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Journal articles on the topic 'Ion Tracks'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Eyal, Yehuda, and Sameer Abu Saleh. "Structure of Nanometer Wide Heavy-Ion Tracks in Muscovite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 328 (June 2013): 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.328.739.

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Radial electron densities within 63-67 μm long ion damage trails, latent ion tracks, created in {001} muscovite by irradiation with 11.1-28.7 MeV/A U and Pb ions, have been derived by small-angle X-ray scattering. Track diameters are 8.0-10.2 nm. The tracks exhibit continuous and uniform electron density decrease of ~4%. Complementary microscopy has revealed loss of atomic order in the tracks. These ion-induced effects undoubtedly accelerate preferential through track permeability of inert and corrosive agents, a property that is important for track applications.

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2

FINK, D., A. V. PETROV, W. R. FAHRNER, K. HOPPE, R. M. PAPALEO, A. S. BERDINSKY, A. CHANDRA, A. ZRINEH, and L. T. CHADDERTON. "ION TRACK-BASED NANOELECTRONICS." International Journal of Nanoscience 04, no. 05n06 (October 2005): 965–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x05003930.

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In the last years, concepts have been developed to use etched ion tracks in insulators, such as polymer foils or silicon oxide layers as hosts for nano- and microelectronic structures. Depending on their etching procedure and the thickness of the insulating layer in which they are embedded, such tracks have typical diameters between some 10 nm and a few μm and lengths between some 100 nm and some 10 μm. Due to their extremely high aspect ratios, and due to the possibility to cover very large sample areas, they exceed the potential of nanolithography. In this paper, the strategies of etched ion track manipulation are briefly outlined, that lead to the formation of nanotubules, nanowires, or tubular arrangements of nanoclusters. Examples where nanoelectronic structures are based on single ion tracks, are nanocondensors or sensors for temperature, light, pressure, humidity and/or alcohol vapor. By combination of ion track metallization and conducting track-to-track connections on the foil surface, micromagnets, microtransformers and microcondensors could be formed within polymer foils. Finally, we present our new "TEMPOS" (Tunable Electronic Material with Pores in Oxide on Silicon) concept where nanometric pores, produced by etching of tracks in silicon oxide on silicon wafers, are used as charge extraction (or injection) channels. In comparison with the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOS-FETs), the TEMPOS structures have a number of additional parameters (such as the track diameter, density, and shape, and the material embedded therein and its spatial distribution) which makes these novel structures much more complex. This eventually leads to higher compactation of the TEMPOS circuits and to unexpected electronic properties. TEMPOS structures can overtake the function of tunable resistors, condensors, photocells, hygrocells, diodes, sensors, and other elements. As an example, some corresponding current/voltage relations and TEMPOS circuits are presented. In this work we concentrate on TEMPOS structures with fullerene and phthalocyanine. Though not yet verified, TEMPOS structures could, in principle, be scaled down to nanometer sizes.

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3

Fleischer, Robert L. "Technological Applications of Ion Tracks in Insulators." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 12 (December 1995): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400045887.

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Natural nuclear tracks in solids have existed since close to the beginning of the solar system, billions of years ago. Only during the last few decades have we learned how to employ tracks practically. Uses now range from radiation dosimetry to microchemical analysis, virus counting, oil and uranium exploration, and aiding earthquake prediction. The key to these applications is track etching, which in insulators allows tracks to be revealed simply and then enlarged. Etching also makes it possible to produce minute holes with clean, geometric shapes.

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4

Fraundorf, P., and J. Tentschert. "Images and Applications of Ion Explosion Spike Pits." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (August 12, 1990): 584–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100181683.

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Since the discovery of their etchability in the early 1960‘s, nuclear particle tracks in insulators have had a diverse and exciting history of application to problems ranging from the selective filtration of cancer cells from blood to the detection of 244Pu in the early solar system. Their usefulness stems from the fact that they are comprised of a very thin (e.g. 20-40Å) damage core which etches more rapidly than does the bulk material. In fact, because in many insulators tracks are subject to radiolysis damage (beam annealing) in the transmission electron microscope, the body of knowledge concerning etched tracks far outweighs that associated with latent (unetched) tracks in the transmission electron microscope.With the development of scanned probe microscopies with lateral resolutions on the near atomic scale, a closer look at the structure of unetched nuclear particle tracks, particularly at their point of interface with solid surfaces, is now warranted and we think possible. The ion explosion spike model of track formation, described loosely, suggests that a burst of ionization along the path of a charged particle in an insulator creates an electrostatically unstable array of adjacent ions which eject one another by Coulomb repulsion from substitutional into interstitial sites. Regardless of the mechanism, the ejection process which acts to displace atoms along the track core seems likely to operate at track entry and exit surfaces, with the added feature of mass loss at those surfaces as well. In other words, we predict pits whose size is comparable to the track core width.

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5

Spohr, Reimar. "Status of ion track technology—Prospects of single tracks." Radiation Measurements 40, no. 2-6 (November 2005): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2005.03.008.

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6

Perelygin, V. P., S. G. Stetsenko, O. Otgonsuren, W. Birkholz, R. Ignatova, G. J. Starodub, D. Hashegan, et al. "Track length of very heavy ion tracks in olivines." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 12, no. 1-6 (January 1986): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(86)90612-6.

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7

Zhang, Jiaming, Maik Lang, Rodney C. Ewing, Ram Devanathan, William J. Weber, and Marcel Toulemonde. "Nanoscale phase transitions under extreme conditions within an ion track." Journal of Materials Research 25, no. 7 (July 2010): 1344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2010.0180.

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The dynamics of track development due to the passage of relativistic heavy ions through solids is a long-standing issue relevant to nuclear materials, age dating of minerals, space exploration, and nanoscale fabrication of novel devices. We have integrated experimental and simulation approaches to investigate nanoscale phase transitions under the extreme conditions created within single tracks of relativistic ions in Gd2O3(TiO2)x and Gd2Zr2–xTixO7. Track size and internal structure depend on energy density deposition, irradiation temperature, and material composition. Based on the inelastic thermal spike model, molecular dynamics simulations follow the time evolution of individual tracks and reveal the phase transition pathways to the concentric track structures observed experimentally. Individual ion tracks have nanoscale core-shell structures that provide a unique record of the phase transition pathways under extreme conditions.

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8

Fleischer, Robert L. "Ion Tracks in Solids: From Science to Technology to Diverse Applications." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 12 (December 1995): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400045851.

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Fast ions create linear trails of intense atomic disorder in many solids. The particle tracks are in themselves scientifically interesting because they consist of unique, localized radiation damage. They also are noteworthy for their diverse practical uses, which range from improved high field superconductors to mineral exploration and bird altimetry. The two areas—what tracks are and what they do practically—are the subjects of this introduction and the following three articles. Although the mechanism for producing tracks in insulators is semi-quantitatively well-established, there is a distinct mystery as to the formation mechanism in superconductors, inter-metallics, and metals. This mystery is the subject of the next two articles written by discoverers of tracks in these materials.We will not discuss in detail the multitude of scientific uses for these tracks as particle-track detectors. Uses range from nuclear, elementary-particle, and cosmic-ray physics to geochronology, geochemistry, and geophysics; chemistry; and radiobiology. The interested reader can learn more on the subject through a book, part of which surveys scientific applications of particle tracks in solids. The key to these uses—and most of the practical uses—is that, in materials where tracks can be observed, either directly or by a widely applicable trick to be described, each detector sample is a nuclear particle-track chamber—the solid-state equivalent of the well-known gaseous and liquid detectors (i.e., cloud chambers and bubble chambers). The major distinction is that tracks in solids are long-lasting rather than transient features.

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9

Ishikawa, N., Y. Fujimura, K. Kondo, G. L. Szabo, R. A. Wilhelm, H. Ogawa, and T. Taguchi. "Surface nanostructures on Nb-doped SrTiO₃ irradiated with swift heavy ions at grazing incidence." Nanotechnology 33, no. 23 (March 17, 2022): 235303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac58a5.

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Abstract A single crystal of SrTiO3 doped with 0.5 wt% niobium (Nb-STO) was irradiated with 200 MeV Au32+ ions at grazing incidence to characterize the irradiation-induced hillock chains. Exactly the same hillock chains are observed by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the relation between irradiation-induced change of surface topography and corresponding material property changes. As expected, multiple hillocks as high as 5–6 nm are imaged by AFM observation in tapping mode. It is also found that the regions in between the adjacent hillocks are not depressed, and in many cases they are slightly elevated. Line-like contrasts along the ion paths are found in both AFM phase images and SEM images, indicating the formation of continuous ion tracks in addition to multiple hillocks. Validity of preexisting models for explaining the hillock chain formation is discussed based on the present results. In order to obtain new insights related to the ion track formation, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation was performed. The ion tracks in the near-surface region are found to be relatively large, whereas buried ion tracks in the deeper region are relatively small. The results suggest that recrystallization plays an important role in the formation of small ion tracks in the deep region, whereas formation of large ion tracks in the near-surface region is likely due to the absence of recrystallization. TEM images also show shape deformation of ion tracks in the near-surface region, suggesting that material transport towards the surface is the reason for the absence of recrystallization.

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10

Eyal, Yehuda, and Sameer Abu Saleh. "Structure model and small-angle scattering cross sections of latent ion tracks in dielectric solids." Journal of Applied Crystallography 40, no. 1 (January 12, 2007): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889806042634.

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Knowledge of the morphology of ion damage trails, `latent ion tracks', typically a few nanometres wide and 10–125 µm long, created along wakes of swift heavy ions in dielectric solids, is a prerequisite for advancement of track applications in nanotechnology. Modeling the tracks as depleted columnar structures with soft to hard boundaries and cylindrical symmetry, the derivation of theoretical track small-angle X-ray scattering cross sections is reported. These quantities enable the determination of track structure parameters, specifically the track electron density function and its radial dispersion, from empirical scattering intensities. The derived expressions can be readily adopted for analysis of small-angle neutron scattering data.

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11

Ishikawa, Norito, Tomitsugu Taguchi, and Hiroaki Ogawa. "Comprehensive Understanding of Hillocks and Ion Tracks in Ceramics Irradiated with Swift Heavy Ions." Quantum Beam Science 4, no. 4 (December 9, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/qubs4040043.

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Amorphizable ceramics (LiNbO3, ZrSiO4, and Gd3Ga5O12) were irradiated with 200 MeV Au ions at an oblique incidence angle, and the as-irradiated samples were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ion tracks in amorphizable ceramics are confirmed to be homogenous along the ion paths. Magnified TEM images show the formation of bell-shaped hillocks. The ion track diameter and hillock diameter are similar for all the amorphizable ceramics, while there is a tendency for the hillocks to be slightly bigger than the ion tracks. For SrTiO3 (STO) and 0.5 wt% niobium-doped STO (Nb-STO), whose hillock formation has not been fully explored, 200 MeV Au ion irradiation and TEM observation were also performed. The ion track diameters in these materials are found to be markedly smaller than the hillock diameters. The ion tracks in these materials exhibit inhomogeneity, which is similar to that reported for non-amorphizable ceramics. On the other hand, the hillocks appear to be amorphous, and the amorphous feature is in contrast to the crystalline feature of hillocks observed in non-amorphizable ceramics. No marked difference is recognized between the nanostructures in STO and those in Nb-STO. The material dependence of the nanostructure formation is explained in terms of the intricate recrystallization process.

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12

Karlušić, Marko, Sigrid Bernstorff, Zdravko Siketić, Branko Šantić, Ivančica Bogdanović-Radović, Milko Jakšić, Marika Schleberger, and Maja Buljan. "Formation of swift heavy ion tracks on a rutile TiO2 (001) surface." Journal of Applied Crystallography 49, no. 5 (September 23, 2016): 1704–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576716013704.

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Nanostructuring of surfaces and two-dimensional materials using swift heavy ions offers some unique possibilities owing to the deposition of a large amount of energy localized within a nanoscale volume surrounding the ion trajectory. To fully exploit this feature, the morphology of nanostructures formed after ion impact has to be known in detail. In the present work the response of a rutile TiO2 (001) surface to grazing-incidence swift heavy ion irradiation is investigated. Surface ion tracks with the well known intermittent inner structure were successfully produced using 23 MeV I ions. Samples irradiated with different ion fluences were investigated using atomic force microscopy and grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering. With these two complementary approaches, a detailed description of the swift heavy ion impact sites, i.e. the ion tracks on the surface, can be obtained even for the case of multiple ion track overlap. In addition to the structural investigation of surface ion tracks, the change in stoichiometry of the rutile TiO2 (001) surface during swift heavy ion irradiation was monitored using in situ time-of-flight elastic recoil detection analysis, and a preferential loss of oxygen was found.

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13

Ferain, E., and R. Legras. "Heavy-ion tracks in polycarbonate." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 126, no. 1-4 (March 1993): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420159308219718.

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14

Schiwietz, G., G. Xiao, E. Luderer, and P. L. Grande. "Auger electrons from ion tracks." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 164-165 (April 2000): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(99)01064-2.

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15

Benyagoub, Abdenacer, and Marcel Toulemonde. "Ion tracks in amorphous silica." Journal of Materials Research 30, no. 9 (April 13, 2015): 1529–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2015.75.

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16

Fischer, Bernd Eberhard, and Reimar Spohr. "Ion tracks and microstructure technology." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 15, no. 1-4 (January 1988): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(88)90105-7.

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17

BASHIR, SHAZIA, M. SHAHID RAFIQUE, and FAIZAN UL-HAQ. "Laser ablation of ion irradiated CR-39." Laser and Particle Beams 25, no. 1 (February 28, 2007): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034607070231.

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The effects of multiple pulses of a CO2 laser with energy of 2.5 J and pulse duration of 200 ns on the surface morphology of ion irradiated CR-39 is investigated in light of the modification in its track registration properties. For this purpose, a CR-39 was exposed by a CO2 laser generated hydrogen, argon, cadmium, air molecular ions (N2 and O2, etc.), high energy (300 KeV) proton beam from Cock Croft Walton accelerator, and α (5 MeV) from 0.5 μCi Pu239 source. The registered tracks were enlarged after 6 h of 6.25 N NaOH etching. These etched detectors were then exposed to different number of CO2 laser shots. The etched detectors were then analyzed by a computer controlled optical microscope (Lexica DMR series). It was observed that even a single shot of CO2 laser, irrespective of the registered ions tracks, can change the track registration properties of CR-39, and can remove the vaporization resistant skin present on the polymer (CR-39). A significant change in track density and track shaping regardless of the ions is observed. At the outside of the focal area, the ion density of different registered tracks is compared graphically before and after laser irradiation. Laser ablation of unexposed CR-39 is also done with multiple pulses CO2 laser. In this regard, the coherent and non-coherent structures, diffraction patterns, circular fringes with corrugations and ripples, droplets, chain like structures with cluster formation, chain folded crystallites, and hole drilling were observed. The irradiation induced ablation of the polymer is of great importance in electronics industry, lithography, etc.

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18

Virk, Hardev Singh. "Heavy Ion Tracks Route to Nanotechnology." Advanced Materials Research 67 (April 2009): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.67.115.

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Heavy ion tracks recorded in dielectric materials were found to have a width of 5-10 nm using SEM. Heavy ion beams were used for irradiation of Polymers and Muscovite mica to create Ion Track Filters (ITFs) using UNILAC facility at Darmstadt, Germany. The electrochemically etched pores of ITFs used would act as a template. The simple principle of electroplating is used to create heterostructures. The rate of deposition of metallic film depends upon current density, inter-electrode distance, cell voltage, electrolyte concentration and temperature etc. The use of ITFs looks quite promising in the fabrication of micro and nanostructures. The morphology of such structures produced through electrochemical methods and replicas of etched tracks in ITFs have been investigated in detail. The efficacy of the technique was tested for growth of quantum dots, fibers, cones, whiskers, micro and nano wires. A 3-dimensional ensemble of Cu-Se was grown electrochemically using ITF of Makrofol-KG. Replication of etched pores in ITFs has been used to develop microtubules. Presently, we are engaged to develop quantum dots, nanorods and nanowires of copper, iron and bismuth using Anodic Alumina Membranes (AAM), Polycarbonate ITFs and Reverse Micelle technique. The preliminary results of our investigations will be presented at NADPA-2008.

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19

Janse van Vuuren, Arno, Alisher Mutali, Anel Ibrayeva, Alexander Sohatsky, Vladimir Skuratov, Abdirash Akilbekov, Alma Dauletbekova, and Maxim Zdorovets. "High-Energy Heavy Ion Tracks in Nanocrystalline Silicon Nitride." Crystals 12, no. 10 (October 5, 2022): 1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101410.

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At present, silicon nitride is the only nitride ceramic in which latent ion tracks resulting from swift heavy ion irradiation have been observed. Data related to the effects of SHIs on the nanocrystalline form of Si3N4 are sparse. The size of grains is known to play a role in the formation of latent ion tracks and other defects that result from SHI irradiation. In this investigation, the effects of irradiation with high-energy heavy ions on nanocrystalline silicon nitride is studied, using transmission electron microscopy techniques. The results suggest that threshold electronic stopping power, Set, lies within the range 12.3 ± 0.8 keV/nm to 15.2 ± 1.0 keV/nm, based on measurements of track radii. We compared the results to findings for polycrystalline Si3N4 irradiated under similar conditions. Our findings suggest that the radiation stability of silicon nitride is independent of grain size.

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20

Yamauchi, Tomoya, and Tamon Kusumoto. "3.2.3 Modified Structure Around Ion Tracks in Polymeric Etched Track Detectors." RADIOISOTOPES 68, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.68.247.

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21

Farid, S. M. "Annealing of 13254Xe-ion tracks in a soda glass track detector." International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes 36, no. 6 (June 1985): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-708x(85)90209-1.

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22

Farid, S. M. "Annealing of heavy ion tracks in cellulose nitrate plastic track detectors." Pramana 25, no. 3 (September 1985): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02847669.

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23

Itoh, N., D. M. Duffy, S. Khakshouri, and A. M. Stoneham. "Making tracks: electronic excitation roles in forming swift heavy ion tracks." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 21, no. 47 (November 5, 2009): 474205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/21/47/474205.

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24

Vlasukova, L. A., F. F. Komarov, V. N. Yuvchenko, V. A. Skuratov, A. Yu Didyk, and D. V. Plyakin. "Ion tracks in amorphous silicon nitride." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics 74, no. 2 (February 2010): 206–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s106287381002022x.

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25

Fink, D., L. T. Chadderton, S. A. Cruz, W. R. Fahrner, V. Hnatowicz, E. H. Te Kaat, A. A. Melnikov, V. S. Varichenko, and A. M. Zaitsev. "Ion tracks in condensed carbonaceous matter." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 126, no. 1-4 (March 1993): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420159308219719.

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26

Eßer, M., and J. Fuhrmann. "Molecular orientation in heavy ion tracks." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 146, no. 1-4 (December 1998): 480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(98)00462-5.

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27

Bursill, L. A., and Gerhard Braunshausen. "Heavy-ion irradiation tracks in zircon." Philosophical Magazine A 62, no. 4 (October 1990): 395–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01418619008244787.

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28

Zollondz, Jens-Hendrik, and Alois Weidinger. "Towards new applications of ion tracks." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 225, no. 1-2 (August 2004): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2004.03.011.

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29

Bolse, Wolfgang, and Beate Schattat. "Atomic transport in hot ion tracks." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 209 (August 2003): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(02)02039-6.

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30

Fink, D., A. Richter, B. Pietzak, and M. Doebeli. "C60+Ion Tracks in Condensed C60." Fullerene Science and Technology 7, no. 3 (May 1999): 485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641229909350296.

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31

Braby, L. A., N. F. Metting, W. E. Wilson, and L. H. Toburen. "Microdosimetric measurements of heavy ion tracks." Advances in Space Research 12, no. 2-3 (January 1992): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(92)90086-d.

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32

Mazzei, Ruben O., Ignacio Nemirovsky, and Edgardo D. Cabanillas. "Charge exchange signature in ion tracks." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 93, no. 3 (August 1994): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(94)95477-1.

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33

Virk, Hardev Singh. "Modgil-Virk Formulation of Single Activation Energy Model of Radiation Damage Annealing in SSNTDs: A Critical Appraisal." Solid State Phenomena 239 (August 2015): 215–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.239.215.

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Passage of heavy ions produces radiation-damage trails known as latent tracks in a variety of solid-state nuclear-track detectors (SSNTDs). These tracks are made visible in an optical microscope by a simple process known as chemical etching. It is a well-known fact that latent tracks are radiation damage trails in SSNTDs, which can be annealed by thermal heating. Modgil-Virk formulation of single-activation-energy model of radiation damage annealing was proposed as an empirical approach for explaining the thermal fading of nuclear tracks in SSNTDs. The empirical formulation of this model is based on track annealing data collected from both isothermal and isochronal experiments performed on different types of SSNTDs using a variety of heavy ion beams and fission fragments. The main objective of this empirical model was to resolve some contradictions of variable activation energy derived by using Arrhenius plots to study annealing in mineral SSNTDs. Some equivalent versions of the Modgil-Virk model have been proposed but the concept of single activation energy is vindicated in all empirical formulations. The model always yields a unique value of activation energy independent of the nature of the ion beam used and the degree of annealing. The anisotropy of the mineral SSNTDs is revealed by variation in activation energy along different crystal planes and even with different orientations of the ion beam on the same plane. Some recent experiments are a pointer to the successful exploitation of this model for future cosmic-rays studies using SSNTDs.

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34

Fink, D., G. Muñoz Hernández, S. A. Cruz, H. Garcia-Arellano, J. Vacik, V. Hnatowicz, A. Kiv, and L. Alfonta. "Ion track etching revisited: II. Electronic properties of aged tracks in polymers." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 173, no. 1-2 (February 2018): 148–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420150.2018.1442454.

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35

Chander, S., S. Kumar, A. K. Garg, and A. P. Sharma. "Study of heavy ion tracks in cellulose nitrate(Russian) plastic track detector." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 15, no. 1-4 (January 1988): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(88)90130-6.

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36

Alves, A., P. N. Johnston, P. Reichart, D. N. Jamieson, and R. Siegele. "Characterization of ion tracks in PMMA for single ion lithography." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 260, no. 1 (July 2007): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.02.058.

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37

Schauries, D., M. Lang, O. H. Pakarinen, S. Botis, B. Afra, M. D. Rodriguez, F. Djurabekova, et al. "Temperature dependence of ion track formation in quartz and apatite." Journal of Applied Crystallography 46, no. 6 (October 11, 2013): 1558–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889813022802.

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Ion tracks were created in natural quartz and fluorapatite from Durango, Mexico, by irradiation with 2.2 GeV Au ions at elevated temperatures of up to 913 K. The track radii were analysed using small-angle X-ray scattering, revealing an increase in the ion track radius of approximately 0.1 nm per 100 K increase in irradiation temperature. Molecular dynamics simulations and thermal spike calculations are in good agreement with these values and indicate that the increase in track radii at elevated irradiation temperatures is due to a lower energy required to reach melting of the material. The post-irradiation annealing behaviour studied for apatite remained unchanged.

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38

Vásquez, G. C., K. M. Johansen, A. Galeckas, L. Vines, and B. G. Svensson. "Optical signatures of single ion tracks in ZnO." Nanoscale Advances 2, no. 2 (2020): 724–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9na00677j.

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39

BERDINSKY, A. S., P. S. ALEGAONKAR, H. C. LEE, J. S. JUNG, J. H. HAN, J. B. YOO, D. FINK, and L. T. CHADDERTON. "GROWTH OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN ETCHED ION TRACKS IN SILICON OXIDE ON SILICON." Nano 02, no. 01 (February 2007): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292007000386.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were selectively grown in etched ion tracks in SiO 2 layers on Si . For this sake, Ni -catalyst nanocrystals were initially deposited within the ion tracks by galvanic deposition. The characteristics of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD)- and thermal chemical vapor deposition (TCVD)-grown CNTs, such as structural details and length distribution, were investigated. In addition, field emission properties were studied. The analysis revealed that the emerging PECVD-grown CNTs were of cylindrical and/or conical shape and usually had diameters as large as the etched tracks. The exponential length distribution of these CNTs can be well understood by applying a simple defect-growth model. For contrast, many narrow and curled CNTs were found to cluster in spots well separated from each other, after applying TCVD instead of PECVD. The Raman investigations of PECVD-grown CNTs showed that Si – O – C and Si – C phases had formed during the growth of the CNTs. These ion-track-correlated PECVD-grown CNTs open the way for the production of novel 3D nanoelectronic devices based on the TEMPOS concept. These structures are also excellent candidates for experiments on channeling in CNTs. Application as field emitting devices, however, appears unfavorable due to poor mean-field enhancement factors and insufficient stability.

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Mota-Santiago, P., A. Nadzri, F. Kremer, T. Bierschenk, C. E. Canto, M. D. Rodriguez, C. Notthoff, S. Mudie, and P. Kluth. "Characterisation of silicon oxynitride thin films and their response to swift heavy-ion irradiation." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 14 (January 10, 2022): 145301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac45b1.

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Abstract Silicon oxynitrides (a-SiO x N y ) are materials whose composition ranges between two binary materials: a-SiO2 and a-Si3N4. In this work, we present a systematic study of the fine structure of the damaged regions produced by swift heavy-ions (SHIs), or ‘ion-tracks’ and quantify the density variation profiles with respect to composition. Thin films were deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD), where thickness, density, stoichiometry and bond configuration were initially determined. The fine structure and radial size of the ion tracks was determined using small angle x-ray scattering. The tracks exhibit a core–shell cylindrical geometry, with an under-dense core surrounded by an over-dense shell with a smooth transition between the two regions. We observed two trends with composition: a constant increasing ion track radius is observed when the O/Si ratio is below one ( 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 ) . And saturation of the radial dimensions above this value, being similar to a-SiO2. The IR spectra allowed to quantify the bond configuration and its evolution with fluence. After irradiation, the energy deposited by the SHI irradiation leads to a preferential damage of Si–N bonds. IR spectroscopy also showed the formation of new Si–H bonds with increasing fluences and resulting in a rather complex ion-induced structural modification of the a-SiO x N y network.

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Barbu, A., H. Dammak, A. Dunlop, and D. Lesueur. "Ion Tracks in Metals and Intermetallic Compounds." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 12 (December 1995): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400045875.

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When an energetic ion penetrates a target, it loses its energy via two nearly independent processes: (1) elastic collisions with the nuclei (nuclear-energy loss (dE/dx)n), which dominate the ion slowing down in the low energy range (i.e., in the stopping region); (2) electronic excitation and ionization (electronic-energy loss (dE/dx)e), which strongly overwhelm (dE/dx)n in the high energy range (typically above 1 MeV/nucleon). Until the 1980s, researchers considered that electronic-energy deposition could participate in damaging creation in many insulators, but the effects observed in bulk metals were solely ascribed to elastic nuclear collisions. This widely held opinion was due to the fact that in metallic systems the numerous very mobile conduction electrons allow a fast spreading of the deposited energy and an efficient screening of the space charge created in the projectile wake so that it seemed unreasonable to hope for damage creation or track formation in metallic targets following high levels of electronic-energy deposition.A particular case is the observation more than 30 years ago of damage in thin or discontinuous. metallic films after fission fragment irradiation or MeV heavy ion bombardment. The spreading of the deposited energy is then strongly limited by the close vicinity of surfaces and interfaces.

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Ibrayeva, Anel, Alisher Mutali, Jacques O'Connell, Arno Janse van Vuuren, Ekaterina Korneeva, Alexander Sohatsky, Ruslan Rymzhanov, Vladimir Skuratov, Liudmila Alekseeva, and Igor Ivanov. "Swift heavy ion tracks in nanocrystalline Y4Al2O9." Nuclear Materials and Energy 30 (March 2022): 101106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2021.101106.

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Fink, D., J. Vacík, V. Hnatowicz, G. H. Muñoz, L. Alfonta, and I. Klinkovich. "Funnel-type etched ion tracks in polymers." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 165, no. 5 (May 2010): 343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420151003743020.

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Katz, Robert, and Reimer Spohr. "Ion Tracks and Microtechnology: Principles and Applications." Radiation Research 126, no. 1 (April 1991): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3578180.

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Ackermann, J., S. Grafström, M. Neitzert, R. Neumann, C. Trautmann, J. Vetter, and N. Angert. "Scanning force microscopy of heavy-ion tracks." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 126, no. 1-4 (March 1993): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420159308219711.

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Fink, D., and R. Klett. "Conductivity of single ion tracks in polymers." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 132, no. 1 (September 1994): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420159408219253.

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Eßer, M., and J. Fuhrmann. "Polymer chain orientation in latent ion tracks." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 151, no. 1-4 (May 1999): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(99)00131-7.

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Schiwietz, G., E. Luderer, and P. L. Grande. "Ion tracks — quasi one-dimensional nano-structures." Applied Surface Science 182, no. 3-4 (October 2001): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4332(01)00415-9.

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Koizumi, Hitoshi, Mitsumasa Taguchi, Yasuhiko Kobayashi, and Tsuneki Ichikawa. "Crosslinking of polymers in heavy ion tracks." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 208 (August 2003): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(03)00989-3.

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Daubresse, C., E. Ferain, and R. Legras. "Energetic heavy ion tracks in PEEK film." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 122, no. 1 (January 1997): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(96)00722-7.

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