Journal articles: 'Ion Beam Analysis (IBA)'

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Dobrovodský, Jozef, Dušan Vaňa, Matúš Beňo, Anna Závacká, Martin Muška, and Róbert Riedlmajer. "Status of Ion Beam Modification and Analysis of Materials at STU MTF." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 26, no. 43 (September 1, 2018): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rput-2018-0025.

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Abstract The new Ion Beam Centre (IBC) equipped with 6 MV tandem ion accelerator and 500 kV ion implanter systems was built at the Slovak University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology (STU MTF). The facility provides Ion Beam Modification of Materials (IBMM) and Ion Beam Analysis (IBA), which includes Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), Particle Induced X-ray Analysis (PIXE), Elastic Recoil Spectrometry (ERDA) and Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA). Presented are selected experimental procedures carried out in the IBC during the first year of operation. They present examples of a typical IBA performed, such as thin film characterisation in nm to tens of µm range, elemental depth profiles and sensitivity to the light elements enhancement by non-Rutherford cross-section regime application along with the crystalline sample channelling spectra and boron content measurement.

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Ješkovský, Miroslav, Jakub Kaizer, Ivan Kontuľ, Jakub Kvasniak, Ján Pánik, Jakub Zeman, and Pavel P. Povinec. "Recent developments in IBA analysis at CENTA, Bratislava." EPJ Web of Conferences 261 (2022): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202226101002.

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An experimental setup used at the CENTA (Centre for Nuclear and Accelerator Technologies) laboratory to carry out IBA (Ion Beam Analysis) techniques is described. PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission) technique offers a unique way of non-destructive elemental analysis using accelerated ion beams. The calibration of instrumental constants (H-values) of SDD and BEGe detectors, used in the setup, is described in detail. The H-value was determined as a function of X-ray energy by using thin MicroMatter standards of chosen elements. The calibrated H-values were then used in GUPIXWIN for the determination of elemental concentrations in two IAEA reference materials, which were compared with reference values. A reasonable agreement was achieved between the measured and reference values, while the calibrated H-values will be used for further analyses.

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Möller, Sören, Daniel Höschen, Sina Kurth, Gerwin Esser, Albert Hiller, Christian Scholtysik, Christian Dellen, and Christian Linsmeier. "A New High-Throughput Focused MeV Ion-Beam Analysis Setup." Instruments 5, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments5010010.

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The analysis of material composition by ion-beam analysis (IBA) is becoming a standard method, similar to electron microscopy. A pool of IBA methods exists, from which the combination of particle-induced-X-ray emission (PIXE), particle induced gamma-ray analysis (PIGE), nuclear-reaction-analysis (NRA), and Rutherford-backscattering-spectrometry (RBS) provides the most complete analysis over the whole periodic table in a single measurement. Yet, for a highly resolved and accurate IBA analysis, a sophisticated technical setup is required integrating the detectors, beam optics, and sample arrangement. A new end-station developed and installed in Forschungszentrum Jülich provides these capabilities in combination with high sample throughput and result accuracy. Mechanical tolerances limit the device accuracy to 3% for RBS. Continuous pumping enables 5 × 10−8 mbar base pressure with vibration amplitudes < 0.1 µm. The beam optics achieves a demagnification of 24–34, suitable for µ-beam analysis. An in-vacuum manipulator enables scanning 50 × 50 mm² sample areas with 10 nm accuracy. The setup features the above-mentioned IBA detectors, enabling a broad range of analysis applications such as the operando analysis of batteries or the post-mortem analysis of plasma-exposed samples with up to 3000 discrete points per day. Custom apertures and energy resolutions down to 11 keV enable separation of Fe and Cr in RBS. This work presents the technical solutions together with the quantification of these challenges and their success in the form of a technical reference.

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Shi, Liqun, Hao Shen, and Xufei Wang. "23th International Conference on Ion Beam Analysis (IBA 2017)." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 450 (July 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2019.05.037.

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Romolo, F. S., M. E. Christopher, M. Donghi, L. Ripani, C. Jeynes, R. P. Webb, N. I. Ward, K. J. Kirkby, and M. J. Bailey. "Integrated Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) in Gunshot Residue (GSR) characterisation." Forensic Science International 231, no. 1-3 (September 2013): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.05.006.

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Chiari, Massimo. "External Beam IBA Measurements for Cultural Heritage." Applied Sciences 13, no. 5 (March 6, 2023): 3366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13053366.

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Ion beam analysis (IBA) methods refer to a set of analytical techniques based on the interactions of energetic ions, produced by a particle accelerator, with matter. The result of such interactions is the emission of characteristic radiation, X and gamma rays, and charged particles, which, upon detection, provide valuable information on the absolute concentration and depth distribution of the elements in the bombarded material. Moreover, IBA techniques can be performed while maintaining the object to be investigated at atmospheric pressure, without placing it in vacuum, in an analysis chamber, with the impinging ion beam extracted from the in-vacuum beamline of the accelerator, avoiding the need of invasive sampling and greatly easing the object positioning, thus allowing precious and big or large artefacts to be studied. This feature has opened the way for applications of IBA techniques for compositional analysis in cultural heritage studies, providing detailed and complete information about elemental compositions and depth distributions of analysed materials that are otherwise difficult or impossible for other analytical techniques. In this paper, the basic principles of the main IBA techniques applied to cultural heritage, namely, particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), particle induced Gamma-ray emission (PIGE), and Rutherford or elastic backscattering spectrometry (RBS/EBS), will be recalled, and specific and practical details on how these techniques can be used for analysing cultural heritage objects with external beam set-ups will be provided.

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UTUI, R. J., N. P. O. HOMMAN, and K. G. MALMQVIST. "THE NEW LOW ENERGY ION BEAM ANALYSIS FACILITY AT MAPUTO UNIVERSITY." International Journal of PIXE 05, no. 04 (January 1995): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083595000289.

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A new Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) facility which was recently installed in the Department of Physics of the Eduardo Mondlane University of Maputo, Mozambique, is described. The set up is based on a low energy (500 keV) Van de Graaff proton accelerator and is intended to be used in particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) and nuclear reaction analysis (NRA). Preliminary experiments on beam diagnostics were performed successfully and the followed procedure is described.

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Möller, Sören, Hyunsang Joo, Marcin Rasinski, Markus Mann, Egbert Figgemeier, and Martin Finsterbusch. "Quantitative Lithiation Depth Profiling in Silicon Containing Anodes Investigated by Ion Beam Analysis." Batteries 8, no. 2 (February 8, 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8020014.

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The localisation and quantitative analysis of lithium (Li) in battery materials, components, and full cells are scientifically highly relevant, yet challenging tasks. The methodical developments of MeV ion beam analysis (IBA) presented here open up new possibilities for simultaneous elemental quantification and localisation of light and heavy elements in Li and other batteries. It describes the technical prerequisites and limitations of using IBA to analyse and solve current challenges with the example of Li-ion and solid-state battery-related research and development. Here, nuclear reaction analysis and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry can provide spatial resolutions down to 70 nm and 1% accuracy. To demonstrate the new insights to be gained by IBA, SiOx-containing graphite anodes are lithiated to six states-of-charge (SoC) between 0–50%. The quantitative Li depth profiling of the anodes shows a linear increase of the Li concentration with SoC and a match of injected and detected Li-ions. This unambiguously proofs the electrochemical activity of Si. Already at 50% SoC, we derive C/Li = 5.4 (< LiC6) when neglecting Si, proving a relevant uptake of Li by the 8 atom % Si (C/Si ≈ 9) in the anode with Li/Si ≤ 1.8 in this case. Extrapolations to full lithiation show a maximum of Li/Si = 1.04 ± 0.05. The analysis reveals all element concentrations are constant over the anode thickness of 44 µm, except for a ~6-µm-thick separator-side surface layer. Here, the Li and Si concentrations are a factor 1.23 higher compared to the bulk for all SoC, indicating preferential Li binding to SiOx. These insights are so far not accessible with conventional analysis methods and are a first important step towards in-depth knowledge of quantitative Li distributions on the component level and a further application of IBA in the battery community.

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Mayer, M. "An expert-assisted system for improving the quality of IBA simulations by SIMNRA." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2326, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2326/1/012007.

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Abstract SIMNRA is a popular software suite for the simulation of ion beam analysis (IBA) spectra. SIMNRA 7.04 implements a new expert system supporting users in selecting the most accurate simulation settings for a given ion/target combination at a given energy and geometry. The expert system is a piece of artificial intelligence emulating the ability and knowledge of a human IBA expert. It points out potential problems with the current simulation parameters and recommends model settings with enhanced accuracy.

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Dobrovodský, J., D. Vaňa, M. Beňo, F. Lofaj, and R. Riedlmajer. "Ion Beam Analysis including ToF-ERDA of complex composition layers." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2712, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2712/1/012024.

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Abstract When developing new materials for example, for high-temperature nuclear reactors with the potential of hydrogen production, that are characterized by radiation, high temperature and corrosion resistance, it is indispensable the knowledge of their detailed elemental composition and its possible variation with depth from surface. Several analytical methods based on different physical principles are used to determine the depth distribution of elements in the surface layers of materials. For the quantitative determination of elemental depth profile to a depth of several micrometres are applicable established Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) methods such as RBS, EBS, NRA and ERDA. Their advantage is that they are considered to be absolute and to a certain extent non-destructive. Each of these methods is advantageously used to analyse a certain range of elements, sometimes depending on the combination of other elements present. The recently commissioned Time of Flight Elastic Recoil Analysis (ToF-ERDA) measuring system at the Slovak University of Technology MTF in Trnava significantly enhanced the Ion Beam Laboratory capability of a comprehensive elemental analysis of thin films to the depth of hundreds of nanometres. Using the primary analysing 50 MeV Au beam, the depth profiles of all elements from W to H can be obtained within a single measurement. Analysis of complex samples using traditional IBA methods and high-energy ToF-ERDA is discussed and compared. The first measurements on the new ToF-ERDA installation are also presented.

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KENNEDY, JOHN, ANDREAS MARKWITZ, ZHENGWEI LI, and WEI GAO. "CHARACTERIZATION OF ZnO FILMS BY ION BEAM ANALYSIS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 25n27 (October 30, 2006): 4655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206041847.

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Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) techniques such as Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) were used to determine the composition, uniformity, impurity and elemental depth profiles of Zn , O and H in ZnO films deposited on silicon, quartz, glass and glassy carbon using radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. For the films deposited under the same condition, it was observed that the variation of Zn/O ratios is independent of substrate material and depends on the film thickness. ERDA revealed that the hydrogen impurities were incorporated into the films. Higher hydrogen concentrations were found for the films deposited on glass and quartz compared to Si . The composition and thickness variation in relationship with three different substrates were explored with XRD, SEM, AFM, PL and Hall probe measurements. It was found that ZnO films (250-300 nm) deposited on Si have, the optical and electrical properties which make them suitable candidate for following p-type doping studies using ion implantation and annealing techniques.

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TROMPETTER, W. J., A. MARKWITZ, and P. DAVY. "AIR PARTICULATE RESEARCH CAPABILITY AT THE NEW ZEALAND ION BEAM ANALYSIS FACILITY USING PIXE AND IBA TECHNIQUES." International Journal of PIXE 15, no. 03n04 (January 2005): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083505000581.

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PIXE and Ion Beam Analysis are one of the few techniques that can be used to identify the elemental composition of air particulates without destroying the filter sample. They are key tools for identifying the sources and determining the relative contribution of biogenic and anthropogenic sources of air particulate matter pollution in our environment. Over the last 8 years, specialised equipment has been designed and built at the New Zealand Ion Beam Analysis facility in Lower Hutt for semi automated analysis of air filters. The equipment and experimental techniques have been refined to improve sensitivities for many of the elements in the periodic table. At GNS, sensitivities have recently been further improved by using two X-ray detectors simultaneously with different amounts of X-ray filtering and collimation. The average limit of detection is improved from 66 ng/cm2 (typical for a setup using a single detector) to 35 ng/cm2 using two detectors simultaneously. The New Zealand Ion Beam Analysis facility now routinely analyses air particulate matter collected on filters from several locations around New Zealand. In this paper, results of air particulate studies from several locations in the Wellington region are presented.

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Fedi, M. E., L. Carraresi, N. Grassi, A. Migliori, F. Taccetti, F. Terrasi, and P. A. Mandò. "The Artemidorus Papyrus: Solving An Ancient Puzzle with Radiocarbon and Ion Beam Analysis Measurements." Radiocarbon 52, no. 2 (2010): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200045409.

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Ancient papyrus manuscripts are one of the most fascinating sources for reconstructing not only ancient life habits but also past literature. Recently, an amazing document has come to the fore due to the heated debates it raised: the so-called Artemidorus papyrus. It is a very long scroll (about 2.5 m) composed of several fragments of different sizes, with inscriptions and drawings on both sides. On the recto of the document, a text about geography and some drawings of heads, feet, and hands are present, while on the verso there are many sketches of animals, both real and fantastic. Its importance in classical studies comes from the fact that some scholars claim that it is the first known transcription of a relatively large fragment by the Greek geographer Artemidorus. However, other scholars think that the papyrus is a fake, drawn in the 19th century AD by a well-known forger. In order to overcome all possible ambiguities, the papyrus has been studied not only on the basis of historical and paleographic criteria but also by scientific techniques. We have contributed to the knowledge about the papyrus by radiocarbon dating the document and by analyzing the composition of the ink using ion beam analysis (IBA). Results are compatible with the scroll being an ancient manuscript: accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C measurements have dated the papyrus to a period between the 1st century BC and 1st century AD, while IBA measurements have pointed out the use of an organic (carbon-based) ink, which was typical of ancient Roman and Greek times. Details of the measurements are presented to emphasize the importance of combining AMS and IBA results.

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Calloch, Pauline, William J. Trompetter, Ian W. M. Brown, and Kenneth J. D. MacKenzie. "Oxidation resistance of β-Sialon/TiN composites: an ion beam analysis (IBA) study." Journal of Materials Science 53, no. 22 (July 19, 2018): 15348–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2711-8.

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Alves, L. C., V. Corregidor, T. Pinheiro, and L. Ferreira. "Ion Beam Microscopy: a Tool for Materials." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, S4 (August 2013): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613001098.

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Ion Beam Analytical techniques (IBA) using MeV charged particles are powerful techniques for the study of different type of samples in several science fields such as Material Science, microelectronics or biology/biomedicine due to its fine sensitivity, versatility and “non-destructive” characteristics. The possibility of beam focusing and beam scanning adds spatial resolution down to the dm level and imaging capabilities then allowing the IBA techniques to become microscopy techniques.In the Nuclear Microprobe installed at IST/ITN several IBA techniques can be routinely used for materials characterization, the most common ones being PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission), RBS (Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry) and STIM (Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy). Whether through their independent or combined use the most important thing of these techniques is the complementary information that they can grant. As any other X-ray spectroscopic technique pPIXE can also provide elemental identification (for Z>12) but further present their spatial distribution in the sample as well as, for thin biological samples (<20 <m), calculate their areal mass density. RBS on the other hand is able to probe sample in depth then allowing obtaining, for instance, elemental depth profile and at the same time sample matrix areal mass density. The combined use of PIXE and RBS then allows determining elemental concentration for thin biological samples. For the mentioned thin biological samples the ion beam energy loss when crossing them (base of the STIM technique), contains information on their density or thickness allowing unique information on its structure and morphology.Advantages and draw backs can always be taken into account when comparing with similar or competitive techniques. This is the case of PIXE and SEM-EDS which is quite unfavorable for PIXE in the case of image spatial resolution, but quite favorable if elemental sensitivity is considered. Due to the much lower X-ray spectrum background, detection limits for PIXE reach the tg/g level.As an example of application, some of the results obtained for PE-g-HEMA films are here shown. To allow their utilization as biomaterials for biomedical applications (e.g. drug delivery) apart from the needed mechanical properties and surface characteristics, biocompatibility of these materials is of fundamental importance. Regarding biocompatibility one important parameter to be assessed is its cytotoxicity that strongly depends on the contamination level at the surface. As shown in Fig. 1, MeV ion beam microscopy not only can provide major and trace element spatial distribution (combining PIXE and RBS data) but also valuable information on its near-surface structure (STIM). Furthermore, quantitative elemental analysis can be performed through the analysis of the PIXE spectra with sensitivity down to the rg/g level as also revealed in Figure 1.V. Corregidor acknowledges the funding support from the FCT-Ciência program.

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Hofsäss, Hans. "Evaluation of the radiation hazard for ion-beam analysis with MeV external proton beams (X-IBA)." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 427 (July 2018): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2018.04.037.

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STELCER, EDUARD, OLGA HAWAS, DAVID COHEN, ADAM SARBUTT, and DAVID BUTTON. "WILL AIR QUALITY IN SYDNEY MEET PROPOSED AUSTRALIAN FINE PARTICLE NEPM GUIDELINES?" International Journal of PIXE 15, no. 03n04 (January 2005): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083505000568.

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Since 1991 ANSTO's ion beam analysis (IBA) laboratory has been sampling fine atmospheric particles every Wednesday and Sunday at urban and rural sites in New South Wales. Multi-elemental accelerator-based IBA techniques were used to characterise major components and significant trace elements with minimum detectable limits close to 1 ng/m3. Observed mass concentrations will be compared with air quality US EPA standards and proposed Australian fine particle NEPM guidelines. Trace elements strongly associated with source fingerprints responsible for high air pollution will also be discussed in this paper.

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Beck, Lucile. "Ion Beam Analysis and 14C Accelerator Mass Spectroscopy to Identify Ancient and Recent Art Forgeries." Physics 4, no. 2 (April 26, 2022): 462–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physics4020031.

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Forgeries exist in many fields. Money, goods, and works of art have been imitated for centuries to deceive and make a profit. In the field of Cultural Heritage, nuclear techniques can be used to study art forgeries. Ion beam analysis (IBA), as well as 14C accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), are now established techniques, and the purpose of this paper is to report on their capacity to provide information on ancient, as well as modern, forgeries. Two case studies are presented: the production of silver counterfeit coins in the 16th century and the detection of recent forgeries of 20th century paintings. For the counterfeit coins, two silvering processes were identified by IBA: mercury silvering (also called amalgam silvering or fire silvering) and pure silver plating. The discovery of 14 mercury silvered coins is an important finding since there are very few known examples from before the 17th century. In the detection of recent forgeries, among the five paintings examined, 14C dating showed that three of them are definitely fakes, one is most likely a fake, and one remains undetermined. These results were obtained by using the bomb peak calibration curve to date canvas and paint samples.

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Corregidor, Victoria, P. C. Chaves, M. A. Reis, Carlos Pascual Izarra, Eduardo Alves, and Nuno P. Barradas. "Combination of IBA Techniques for Composition Analysis of GaInAsSb Films." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 1603–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1603.

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Quaternary GaInAsSb films alloys were grown by MOVPE technique on GaSb substrates with different growth conditions such as substrate orientation and thickness. The composition of the films determines their bandgap, and also how well they are lattice matched to the substrate. It is thus essential to determine it accurately, which is not a trivial task in this system. The composition of the samples was studied with a combination of Particle Induced Xray Emission (PIXE) and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) experiments. The RBS experiments were done with a 2 MeV 4He+ or H+ ion beam, according to the thickness of the films, and were used to determine the thickness of the samples. The PIXE experiments were performed at grazing angle conditions and provided accurate elemental composition information. It was found that for thin layers (300 nm) there is a dependence of In incorporation into the matrix according to the substrate orientation, although this tendency was not found for thicker films (24m).

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VICKRIDGE, I. C. "APPLICATIONS OF ION BEAM ANALYSIS TO THE ELEMENTAL AND ISOTOPIC CHARACTERISATION OF ADVANCED MATERIALS." Modern Physics Letters B 15, no. 28n29 (December 20, 2001): 1271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984901003160.

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The accelerator laboratory of the Groupe de Physique des Solides, Paris, has pioneered a number of IBA techniques and applications over the last few decades. In particular, in the 1960's and 1970's, Nuclear Reaction analysis (NRA) including nuclear resonance depth profiling, isotopic tracing combined with NRA, and channelling techniques were developed under the leadership of G. Amsel. In this paper I will present a selection of recent applications from this laboratory of NRA, isotopic tracing with stable isotopes, and ion channelling, intended to illustrate the present status of these techniques in condensed matter physics and materials science, and to act as a backdrop for a discussion of future directions for development of Ion Beam Analysis in condensed matter physics and advanced materials research.

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Lo Giudice, Alessandro, Alessandro Re, Debora Angelici, Jacopo Corsi, Gianluca Gariani, Marco Zangirolami, and Emma Ziraldo. "Ion Microbeam Analysis in Cultural Heritage: application to lapis lazuli and ancient coins." ACTA IMEKO 6, no. 3 (September 27, 2017): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v6i3.465.

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<p class="Abstract">Ion Beam Analyses (IBA) techniques, for example PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission) and IL (IonoLuminescence), are a powerful analytical tool used to investigate the composition and structure of materials in cultural heritage. These techniques could be applied both in vacuum preparing the sample as in electron microscopy and in the air in a non-invasive way allowing to analyse artworks of practically any shape and dimension without sample preparation. Moreover the use of a focused beam (microbeam) permits to reach an analysis resolution of few micrometers in vacuum and ten micrometers in air.</p>In this work, instruments and methodologies are described and two examples of case study are reported: I) the mapping of elemental distribution in ancient roman coins; II) the trace elements measurement in lapis lazuli for provenance determination

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Calusi, Silvia. "The External Ion Microbeam of the LABEC Laboratory in Florence: Some Applications to Cultural Heritage." Microscopy and Microanalysis 17, no. 5 (May 27, 2011): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927611000092.

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AbstractIon beam analysis (IBA) techniques are a powerful analytical tool used to investigate the composition and structure of precious materials principally because they can be applied in atmosphere. Thus, the sample can be analyzed as is, and heating and charging effects are strongly diminished. Since IBA measurements can be made with low ion currents and acquisition time, the damage risk is limited. At the microbeam line of the LABEC laboratory, it is possible to exploit the potentials of IBA techniques in an external set up to reconstruct the distribution maps of all the detected elements over the analyzed area with spatial resolutions as low as 10 μm. This is an important feature when objects with inhomogeneous structures—on a scale of hundred microns or so—are investigated, as happens in some cases with artworks. The detection set up installed on our external microbeam allows us to use different IBA techniques simultaneously. Thus, in a single measurement run, it is possible to obtain complementary information on both sample composition and structure. Some applications to works of art are presented here as examples of the analytical capabilities of the external scanning microbeam in the cultural heritage field.

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Whitlow, Harry J. "System on chip (SoC) microcontrollers ( μ C) as digitisers for ion beam analysis (IBA) instruments." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 383 (September 2016): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2016.05.033.

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Ram, Sukesh, Amber A. Chow, Shaurya Khanna, Nikhil C. Suresh, Franscesca J. Ark, Saaketh R. Narayan, Aashi R. Gurijala, et al. "Understanding gaas Native Oxides By Correlating Three Liquid Contact Angle Analysis (3LCAA) and High Resolution Ion Beam Analysis (HR-IBA) to X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) as Function of Surface Processing." MRS Advances 4, no. 41-42 (2019): 2249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.320.

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ABSTRACTChemical bonding in native oxides of GaAs, before and after etching, is detected by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). It is correlated with surface energy engineering (SEE), measured via Three Liquid Contact Angle Analysis (3LCAA), and oxygen coverage, measured by High Resolution Ion Beam Analysis (HR-IBA).Before etching, GaAs native oxides are found to be hydrophobic with an average surface energy, γT, of 33 ± 1 mJ/m2, as measured by 3LCAA. After dilute NH4OH etching, GaAs becomes highly hydrophilic and its surface energy, γT, increases by a factor 2 to a reproducible value of 66 ± 1 mJ/m2. Using HR-IBA, oxygen coverage on GaAs is found to decrease from 7.2 ± 0.5 monolayers (ML) to 3.6 ± 0.5 ML. The 1.17 ratio of Ga to As, measured by HR-IBA, remains constant after etching.XPS is used to measure oxidation of Ga and As, as well as surface stoichiometry on two locations of several GaAs(100) wafers before and after etching. The relative proportions of Ga and As are unaffected by adventitious carbon contamination. The 1.16 Ga:As ratio, measured by XPS, matches HR-IBA analysis. The proportions of oxidized Ga and As do not change significantly after etching. However, the initial ratio of As2O5 to As2O3, within the oxidized As, significantly decreases after etching from approximately 3:1 to 3:2.Absolute oxygen coverage, as a function of surface processing, is determined within 0.5 ML by HR-IBA. XPS offers insight into these modifications by detecting electronic states and phase composition changes of GaAs oxides. The changes in surface chemistry are correlated to changes in hydro-affinity and surface energies measured by 3LCAA.

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BARRY, B., W. J. TROMPETTER, P. K. DAVY, and A. MARKWITZ. "RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE AIR PARTICULATE RESEARCH CAPABILITY AT THE NEW ZEALAND ION BEAM ANALYSIS FACILITY." International Journal of PIXE 22, no. 01n02 (January 2012): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012908351240013x.

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The New Zealand capability in Ion Beam Analysis of air particulate samples has been upgraded in recent years. The main equipment change has been the introduction of the ability to analyse samples taken using the Streaker (PIXE International Corporation) sampling system. This is an automated sampler which allows for great flexibility in monitoring programmes by collecting particulates for up to about 70 sampling periods which can range in collection times from seconds to many hours. The IBA analysis for hydrogen on standard filters and for PIXE multi-elemental analysis of the Streaker filters has also been studied with a view to optimising analytical methods.

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Quarta, Gianluca, Lucio Calcagnile, and Massimo Vidale. "Integrating Non-Destructive Ion Beam Analysis Methods and AMS Radiocarbon Dating for the Study of Ancient Bronze Statues." Radiocarbon 54, no. 3-4 (2012): 801–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200047457.

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Analytical methods based on particle accelerators are widely used in cultural heritage diagnostics and archaeological sciences from the absolute dating of organic materials by means of radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) to the analysis of the elemental composition of a wide range of materials (metals, obsidians, pottery) via ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques. At CEDAD (Centre for Dating and Diagnostics), the accelerator facility of the University of Salento, AMS 14C dating and PIXE (particle-induced X-ray emission)-PIGE (particle-induced gamma-ray emission) compositional analysis in external beam mode are combined to study certain archaeological materials. We present a review of the combined application of these analytical methods in the study of casting cores of the Riace bronzes, 2 classical Greek statues of extraordinary importance for the history of art.

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Quarta, Gianluca, Lucio Maruccio, and Lucio Calcagnile. "Provenance studies of obsidians from Neolithic contexts in Southern Italy by IBA (Ion Beam Analysis) methods." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 269, no. 24 (December 2011): 3102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2011.04.080.

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Preketes-Sigalas, K., A. Lagoyannis, and M. Axiotis. "Development of a simulation code for material analysis using the PIGE technique." HNPS Proceedings 24 (April 1, 2019): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.1860.

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Particle Induced Gamma ray Emission (PIGE) is a well known and widely used Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) technique for non-destructive material analysis, usually in conjunction with Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). The main drawback in the applicability of PIGE regarding the quantification of light elements in various heavy element substrates is the need for many reference targets with similar matrices to the one under study, because of the importance of the ion energy loss in the calculations. In order to overcome this problem, an appropriate simulation code that uses as inputs the experimental spectrum and the relevant differential cross sections, with the output being the quantification of the concentration depth profiles of the isotopes of interest is needed. A code like this is currently being developed in C++ and it is compatible with Windows, Linux and Mac.

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Annaluru, A., D. J. W. Mous, and R. C. Walet. "HVE ion sources for medium and high-energy accelerator systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2743, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2743/1/012027.

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Abstract Since decades, High Voltage Engineering (HVE) manufactures particle accelerator systems for research and industry. HVE’s product line includes Singletron and Tandetron accelerator systems with terminal voltages of up to 6 MV. They are dedicated to a wide range of applications including ion implantation and irradiation, Ion Beam Analysis (IBA), Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS), and neutron reference fields. In this paper, we give an overview of the different positive and negative ion sources that are applied in these systems. We focus especially on the recent development and the performance of a compact 2.45 GHz permanent magnet ECR bipolar ion source (HVE Model SO-160), used for negative light-ion injection into tandem accelerators. It generates high-current, low-emittance light-ion beams at 30 keV energy. The novelty in the design of this ion source is that it combines direct negative extraction for H − with positive extraction for He + that is followed by charge exchange to He − in a Na-based electron donor canal. The source produces in excess of 250 eµA of H − and more than 20 eµA of He −. It is expected the design allows for substantially higher currents, especially for H −.

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DAVY, P., W. J. TROMPETTER, A. MARKWITZ, and D. C. WEATHERBURN. "ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS AND SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF AMBIENT PARTICULATE MATTER AT MASTERTON, NEW ZEALAND." International Journal of PIXE 15, no. 03n04 (January 2005): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083505000556.

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At certain locations in the Wellington Region, pollution episodes due to air particulate matter are known to occur from time to time. Traditional gravimetric analysis of airborne particulate matter is unable to provide information on the sources contributing to air particulate concentrations. Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) is one of the few non-destructive techniques that can be used to identify the elemental composition of air particulate matter on a filter sample. In this work IBA was used to characterise air particulate matter in two size fractions, PM 20. and PM 10-2.0, collected at a monitoring station in Masterton, New Zealand. Elements with atomic mass above neon were measured by the PIXE technique. Elemental carbon was measured with a light reflectance device. Elemental 'fingerprints' of contributing sources were determined by performing factor analysis of the elemental composition. The results indicate that 'Sea Salt' and 'Soil' sources are major contributors to the coarse ( PM 10-2.0) fraction and 'Combustion' sources dominate the fine ( PM 2.0) fraction of air particulate matter. Analysis of seasonal differences was a useful tool in elucidating source profiles.

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BROWN, I. W. M., G. C. BARRIS, C. M. SHEPPARD, W. J. TROMPETTER, and I. C. VICKRIDGE. "USE OF IBA TECHNIQUES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF OXIDATION PROCESSES IN SIALON CERAMICS." Modern Physics Letters B 15, no. 28n29 (December 20, 2001): 1305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984901003202.

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Sialon ceramics (Si-Al-O-N) are high performance engineering materials used as cutting tools and wear parts whose performance may be compromised by high temperature oxidation. Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) techniques, coupled with X-ray Diffraction, have been used to monitor oxidation processes in dense bodies of α/β-sialon, X-sialon and O-sialon subjected to heat treatment schedules in air to induce surface oxidation. This has permitted depth profiling of Si, Al, Y, O, & N in the sialon bodies, enabling direct comparison of oxidation resistance to be made between the different sialon compositions.

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Jeynes, Chris, Roger P. Webb, and Annika Lohstroh. "Ion Beam Analysis: A Century of Exploiting the Electronic and Nuclear Structure of the Atom for Materials Characterisation." Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology 04, no. 01 (January 2011): 41–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793626811000483.

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Analysis using MeV ion beams is a thin film characterisation technique invented some 50 years ago which has recently had the benefit of a number of important advances. This review will cover damage profiling in crystals including studies of defects in semiconductors, surface studies, and depth profiling with sputtering. But it will concentrate on thin film depth profiling using Rutherford backscattering, particle induced X-ray emission and related techniques in the deliberately synergistic way that has only recently become possible. In this review of these new developments, we will show how this integrated approach, which we might call "total IBA", has given the technique great analytical power.

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Pershad, Yash, Ashley A. Mascareno, Makoyi R. Watson, Alex L. Brimhall, Nicole Herbots, Clarizza F. Watson, Abijith Krishnan, et al. "Electrolyte Detection by Ion Beam Analysis, in Continuous Glucose Sensors and in Microliters of Blood using a Homogeneous Thin Solid Film of Blood, HemaDrop™." MRS Advances 1, no. 29 (2016): 2133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.469.

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ABSTRACTPercolation of blood and of interstitial fluids into implantable continuous glucose sensors (CGS) for diabetics presently limits sensor lifetime between 3 and 7 days. Na+ mobile ions in body fluids damage Si-based CGS sensors electronics. The direct detection of Na percolation is investigated by Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) and Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) in previously used CGS. Based on these results, a new technology called HemaDropTM is then tested to prepare small volume (5-10 µL) of blood for IBA. A species’s detectability by IBA scales with the square of the ratio of element’s atomic number Z to that of the substrate. Because Na has a low atomic number (Z=11), Si signals from sensor substrates can prevent Na detection in Si by 2 mega electron volt (MeV) IBA.Using 4.7 MeV 23Na (α, α)23Na nuclear resonance (NR) can increase the 23Na scattering cross section and thus its detectability in Si. The NR energy, width, and resonance factor, is calibrated via two well-known alpha (α) particle signals with narrow energy spreads: a 5.486 ± 0.007 MeV 241Am α-source (ΔΕ = 0.12%) and the 3.038 ± 0.003 MeV 16O(α, α)16O NR (ΔΕ = 0.1%). Next, the NR cross section is calibrated via 100 nm NaF thin films on Si(100) by scanning the beam energy. The23Na (α, α) NR energy is found to be 4.696 ± 0.180 MeV, and the NR/RBS cross section 141 ± 7%. This is statistically significant but small compared to the 4.265 MeV 12C NR (1700%) and 3.038 MeV 16O NR (210%), and insufficient to detect small amounts of 23Na in Si. Next, a new method of sample preparation HemaDropTM, is tested for detection of elements in blood, such Fe, Ca, Na, Cl, S, K, C, N, and O, as an alternative to track fluid percolation and Na diffusion in damaged sensors. Detecting more abundant, heavier elements in blood and interstitial fluids can better track fluid percolation and Na+ ions in sensors. Both Na detection and accuracy of measured blood composition by IBA is greatly improved by using HemaDropTM sample preparation to create Homogeneous Thin Solid Films (HTSFs) of blood from 5-10 µL on most substrates. HTSF can be used in vacuo such as 10-8 –10-6 Torr).

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Kučera, Jan, Jan Kameník, Vladimír Havránek, Ivana Krausová, Ivo Světlík, Kateřina Pachnerová Brabcová, Marek Fikrle, and David Chvátil. "Recent Achievements in NAA, PAA, XRF, IBA and AMS Applications for Cultural Heritage Investigations at Nuclear Physics Institute, Řež." Physics 4, no. 2 (April 28, 2022): 491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physics4020033.

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Five case studies are reported on the use of neutron and photon activation analysis (NAA and PAA, respectively), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, ion beam analysis (IBA), and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) for the elemental characterization or dating of various objects of cultural heritage, such as building materials, pottery, metallic artefacts, ancient decorations, or the remains of historical personalities. The use of the individual techniques or their combination proved a useful, frequently indispensable tool for revealing the provenance of the artefacts, the method and time of their manufacturing, the elucidation of ancient human activities, or the verification of various hypotheses or legends related to the artefacts.

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Vai, Alessandro, Alfredo Mirandola, Giuseppe Magro, Davide Maestri, Edoardo Mastella, Andrea Mairani, Silvia Molinelli, et al. "Characterization of a MLIC Detector for QA in Scanned Proton and Carbon Ion Beams." International Journal of Particle Therapy 6, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14338/ijpt-19-00064.1.

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Abstract Purpose: Beam energy validation is a fundamental aspect of the routine quality assurance (QA) protocol of a particle therapy facility. A multilayer ionization chamber (MLIC) detector provides the optimal tradeoff between achieving accuracy in particle range determination and saving operational time in measurements and analysis procedures. We propose the characterization of a commercial MLIC as a suitable QA tool for a clinical environment with proton and carbon-ion scanning beams. Materials and Methods: Commercial MLIC Giraffe (IBA Dosimetry, Schwarzenbruck, Germany) was primarily evaluated in terms of short-term and long-term stability, linearity with dose, and dose-rate independence. Accuracy was tested by analyzing range of integrated depth-dose curves for a set of representative energies against reference acquisitions in water for proton and carbon ion beams; in addition, 2 modulated proton spread-out Bragg peaks were also measured. Possible methods to increase the native spatial resolution of the detector were also investigated. Results: Measurements showed a high repeatability: mean relative standard deviation was within 0.5% for all channels and both particle types. The long-term stability of the gain calibration showed discrepancies less than 1% at different times. The detector response was linear with dose (R2 > 0.99) and independent on the dose rate. Measurements of integrated depth-dose curve ranges revealed a mean deviation from reference measurements in water of 0.1 ± 0.3 mm for protons with a maximum difference of 0.4 mm and 0.2 ± 0.6 mm with maximum difference of 0.85 mm for carbon ion beams. For the 2 modulated proton spread-out Bragg peaks, measured differences in distal dose falloff were ≤0.5 mm against calculated values. Conclusions: The detector is stable, linearly responding with dose, precise, and easy to handle for QA beam energy checks of proton and carbon ion beams.

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Solis-Lerma, D., and H. Khodja. "Automated total micro-IBA using Advanced Image Processing and Machine Learning." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2326, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2326/1/012006.

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Abstract We have developed a Python code that aims at automatizing the analysis of generic micro-IBA data by associating statistical methods and machine learning algorithms. The code is organized in two parts: hyperspectral image analysis and composition prediction. In the first stage, main phases and local anomalies are detected separately using PCA and DWEST methods, respectively. In the prediction stage, we use the model generated by a trained artificial neural network. The network is fed with simulated particle and x-ray spectra generated from the SIMNRA and Gulys software codes. For particle spectra, we paid particular attention to the cross section selection that goes beyond already implemented SIMNRA functionalities. To limit the impact of the simulation time on the overall code performance, we make use of data augmentation. When using simulated data as input, we found that the trained neural network predicts stoichiometries and thicknesses with an excellent agreement, even for complex targets composed of several elements and layers. Regarding realistic experimental data, we still get reasonable predictions but remain dependant of cross section quality. The code can combine data from RBS, NRA, ERDA and PIXE and should pave the way for fully automatized micro-ion beam analysis.

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EISA, MOHAMED ELTAYEB M., JOHAN ANDRE MARS, MUSTAFA J. ABUALREISH, and MARWA L. WAREGH. "ELASTIC BACKSCATTERED CROSS-SECTIONS OF 14N(P,P0)14N AT HIGH ANGLES." Journal of Science and Arts 20, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46939/j.sci.arts-20.3-c01.

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The importance and present needs of proton cross section data of nitrogen needed by the Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) community are briefly reviewed. Previous experimental data presently used for the theoretical determination of the proton cross-sections are discussed. The Azure code based on the R-matrix formalism was then used to evaluate the data and to determine the nitrogen cross section in the previous and presently desired angular domain and energy region of interest. The experimental elastic backscattering cross section data, as spectra, for back-scattering analysis determined at angles in the laboratory frame of reference, θi,lab, of 165o, 170o and 176o are presented.

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Torrisi, Lorenzo, Valentina Venuti, Vincenza Crupi, Letteria Silipigni, Mariapompea Cutroneo, Giuseppe Paladini, Alfio Torrisi, et al. "RBS, PIXE, Ion-Microbeam and SR-FTIR Analyses of Pottery Fragments from Azerbaijan." Heritage 2, no. 3 (July 10, 2019): 1852–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030113.

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The present work is aimed at the investigation of the ceramic bulk and pigmented glazed surfaces of ancient potteries dating back to XIX century A.D. and coming from the charming archeological site located in the Medieval Agsu town (Azerbaijan), a geographic area of special interest due to the ancient commercial routes between China, Asia Minor, and Europe. For the purpose of the study, complementary investigation tools have been exploited: non-destructive or micro-destructive investigation at elemental level by ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques, by using Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), Proton-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) spectroscopy and ion-microbeam analysis, and chemical characterization at microscopic level, by means of synchrotron radiation (SR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy. The acquired information reveals useful for the identification of the provenance, the reconstruction of the firing technology, and finally, the identification of the pigment was used as a colorant of the glaze.

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Sialini, P., P. Sajdl, V. Havránek, and V. Vrtílková. "Study of diffusion processes in the oxide layer of zirconium alloys." Koroze a ochrana materialu 60, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kom-2016-0004.

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Abstract In the active zone of a nuclear reactor where zirconium alloys are used as a coating material, this material is subject to various harmful impacts. During water decomposition reactions, hydrogen and oxygen are evolved that may diffuse through the oxidic layer either through zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) crystals or along ZrO2 grains. The diffusion mechanism can be studied using the Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) method where nuclear reaction 18O(p,α)15N is used. A tube made of zirconium alloy E110 (with 1 wt. % of Nb) was used for making samples that were pre-exposed in UJP PRAHA a.s. and subsequently exposed to isotopically cleansed environment of H2 18O medium in an autoclave. The samples were analysed with gravimetric methods and IBA methods performed at the electrostatic particle accelerator Tandetron 4130 MC in the Nucler Physics Institute of the CAS, Řež. With IBA methods, the overall thicknesses of corrosion layers on the samples, element composition of the alloy and distribution of oxygen isotope 18O in the corrosion layer and its penetration in the alloy were identified. The retrieved data shows at the oxygen diffusion along ZrO2 grains because there are two peaks of 18O isotope concentrations in the corrosion layer. These peaks occur at the environment-oxide and oxide-metal interface. The element analysis identified the presence of undesirable hafnium.

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Colder, H., M. Morales, Richard Rizk, and I. Vickridge. "Characterization of SiC Thin Film Obtained by Magnetron Reactive Sputtering: IBA, IR and Raman Studies." Materials Science Forum 483-485 (May 2005): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.483-485.287.

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Co-sputtering of silicon and carbon in a hydrogenated plasma (20%Ar-80%H2) at temperatures, Ts, varying from 200°C to 600°C has been used to grow SiC thin films. We report on the influence of Ts on the crystallization, the ratio Si/C and the hydrogen content of the grown films. Film composition is determined by ion beam analysis via Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, nuclear reaction analysis via the 12C(d,p0)13C nuclear reaction and elastic recoil detection analysi(ERDA) for hydrogen content. Infrared absorption (IR) has been used to determine the crystalline fraction of the films and the concentration of the hydrogen bonded to Si or to C. Complementary to IR, bonding configuration has been also characterized by Raman spectroscopy. As Ts is increased, the crystalline fraction increases and the hydrogen content decreases, as observed by both ERDA and IR. It also appears that some films contain a few Si excess, probably located at the nanograin boundaries.

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Narayan, Saaketh R., Jack M. Day, Harshini L. Thinakaran, Nicole Herbots, Michelle E. Bertram, Christian E. Cornejo, Timoteo C. Diaz, et al. "Comparative Study of Surface Energies of Native Oxides of Si(100) and Si(111) via Three Liquid Contact Angle Analysis." MRS Advances 3, no. 57-58 (2018): 3379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.473.

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ABSTRACTThe effects of crystal orientation and doping on the surface energy, γT, of native oxides of Si(100) and Si(111) are measured via Three Liquid Contact Angle Analysis (3LCAA) to extract γT, while Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) is used to detect Oxygen. During 3LCAA, contact angles for three liquids are measured with photographs via the “Drop and Reflection Operative Program (DROP™). DROP™ removes subjectivity in image analysis, and yields reproducible contact angles within < ±1°. Unlike to the Sessile Drop Method, DROP can yield relative errors < 3% on sets of 20-30 drops. Native oxides on 5 x 1013 B/cm3 p- doped Si(100) wafers, as received in sealed, 25 wafer teflon boats continuously stored in Class 100/ISO 5 conditions at 24.5°C in 25% controlled humidity, are found to be hydrophilic. Their γT, 52.5 ± 1.5 mJ/m2, is reproducible between four boats from three sources, and 9% greater than γT of native oxides on n- doped Si(111), which averages 48.1 ± 1.6 mJ/m2 on four 4” Si(111) wafers. IBA combining 16O nuclear resonance with channeling detects 30% more oxygen on native oxides of Si(111) than Si(100). While γT should increase on thinner, more defective oxides, Lifshitz-Van der Waals interactions γLW on native oxides of Si(100) remain at 36 ± 0.4 mJ/m2, equal to γLW on Si(111), 36 ± 0.6 mJ/m2, since γLW arises from the same SiO2 molecules. Native oxides on 4.5 x 1018 B/cm3 p+ doped Si(100) yield a γT of 39 ± 1 mJ/m2, as they are thicker per IBA. In summary, 3LCAA and IBA can detect reproducibly and accurately, within a few %, changes in the surface energy of native oxides due to thickness and surface composition arising from doping or crystal structure, if conducted in well controlled clean room conditions for measurements and storage.

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Cornejo, Christian E., Michelle E. Bertram, Timoteo C. Diaz, Saaketh R. Narayan, Sukesh Ram, Karen L. Kavanagh, Nicole Herbots, et al. "Measuring Surface Energies of GaAs (100) and Si (100) by Three Liquid Contact Angle Analysis (3LCAA) for Heterogeneous Nano-BondingTM." MRS Advances 3, no. 57-58 (2018): 3403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.529.

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ABSTRACTAnalysis of the total surface energy γTand its three components as established by the van Oss-Chaudhury-Good Theory (vOCG) is conducted via Three Liquid Contact Angle Analysis (3LCAA). γTis correlated with the composition of the top monolayers (ML) obtained from High-Resolution Ion Beam Analysis (HR-IBA). Control of γTenables surface engineering for wafer bonding (Nano-BondingTM) and/or epitaxial growth. Native oxides on boron-doped p-Si(100) are found to average γTof 53 ± 1.4 mJ/m2) and are always hydrophilic. An HF in methanol or aqueous HF etch for 60 s always renders Si(100) hydrophobic. Its γTdecreases by 20% to 44 ± 3 mJ/m2in HF in methanol etch and by 10% to 48 ± 3 mJ/m2in aqueous HF. On the contrary, GaAs(100) native oxides are found to always be hydrophobic. Tellurium n+-doped GaAs(100) yields an average of γTof 37 ± 2 mJ/m2, 96% of which is due to the Lifshitz-Van der Waals molecular interactions (γLW= 36 ± 1 mJ/m2). However, hydrophobic GaAs(100) can be made highly hydrophilic. After etching, γTincreases by almost 50% to 66 ± 1.4 mJ/m2. 3LCAA shows that the γTincrease is due to electron acceptor and donor interactions, while the Lifshitz-van der Waals energy γLWremains constant. IBA combining the 3.039 ± 0.01 MeV oxygen nuclear resonance with <111> channeling, shows that oxygen on Si(100) decreases by 10% after aqueous HF etching, from 13.3 ± 0.3 monolayers (ML) to 11.8 ± 0.4 ML 1 hour after etch.Te-doped GaAs(100) exhibits consistent oxygen coverage of 7.2 ± 1.4 ML, decreasing by 50% after etching to a highly hydrophilic surface with 3.6 ± 0.2 oxygen ML. IBA shows that etching does not modify the GaAs surface stoichiometry to within 1% . Combining 3LCAA with HR-IBA provides a quantitative metrology to measure how GaAs and Si surfaces can be altered to a different hydroaffinity and surface termination.

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Palonen, V., and P. Tikkanen. "Automatic Optimization of AMS with LabVIEW." Radiocarbon 59, no. 3 (January 3, 2017): 915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2016.111.

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ABSTRACTAccelerator systems designed for a wide variety of ion beam analysis (IBA) applications usually have a multitude of beamline components and long beam lines. In the use of these systems, beam optimization is especially important for attaining high-precision accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) results. The optimization involves multiple parameters, dependencies between parameters, and multiple optimization targets. To improve the repeatability and reliability of AMS results, we have developed a profiling program for automatic beam optimization. In our implementation, the accelerator control parameters, measured beam currents, and AMS detector count rates are all stored in a real-time database. The profiling routine can scan any accelerator parameter and fetch from the database the profile of any measured quantity as a function of the parameter. The routine is usually used to scan over roughly 20 essential parameters of the system and setting them to the optimum values. Automatic optimization is fast, easy to use, robust to noise, and gives reproducible results. In addition, the graphical output in the form of current and count rate profiles is highly informative. Automatic optimization together with other improvements to the AMS setup have enabled us to push the precision of the system to better than 0.2%.

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Marco de Lucas, María del Carmen, Franck Torrent, Gianni-Paolo Pillon, Pascal Berger, and Luc Lavisse. "Seeking the Oxidation Mechanism of Debris in the Fretting Wear of Titanium Functionalized by Surface Laser Treatments." Coatings 13, no. 6 (June 16, 2023): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13061110.

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Surface laser treatment (SLT) using nanosecond IR lasers has been shown to improve the tribological behaviour of titanium. Here, we studied the fretting wear of SLT-functionalized pure titanium in a mixture of reactive gases O2 (20 vol.%) + N2 (80 vol.%). The contact geometry was a ball on a plane and the ball was made of bearing steel. The very small amplitude of relative displacement between reciprocating parts in fretting wear makes the evacuation of wear particles difficult. Moreover, the oxidation mechanism of the debris depends on the accessibility of the surrounding atmosphere to the tribological contact. This work focused in the analysis of debris generation and oxidation mechanisms, and sought to differentiate the role of oxygen forming part of the ambient O2 + N2 gas mixture from oxygen present in the surface layer of the SL-treated titanium. Before the fretting test, the surface of the commercially pure titanium plates was treated with a laser under a mixture of O2 + N2 gases with oxygen enriched in the 18O isotope. Then, the fretting tests were performed in regular air containing natural oxygen. Micro-Raman spectroscopy and ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques were used to analyse the TiO2 surface layers and fretting scars. Iron oxide particles were identified by Raman spectroscopy and IBA as the third body in the tribological contact. The spatial distribution of 18O, Ti, 16O and Fe in the fretting scars was studied by IBA. The analysis showed that the areas containing high concentrations of Fe displayed also high concentrations of 16O, but smaller concentrations of 18O and Ti. Therefore, it was concluded that tribological contact allows the oxidation of iron debris by its reaction with ambient air.

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Romolo, Francesco Saverio, Mehmet Sarilar, Johann Antoine, Serena Mestria, Sabina Strano Rossi, Matteo Davide Gallidabino, Guilherme Maurício Soares de Souza, Paola Chytry, and Johnny Ferraz Dias. "Ion beam analysis (IBA) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for forensic characterisation of authentic Viagra® and of sildenafil-based illegal products." Talanta 224 (March 2021): 121829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121829.

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Kokkoris, M., P. Misaelides, A. Lagoyannis, R. Vlastou, C. T. Papadopoulos, and S. Harissopulos. "A Review on Recent Developments in Deuteron Induced Reactions Enhancing NRA Capabilities." HNPS Proceedings 16 (January 1, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2577.

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Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) is well established as one of the principal IBA methods nowadays. Among the most important NRA characteristics are its high iso- topic selectivity, its enhanced sensitivity for many nuclides, the capability of least destructive depth profiling and the possibility of simultaneous analysis of more than one light element in near–surface layers of materials. Moreover, in the particular case when deuterium is used as probing beam, critical advantages for NRA studies emerge. As NRA quantifies individual light isotopes absolutely, and can depth pro- file with nanometer resolution, it is the most suitable ion beam technique for the determination of the concentration and depth profiling of light elements in complex matrices. However, as already pointed out in the recent literature, the application of NRA to the determination of the concentration and the depth profiling of light elements is frequently impeded by the lack of adequate and/or reliable experimental differential cross section data. It is the ambition of the present work to contribute in the fields of differential cross section measurements, as well as of data evaluation and general theoretical analysis.

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Pershad, Yash, Nicole Herbots, Grady Day, Ryan van Haren, Shawn Whaley, Alvaro Martinez, Sabrina Suhartono, Robert Culbertson, Mark Mangus, and Barry Wilkens. "Determining Canine Blood and Human Blood Composition by Congealing Microliter Drops into Homogeneous Thin Solid Films (HTSFs) via HemaDrop™." MRS Advances 2, no. 45 (2017): 2451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.479.

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ABSTRACTAccurate analysis of microliter blood samples can improve patient care during medical testing and forensics. Patients can suffer from anemia due to the larger volume required for blood tests, 7 milliliters per vial. Attempts at analysis of nanoliter blood samples by Theranos have systematic errors > 10%, higher than medically acceptable thresholds. Our research aims to analyze composition of microliters of blood. This research investigates accuracy of analyzing blood via HemaDrop™, a patented technique to create a Homogenous Thin Solid Film (HTSF) on super-hydrophilic and hyper-hydrophilic surfaces with 5 microliter droplets of blood. To investigate HemaDrop™’s accuracy, Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) is conducted on dried blood spots (DBS) and HTSFs from congealed blood drops on HemaDrop™-treated samples. HTSFs are observed via optical microscopy to compare uniformity, precipitation, and phase separation. DBSs and HTSFs are compared via optical microscopy for canine blood and human blood. After drying uncoated samples, canine and human blood DBSs exhibit cratering, phase separation, and lack of uniformity. Conversely, HTSFs are uniform, exhibiting no cratering and little phase separation. Next, IBA demonstrates that HTSFs of canine and human blood solidified on super-hydrophilic and hyper-hydrophilic coatings yield spectra where species and electrolytes can be identified, unlike on DBSs. The damage curve method enables extracting accurate blood composition for elements, accounting for IBA damage. Relative error in blood elemental composition is within the 10% medical threshold. While both produced films within the 10% threshold, hyper-hydrophilic coatings eliminated phase separation from serum observed in HTSFs on super-hydrophilic coatings. HemaDrop™ provides consistent measurements independent of sample, showing HTSFs from µL blood drops are uniform, reproducible, and free of phase separation. Thus, HemaDrop™ allows for analysis in vacuum from congealed blood drops and expands the range of techniques to identify elements and molecules.

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Elfman, Mikael, Linus Ros, Per Kristiansson, E. J. Charlotta Nilsson, and Jan Pallon. "A tailored 200 parameter VME based data acquisition system for IBA at the Lund Ion Beam Analysis Facility – Hardware and software." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 371 (March 2016): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2015.12.024.

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Cai, Chenggang, Feng Yao, Chuanpeng Li, Yannan Xiang, Pinggu Wu, Zhengyan Hu, Junlin Wang, and Ruiyu Zhu. "Determination of Ten Plant Growth Regulators in Bean Sprouts by Mixed Solid Phase Extraction Columns Separation and LC-MS/MS." Processes 11, no. 9 (August 29, 2023): 2586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11092586.

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(1) Background: Plant growth regulators (PGRs) can accelerate growth or improve the quality and quantity of bean sprouts but are forbidden to use in bean sprout cultivation, as the sprouting process’s increased chemicals will disturb the PGRs analysis. This article aimed to increase the accuracy and level of sensitivity of the LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous analysis of 10 PGRs after mixed solid phase extraction (SPE) purification. (2) Methods: An LC-MS/MS detection method for 10 kinds of PGRs was established based on ESI ionization in the positive ion mode for 6-furfurylaminopurine (6-KT), paclobutrazol (PBZ), indole-2-acetic acid (IAA), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and in the negative ion mode for gibberellin A3 (GA3), 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA), forchlorfenuron (FCF), thidiazuron (TDZ), and 6-benzyl adenine (6-BA). (3) Results: The 10 PGR compounds were detected within a concentration range of 1.0–50 ng/mL. The average recovery was 68.3–97.3% with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 4.6–15.2% (n = 6); the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 2 and 5 ng/g, respectively. PGRs were surveyed in 36 soybean sprouts and 33 mungbean sprouts; the results showed that 4-CPA and IAA were detected in 10 soybean sprouts and 10 mungbean sprouts, respectively. Five samples contained both 4-CPA and IAA. (4) Conclusions: The established method is simple, rapid, accurate, and highly sensitive for the detection of PGR residues in bean sprout products.

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Siegele, Rainer, and David D. Cohen. "iBAT: A new ion beam batch analysis tool for thin samples." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 493 (April 2021): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2021.01.015.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ion Beam Analysis (IBA)'

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