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1
Thomas, J. D. R. "Devices for ion-sensing and pX measurements." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173010031.
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Thirty years of ion-selective electrode (ISE) researches at the University of Wales, Cardiff are outlined. They summarize developments of PVC membrane ISEs, first for calcium and then of other systems, including the improved calcium dioctyl-phenyl-phosphate sensor for calcium and those of ion-exchangers, polyalkoxylates, and cyclic and acyclic polyethers for various anions and cations. Electrodes based on polyalkoxylates have interesting properties toward the polyethers themselves. Some ISE failure causes are discussed. Attention is given to applications, including analysis of wash liquors and nonionic surfactants, biomedical roles, and studies of sulfate-reducing bacteria activity. Coated-wire ISEs and ion-selective field effect transistors (ISFETs) are mentioned, as are other modes of ISE deployment. The review concludes with some fundamental features of PVC electrode membranes as determined by radiotracer, applied potential, and potentiostatic approaches.
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Saefurohman, Asep, Buchari, and Indra Noviandri. "La(III) Ion Selective Electrode with PTFE Membrane Containing Tributyl Phosphate Ionophore." Key Engineering Materials 874 (January 2021): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.874.50.
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Methods for the quantitative determination of lanthanum that have been developed are generally spectroscopic methods such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, which has relatively high operational costs. The feasibility of the potentiometric method using ion selective electrode (ISE) as an alternative method for lanthanum (III) determination needs to be studied because it is simple, easy to use, and has high sensitivity and selectivity. In this study, we developed ion selective electrode using PTFE membrane impregnated with tributyl phosphate (TBP) as ionophore. TBP is commonly used as a complexing agent for rare-earth ions in supported liquid membrane (SLM) separation process. We found that the compound can be used as an ionophore for ISE. This study aims to make a lanthanum ion selective electrode (III) (La-ISE) which has a Nernstian response. The parameters studied in the construction of this electrode were the effects of PTFE membrane immersion ionophore solution, ionic strength adjuster (ISA), and the inner solution composition. The performance parameters studied for the La-ISE were linear range, response time, detection limit, selectivity, and the lifetime of the electrode. Construction of the electrode begins with the preparation of the PTFE membrane as the main component. PTFE membrane was impregnated for 12 hours in the TBP solution having a concentration of 0.25 M or 0.50 M in kerosene. After it was dried, the membrane was attached to the end of the electrode tube with adhesive. Then, the electrode was filled with an internal solution containing a mixture of KCl 10-3 M with La (III) 10-3 M. The internal reference electrode was Ag/AgCl electrode. Before it was used, the electrode was soaked in a solution of La (III) 10-3 M for 12 hours.The effect of TBP concentration on the electrode performance was studied using two concentrations of TBP: 0.25 M and 0.50 M. The calibration curves obtained using both electrodes have good linearity. Nernst factor obtained from both electrodes is similar, although the Nernst factor obtained with an electrode having 0.50 M TBP closer to the theoretical value.ISA used in the measurement was KNO3. The effect of ISA on the performance of the electrode was studied using electrodes containing TBP with the concentration of 0.25 M or 0.50 M. The concentration of KNO3 used in this study was 0.01 M and 0.10 M. The Nernst factors obtained with electrodes containing 0.25 M TBP, in general, higher than those obtained with electrodes containing 0.50 M TBP in the same ISA. Electrode containing 0.50 M TBP resulted in the Nernst factor close to theoretical value when a measurement was conducted in 0.10 M KNO3.
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Wu, Rongrong, Xue-Gang Chen, Chunhui Tao, Yuanfeng Huang, Ying Ye, Qiujin Wang, Yifan Zhou, Quan Jin, and Wei Cai. "An All-Solid-State Silicate Ion-Selective Electrode Using PbSiO3 as a Sensitive Membrane." Sensors 19, no. 3 (January 27, 2019): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030525.
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Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) is an emerging technology for in situ monitoring of the chemical concentrations of an aqueous environment. In this work, we reported a novel all-solid-state silicate ISE, using an Ag/Pb/PbSiO3 electrode. This electrode responded to aqueous SiO32− with a reasonable slope of −31.34 mV/decade and a good reproductivity. The linear range covered from 10−5 M to 10−1 M, for the Na2SiO3 solutions and the response time was generally less than 5 s. Its potentiometric response to pH and silicate indicated that the prepared electrode was sensitive to silicate, rather than pH. Compared to the traditional liquid ISE, our all-solid-state silicate electrode was resistant to high pressure and could be used in situ, in deep water. In addition, the miniaturized electrodes (diameter of 0.4 mm and a length of 2–3 cm) could be easily integrated into a multi-modal sensor, which could simultaneously determine multiple parameters. Our prepared silicate ISE could potentially be used to determine the presence of silicate in a low-chloride aqueous environment, where the ISE exhibited better selectivity for silicate, over interfering ions such as, SO42−, NO3−, CH3COO−, CO32−, and PO43−.
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Urbanowicz, Marcin, Kamila Sadowska, Dorota G. Pijanowska, Radosław Pomećko, and Maria Bocheńska. "Potentiometric Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrode for Determination of Thiocyanate in Human Saliva." Sensors 20, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 2817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102817.
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A new solid-contact potentiometric ion-selective electrode for the determination of SCN− (SCN-ISE) has been described. Synthesized phosphonium derivative of calix[4]arene was used as a charged ionophore. The research included selection of the ion-selective membrane composition, determination of the ISEs metrological parameters and SCN-ISE application for thiocyanate determination in human saliva. Preparation of the ISEs included selection of a plasticizer for the ion-selective membrane composition and type of the electrode material. The study was carried out using ISE with liquid internal electrolyte (LE-ISE) and solid-contact electrodes made of glassy carbon (GC-ISE) and gold rods (Au-ISE). The best parameters were found for GC sensors for which the ion-selective membrane contained chloroparaffin as a plasticizer (S = 59.9 mV/dec, LOD = 1.6 × 10−6 M). The study of potentiometric selectivity coefficients has shown that the thiocyanate-selective sensor could be applied in biomedical research for determination of SCN− concentration in human saliva. The accuracy of the SCN− determination was verified by testing 59 samples of volunteers’ saliva by potentiometric sensors and UV-Vis spectrophotometry as a reference technique. Moreover, SCN− concentrations in the smokers’ and non-smokers’ saliva were compared. In order to investigate the influence of various factors (sex, health status, taken medications) on the thiocyanate level in the saliva, more extensive studies on a group of 100 volunteers were carried out. Additionally, for a group of 18 volunteers, individual profiles of SCN− concentration in saliva measured on a daily basis for over a month were collected.
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Hassan, Eldin, Amr, Al-Omar, Kamel, and Khalifa. "Improved Solid-Contact Nitrate Ion Selective Electrodes Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) as an Ion-to-Electron Transducer." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 9, 2019): 3891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183891.
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Possible improvement of the performance characteristics, reliability and selectivity of solid-contact nitrate ion-selective electrodes (ISE) (SC/NO3−-ISE) is attained by the application of a nitron-nitrate (Nit+/NO3−) ion association complex and inserting multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as an ion-to-electron transducer between the ion sensing membrane (ISM) and the electronic conductor glassy carbon (GC) substrate. The potentiometric performance of the proposed electrode revealed a Nernstian slope −55.1 ± 2.1 (r² = 0.997) mV/decade in the range from 8.0 × 10−8–1 × 10−2 M with a detection limit of 2.8 × 10−8 (1.7 ng/mL). Selectivity, repeatability and reproducibility of the proposed sensors were considerably improved as compared to the coated disc electrode (GC/NO3−-ISE) without insertion of a MWCNT layer. Short-term potential stability and capacitance of the proposed sensors were tested using a current-reversal chronopotentiometric technique. The potential drift in presence of a MWCNT layer decreased from 167 μVs−1 (i.e., in absence of MWCNTs) to 16.6 μVs−1. In addition, the capacitance was enhanced from 5.99 μF (in absence of MWCNTs) to 60.3 μF (in the presence of MWCNTs). The presented electrodes were successfully applied for nitrate determination in real samples with good accuracy.
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Brackett, J., B. Durley, R. Janczak, V. Kazlauskas, J. Kmiec, J. Norlie, R. Rosencranz, S. Schultz, T. Spring, and W. Theusch. "Centrifugal ion-selective electrode system for potassium in whole blood." Clinical Chemistry 36, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 2126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/36.12.2126.
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Abstract We describe a novel ion-selective electrode (ISE) system that can be used in the Abbott Vision analyzer. A reusable sensor pack and a disposable test pack have been miniaturized to approximately the size and weight of a conventional Vision test pack, thus eliminating the need for a separate ISE module. The sensor pack contains a fluid path, battery-powered electronics, and screw-in electrodes. The test pack contains separate chambers and fluid channels for a blood specimen and two aqueous calibrators. During a run, plasma is separated from blood cells and is moved sequentially, along with the two calibrators, into and out of the sensor pack by centrifugal force. Each run includes checks for electromechanical integrity, fluid contamination, calibration slope and intercept, and specimen hemolysis. The system operates with CVs of less than 2% and gives results that correlate well with those by flame photometry and direct ISE methods. Either skin-puncture or venipuncture whole blood can be assayed, as well as serum or plasma.
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Zhang, Chuqing, Yang He, Jianbo Wu, Manqing Ai, Wei Cai, Ying Ye, Chunhui Tao, Pingping Zhang, and Quan Jin. "Fabrication of an All-Solid-State Carbonate Ion-Selective Electrode with Carbon Film as Transducer and Its Preliminary Application in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Field Exploration." Chemosensors 9, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9080236.
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Real-time measurements of carbonate ion concentrations in the ocean are critical to advancing marine environmental monitoring and research into deep-sea hydrothermal activity. Herein, we report the first example of deep-sea hydrothermal field exploration using a carbonate ion-selective electrode (ISE). The novel carbonate ISE was composed of a Ni wire as substrate, carbon film as transducers and carbonate-selective membrane layers. This paper describes the preparation process of the electrode and characterises its performance via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical analysis. The detection limit of the electrode for CO32− is 2.821 × 10−6 mol/L, the linear response range is 1.0 × 10−5–1.0 × 10−1 mol/L and the Nernst slope was −30.4 mV/decade. In April 2021, the carbonate ISE was mounted on multi-parameter sensors with pH and Eh (redox) electrodes for the search of hydrothermal activity at the Southwest Indian Ridge. The simultaneous potential anomalies appeared at this carbonate electrode with the pH and Eh electrodes when passing through the hydrothermal field. The study of the hydrothermal field was supported by the in situ camera video and the sulphide samples. Additionally, the carbonate electrode provides enhanced information of water chemistry for the study of the hydrothermal field.
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WANG, JIAN, RICHARD E. FARRELL, and A. DUNCAN SCOTT. "COMPARISON OF ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE METHODS FOR DETERMINING POTASSIUM Q/I RELATIONSHIPS." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 70, no. 4 (November 1, 1990): 693–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss90-071.
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Methods of characterizing the K + status of soils in terms of quantity-intensity (Q/I) relationships usually entail lengthy equilibration periods, filtrations, and multiple analyses of the filtrates. It has been established, however, that simpler and less time-consuming methods of determining Q/I parameters can be devised with ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). To this end, different ISE methods were developed and evaluated with suspensions of three Iowa soils and a successive-additions method of varying the added K+. The ISE methods, which were categorized on the basis of the electrochemical cell involved, were tested for their applicability to soil suspensions. Specifically, single-ISE (K- and Ca-ISEs vs. a double-junction reference electrode assembly with a 10 M LiOAc salt bridge), dual-ISE (K-ISE vs. Ca-ISE), and triple-ISE (K- and Ca-ISEs vs. Cl-ISE) methods were compared to ascertain the best means of determining the ΔK (gain or loss of dissolved K) and CR [concentration ratio: CK/(CCa+Mg)1/2] terms of the Q/I relationships. The Q/I curves for the three soils and the specific parameters of Q/I relationships were also determined with the different ISE methods. It was concluded that the combined approach of using the triple-ISE method with soil suspensions offers the best means of carrying out simple, rapid, and liquid junction free determinations of potassium Q/I relationships. Key words: Electrochemical cell, liquid junction, concentration ratio, potential buffering capacity
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Bertholf, R. L., M. G. Savory, K. H. Winborne, J. C. Hundley, G. M. Plummer, and J. Savory. "Lithium determined in serum with an ion-selective electrode." Clinical Chemistry 34, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 1500–1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.7.1500.
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Abstract We evaluated the performance of the lithium ion-selective electrode (ISE) in the Du Pont Na/K/Li analyzer. Lithium concentrations in 106 serum samples from patients being treated with lithium were measured in duplicate with the ISE and by flame photometry. The slope of the regression line for the two methods was 1.004 with a standard error of the estimate of 0.049 mmol/L (x = flame photometry, y = ISE). Lithium measurements by the ISE method in serum or aqueous standards were linear to greater than 2.0 mmol/L. Within-run CVs for low (0.31 mmol/L) and high (1.15 mmol/L) lithium controls were 5.9% and 1.7%, respectively (n = 20). Day-to-day CVs for the same controls were 9.8% and 3.3%, respectively (n = 20). There was no significant interference when the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium were varied, nor did intervening urinary lithium analyses affect the measurement of serum lithium. Results for lithium measurement in four serum-based survey materials compared well with results by isotope dilution/mass spectrometry.
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Hu, Shihui, Rong Zhang, and Yunfang Jia. "Porous Graphene Oxide Decorated Ion Selective Electrode for Observing Across-Cytomembrane Ion Transport." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 21, 2020): 3500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123500.
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The technology for measuring cytomembrane ion transport is one of the necessities in modern biomedical research due to its significance in the cellular physiology, the requirements for the non-invasive and easy-to-operate devices have driven lots of efforts to explore the potential electrochemical sensors. Herein, we would like to evidence the exploitation of the porous graphene oxide (PGO) decorated ion selective electrode (ISE) as a detector to capture the signal of cytomembrane ion transport. The tumor cells (MDAMB231, A549 and HeLa) treated by iodide uptake operation, with and without the sodium-iodide-symporter (NIS) expression, are used as proofs of concept. It is found that under the same optimized experimental conditions, the changed output voltages of ISEs before and after the cells’ immobilization are in close relation with the NIS related ion’s across-membrane transportation, including I−, Na+ and Cl−. The explanation for the measured results is proposed by clarifying the function of the PGO scaffold interfacial micro-environment (IME), that is, in this spongy-like micro-space, the NIS related minor ionic fluctuations can be accumulated and amplified for ISE to probe. In conclusion, we believe the integration of the microporous graphene derivatives-based IME and ISE may pave a new way for observing the cytomembrane ionic activities.
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Alva, Sagir, Robi Suherman, Vivi Friliandita, Deni Shidqi Khaerudini, Edy Herianto Majlan, and Aiman Sajidah Abd Aziz. "Preliminary Study of Poly(Tetrahydrofurfuryl Acrylate) Thin Film as a Potential Material of Ion Selective Electrodes: The Case of Nitrate Ion-Selective Electrode." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 20, no. 3 (May 9, 2020): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.44478.
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A preliminary study on the use of a photocurable poly-tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (pTHFA) has been successfully performed as an alternative membrane for application in the Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) sensors such as Nitrate-ISE. The pTHFA membrane was synthesized using photopolymerization technique and further optimized by varying the concentration of the photo-initiator. The pTHFA photopolymer was characterized by C-NMR, H-NMR, FTIR, and DSC. The best sensing formulation comprising pTHFA photopolymer was obtained from composition II with Tg of -17.3 °C. In the Nitrate-ISE fabrication process, initially, the tetraoctylammonium nitrate (TOAN) ionophore was optimized. The optimum TOAN concentration of 4.2 mg was then immobilized onto composition II as a sensing matrix. Results showed that the pTHFA based ISE sensor exhibited a slope near the Nernstian number with a good linear response for detecting nitrate ion concentration between 10–1 to 10–4 M (r2 = 0.9994) and limit of detection as low as 3.47 × 10–5 M. Furthermore, the selectivity behavior of pTHFA based nitrate-ISE sensor was determined in various types of interfering ions such as SO42–, H2PO4–, HPO42–, Cl– and I–. The sensor has demonstrated selectivity coefficient of -2.27 ± 0.2, -2.49 ± 0.6, -2.18 ± 0.8, -1.31 ± 0.1 and 0.41 ± 0.2, respectively. The fabricated pTHFA ISE-Nitrate sensor was further tested in the fish ponds, soils, and also rivers. The sensors have shown excellent performance and is comparable to the standard method.
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Yao, Yao, Yibin Ying, and Jianfeng Ping. "Development of a Graphene Paper-Based Flexible Solid-Contact Lead Ion-Selective Electrode and its Application in Water." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 2 (2019): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12906.
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Abstract. A graphene paper-based flexible solid-contact ion-selective electrode (SC-ISE) was developed to detect lead ion sensitively. Graphene paper obtained via a simple vacuum filtration method was used as the electrode substrate for direct coating of an ion-selective membrane. The Nernstian slope of the prepared paper-based potentiometric sensor toward lead ion detection was demonstrated as 29.4 mV per decade. A detection limit as low as 2.5 × 10-7 mol L-1 was achieved. Reversed chronopotentiometry and water layer test revealed that the graphene paper-based SC-ISE possessed excellent potential stability because of the hydrophobicity of graphene paper. Furthermore, reliable data were obtained from the detection of lead ion levels in real water samples using the graphene paper-based potentiometric sensor, which shows great potential in practical application. Keywords: Graphene paper, Heavy metal, Ion-selective electrode, Potentiometry, Water sample.
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Nyachhyon, Armila Rajbhandari, Krishna Manandhar, and Raja Ram Pradhananga. "Electrochemical Characterization of Laboratory Fabricated Bromide Ion Selective Electrode." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 21, no. 1 (November 24, 2016): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v21i1.16054.
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Bromide ion selective electrode (Br-ISE) have been successfully fabricated in the laboratory. The polycrystalline Ag2S-AgBr membrane material of Br-ISE was prepared by co-precipitation of silver sulphide and silver bromide from aqueous solution and was characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD). XRD results showed that material is in mixed phase state having Ag3SBr, Ag2S and AgBr. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to study the texture of the surface. The potentiometric response has been investigated by 2 electrode system whereas 3 electrode systems have been used for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrode was found to behave well up to the bromide concentration of 1x10-5M with a Nernstian slope of 58 mV per decade change in bromide ion concentration. The selectivity coefficient of electrode containing bromide ion in the presence of I- and Cl- ions was found to be 3.98 and 8x10-2, respectively indicating that I- and Cl- ions interfere in the response of bromide electrode to bromide ion. The EIS studies shows that the charge transfer process is the key mechanism that is going on at the electrode/ electrolyte interface and electrode/ back contact interface.Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVol. 21, No. 1, 2016, page: 76-81
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McGaughy, Kyle, Jay P. Wilhelm, and M. Toufiq Reza. "Ion Selective Electrodes for Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewater Monitoring: Effects of Ionic Strength on Selective Ions." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (July 31, 2019): 3085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153085.
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Ion selective electrodes (ISE) were evaluated for use in a flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater monitoring system. Calcium, chloride, nitrate, and nitrite ISE’s were calibrated in a broad range of concentrations that were designed to model an actual FGD wastewater sample that was obtained from an industrial partner. Ideal Nernst, Modified Nernst, and a multiparameter regression analysis was performed for each electrode and evaluated on general fit and sensitivity at anticipated operating conditions. The Ideal Nernst equation, even with correction for ionic strength, was not able to properly model actual electrode performance. The multiparameter regression was able to model the electrode performance with relative errors of 10–25% when ionic strengths were below 0.1 M. Through the evaluation of real-time sensor usage at real conditions, a methodology of washing and sampling rate is suggested to minimize error in the readings.
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Мантров, Геннадий Иванович, Мариана Александровна Феофанова, and Егор Максимович Грачев. "ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE FOR DETERMINATION OF METFORMIN IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Химия, no. 3(41) (November 10, 2020): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtchem2020.3.13.
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Описана конструкция и электроаналитические характеристики ионселективного электрода (ИСЭ) для количественного определения метформина. В качестве электродноактивных соединений в ИСЭ были использованы ионные ассоциаты метформина с фосфорновольфрамовой(ФВК), фосфорномолибденовой(ФМК) и кремний вольфрамовой кислотами (КВК). Проведено потенциометрическое определение метформина в фармацевтических препаратах. The construction and electroanalytical characteristics of ion-selective electrode (ISE) for metformin are described. Ion pair of metformin with heteropolyacids were tested as electroactive materials for ionometric sensor controls. The ISE was used for direct potentiometry of metformin.
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Ye, Xiangyi, Peng Qi, Yan Sun, Dun Zhang, and Yan Zeng. "A high flexibility all-solid contact sulfide selective electrode using a graphene transducer." Analytical Methods 12, no. 24 (2020): 3151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ay00420k.
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In this paper, a novel high flexibility all-solid contact ion selective electrode (ASC-ISE) based on reduced graphene sheets (RGSs) as the ion-to-electron transducer was developed for rapid detection of sulfide.
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Malecha, Karol, Marek Dawgul, and Dorota G. Pijanowska. "Ion-selective electrode made with LTCC (low temperature co-fired ceramics) technology." Microelectronics International 31, no. 3 (August 4, 2014): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-11-2013-0072.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on development and electrical characterization of miniature ion-selective electrode (ISE) for application in micro total analysis system or lab-on-chip devices. The presented ISE is made using low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC). It shows possibility of integration chemically sensitive layers with structures fabricated using modern microelectronic technology. Design/methodology/approach – The presented ISEs were fabricated using LTCC microelectronic technology. The possibility of ISE fabrication on multilayer ceramic substrate made of two different LTCC material systems (CeramTec GC, Du Pont 951) with deposited thick-film silver pad is studied. Different configurations of LTCC/silver pad (surface, embedded) are taken into account. Electrical performance of all LTCC-based structures with integrated ISE was examined experimentally. Findings – The preliminary measurements made for ammonium ions have shown good repeatability and linear response with slope of about 30-35 mV/dec. Moreover, no significant impact of the LTCC material system and silver pad configuration on fabricated ISEs’ electrical properties was noticed. Research limitations/implications – The presented research is a preliminary work. The authors focused on ISE fabrication on LTCC substrates without any microfluidic structures. Therefore, further research work will be needed to evolve ion-selective membrane deposition inside microfluidic structures made in LTCC substrates. Practical implications – Development of the LTCC-based ISE makes the fabrication of detection units for integrated microfluidic systems possible. These devices can find practical applications in analytical diagnosis and continuous monitoring of various biochemical parameters. Originality/value – This paper shows design, fabrication and performance of the novel ISE fabrication using LTCC technology.
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Gohel, Mukesh, Jemil S. Makadia, and Chandan Chakrabarti. "Effect of Hypoproteinemia on Electrolyte Measurement by Direct and Indirect Ion Selective Electrode Methods." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 13, no. 02 (June 2021): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1730821.
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Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to see the effect of hypoproteinemia on electrolyte measurement by two different techniques, that is, direct ion selective electrode (ISE) and indirect ISE. Material and Method It was an observational study in which 90 serum samples with normal protein content (Group-1) were subjected to sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) measurements by direct and indirect ISE methods. In the same way, 90 serum samples with total protein < 5 g/dL (Group-2) were subjected to Na+ and K+ measurements by direct and indirect ISE methods. Result In samples from Group-1 patients, average Na+ was 138.1 ± 4.764 mmol/L by direct ISE method and 139.3 ± 3.887 mmol/L by indirect ISE method while average K+ was 4.41 ± 0.644 mmol/L by direct ISE method and 4.40 ± 0.592 mmol/L by indirect ISE method. There was no statistically significant difference in Na+ and K+ values measured by different methods. In samples from Group-2 patients, measured value of Na+ by direct ISE and indirect ISE was 134.57 ± 5.520 mmol/L and 138.64 ± 5.401 mmol/L, respectively. Difference between these two values was statistically significant with p-value of < 0.0001, but direct ISE and indirect ISE measured values of K+ was 4.146 ± 0.9639 mmol/L and 4.186 ± 0.8989, respectively, with no significant difference. Conclusion Direct and indirect ISE methods are not comparable and showing significantly different results for Na+ in case of hypoproteinemia. So, it is recommended that setups like intensive care unit or emergency department, where electrolyte values have significant treatment outcome, should follow direct ISE method and should compare its previous result with the same method. Both the methods should not be used interchangeably.
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Pradhananga, Raja Ram, A. Nyachhyon, A. P. Yadav, Lok Kumar Shrestha, and S. Tandukar. "Fabrication and Applications of Silver Sulphide Based Ion Sensors." Advanced Materials Research 117 (June 2010): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.117.7.
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An electrochemical sensor based on the silver sulphide precipitate was fabricated in the laboratory and characterized by x-ray diffraction, SEM equipped with EDAX, and electrochemical techniques. Ion selective electrode (ISE) was found to be sensitive enough to sense the sulphide ion concentration from 10-1 to 10-5 M in alkaline medium. The change in electrode potential per decade change in sulphide ion concentration was found to be 31.5 mV at laboratory temperature indicating adherence of the ion selective electrode to Nernst’s equation. The sensor have been successfully used for the quantitative determination of thiamine in pharmaceutical preparations, hydrogen sulphide in cigarette smoke and determination of solubility products of sparingly soluble silver salts. A trace amount of hydrogen sulphide, a toxic gas, is present in the cigarette smoke. The quantitative estimation of hydrogen sulphide in cigarette smoke is a challenging task to analytical chemist. Hydrogen sulphide in cigarette smoke had been determined by absorbing the cigarette smoke in 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and the resulting solution was analyzed using silver sulphide based ion sensor by standard addition technique using modified Gran plot. The average amounts of hydrogen sulphide produced by a stick of cigarette in 8 different brands of Nepalese cigarette ware found to range from 0.0332 mg to 0.0766 mg. The sensitivity and reliability of these home made ion sensors were excellent and in par with commercial electrodes. For developing countries like Nepal, who can not afford to procure high cost commercial ion selective electrodes, these home made ion sensors are especially appealing since the sensor can be fabricated with ease from the materials that are readily available in the chemistry laboratory and the sensor is quite sensitive and gives reproducible results which are sufficiently accurate for the analysis with ion selective electrodes.
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Chen, Li-Da, Wei-Jhen Wang, and Gou-Jen Wang. "Electrochemical Detection of Electrolytes Using a Solid-State Ion-Selective Electrode of Single-Piece Type Membrane." Biosensors 11, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11040109.
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This study aimed to develop simple electrochemical electrodes for the fast detection of chloride, sodium and potassium ions in human serum. A flat thin-film gold electrode was used as the detection electrode for chloride ions; a single-piece type membrane based solid-state ion-selective electrode (ISE), which was formed by covering a flat thin-film gold electrode with a mixture of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and ion-selective membrane (ISM), was developed for sodium and potassium ions detection. Through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square-wave voltammetry (SWV), the detection data can be obtained within two minutes. The linear detection ranges in the standard samples of chloride, sodium, and potassium ions were 25–200 mM, 50–200 mM, and 2–10 mM, with the average relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.79%, 1.65%, and 0.47% and the average recovery rates of 101%, 100% and 96%, respectively. Interference experiments with Na+, K+, Cl−, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ions demonstrated that the proposed detection electrodes have good selectivity. Moreover, the proposed detection electrodes have characteristics such as the ability to be prepared under relatively simple process conditions, excellent detection sensitivity, and low RSD, and the detection linear range is suitable for the Cl−, Na+ and K+ concentrations in human serum.
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WANG, F. L., and P. M. HUANG. "ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE DETERMINATION OF SOLUTION K IN SOIL SUSPENSIONS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN KINETIC STUDIES." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 70, no. 3 (August 1, 1990): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss90-041.
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The feasibility of using a K ion-selective electrode (K-ISE) to monitor changes in solution K concentration in soil suspensions with time, under shaking conditions, was investigated and its significance in kinetics studies of K adsorption was discussed. Factors that affect the efficiency of the K-ISE method include the response time of the electrode, influence of suspended soil particles, shaking speed, and ionic strength of the system. The response time of the K-ISE decreased with increasing K concentration. Moreover, for a system with a solution K concentration greater than 10 mg K L−1, errors resulting from response delays were negligible when, under shaking conditions, observation time intervals were greater than 30 s. The influence of suspended soil particles on the K-ISE method was negligible for soil suspensions with a solution/soil ratio of 50:1 (vol/wt). Shaking significantly influenced K-ISE determination of solution K concentration. The degree of the influence of shaking on the determination of solution K appeared to be related to ionic factors of the systems. Shaking had much less influence on the soil suspensions, the filtrates and mixed CaCl2-KCl solutions than on pure KCl solutions. Satisfactory results were obtained by taking into account the response time, suspended soil particle and shaking speed factors and by adjusting the ionic strength of the calibration system (KCl standard solution series). Key words: Potassium ion-selective PVC membrane electrode, batch technique, kinetics, calibration system, electrode response time, suspended soil particle, shaking speed, ionic strength
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Sun, Ai-Li. "A potentiometric immunosensor for enterovirus 71 based on bis-MPA-COOH dendrimer-doped AgCl nanospheres with a silver ion-selective electrode." Analyst 143, no. 2 (2018): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7an01305a.
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Su, Yan, Ting Liu, Caiqiao Song, Aiqiao Fan, Nan Zhu, Bingbing Sun, and Cheng Yang. "Using MoS2/Fe3O4 as Ion-Electron Transduction Layer to Manufacture All-Solid-State Ion-Selective Electrode for Determination of Serum Potassium." Chemosensors 9, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9070155.
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As an essential electrolyte for the human body, the potassium ion (K+) plays many physiological roles in living cells, so the rapid and accurate determination of serum K+ is of great significance. In this work, we developed a solid-contact ion-selective electrode (SC-ISE) using MoS2/Fe3O4 composites as the ion-to-electron transducer to determine serum K+. The potential response measurement of MoS2/Fe3O4/K+-ISE shows a Nernst response by a slope of 55.2 ± 0.1 mV/decade and a low detection limit of 6.3 × 10−6 M. The proposed electrode exhibits outstanding resistance to the interference of O2, CO2, light, and water layer formation. Remarkably, it also presents a high performance in potential reproducibility and long-term stability.
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Tait, Tara N., Lisa M. Rabson, Rachael L. Diamond, Christopher A. Cooper, James C. McGeer, and D. Scott Smith. "Determination of cupric ion concentrations in marine waters: an improved procedure and comparison with other speciation methods." Environmental Chemistry 13, no. 1 (2016): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en14190.
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Environmental context A Cu ion-selective electrode is potentially an excellent tool for cupric ion measurements in salt water, but it is prone to poor reproducibility. We show that dramatic improvements can be obtained by using a Cu ion-selective electrode and a one-point calibration method that corrects for electrode fouling. The method shows promise to be used to collect data on toxic cupric ion concentrations in saltwater environments. Abstract Free Cu is often used as an indicator for potential Cu toxicity. Free ionic Cu2+ was measured using a flow-through ion-selective electrode (ISE). Four different marine samples were collected from various locations and analysed during a fixed-pH Cu titration using an external standard calibration ISE method. Free cupric determinations in the range 10–12 to 10–7molL–1 were consistent with published literature but replicate measures showed up to four orders of magnitude variability. To improve reproducibility, an internal calibration method was developed. The new method was validated using artificial seawater with added tryptophan as the model ligand. The free Cu measured using the improved method showed the same trends as the external calibration data but reproducibility increased to an order of magnitude or better. The potential applicability of this new method was also highlighted in that it matches, in the environmentally and regulatory significant range of total Cu, with a fluorescence quenching method applied to one of the four samples. The ISE data do not agree with free ion concentrations estimated from anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) though. This suggests that, at least for these samples, ASV responded to a larger fraction of total Cu than simply the inorganic complexes. Caution should be exercised when using ASV as a proxy for bioavailability because the trends in ASV-derived free Cu did not match the free Cu as estimated by ISE. This ability to more reliably measure free Cu is significant for predicting and measuring toxicity on Cu exposure.
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Zhuang, Wei, Yining Li, Jiabi Chen, Weihui Liu, and Hongyuan Huang. "Copper nanocluster-labeled hybridization chain reaction for potentiometric immunoassay of matrix metalloproteinase-7 in acute kidney injury and renal cancer." Analytical Methods 11, no. 19 (2019): 2597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ay00681h.
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A simple and portable potentiometric immunoassay was designed for the quantitative detection of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP7) in acute kidney injury and renal cancer on a copper ion-selective electrode (Cu-ISE).
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "A New method for ISE construction for methyl orange dyes and using for indirect determination of Amitriptyline Hydrochloried drug." Baghdad Science Journal 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.12.1.188-196.
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A new method for construction ion-selective electrode (ISE) by heating reaction of methyl orange with ammonium reineckate using PVC as plasticizer for determination methyl orange and determination Amitriptyline Hydrochloried drug by formation ion-pair on electrode surface . The characteristics of the electrode and it response as following : internal solution 10-4M , pH (2.5-5) ,temperature (20-30) and response time 2 sec. Calibration response for methyl orange over the concentrationrange 10-3 -10-9 M with R=0.9989 , RSD%=0.1052, D.O.L=0.315X10-9 MEre%=(-0.877- -2.76) , Rec%.=(97.230 -101.711) .
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de Namor, Angela F. Danil, Abdelaziz El Gamouz, Salman Alharthi, Nawal Al Hakawati, and John R. Varcoe. "A ditopic calix[4]pyrrole amide derivative: highlighting the importance of fundamental studies and the use of NaPh4B as additive in the design and applications of mercury(ii) ion selective electrodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 24 (2015): 13016–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta02215k.
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A ditopic calix[4]pyrrole amide based ion selective electrode and its applications are first reported. Sodium tetraphenylboron currently used as additive in Hg ISE is by itself a sensor for mercury(ii).
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Zheng, Min, Yong-Jin Cao, Wei-Hua Cai, Xi Shi, Mou-Feng Wang, and Yu-Jie Deng. "Phytic acid-based copper(ii) ion-selective electrode on graphene oxide for potentiometric immunoassay of breast cancer antigen 15-3." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 28 (2019): 11171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj01834d.
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A potentiometric immunoassay based on a copper(ii) ion-selective electrode (Cu-ISE) was designed for the quantitative determination of carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3; a tumor marker associated with breast cancer).
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Malla, Komal Prasad, Bishnu Prasad Neupane, Bindu Malla, Anil Gautam, and Dinesh Chaudhary. "Sulfide ion Selective Method of Analysis of Sulfurated Hydrogen in Alkaline Smoked Cigarette Solution." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences 5, no. 1 (November 21, 2019): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37107/jhas.39.
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Sulfurated hydrogen commonly called hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a clear, colorless, extremely toxic gas that has a rotten egg smell at low concentration. The human nose can detect H2 S at concentrations below 100 parts per billion (ppb). It is found least amount in cigarette smoke that has been the subject of analysis for many analytical chemists. This gases is soluble in alkaline medium and gives free sulfide (S-2 ) ions. Sulfide ion concentration in cigarette smoke solution is found in the range of detection limit of lab made Silver- silver sulfide (Ag/Ag2 S) ion selective electrode (ISE).This project has designed to investigate the amount hydrogen sulfide as a free sulfide (S--)ion in cigarette smoke solution. Silver-silver sulfide ion selective electrode (Ag/ Ag2 S ISE) and Silver–silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode are prepared in the lab for determination. Detail protocol of standard addition method with modified Grant’s plot is applied for estimation. Different brand of cigarette samples were collected from different area of Pokhara valley and analyzed. The average amount of H2 S per stick of cigarette smoke is found to vary from 0.0453 mg to 0.0573 mg in different brands. Among them sample no SA-5 shows 0.0453mg per stick of cigarette. This result is minimum in compare to other brands. Similarly, sample no SA- 7 have found 0.0573mg per stick which is higher in compare to other brands.
Key words: Cigarette smoke, hydrogen sulfide, ion selective electrode, standard addition method, Grant’s plot method,
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Fujiwara, M. "Analysis of ion behavior and potentials in a Na+ ion-selective membrane containing methyl monensin." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 1375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.8.1375.
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Abstract Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) are widely used in clinical examinations. The mechanisms of ISEs have been studied to develop a disposable ISE for "dry chemistry" analyses. The behavior of Na+ and Ag+ in an ion-selective polymer liquid membrane (ISM) containing methyl monensin (MMO), which is selective for Na+, has been clarified by x-ray microanalysis and measurement of electrical potential. The results indicate that Na+ is not transported across the membrane because of a stability of the Na(+)-MMO complex, whereas Ag+ (from the Ag/AgCl electrode) is transported with Cl- across the membrane by diffusion. The difference in potential, which follows a Nernst gradient, is generated by the formation of a double layer of electrons at the interface between the ISM and the electrolyte solution. These results are explainable by the stability of the trap in the polymer liquid membrane. MMO acts as a stable trap of Na+ and as a metastable site of Ag+ for movement.
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Refardt, Julie, Clara Odilia Sailer, Irina Chifu, Bettina Winzeler, Ingeborg Schnyder, Martin Fassnacht, Wiebke Fenske, Mirjam Christ-Crain, and _. _. "The challenges of sodium measurements: indirect versus direct ion-selective method." European Journal of Endocrinology 181, no. 2 (August 2019): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-19-0101.
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Background Diagnosis and treatment of dysnatremia is challenging and further complicated by the pitfalls of different sodium measurement methods. Routinely used sodium measurements are the indirect (plasma/serum) and direct (whole blood) ion-selective electrode (ISE) method, showing discrepant results especially in the setting of acute illness. Few clinicians are aware of the differences between the methods in clinically stable patients or healthy volunteers. Methods Data of 140 patients and 91 healthy volunteers undergoing osmotic stimulation with hypertonic saline infusion were analyzed. Sodium levels were measured simultaneously by indirect and direct ISE method before and at different time points during osmotic stimulation up to a sodium threshold of ≥150 mmol/L. The primary outcome was the difference in sodium levels between the indirect and direct ISE method. Results 878 sodium measurements were analyzed. Mean (s.d.) sodium levels ranged from 141 mmol/L (2.9) to 151 mmol/L (2.1) by the indirect ISE compared to 140 mmol/L (3) to 149 mmol/L (2.8) by the direct ISE method. The interclass correlation coefficient between the two methods was 0.844 (95% CI: 0.823–0.863). On average, measurements by the indirect ISE were 1.9 mmol/L (95% CI limits: −3.2 to 6.9) higher than those by the direct ISE method (P < 0.001). The tendency of the indirect ISE method resulting in higher levels increased with increasing sodium levels. Conclusion Intra-individual sodium levels differ significantly between the indirect and direct ISE method also in the absence of acute illness. It is therefore crucial to adhere to the same method in critical situations to avoid false decisions due to measurement differences.
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Pu, Jian, and Kensuke Fukushi. "Measurement of Cadmium Ion in the Presence of Metal-Binding Biopolymers in Aqueous Sample." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/270478.
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In aqueous environment, water-soluble polymers are effectively used to separate free metal ions from metal-polymer complexes. The feasibilities of four different analytical techniques, cadmium ion-selective electrode, dialysis sack, chelate disk cartridge, and ultrafiltration, in distinguishing biopolymer-bound and nonbound cadmium in aqueous samples were investigated. And two different biopolymers were used, including bovine serum albumin (BSA) and biopolymer solution extracted from cultivated activated sludge (ASBP). The ISE method requires relatively large amount of sample and contaminates sample during the pretreatment. After the long reaction time of dialysis, the equilibrium of cadmium in the dialysis sack would be shifted. Due to the sample nature, chelate disk cartridge could not filter within recommended time, which makes it unavailable for biopolymer use. Ultrafiltration method would not experience the difficulties mentioned above. Ultrafiltration method measuring both weakly and strongly bound cadmium was included in nominally biopolymer-cadmium complex. It had significant correlation with the Ion-selective electrode (ISE) method (R2=0.989for BSA, 0.985 for ASBP).
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Jung, Dae-Hyun, Hak-Jin Kim, Joon Yong Kim, Soo Hyun Park, and Woo Jae Cho. "Water Nitrate Remote Monitoring System with Self-Diagnostic Function for Ion-Selective Electrodes." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 12, 2021): 2703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082703.
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The detection of nitrate pollutants is a widely used strategy for protecting water sources. Although ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) have been considered for the determination of ion concentrations in water, the accuracy of ISE technology decreases owing to the signal drift and decreasing sensitivity over time. The objectives of the present study were: (1) to develop an online water monitoring system mainly consisting of an Arduino board-based Internet-of-Things (IoT) device and nitrate ISEs; and (2) to propose a self-diagnostic function for monitoring and reporting the condition of the ISEs. The developed system communicates with the cloud server by using the message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol and provides monitoring information through the developed cloud-based webpage. In addition, the online monitoring system provides information on the electrode status, which is determined based on a self-diagnostic index (SDI, with a range of 0–100) of the electrode drift and sensitivity. The diagnostic method for monitoring and reporting the electrode status was validated in a one-month-long laboratory test followed by a field test in a stream near an agricultural facility. Moreover, a self-diagnostic index (SDI) was applied in the final field experiments with an accuracy of 0.77.
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Ibañez, josé A., L. Victoria, and Rafael M. Barzanallana. "Computer-based automation of concentration measurements with ion-selective electrodes." Journal of Automatic Chemistry 11, no. 3 (1989): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1463924689000283.
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An integrated computer system consisting of an expandable ionanalyzer and a PC has been used to automate concentration measurements with ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). The ionanalyzer determines ionic concentrations using a reference electrode coupled with an ISE. The measurements and calibrations are carried out in a thermostated sample changer equipped with a flow cell. The data obtained by the ionanalyzer are sent via a standard RS 232-C interface to a microcomputer. In this paper, we describe the automatic data acquisition system and the subsequent processing of the measurements. One program (Transorion) automatically collects the measurements carried out by the ionanalyzer, giving a real-time graphic representation of the measurement on the computer screen. A second program (Graforion) facilitates the management of the data stored by the first program, and listing and graphics of these can be obtained on the printer/plotter. The method has been used to study continuous concentration changes in an aqueous solution of potassium iodide.
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Christopoulos, T. K., and E. P. Diamandis. "8 assay of albumin in serum based on specific ion-bindingand ion-selective electrode (ISE) potentiometry." Clinical Biochemistry 18, no. 3 (June 1985): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9120(85)80118-1.
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Wang, Qiujin, Yifan Zhou, Jixue Zhou, Rongrong Wu, Jianbo Wu, Hao Zheng, Ying Ye, and Yuanfeng Huang. "Doped PANI Coated Nano-Ag Electrode for Rapid In-Situ Detection of Bromide in Seawater." Coatings 9, no. 5 (May 17, 2019): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9050325.
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In this paper, we successfully fabricated a novel bromide ion selective electrode (Br-ISE), which was coated by bromine ion doped polyaniline as sensitive film. Using Ag wire as the substrate, a uniform and dense nano-silver layer was electroplated to enhance the specific surface area of the electrode. Subsequently, a polyaniline (PANI) film was coated onto the electrode by cyclic voltammetry in a 0.3 M aniline and 1 M HCl solution and was in-situ doped by 0.1 M KBr solution. The morphology and performance of the electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and other electrochemical analysis methods, respectively. The prepared Br-ISE exhibited a wide linear dynamic range between 1.0 × 10−1 and 1.0 × 10−7 M with a near-Nernst slope of 57.33 mV/decade. In addition, the electrode possessed extremely fast response time (<1 s) and low impedance (300 Ω), high sensitivity, and good selectivity. The electrode potential drifted within 2 mV in 8 h. The lifespan was larger than three months.
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Feng, Shi Lun, and Tao Dong. "Applied Technology in Diaper-Based UTI Testing for Elder People by Using Nitrite Ion Selective Electrode." Applied Mechanics and Materials 662 (October 2014): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.662.225.
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Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common infection diseases in the hospitals, especially for the elder people. Detecting UTI for the elder people is difficult and time-consuming procedure. Since measuring nitrite directly in urine is often employed in the diagnosis of UTI, a nitrite ion selective electrode (ISE) was investigated in this study in order to detect UTI samples directly on used diapers of patients. With a commercial ISE sensor for nitrite, the detecting system was built to quickly and precisely quantify different concentrations of nitrite ions in both water solutions and real human urine samples. Good results were shown in the experiment that the nitrite can be precisely detected in the fresh urine by the ISE with the relations as Ε=224.7-21.259×Lg (C+13.476), where E is the electrode potential and C is the concentration of nitrite ions. Besides, the method of extracting urine samples from used diapers was also studied for further research. The investigation suggested that a sampling module for used diapers could be simply realized if necessary.
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Rachou, Julien, Christian Gagnon, and Sébastien Sauvé. "Use of an ion-selective electrode for free copper measurements in low salinity and low ionic strength matrices." Environmental Chemistry 4, no. 2 (2007): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en06036.
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Environmental context. The toxicity of metals in the environment is controlled by several parameters including total metal concentration, pH and organic and inorganic ligands (type and concentration). The characterisation of different metal pools in natural matrices (e.g. seawater, soil) is important for the evaluation of their toxic impact. The copper ion-selective electrode (Cu-ISE) is a method of choice for the analytical determination of the speciation (i.e. chemical forms) of divalent copper in natural matrices. This paper clarifies several operational parameters in the hope of decreasing variability of results and increasing the application domain of the Cu-ISE. Abstract. The determination of free copper concentrations in natural matrices is critical for the evaluation of copper toxicity. The ISE is one of the few analytical means for determining the direct speciation of free metal species. We have refined the method for low salinity and low ionic strength solutions for application with soil water extracts or fresh waters. Moreover, we have detailed and standardised a method for using a Cu-ISE with an autotitrator. The standardisation shows a good response and allows significant time saving (under 2 h for the calibration). The results obtained using the ISE are compared with those predicted in the presence of different organic ligands or even the lower free Cu2+ activities resulting from the formation of Cu hydroxyl species. The method was validated for the determination of Cu speciation at environmentally relevant free Cu2+ activity, i.e. ranging between 10−14 to 10−4 M. The chemical equilibrium calculations were made using the MINEQL+ software and the results agree well for pH values between 3 and 10. In terms of precision, the standard deviations of the measured values never exceed 0.1 units, and in terms of accuracy, the measured values were very close to the nominal values, within a range of 0.1. Outside the optimal pH range, the electrode yields higher activity than expected.
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Wang, Qiujin, Jianbo Wu, Guochen Zhao, Yuanfeng Huang, Zhen Wang, Hao Zheng, Yifan Zhou, Ying Ye, and Reza Ghomashchi. "Monitor application of multi-electrochemical sensor in extracting bromine from seawater." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 12 (December 2019): 191138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191138.
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In this paper, a set of online measurement devices of multi-electrochemical sensor was investigated. Combined with industrial distributed control system, it was first applied in extracting bromine from seawater to realize the real-time adjustment of production process parameters. In the process of extracting bromine from seawater, the pH value of acidified raw brine, the addition amount of Cl 2 in the oxidation stage and the addition amount of SO 2 in the absorption stage are key parameters to control the whole production process. The multi-electrochemical sensor realized a rapid and high-throughput detection of the above parameters by integrating an all-solid-stage bromide ion selective electrode (Br-ISE), Eh electrode and pH electrode. The Br-ISE and the pH electrode were self-developed electrodes and the Pt electrode was Eh electrode. The pH electrode was used to control the addition amount of H 2 SO 4 during the acidification of the brine. The Eh electrode was used to control the addition amount of Cl 2 during the oxidation stage and the addition amount of SO 2 during the absorption stage. The Br-ISE was used to monitor the Br − concentration change in the raw brine. Results showed the optimum range of Eh in the oxidation stage and absorption stage of brine were 950–1000 mV and 580–610 mV, respectively. The application of multi-electrochemical sensor in industrial bromine production can realize real-time control of material addition and save the cost of production.
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Pivarnik, Lori F., Mamadou Thiam, and P. Christopher Ellis. "Rapid Determination of Volatile Bases in Fish by Using an Ammonia Ion-Selective Electrode." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 81, no. 5 (September 1, 1998): 1011–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/81.5.1011.
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Abstract A simple and rapid method using an ammonia ionselective electrode (ISE) to measure volatile bases in fish is proposed. Accuracy and precision were determined with 5,10,20, and 30 ppm NH3 standard solutions. Ammonia values obtained with the method correlate strongly with total volatile basic nitrogen (r2 = 0.88). Recoveries of added ammonia to homogenized fish samples ranged from 83.7 to 96.0%. Responses of the probe to trimethylamine (TMA), calculated as NH3 (mg/100 mL), ranged from 74.9 to 91.7%. These findings indicate that the probe measured TMA as well as ammonia. Storage trials on 8 fish species illustrated that the results obtained with the ISE method reflected nitrogen concentrations based on total volatile base (TVB) analysis. This procedure may be used in lieu of the traditional TVB method for on-site rapid screening of fish
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McEnroe, Eamonn, Malachi J. McKenna, Dermot Diamond, Arthur K. Covington, and Rosemarie Freaney. "Dependence of Measured Ionized Calcium on Protein Concentration as Measured by Three Ion-Selective Electrodes." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 29, no. 4 (July 1992): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456329202900413.
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A positive effect of protein on the measurement of ionized calcium in serum by ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) has been previously reported and the present study confirms this finding. Ionized calcium in serum was measured in the presence of increasing protein concentrations induced by venous stasis in 17 healthy volunteer subjects. Ionized calcium was measured using two commercial analysers, a Radiometer ICA2 analyser and a Baker Analyte + 2 analyser, and a calcium cell devised by Covington for the calcium reference method (CRM). Both commercial analysers used charged ionophores and the CRM used a neutral carrier ionophore in the selective membrane. A small but significant rise in ionized calcium with increasing protein was measured on all analysers. Substitution of isotonic KCl for saturated KCl in the reference electrode of the CRM resulted in significantly reduced values for ionized calcium in paired serum samples when measured using the isotonic salt bridge. This study supports the premise that the positive effect of protein is related to the salt bridge concentration of the reference electrode rather than the ISE membrane composition.
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Ezzat, Samar, Mona A. Ahmed, Abd El-Galil E. Amr, Mohamed A. Al-Omar, Ayman H. Kamel, and Nagy M. Khalifa. "Single-Piece All-Solid-State Potential Ion-Selective Electrodes Integrated with Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) for Neutral 2,4-Dichlorophenol Assessment." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 10, 2019): 2924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12182924.
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A novel single-piece all-solid-state ion-selective electrode (SC/ISE) based on carbon-screen printed is introduced. Polyaniline (PANI) is dissolved in a membrane cocktail that contains the same components used for making a conventional ion-selective polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix membrane. The membrane, having the PANI, is directly drop-casted on a carbon substrate (screen-printed-carbon electrode). PANI was added to act as an intermediary between the substrate and the membrane for the charge transfer process. Under non-equilibrium sensing mechanism, the sensors revealed high sensitivity towards 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) over the linearity range 0.47 to 13 µM and a detection limit 0.13 µm. The selectivity was measured by the modified separate solution method (MSSM) and showed good selectivity towards 2,4-DCP over the most commonly studied ions. All measurements were done in 30 mm Tris buffer solution at a pH 5.0. Using constant-current chronopotentiometry, the potential drift for the proposed electrodes was checked. Improvement in the potential stability of the SPE was observed after the addition of PANI in the sensing membrane as compared to the corresponding coated-wire electrode (membrane without PANI). The applicability of the sensor has been checked by measuring 2,4-DCP in different water samples and the results were compared with the standard HPLC method.
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Mir, Altaf Ahmad, Bela Goyal, Sudip Kumar Datta, Saidaiah Ikkurthi, and Arnab Pal. "Comparison Between Measured and Calculated Free Calcium Values at Different Serum Albumin Concentrations." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 8, no. 02 (July 2016): 071–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-2727.180785.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Free ionic calcium is the metabolically active component of total calcium (TCa) in blood. However, most laboratories report TCa levels that are dependent on serum albumin concentration. Hence, several formulae have evolved to calculate free calcium levels from TCa after adjustment for albumin. However, free calcium can directly be measured using direct ion selective electrodes rather than spectrophotometric methods used in autoanalyzers. Objectives: This study compares the levels of free calcium obtained by measurement by direct ion selective electrode (ISE) and the one calculated as a function of TCa by formulae. Materials and Methods: A total of 254 serum samples submitted to clinical biochemistry laboratory of a tertiary care hospital were analyzed for total protein, albumin, and TCa by standard spectrophotometric methods and for free calcium by direct ISE. Three commonly used formulae viz. Orrell, Berry et al. and Payne et al. were used to calculate adjusted TCa. Calculated free calcium was obtained by taking 50% of these values. Results: A significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed between calculated free calcium by all the three formulae and measured free calcium estimated by direct ISE using paired t-test and Bland–Altman plots. Conclusion: Formulae for predicting free calcium by estimating TCa and albumin lacks consistency in prediction and free calcium should be evaluated by direct measurement.
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Chen, Ming, Miao Zhang, Xuming Wang, Qingliang Yang, Maohua Wang, Gang Liu, and Lan Yao. "An All-Solid-State Nitrate Ion-Selective Electrode with Nanohybrids Composite Films for In-Situ Soil Nutrient Monitoring." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 16, 2020): 2270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082270.
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In this paper, an all-solid-state nitrate doped polypyrrole (PPy(NO3−) ion-selective electrode (ISE) was prepared with a nanohybrid composite film of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO). Preliminary tests on the ISE based in-situ soil nitrate–nitrogen (NO3−-N) monitoring was conducted in a laboratory 3-stage column. Comparisons were made between the NO3−-N content of in-situ soil percolate solution and laboratory-prepared extract solution. Possible influential factors of sample depth, NO3−-N content, soil texture, and moisture were varied. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) characterized morphology and content information of the composite film of ERGO/AuNPs. Due to the performance excellence for conductivity, stability, and hydrophobicity, the ISE with ERGO/AuNPs illustrates an acceptable detection range from 10−1 to 10−5 M. The response time was determined to be about 10 s. The lifetime was 65 days, which revealed great potential for the implementation of the ERGO/AuNPs mediated ISE for in-situ NO3−-N monitoring. In-situ NO3−-N testing results conducted by the all-solid-state ISE followed a similar trend with the standard UV-VIS method.
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Gunaratna, P. C., W. F. Koch, R. C. Paule, A. D. Cormier, P. D'Orazio, N. Greenberg, K. M. O'Connell, A. Malenfant, A. O. Okorodudu, and R. Miller. "Frozen Human Serum Reference Material for Standardization of Sodium and Potassium Measurements in Serum or Plasma by Ion-Selective Electrode Analyzers." Clinical Chemistry 38, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 1459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/38.8.1459.
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Abstract Three interlaboratory round-robin studies (RR1, RR2, and RR3) were conducted to identify a serum-based reference material that would aid in the standardization of direct ion-selective electrode (ISE) measurements of sodium and potassium. Ultrafiltered frozen serum reference materials requiring no reconstitution reduced between-laboratory variability (the largest source of imprecision) more than did other reference materials. ISE values for RR3 were normalized by the use of two points at the extremes of the clinical range for sodium (i.e., 120 and 160 mmol/L), with values assigned by the flame atomic emission spectrometry (FAES) Reference Method. This FAES normalization of ISE raw values remarkably improved all sources of variability and unified the results from seven different direct ISE analyzers to the FAES Reference Method value. Subsequently, a three-tiered, fresh-frozen human serum reference material was produced to the specifications developed in RR1-RR3, was assigned certified values for sodium and potassium by Definitive Methods at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and was made available in 1990 to the clinical laboratory community as a Standard Reference Material (SRM); it is now identified as SRM 956. Albeit retrospectively, we show how applying an FAES normalization step identical to that used in RR4/5 to the ISE data for SRM 956 after the NIST Definitive Method values were known, consistently moved the ISE results for RR3 closer to the true value for Na+ and K+.
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Kamel, Amr, Abdalla, El-Naggar, Al-Omar, Alkahtani, and Sayed. "Novel Solid-State Potentiometric Sensors Using Polyaniline (PANI) as A Solid-Contact Transducer for Flucarbazone Herbicide Assessment." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111796.
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Novel potentiometric solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC/ISEs) based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as sensory carriers (MIP/PANI/ISE) were prepared and characterized as potentiometric sensors for flucarbazone herbicide anion. However, aliquat S 336 was also studied as a charged carrier in the fabrication of Aliquat/PANI/ISEs for flucarbazone monitoring. The polyaniline (PANI) film was inserted between the ion-sensing membrane (ISM) and the electronic conductor glassy carbon substrate (GC). The sensors showed a noticeable response towards flucarbazone anions with slopes of −45.5 ± 1.3 (r2 = 0.9998) and −56.3 ± 1.5 (r2 = 0.9977) mV/decade over the range of 10−2–10−5, 10−2–10−4 M and detection limits of 5.8 × 10−6 and 8.5 × 10−6 M for MIP/PANI/ISE and Aliguat/PANI/ISE, respectively. The selectivity and long-term potential stability of all presented ISEs were investigated. The short-term potential and electrode capacitances were studied and evaluated using chronopotentiometry and electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS). The proposed ISEs were introduced for the direct measurement of flucarbazone herbicide in different soil samples sprayed with flucarbazone herbicide. The results agree well with the results obtained using the standard liquid chromatographic method (HPLC).
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Hammer, Daniel, and Daniel Andrey. "Comparison of Ion-Selective Electrode and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry to Determine Iodine in Milk-Based Nutritional Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 91, no. 6 (November 1, 2008): 1397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/91.6.1397.
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Abstract The performances of 2 official methods for iodine analysis based on inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the ion-selective electrode (ISE) method were compared for milk-based products. The aim of the study was to determine the performance characteristics of both methods to check the labeled concentration of iodine. Good precision was found for both methods with highest relative standard deviation of repeatability (RSDr) at 2.3 and 2.7 for ISE and ICP-MS, respectively. Intermediate reproducibility (RSDiR), single laboratory within 6 different days, was also good with the highest values at 7.3 and 8 by ISE and ICP-MS, respectively. Measurement uncertainty was estimated based on the RSDiR data, and it was concluded that both methods were capable of determining iodine concentrations within an uncertainty below 20. The accuracy of the methods was determined by analyzing certified reference materials, in-house proficiency test samples, and commercial products. Both methods returned similar results when applied on freshly opened samples. In samples that had been opened and kept exposed to air during storage, ISE returned lower iodine concentrations than ICP-MS. In commercial samples, the linear regression between both methods was ISE 0.95 ICP-MS 0.060 for freshly opened samples and ISE 0.85 ICP-MS 0.069 for samples exposed to air. The tendency of ISE to return lower results than ICP-MS is explained by the fact that ISE is sensitive to iodide but does not measure iodine that may be bound organically to the matrix. This seems to be more pronounced in samples that were stored longer. Because in most countries iodine is labeled as total iodine, acceptance of an international standard based on the ICP-MS technique which takes all forms of iodine into account, is recommended. This would help to avoid any potential dispute on the accuracy of labeled iodine concentrations in finished products.
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Rehak, Nadja N., Stacey A. Cecco, Julie E. Niemela, and Ronald J. Elin. "Thiocyanate in smokers interferes with the Nova magnesium ion-selective electrode." Clinical Chemistry 43, no. 9 (September 1, 1997): 1595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/43.9.1595.
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Abstract Thiocyanate found in serum ordinarily is the metabolite of cyanide that is inhaled with tobacco smoke and ingested with cyanogenic foods. We investigated the effect of the thiocyanate ion (SCN−) on the ionized magnesium (iMg) and ionized calcium (iCa) results determined with the AVL and Nova magnesium and calcium ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). We analyzed saline and pooled serum with added SCN−, and serum from apparently healthy nonsmokers (n = 20) and smokers (n = 20). The mean (and range) of the measured serum SCN− concentration was 0.019 (0.008–0.046) mmol/L for nonsmokers and 0.077 (0.020–0.138) mmol/L for smokers. Only the Nova iMg results decreased with increasing SCN−concentration, and the change was dependent on the baseline iMg concentration. In the absence of Mg, SCN− decreased the voltage response of the Nova Mg ISE to calcium ions. At apparently normal serum iMg and iCa concentrations, the interference by SCN− appeared to be equimolar (iMg = −1.04 × SCN− + 0.52). Thus, the serum SCN− commonly found in smokers causes a significant (P <0.0001) decrease in the Nova iMg results.
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Ashmawy, Almehizia, Youssef, El-Galil E. Amr, Al-Omar, and Kamel. "Novel Carbon/PEDOT/PSS-Based Screen-Printed Biosensors for Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter and Acetylcholinesterase Detection in Human Serum." Molecules 24, no. 8 (April 18, 2019): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081539.
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New reliable and robust potentiometric ion-selective electrodes were fabricated using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS) as the solid contact between the sensing membrane and electrical substrate for an acetylcholine (ACh) bioassay. A film of PEDOT/PSS was deposited on a solid carbon screen-printed platform made from ceramic substrate. The selective materials used in the ion-selective electrode (ISE) sensor membrane were acetylcholinium tetraphenylborate (ACh/TPB/PEDOT/PSS-ISE) (sensor I) and triacetyl-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD/PEDOT/PSS-ISE) (sensor II). The sensors revealed clear enhanced Nernstian response with a cationic slope 56.4 ± 0.6 and 55.3 ± 1.1 mV/decade toward (ACh+) ions over the dynamic linear range 1.0 × 10−6–1 × 10−3 and 2.0 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−3 M at pH 5 with limits of detection 2.0 × 10−7 and 3.2 × 10−7 M for sensors I and II, respectively. The selectivity behavior of both sensors was also tested and the sensors showed a significant high selectivity toward ACh+ over different common organic and inorganic cations. The stability of the potential response for the solid-contact (SC)/ISEs was evaluated using a chronopotentiometric method and compared with that of electrodes prepared without adding the solid-contact material (PEDOT/PSS). Enhanced accuracy, excellent repeatability, good reproducibility, potential stability, and high selectivity and sensitivity were introduced by these cost-effective sensors. The sensors were also used to measure the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). A linear plot between the initial rate of the hydrolysis of ACh+ substrate and enzyme activity held 5.0 × 10−3–5.2 IU∙L−1 of AChE enzyme. Application to acetylcholine determination in human serum was done and the results were compared with the standard colorimetric method.
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Muhali, Muhali. "APLIKASI SENYAWA AMIDA HUMAT SEBAGAI IONOFOR DALAM MEMBRAN ELEKTRODA SELEKTIF ION Ni (II)." Prisma Sains : Jurnal Pengkajian Ilmu dan Pembelajaran Matematika dan IPA IKIP Mataram 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2013): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/j-ps.v1i1.520.
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The amide compound derived from humic acid has been applied as ionophore in ion selective electrode (ISE) measurement based on poly vinyl chloride (PVC) membrane. The carboxylic acid group of the humic acid was first modified to the corresponding amide and is expected to form complex with the target cation. This work aims at obtaining selectivity coefficient towards Ni2+ ion. The products of the reactions were observed using infra red (IR) spectrometer. The amide compound derived from humic acid was immobilized into the membrane with composition percentage (w/w) as the following 32% of PVC, 64% of plasticizer of either [orto-nitrophenil octyl ether (NPOE) or dioctylpthalate (DOP) or dibenzyl ether (DBE)], 2% of lipophilic anion [sodiumtetraphenylborate (NaTPB), and oleic acid], and 2% of ionophore the humic amide, respectively. The results show that ISE membrane give selective response to the Ni2+ ion at pH of 4,5 with response time of approximately 80 seconds. Among many others, the cations that give strong emf interference include Cu2+,Li+, K+, Pb2+, Na+, Zn2+, and Ca2+. The Nernstian factor of ISE membrane is close to +28 mV per decade with linear range of concentration of pNi2+ of 1-6, with composition PVC membrane, DBE as plasticizer, oleic acid as lipophilic anion, and humic amide as ionophore, respectively.