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Journal articles on the topic 'Ion engines'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Freiherr, Greg. "The Little Rocket Engine That Could." Mechanical Engineering 138, no. 08 (August 1, 2016): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2016-aug-1.

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This paper highlights advancements of a research team in the field of miniature spacecrafts and development and advantages of CubeStats. CubeSats are space age hitchhikers, that is, miniature spacecraft that fly into orbit aboard rockets whose primary payloads are full-size satellites. Paulo Lozano and his team at MIT’s Space Propulsion Lab have developed a unique kind of rocket engine for these microsatellites. The trick to building a successful ion electrospray propulsion system is to increase thrust density by jamming together as many emitters as possible. Electrospray engines also differ greatly from another form of ion propulsion, plasma ion, which also eschews chemical combustion for the efficiency of the electron. A big advantage, when asking for permission to hitchhike a ride into orbit, is that ion electrospray propulsion engines cannot explode and destroy a rocket’s primary payload. A second advantage of ion engines is their modularity and, consequently, scalability.

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2

Sorokin, A., X. Vancassel, and P. Mirabel. "Emission of ions and charged soot particles by aircraft engines." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 2, no. 6 (November 13, 2002): 2045–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-2-2045-2002.

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Abstract. In this article, a model which examines the formation and evolution of chemiions in an aircraft engine is proposed. This model which includes chemiionisation, electron thermo-emission, electron attachment to soot particles and to neutral molecules, electron-ion and ion-ion recombination, ion-soot interaction, allows the determination of the ion concentration at the exit of the combustor and at the nozzle exit of the engine. It also allows the determination of the charge of the soot particles. A comparison of the model results with the available ground-based experimental data obtained on the ATTAS research aircraft engines during the SULFUR experiments (Schumann, 2002) shows an excellent agreement.

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3

Sorokin, A., X. Vancassel, and P. Mirabel. "Emission of ions and charged soot particles by aircraft engines." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3, no. 2 (March 27, 2003): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-325-2003.

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Abstract. In this article, a model which examines the formation and evolution of chemiions in an aircraft engine is proposed. This model which includes chemiionisation, electron thermo-emission, electron attachment to soot particles and to neutral molecules, electron-ion and ion-ion recombination, ion-soot interaction, allows the determination of the ion concentration at the exit of the combustor and at the nozzle exit of the engine. It also allows the determination of the charge of the soot particles. For the engine considered, the upper limit for the ion emission index EIi is of the order of (2-5) x1016 ions/kg-fuel if ion-soot interactions are ignored and the introduction of ion-soot interactions lead about to a 50% reduction. The results also show that most of the soot particles are either positively or negatively charged, the remaining neutral particles representing approximately 20% of the total particles. A comparison of the model results with the available ground-based experimental data obtained on the ATTAS research aircraft engines during the SULFUR experiments (Schumann, 2002) shows an excellent agreement.

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4

Petrov, Nikolay, and Tamara Antonova. "Increasing the specific impulse of the ion engine by zone engineering of the solid-state field cathode." Proceedings of the Russian higher school Academy of sciences, no. 4 (January 20, 2021): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1727-2769-2020-4-41-50.

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With the rapid development of space technology, the scale of human space exploration is expanding significantly. However, the growing demand for deep space travel cannot be met with conventional chemical engines. Thus, the need for new mechanisms for providing jet thrust, including electric motors, becomes clear. Electric propulsion technology has significant advantages over traditional chemical engines in deep space flight due to its characteristics such as high specific impulse, small size, long service life. A negative feature of electric motors can be called low thrust, however, firstly, in open space this is insignificant and, secondly, the thrust of electric motors can be significantly increased, and for this, there are reserves available at the current level of technology development. Ways to increase the thrust of electric ion thrusters will be detailed and discussed in this work. The increase in the power of ion engines is limited to a large extent by the erosion of the control grids; the ion flow hits the surface of the solid material of the control grid electrode with energetic ions and gradually leads to the failure of this electrode. In this work, the authors will show that the use of field emission as a source of electron beams ionizing the working medium can solve the problem of erosion of control electrodes, due to which it will be possible to significantly increase the strength of the working fields for ion engines, which in turn will increase the specific impulse, efficiency, flow rate and power of the ion engine as a whole.

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5

Mehresh, P., D. Flowers, and R. W. Dibble. "Experimental and numerical investigation of effect of fuel on ion sensor signal to determine combustion timing in homogeneous charge compression ignition engines." International Journal of Engine Research 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/146808705x30404.

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Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines offer promise owing to low emissions and high efficiency. However, the control of the combustion process in HCCI engines, specifically the control of the start of combustion (SOC) or ignition timing, remains a challenge. Piezoelectric pressure transducers are used in research engines for determination of the start of combustion; however, these pressure transducers are too expensive and fragile for applications in commercial engines. Recent work by the authors as well as other investigators has shown the potential of inexpensive ion sensors in HCCI engines fuelled with propane or gasoline. However, the working range of ion sensors is limited in HCCI engines owing, in large part, to the fact that the peak cycle temperature in HCCI combustion is quite low (∼ 1700–1900 K). With the guidance of detailed chemical kinetic modelling it is shown that fuels or additives producing a higher concentration of CH radicals will probably produce higher ion concentrations. Acetylene (HC=CH) is known to produce large concentrations of CH radicals. Hence, various mixtures of propane and acetylene are numerically and experimentally studied. The ion concentration substantially increases with the addition of a small amount of acetylene. This research is an effort to understand the ion generation mechanism in HCCI engines with a view towards improving the ion signal.

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6

Budko, Artem Yur’evich, M. Yu Medvedev, and Vladimir Vladimirovich Matsiborko. "Improving the Efficiency of Power Generation Plants Based on Internal Combustion Engines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (April 2015): 941–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.941.

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This paper describes a method developed by the authors for the detection and estimation of knock intensity in the cylinders of internal combustion engines. The method is based on the spectral analysis of the ion current signal, which is detected within the combustion chamber of the engine. The method allows estimation of the total wave packet energy for different waves speed and frequency. The estimation results of wave’s energy arising in the normal and knock combustion to engine VAZ 2110 are also presented in the paper work.

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7

Miao, Jian-Guo, Chun-Wang Wu, Wei Wu, and Ping-Xing Chen. "Entropy Exchange and Thermodynamic Properties of the Single Ion Cooling Process." Entropy 21, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21070650.

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A complete quantum cooling cycle may be a useful platform for studying quantum thermodynamics just as the quantum heat engine does. Entropy change is an important feature which can help us to investigate the thermodynamic properties of the single ion cooling process. Here, we analyze the entropy change of the ion and laser field in the single ion cooling cycle by generalizing the idea in Reference (Phys. Rev. Lett. 2015, 114, 043002) to a single ion system. Thermodynamic properties of the single ion cooling process are discussed and it is shown that the Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics are still strictly held in the quantum cooling process. Our results suggest that quantum cooling cycles are also candidates for the investigation on quantum thermodynamics besides quantum heat engines.

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8

Fujita, Kazuhisa. "Air Intake Performance of Air Breathing Ion Engines." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES 52, no. 610 (2004): 514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/jjsass.52.514.

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9

WATANABE, Hiroki, Tomoyuki HATAKEYAMA, Masatoshi IRIE, Asami OKUTSU, Takeshi TSUKAHARA, Junichiro AOYAGI, and Haruki TAKEGAHARA. "Study on Radio Frequency Cathode for Ion Engines." TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES, SPACE TECHNOLOGY JAPAN 7, ists26 (2009): Pb_53—Pb_58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/tstj.7.pb_53.

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10

KUNINAKA, Hitoshi. "Microwave Discharge Ion Engines Onboard Hayabusa Asteroid Explorer." Hyomen Kagaku 33, no. 12 (2012): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.33.669.

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11

KITAMURA, Shoji, and Haruki TAKEGAHARA. "Present Status and Future Issues on Ion Engines." Journal of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences 46, no. 530 (1998): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/jjsass1969.46.138.

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12

Attard, P., and J. Micallef. "Ion current combustion technology for controlled auto-ignition gasoline engines." International Journal of Engine Research 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2007): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/14680874jer03604.

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The use of ionization sensors, by means of a standard spark plug, in gasoline engines is well known. This paper focuses on the use of these sensors for controlled auto-ignition (CAI) gasoline engines, where the air-fuel mixture ignites without the need of a spark. The averaged ion current signals obtained are first observed and compared to the heat release rate and then a method to detect with accuracy the location of the 50 per cent mass fraction burned is described. The variation of emissions is studied and the effects of using a pressure sensor (to calculate the heat release rate) or an ion current sensor are portrayed. Thus it is proved possible to keep the emissions under strict control by using an ion current sensor.

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13

Nakano, Masakatsu. "Three-dimensional simulations of grid erosion in ion engines." Vacuum 83, no. 1 (September 2008): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2008.03.080.

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14

FUJITA, Kazuhisa, and Kazutaka NISHIYAMA. "Air-intake Performance Estimation of Air-breathing Ion Engines." Proceedings of the Fluids engineering conference 2003 (2003): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmefed.2003.95.

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15

FUJITA, Kazuhisa. "Air-intake Performance Estimation of Air-breathing Ion Engines." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 70, no. 700 (2004): 3038–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.70.3038.

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16

NIGMATZYANOV, Vladislav V., Veniamin A. POGODIN, Lev N. RABINSKIY, Sergey A. SITNIKOV, and Thant ZIN HEIN. "POLYMER PRECURSORS FOR CREATING GAS DISCHARGE CHAMBER FOR ELECTRIC ROCKET ENGINE." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 35 (July 20, 2020): 560–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n35.2020.47_nigmatzyanov_pgs_560_568.pdf.

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Electric rocket engines are widely used in space technology. Furthermore, at present, electric propulsion engines are also used as mid-flight engines for flights in interplanetary space. On modern spacecraft, the following types of electric propulsion are mostly used: SPT and grid ion thruster. When using these engines as sustainers, it is important is to increase the total power for obtaining the required thrust and specific impulse. With an increase in total power, the volume of the discharge chamber increases, which leads to technological difficulties in the manufacture of discharge chambers from ceramic materials. Thus, the task of finding alternative ceramic materials is relevant and necessary in the development of high-frequency ion thrusters. The article discusses the issues of creating a composite material based on woven quartz materials and organosilicon binder as a precursor filled with silicon nitride for the manufacture of gas discharge chamber (GDC) of high-frequency ion thruster (RFIT). By thermos-gravimetric analysis, a thermosetting binder, which meets the requirements of vibration resistance and electromagnetic permeability of GDC in the megahertz range, was selected. Based on the binder filled with silicon nitride powder, reinforced by quartz woven fabrics, manufactured GDC. The resulting product was tested as part of the laboratory electric propulsion device with a diameter of 100 mm and power of 200W.

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17

NAKANO, Masakatsu, Satoshi HOSODA, and Kazutaka NISHIYAMA. "Sputtering Yield of Carbon-Carbon Composite Due to Xenon Ion Bombardment in Ion Engines." TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES 58, no. 4 (2015): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/tjsass.58.213.

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18

Coletti, Michele, and Stephen B. Gabriel. "The Applicability of Dual Stage Ion Optics to Ion Engines for High Power Missions." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 40, no. 4 (April 2012): 1053–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2012.2185953.

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19

Leidlmair, Christian, Arno Weissnicht, Werner Federer, and Johannes Villinger. "On line engine oil consumption monitoring via the gaseous total sulfur signal SO2 in the raw exhaust of the engine utilizing the sensitive ion molecule reaction mass spectrometry." Combustion Engines 166, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2016-330.

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The dynamic monitoring of oil consumption in IC engines is approached with various techniques ranging from radioactive counting to detection of halogenated tracer compounds or polyaromatic hydrocarbon tracers, to monitoring unburned hydrocarbons as residues from engine oil. This article discusses the method of gaseous SO2 measurement in raw exhaust its benefits and limitations of todays status. Modern engines consume about 2 to 5 g/h of engine oil under low and medium load but consumption may go up to 130 g/h in negative load conditions. Particulate filters must be desulfated every 5000 km even when sulfur free fuel is in use. For the oil measurement in the raw exhaust all possible Sulfur compounds are converted to SO2 in a hot oxidizing atmosphere. Additional pure oxygen in the form of ozone is added to the oxidizer for very low lambda engine conditions and the conversion of sulfur on particulates into SO2. A sensitive mass spectrometer operating in an ion molecule ionization mode measures gaseous SO2 from concentrations of 0.02 ppm to 50 ppm in measurement cycles from 2 Hz to 0.2 Hz depending on if long term measurement or dynamic operation is chosen. Technical description of pressure reduction, gas transfer, oxidation efficiencies and lower detection levels of the instrumentation are given as well as data on a complete engine map and data on reproducibility of the SO2 method are presented.

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20

Deffner, Sebastian. "Efficiency of Harmonic Quantum Otto Engines at Maximal Power." Entropy 20, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20110875.

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Recent experimental breakthroughs produced the first nano heat engines that have the potential to harness quantum resources. An instrumental question is how their performance measures up against the efficiency of classical engines. For single ion engines undergoing quantum Otto cycles it has been found that the efficiency at maximal power is given by the Curzon–Ahlborn efficiency. This is rather remarkable as the Curzon–Alhbron efficiency was originally derived for endoreversible Carnot cycles. Here, we analyze two examples of endoreversible Otto engines within the same conceptual framework as Curzon and Ahlborn’s original treatment. We find that for endoreversible Otto cycles in classical harmonic oscillators the efficiency at maximal power is, indeed, given by the Curzon–Ahlborn efficiency. However, we also find that the efficiency of Otto engines made of quantum harmonic oscillators is significantly larger.

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21

Pichierri, Fabio. "Proposal for using C60 anions as propellants for ion engines." Physics Letters A 318, no. 4-5 (November 2003): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2003.09.036.

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22

Ferrer, P., and M. P. Tchonang. "Miniaturization of electrostatic ion engines by ionization and acceleration coupling." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 44, no. 33 (August 3, 2011): 335204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/33/335204.

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23

NISHIYAMA, Kazutaka, and Hitoshi KUNINAKA. "Discussion on Performance History and Operations of Hayabusa Ion Engines." TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES, AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY JAPAN 10, ists28 (2012): Tb_1—Tb_8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/tastj.10.tb_1.

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24

Ожиганов and Aleksey Ozhiganov. "SUBSTANTIATION OF THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE REPAIR OF ENGINES IN PRODUCING TECHNICAL-TIVELY EMERGENCY CENTER IN VORONEZH." Voronezh Scientific-Technical Bulletin 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14387.

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25

Urbahs, Aleksandrs, Konstantins Savkovs, Margarita Urbaha, and Kristine Carjova. "HEAT AND EROSION-RESISTANT NANOSTRUCTURED COATINGS FOR GAS TURBINE ENGINES." Aviation 17, no. 4 (December 24, 2013): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16487788.2013.861225.

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This work analyses the characteristics of functional coatings obtained by vacuum ion-plasma sputtering. These coatings have three-layer multiphase structure created as a result of condensing aluminium and titanium according to a certain programme. The article presents the results of investigation into the heat-resistance of ion-plasma coatings based on Ti-Al-N for titanium alloy parts of gas turbine engines. Analysis of the oxidation process between a sample surface and coatings within the range of 500–825 °C was carried out. The basic features of the process of coating destruction under high-temperature oxidation conditions were determined by means of scanning electron microscopy. The results of the tests made it possible to state that the coatings developed are able to operate at temperatures of 600–750 °C.

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26

Lus, Tomasz. "Waiting for Breakthrough in Conventional Submarine’s Prime Movers." Transactions on Maritime Science 8, no. 1 (April 20, 2019): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v08.n01.004.

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Submarines, as a very expensive and sophisticated type of weaponry, are being intensively exploited by the armed forces of many countries. This means that submarines are sent ever longer patrols, sometimes to distant regions. To meet such requirements, submarine sub-systems and components must have high reliability and operational readiness indicators. Among the many machines and devices found on submarines, the ones that generate, store, and consume energy (mainly electricity) deserve special attention. The largest energy consumers on the submarine are the components of its propulsion system. One of the most complicated and loaded devices on board submarine is a power generator with a diesel engine driving it, on whose continuous and reliable work the safe performance of tasks depends. According to statistical research, despite its importance for the process of performing tasks by submarines, diesel engines are still the least reliable devices on submarines. Despite the constant technological development of piston engines, their work in very difficult conditions under heavy load and at high counter-pressure at the exhaust outlet promotes their malfunction and damage. From this point of view, the development of charge air systems for submarine diesel engines based on the construction experience of MTU Company is described in the paper. The classification of submarines, their propulsion systems, and the working conditions of engines on submarines are presented in the paper. Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) systems with their applications on chosen submarines are also described. The most significant change in submarine propulsion system observed in 2018, transition from lead-acid to lithium-ion batteries, is also presented.

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27

YAMAMOTO, Naoji, Yoshiaki HIRAOKA, and Hideki NAKASHIMA. "Development of a Miniature Microwave Discharge Neutralizer for Miniature Ion Engines." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES 62, no. 4 (2014): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/jjsass.62.123.

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28

Kuninaka, Hitoshi, Kazutaka Nishiyama, Yukio Shimizu, Kyoichiro Toki, Jun’ichiro Kawaguchi, and Kuninori Uesugi. "Initial Operation of Microwave Discharge Ion Engines Onboard "HAYABUSA" Asteroid Explorer." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES 52, no. 602 (2004): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/jjsass.52.129.

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29

KOIZUMI, Hiroyuki, and Hitoshi KUNINAKA. "Antenna Design Method for Low Power Miniaturized Microwave Discharge Ion Engines." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES 57, no. 665 (2009): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/jjsass.57.234.

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30

OHKAWA, Yasushi, Yukio HAYAKAWA, Hideki YOSHIDA, Katsuhiro MIYAZAKI, Shoji KITAMURA, and Kenichi KAJIWARA. "Hollow Cathode Studies for the Next Generation Ion Engines in JAXA." TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES, SPACE TECHNOLOGY JAPAN 7, ists26 (2009): Pb_23—Pb_28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/tstj.7.pb_23.

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31

Hyakutake, Toru, Michio Nishida, Hitoshi Kuninaka, and Kyoichiro Toki. "DSMC-PIC Analysis of a Plume from MUSES-C Ion Engines." TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES 46, no. 151 (2003): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/tjsass.46.24.

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32

Kuninaka, Hitoshi, Kazutaka Nishiyama, Ikko Funaki, Tetsuya Yamada, Yukio Shimizu, and Jun'ichiro Kawaguchi. "Powered Flight of Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Engines on Hayabusa Explorer." Journal of Propulsion and Power 23, no. 3 (May 2007): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.25434.

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33

NAKANO, Masakatsu, and Hiroyuki KOIZUMI. "Study on Variation and Movement of Extraction-Ion Beam by Grid Wear in Miniature Ion Engines." TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES, AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY JAPAN 14, ists30 (2016): Pb_177—Pb_181. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/tastj.14.pb_177.

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34

Kravchenko, M. B. "Application of the Open Cycle Stirling Engine Driven with Liquid Nitrogen for the Non-Polluting Automobiles." Refrigeration Engineering and Technology 53, no. 5 (October 30, 2017): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/ret.v53i5.849.

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Progress on advancing technology of using liquid nitrogen for the non-polluting automobiles is reported. It is shown that the low exergy efficiency of the known engines fueled with liquid nitrogen has discredited the very idea of a cryomobile. The design of the open-cycle cryogenic Stirling engine is proposed. This engine allows extracting up to 57% of the exergy accumulated in liquid nitrogen. The method used to calculate of such open-cycle Stirling engine is described and the calculation results and discussion are presented. It is shown that 200 liters of liquid nitrogen is sufficient for 180 km range of cryomobile at speed of 55 km/h, while a full charge of the 300-kilogram battery of Nissan LEAF electric vehicle is sufficient for a range of 160 km. Use of liquid nitrogen or liquid air as an energy vector in a transport will not require scarce materials, and, in comparison with using of lithium-ion batteries or hydrogen, this will require less capital investment.

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35

Krasnyy, V. A., Vyacheslav V. Maksarov, and D. D. Maksimov. "Improving the Wear Resistance of Piston Rings of Internal Combustion Engines when Using Ion-Plasma Coatings." Key Engineering Materials 854 (July 2020): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.854.133.

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Modern designs of piston rings of internal combustion engines and wear-resistant coatings used for them are considered. It is noted that the upper (compression) ring undergoes the most intense wear. Among the traditionally used wear-resistant coatings of compression rings, galvanic chrome plating and thermal spraying with molybdenum are most often used. The paper proposes the use of the ion-plasma spraying method for applying hard wear-resistant coatings to the working surface of piston rings based on titanium and molybdenum nitrides. The specified method relates to vacuum coating technologies (PVD methods), in which layers of high-strength materials are sprayed directly onto the surface of the product. The present work aimed to carry out comparative tribotechnical tests of piston ring samples having hard coatings obtained by ion-plasma spraying and to compare them with traditional galvanic chromium plating. A technique has been developed for a comprehensive assessment of comparative tribological characteristics, including the critical load during testing, the specific load of seizing, the coefficients of friction, scoring resistance, and wear resistance. The test results of samples with the galvanic coating with chromium, ion-plasma spraying with titanium nitride, and molybdenum nitride are shown. In contrast, it is shown that samples with an applied ion-plasma coating surpass samples that are electrolytically chrome plated by all tribological parameters. The results obtained allow concluding that the ion-plasma coating of molybdenum nitride is promising for piston rings, as well as other critical parts of internal combustion engines.

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36

Shishkin, G. G., A. G. Shishkin, A. P. Plokhikh, and G. A. Popov. "Optimization of energy characteristics of inductive discharge in high-frequency ion engines." Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics 62, no. 6 (June 2017): 588–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064226917050114.

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37

Henein, Naeim A., Walter Bryzik, Ahmed Abdel-Rehim, and Ashish Gupta. "Characteristics of Ion Current Signals in Compression Ignition and Spark Ignition Engines." SAE International Journal of Engines 3, no. 1 (April 12, 2010): 260–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0567.

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38

Grotheer, H. H., T. Gonzalez Baquet, M. Thierley, H. Pokorny, and M. Aigner. "Coagulation of combustion generated nanoparticles and their measurement behind vehicle engines: can they play a role as atmospheric pollutants?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 3 (June 10, 2005): 3847–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-3847-2005.

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Abstract. Based on photoionisation mass spectrometry two types of experiments were carried out. (i) In a fast flow reactor coupled to a low pressure flame as a particle source, rate coefficients for the coagulation of primary nanoparticles were measured through variation of the reactor residence time. The results are kc (350K) = 3.5x10-10cm3/s and kc (573K) = 1.1x10-9cm3/s, i.e. very high rate coefficients. It was also shown that coagulated nanoparticles can have masses beyond 50ku, corresponding to equivalent diameters between 4 to 5nm. These particles are easily fragmented during photoionisation. (ii) Using a second and mobile photoionisation mass spectrometer equipped with a fast flow inlet system, measurements were carried out behind three different vehicle engines, a two-stroke scooter engine, a four-stroke motorbike engine and a DI (direct injection) gasoline research engine. In all cases ion signals around 1000u were found that are clearly dependent on engine conditions. In the case of the DI engine, they correlate with the smoke number. These signals cannot be explained by PAHs due to their low volatility at the respective masses. Major contributions of soot or droplet fragmentation were ruled out through additional experiments using a heated inlet line and a filter. Consequently, these signals are interpreted as fragments of coagulated nanoparticles.

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Wang, J. H., D. J. Lu, Zhuang De Jiang, and X. N. Chen. "A Novel Micro Sliding Rotary Engine." Key Engineering Materials 339 (May 2007): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.339.183.

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In recent years, there is an effort to develop a portable, autonomous micro power generation system to obtain an order of magnitude improvement in energy density over general alkaline or lithium ion batteries. As hydrocarbon fuels have much higher energy to weight ratios than general batteries, researches to realize micro-engines fueled by such hydrocarbon fuels are carried out in some universities or institutes. The first key problem of the researches is how to get a micro-engine structure suitable for MEMS (Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems) fabrication. This micro-engine structure needs characteristics such as planar geometry, self-valving operation and a minimal number of moving parts and so on. In this paper, a micro sliding rotary type combustion engine structure is presented and described. The intrinsic characteristics of the engine housing curve named of “kindred cardioids curve” are described in details. The structural scheme and cycle process of the micro-engine are discussed. Some performance parameters of the micro engine are theoretically calculated with H2-Air mixture and specified geometry parameters. The primitive calculated results indicate that the sliding rotary combustion engine is workable and effective.

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Muhammad Nor Azril Zulkafli, Norazlianie Sazali, Saiful Anwar Che Ghani, and Maurice Kettner. "Investigation on An Innovative Hydrocarbon Sensor for Real Drive Emissions." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 84, no. 2 (July 12, 2021): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.84.2.3949.

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European law specifies limit values (and test methods) for pollutant emissions from light duty vehicles and heavy-duty engines including carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulates, which are considered dangerous to human health. The internal combustion engines nowadays have strict regulation for emissions that resulted in the growth of demands for measuring methods and the measuring technology. WLTC is a new procedure that replaced the existing New European Diving Cycle (NEDC) to make the emissions become more effective when do the test in laboratory or in real traffic driving. The aim of this research is to investigate suitability of the sensor principle for HC measurement based on tests and their evaluations. The hydrocarbon sensor used to detect the HC by thermal ionization, which produces an ion current as the output voltage of the sensor. The results obtained by the ion measurement concept show that the optimization of the combustion process can be developed through simple mean.

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Cui, Min, Cheng Li, Yingjun Chen, Fan Zhang, Jun Li, Bin Jiang, Yangzhi Mo, et al. "Molecular characterization of polar organic aerosol constituents in off-road engine emissions using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS): implications for source apportionment." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 22 (November 20, 2019): 13945–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13945-2019.

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Abstract. The molecular compositions of polar organic compounds (POCs) in particles emitted from various vessels and excavators were characterized using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), and possible molecular structures of POCs were proposed. POCs were extracted with purified water and sorted by elemental composition into three groups: CHO, CHON, and S-containing compounds (CHONS and CHOS). The results show the following. (i) CHO (accounting for 49 % of total POCs in terms of peak response) was the most abundant group for all tested off-road engines, followed by CHON (33 %) and CHOS (35 %) for diesel and HFO (heavy-fuel-oil)-fueled off-road engines. (ii) The abundance and structure of the CHON group in water extracts were different in terms of engine type and load. The relative peak response of CHON was the highest for excavator emissions in working mode, compared to the idling and moving modes. Furthermore, dinitrophenol and methyl dinitrophenol were potentially the most abundant emission species for high-rated speed excavators, while nitronaphthol and methyl nitronaphthol were more important for low-rated speed vessels. (iii) The composition and structure of the S-containing compounds were directly influenced by fuel oil characteristics (sulfur content and aromatic ring), with more condensed aromatic rings in the S-containing compounds proposed in HFO-fueled vessel emissions. More abundant aliphatic chains were inferred in diesel equipment emissions. Overall, higher fractions of condensed hydrocarbons and aromatic rings in POCs emitted from vessels using HFO cause strong optical absorption capacity. Different structures in POCs could provide a direction for qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds as tracers to distinguish these emissions from diesel or HFO-fueled off-road engines.

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Mehresh, P., J. Souder, D. Flowers, U. Riedel, and R. W. Dibble. "Combustion timing in HCCI engines determined by ion-sensor: experimental and kinetic modeling." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 30, no. 2 (January 2005): 2701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.135.

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Laganá, Armando A. M., Leonardo L. Lima, João F. Justo, Benedito A. Arruda, and Max M. D. Santos. "Identification of combustion and detonation in spark ignition engines using ion current signal." Fuel 227 (September 2018): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.04.080.

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Mohammadi, Milad, and Elaheh Neshat. "Accurate prediction of NOx emissions from diesel engines considering in-cylinder ion current." Environmental Pollution 266 (November 2020): 115347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115347.

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Hsueh, Ming-Hsien, Chia-Nan Wang, Meng-Chang Hsieh, Chao-Jung Lai, Shi-Hao Wang, Chia-Hsin Hsieh, Tsung-Liang Wu, and Jo-Hung Yu. "An Analysis of Exhaust Emission of the Internal Combustion Engine Treated by the Non-Thermal Plasma." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 6041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25246041.

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Industries’ air pollution causes serious challenges to modern society, among them exhaust gases from internal combustion engines, which are currently one of the main sources. This study proposes a non-thermal plasma (NTP) system for placement in the exhaust system of internal combustion engines to reduce the toxic contaminants (HC, CO, and NOx) of exhaust gases. This NTP system generates a high-voltage discharge that not only responds to the ion chemical reaction to eliminate NOx and CO, but that also generates a combustion reaction at the local high temperature of plasma to reduce HC. The NTP system was designed on both the front and rear of the exhaust pipe to analyze the difference of different exhaust flow rates under the specified frequency. The results indicate that the NTP system can greatly reduce toxic contaminants. The NTP reactor placed in the front of exhaust pipe gave HC and CO removal efficiency of about 34.5% and 16.0%, respectively, while the NTP reactor placed in the rear of exhaust pipe gave NOx removal efficiency of about 41.3%. In addition, the voltage and material directly affect the exhaust gases obviously. In conclusion, the proposed NTP system installed in the exhaust system can significantly reduce air pollutants. These results suggest that applying NTP to the combustion engine should be a useful tool to simultaneously reduce both emissions of NOx and CO.

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Starikovskiy, Andrey. "Physics and chemistry of plasma-assisted combustion." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2048 (August 13, 2015): 20150074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0074.

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There are several mechanisms that affect a gas when using discharge plasma to initiate combustion or to stabilize a flame. There are two thermal mechanisms—the homogeneous and inhomogeneous heating of the gas due to ‘hot’ atom thermalization and vibrational and electronic energy relaxation. The homogeneous heating causes the acceleration of the chemical reactions. The inhomogeneous heating generates flow perturbations, which promote increased turbulence and mixing. Non-thermal mechanisms include the ionic wind effect (the momentum transfer from an electric field to the gas due to the space charge), ion and electron drift (which can lead to additional fluxes of active radicals in the gradient flows in the electric field) and the excitation, dissociation and ionization of the gas by e-impact, which leads to non-equilibrium radical production and changes the kinetic mechanisms of ignition and combustion. These mechanisms, either together or separately, can provide additional combustion control which is necessary for ultra-lean flames, high-speed flows, cold low-pressure conditions of high-altitude gas turbine engine relight, detonation initiation in pulsed detonation engines and distributed ignition control in homogeneous charge-compression ignition engines, among others. Despite the lack of knowledge in mechanism details, non-equilibrium plasma demonstrates great potential for controlling ultra-lean, ultra-fast, low-temperature flames and is extremely promising technology for a very wide range of applications.

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Perčić, Maja, Ivica Ančić, Nikola Vladimir, and Lidija Runko Luttenberger. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Battery- And Diesel Engine-Driven Ro-Ro Passenger Vessel." Journal of Maritime & Transportation Science 3, no. 3 (June 2020): 343–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18048/2020.00.26.

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Emissions produced by the fuel combustion in marine engines are one of major causes of the marine environment pollution and have negative impact on both human health and the environment. That impact is more pronounced for vessels which mostly operate near ports and inhabited areas, such as ro-ro passenger ships. In order to evaluate the environmental impact of a ship, a life cycle assessment of a ro-ro passenger vessel operating in the Adriatic Sea has been performed. Two different power system designs were investigated, i.e. lithium-ion battery-driven vessel and diesel engine-driven vessel. The analyses were performed by means of general LCA software GREET 2018, where the life cycle for both power system designs is divided in two stages: constitutive parts of the first stage are processes from life cycle of fuel without its use in vessel, while vessel operation represents the second stage. The analysis showed that diesel engine-driven vessel emits 79.740 kg CO2-eq/nm, versus battery-driven vessel with 27.471 kg CO2-eq/nm.

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Spadaccini, C. M., J. Peck, and I. A. Waitz. "Catalytic Combustion Systems for Microscale Gas Turbine Engines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 129, no. 1 (September 28, 2005): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2204980.

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As part of an ongoing effort to develop a microscale gas turbine engine for power generation and micropropulsion applications, this paper presents the design, modeling, and experimental assessment of a catalytic combustion system. Previous work has indicated that homogenous gas-phase microcombustors are severely limited by chemical reaction timescales. Storable hydrocarbon fuels, such as propane, have been shown to blow out well below the desired mass flow rate per unit volume. Heterogeneous catalytic combustion has been identified as a possible improvement. Surface catalysis can increase hydrocarbon-air reaction rates, improve ignition characteristics, and broaden stability limits. Several radial inflow combustors were micromachined from silicon wafers using deep reactive ion etching and aligned fusion wafer bonding. The 191mm3 combustion chambers were filled with platinum-coated foam materials of various porosity and surface area. For near stoichiometric propane-air mixtures, exit gas temperatures of 1100K were achieved at mass flow rates in excess of 0.35g∕s. This corresponds to a power density of ∼1200MW∕m3; an 8.5-fold increase over the maximum power density achieved for gas-phase propane-air combustion in a similar geometry. Low-order models, including time-scale analyses and a one-dimensional steady-state plug-flow reactor model, were developed to elucidate the underlying physics and to identify important design parameters. High power density catalytic microcombustors were found to be limited by the diffusion of fuel species to the active surface, while substrate porosity and surface area-to-volume ratio were the dominant design variables.

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Asakawa, Daiki, Akira Kuramochi, Eiichi Takahashi, and Naoaki Saito. "Real-time monitoring for reforming processes of liquid hydrocarbon fuel–air pre-mixtures by non-thermal plasmas using ion attachment mass spectrometry." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 2 (2018): 1082–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp07249j.

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Plasma induced reforming processes of fuel–air mixtures were investigated to understand the mechanism of the low temperature plasma-assisted combustion technique, which can improve the thermal efficiency and stability of internal combustion engines.

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SERIZAWA, Takeshi, and Hideki TAKASE. "109 Development of an Ion Current Detection System for Gasoline Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engines." Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2007.82 (2007): _1–16_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2007.82._1-16_.

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