1.79×10−12 s−1 and $\widehat {{k_2}}$ =0.205×10−12 s−1 in IL and water phase, respectively. The present results may help us in understanding the role of diluents in the assisted metal ion extraction but also in the future design of diluents and ionophore.

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40

Strauss, Christopher R. "A Strategic, 'Green' Approach to Organic Chemistry with Microwave Assistance and Predictive Yield Optimization as Core, Enabling Technologies." Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, no. 1 (2009): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch08375.

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Since 1988, we have pursued enabling technologies and methods as tools for ‘green’ synthetic chemistry. The developed technologies comprise hardware including catalytic membranes and continuous and batch microwave reactors that have established global markets, as well as interactive, predictive software for optimization of yields and translation of conditions. New methods include ‘green’ reactions such as a catalytic symmetrical etherification, Pd-catalyzed coupling processes and a multi-component cascade for aniline derivatives. Reactions and workup were facilitated through solvent-free conditions, aqueous media at high temperature and dimethylammonium dimethylcarbamate (dimcarb) as a ‘distillable’ protic ionic liquid, as well as by non-extractive techniques for product isolation. The technologies and methods were designed for use alone or in various combinations as desired. Consolidation of individual operations or processes into unit steps was achieved through multi-tasking: media, reactants, catalysts, and conditions were selected to serve several purposes at various stages of a reaction. The tools were used to establish a technology platform comprising structurally diverse oligomers, macrocycles, and rod-like molecules supplementary to those available through phenol-formaldehyde chemistry. Dienone precursors were assembled from versatile building blocks containing complementary ‘male’ or ‘female’ fittings that were connected through inherently ‘green’ Claisen–Schmidt-type reactions. Isoaromatization afforded Horning-crowns, macrocyclic phenolic derivatives that were hybrids of calixarenes and crown ethers. Preliminary studies of organic substrates in salt water, with and without CO2, called into question proposals for disposal of anthropogenic CO2 by deep-sea dispersal.

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41

Zhu, Wenbo, Yongzhong Jia, Quanyou Zhang, Jinhe Sun, Yan Jing, and Jie Li. "The effect of ionic liquids as co-extractant with crown ether for the extraction of lithium in dichloromethane-water system." Journal of Molecular Liquids 285 (July 2019): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.04.046.

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42

Xu, Chao, Liyong Yuan, Xinghai Shen, and Maolin Zhai. "Efficient removal of caesium ions from aqueous solution using a calix crown ether in ionic liquids: mechanism and radiation effect." Dalton Transactions 39, no. 16 (2010): 3897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b925594j.

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43

Abaszadeh, Mehdi, and Mohammad Seifi. "Crown ether complex cation ionic liquids: synthesis and catalytic applications for the synthesis of tetrahydro-4H-chromene and 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives." Journal of Sulfur Chemistry 38, no. 4 (February 28, 2017): 440–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17415993.2017.1293058.

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44

Vendilo, Аndrey G., Vyacheslav I. Chistov, Julia M. Dikareva, and Кonstantin I. Popov. "Crown Ethers Assisted Cesium Extraction from Aqueous Solutions into a Hydrophobic Room Temperature Ionic Liquid 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide." Macroheterocycles 8, no. 2 (2015): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/mhc141242p.

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45

Shu, Jianjun, Pengfei Xie, Danni Lin, Rongfeng Chen, Jiang Wang, Beibei Zhang, Mingming Liu, Hanlan Liu, and Fan Liu. "Two highly stable and selective solid phase microextraction fibers coated with crown ether functionalized ionic liquids by different sol–gel reaction approaches." Analytica Chimica Acta 806 (January 2014): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2013.11.006.

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46

Kudo, Yoshihiro. "Application of Molar Volumes Obtained From a Solvent Extraction Method for Estimation of Sizes of Metal Complexes With Crown Ethers in Phases." International Journal of Chemistry 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v11n1p1.

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Molar volumes (Vj) of ion-pair complexes (MLAz = j; z = 1, 2) and simple complex ions (CdL2+) without a pairing anion A− obtained at 298 K from the plots of the regular solution theory and the geometrical relation Vj = (4π/3)Rj3 were used for an estimation of their apparent radii (Rj) in liquid phases. Here, the cases for Mz+ = Li+-Cs+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ and L = 18-crown-6 ether (18C6) and benzo-18C6 (B18C6) with A− = Cl−-I− and picrate ion (Pic−) were examined. The thus-estimated Rj values were related to h(ML+), λmax, and (r+ + r−) values, where these symbols refer to the number of water molecules attached to the univalent complex ions, ML+, extracted into water-saturated nitrobenzene, absorption maxima of Pic− with ML+ in water-saturated chloroform, and the sum in an effective ionic radius, r+ or r−, between the central Mz+ and the pairing A−, respectively. The data points of j = Li(18C6)Pic, Na(18C6)Pic, M(B18C6)Pic with M = Na-Rb(I), Cd18C62+, Cd(18C6)Cl2, Cd(18C6)Br2, and Cd(18C6)I2 showed larger deviations from the line of Rj = (r+ + r−). While j = M(18C6)Pic with M = K-Cs(I) and M(18C6)Pic2 with Cd(II) and Pb(II) were on the line. It was demonstrated that essentially the former groups are present as water-separated and -shared ion pairs in the phases, while the latter ones as contact pairs.

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47

Chun, Sangki, Sergei V. Dzyuba, and Richard A. Bartsch. "Influence of Structural Variation in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids on the Selectivity and Efficiency of Competitive Alkali Metal Salt Extraction by a Crown Ether." Analytical Chemistry 73, no. 15 (August 2001): 3737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac010061v.

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Lohithakshan, K. V., and S. K. Aggarwal. "Solvent extraction studies of plutonium(IV) by crown ether dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 (DC18C6) in 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (C4mimPF6) and 1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (C6mimPF6) room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL)." Radiochimica Acta 99, no. 4 (April 2011): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/ract.2011.1818.

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Bader, Korinna, Manuel M. Neidhardt, Tobias Wöhrle, Robert Forschner, Angelika Baro, Frank Giesselmann, and Sabine Laschat. "Amino acid/crown ether hybrid materials: how charge affects liquid crystalline self-assembly." Soft Matter 13, no. 45 (2017): 8379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm01484h.

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Abaszadeh, Mehdi, and Mohammad Seifi. "Crown ether complex cation ionic liquids (CECILs) as environmentally benign catalysts for three-component synthesis of 4,5-dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromene and 4,5-dihydropyrano[4,3-b]pyran derivatives." Research on Chemical Intermediates 41, no. 10 (October 30, 2014): 7715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11164-014-1855-7.

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