Journal articles: 'Iodine supplementation'

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Belykh, Nataliya Anatoliyevna, and Marina Yevgeniyevna Mamenko. "Evaluation of different methods of iodine prophylaxis in infants in the region of mild iodine deficiency." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 4, no. 3 (September 15, 2013): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped4394-100.

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Aim: To evaluate of the effectiveness of different methods of iodine prophylaxis in infants. Materials and Methods: The dynamic monitoring of pregnant and lactating mothers and their infants with iodine supplementation (potassium iodine, iodized salt) and without it. Results: Lack of antenatal iodine supplementation leads to a complicated course of the perinatal period, an increase of frequency of gestational hypothyroxinemia and neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia. Infants without iodine prophylaxis have higher levels of TSH and lower content of fT4. Conclusion: The most effective method of iodine supplementation in infants is individual iodine prophylaxis with potassium iodide in pregnant and lactating mother.

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Delange, Fran??ois, and Pierre Lecomte. "Iodine Supplementation." Drug Safety 22, no. 2 (2000): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200022020-00001.

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Pharoah, P. O. "Iodine-supplementation trials." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 276S—279S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/57.2.276s.

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Liesenkötter, Klaus Peter, Wolfgang Göpel, Ulrich Bogner, Barbara Stach, and Annette Grüters. "Earliest prevention of endemic goiter by iodine supplementation during pregnancy." European Journal of Endocrinology 134, no. 4 (April 1996): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1340443.

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Liesenkötter KP, Göpel W, Bogner U, Stach B, Grüters A. Earliest prevention of endemic goiter by iodine supplementation during pregnancy. Eur J Endocrinol 1996;134:443–8. ISSN 0804–4643 During pregnancy complex changes of maternal thyroid function occur and they are influenced by the maternal iodine supply. It has been demonstrated that with decreasing iodine supply maternal goiter and hypothyroxinemia as well as fetal and neonatal hypothyroidism become more prevalent. Therefore iodine supplementation during pregnancy is now strongly recommended also in areas of moderate iodine deficiency. To monitor the success of iodine supplementation and its theoretical risk of increasing the frequency of thyroid autoantibodies, we have investigated the thyroid volume, thyroid function, urinary iodine excretion and antibodies to thyroid peroxidase at 10–12 weeks of gestation and postpartum in 38 mothers receiving 300 μg potassium iodide/day and in 70 mothers without iodine supplementation. In all of their newborns thyroid volume was determined by ultrasound. The thyrotropin (TSH) levels and antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (TPO-ab) in the neonates were measured in dried blood spots on filter paper from their newborn screening. Urinary iodine excretion was increased significantly after iodine supplementation in mothers (p < 0.001) and their newborns (<0.05). No hypo- or hyperthyroidism was observed in the mothers or newborns. Interestingly, no difference of maternal thyroid volumes was observed between the two groups after pregnancy, but the volumes of the thyroid glands in newborns of mothers who received iodine were significantly (p < 0.004) lower (0.7 ± 0.4 ml) than in the control group (1.5 ± 1.1 ml). There was no change in the frequency of TPO-ab in either group after pregnancy. In four mothers transplacental passage of these antibodies was documented by positive measurement in the blood sample of the newborn. This study documents that iodine supplementation during pregnancy in an area of moderate iodine deficiency results in a lower size of neonatal thyroid volume and that this supplementation was not accompanied by an increase in the frequency of TPO-ab. Klaus Peter Liesenkötter, Kinderklinik Kaiserin Auguste Victoria Haus (KAVH), Virchow-Klinikum der Medizinische Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Heubnerweg 6, 14059 Berlin, Germany

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Vasiljev, Vanja, Alen Subotić, Mihaela Marinović Glavić, Denis Juraga, Lovorka Bilajac, Bojan Jelaković, and Tomislav Rukavina. "Overview of Iodine Intake." Southeastern European medical journal 6, no. 1 (April 27, 2022): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26332/seemedj.v6i1.241.

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Iodine is an essential element for human health. Food is the primary source of iodine, but the iodine content of local foods depends on the iodine content of the soil. Therefore, a low iodine concentration in soil and water results in plants and animals with low iodine content. Numerous effects of iodine deficiency on growth and development are known as iodine deficiency disorders. Iodine deficiency has been identified as the most common cause of brain damage in the world and is linked to its effects on infant and child growth and development. Supplementation of table salt with iodine was introduced in the 20th century. Croatia was one of the first countries to introduce the supplementation of table salt with potassium iodide at a concentration of 10 mg/kg in 1953 and 25 mg/kg in 1993. In 2003, the Croatian population reached iodine sufficiency, but given the excessive salt intake (11.6 g/day) and additional sources of iodine in the diet, the question arises, are we consuming too much iodine? This article gives a short overview of iodine intake.

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Azizi, Fereidoun, Lida Navai, and Farid Fattahi. "Goiter Prevalence, Urinary Iodine Excretion, Thyroid Function and Anti-Thyroid Antibodies after 12 Years of Salt Iodization in Shahriar, Iran." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 72, no. 5 (October 1, 2002): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.72.5.291.

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Objective: In a previous study in 1983, goiter was found to be endemic in Shahriar, Iran. Iodized salt has been distributed in the region for the past 12 years, and the present study was performed to examine the effect of iodide supplementation on indicators of iodine deficiency (IDD) and thyroid antibodies. Design & Methods: A total of 3164 people, 58% women and 42% men, were selected by random sampling from the Shahriar area. Goiter was staged according to World Health Organization guidelines. Urinary iodine was measured by a digestion method, and thyroid hormone measurements were done by radioimmunoassay. The results were compared with those of 1983. Results: Goiter prevalence before and after iodine supplementation was 50 and 40% in men, 70 and 51% in women, and 60 and 47% in the whole community, respectively (p < 0.001). A decrease in the prevalence of goiter was observed especially in younger individuals. The mean urinary iodine excretion was 7.6 and 18.5 mug/dL, before and after iodine supplementation. In 1983, the urinary iodine in 47.5% of the population studied was between 2 to 5 mug/dL, while in 1995, 65% of the population studied had urinary iodine between 10 to 25 mug/dL, 12 years after iodine supplementation. Mean serum T4, T3, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were normal before and after intervention. There was no significant change in occurrence of positive antibodies, or of hypo-and hyperthyroidism, following iodine supplementation. Conclusion: The result of this study shows that the use of iodized salt causes an increase in excreted urinary iodine and a decrease in the prevalence of thyroid goiter, especially in younger age groups,. Consumption of iodized salt with 40 parts per million (ppm) iodine has not caused increased prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in this area.

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Lopes, Carla A., Susana Prazeres, José Martinez-de-Oliveira, Edward Limbert, and Manuel C. Lemos. "Iodine Supplementation in Pregnancy in an Iodine-Deficient Region: A Cross-Sectional Survey." Nutrients 14, no. 7 (March 27, 2022): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14071393.

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Iodine deficiency is a common problem in pregnant women and may have implications for maternal and child health. Iodine supplementation during pregnancy has been recommended by several scientific societies. We undertook a cross-sectional survey to assess the efficacy of these recommendations in a European iodine-deficient region. Urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) were determined in pregnant women before (n = 203) and after (n = 136) the implementation of guidelines for iodine supplementation in pregnancy. Iodine supplementation (200 μg/day) reduced the proportion of pregnant women with severe iodine deficiency (37.4% to 18.0%, p = 0.0002). The median UIC increased from 67.6 µg/L to 106.8 µg/L but remained below the recommended target level (>150 µg/L) for pregnant women. In conclusion, iodine supplementation in pregnant women improved iodine status in this iodine-deficient region but was insufficient to achieve recommended iodine levels in pregnancy. Additional measures, such as the adjustment of the dose or timing of supplementation, or universal salt iodization, may be needed.

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Ansari, M. Athar, Zulfia Khan, and Ali Jafar Abedi. "Do salt storage practices affect the iodine content of salt? - A school-based study in North India." Indian Journal of Community Health 33, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2021.v33i01.022.

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Introduction: In India, IDD has been identified as a public health problem. At present best source for iodine supplementation is iodinated salt in the form of "Iodised Salt" containing potassium iodide (KI) and "Iodated Salt" containing potassium iodate (KIO3). Objectives: To find out salt storage practices in the houses and association of storage practices and iodine content. Methods: From 1st to 5th standard children (age group 6–12 years) were the “sampling units.” The required sample was selected by “Multistage sampling” by doing a sub-sampling. The sample size (N) calculated was 879. However, a total of 950 participants were included in the study. To check on spot salt storage practices, 70 families of school children were visited. The iodine content of salt samples was tested with spot testing kit (STK). Results: Out of 950 students, most of them (92.1%) used to take powdered salt. Out of 915 salt samples, collected, 79.0% samples were iodized and only 16.1% of salt samples had >15 ppm iodine content. Salt was kept in containers in 36 (51.4%) houses, but only 6 (8.7%) families were using airtight containers. The percentage of nil iodine was highest in open packets (35.7%). As the distance of salt storage from chullah increased, the level of iodine content was also improved. Conclusions: School children and their families should be told about the importance of taking adequately iodized salt and to follow correct salt storage practices. Sustained IEC activities should be carried out more vigorously to sensitize the students and community.

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Dardari, Dured, Francois-Xavier Laborne, Caroline Tourte, Elodie Henry, and Alfred Penfornis. "Evaluation of Iodine Supplementation in Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes: IODIAB Study." Healthcare 10, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 2388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10122388.

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Background: Iodine supplementation is indicated by the French National Authority for Health (HAS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) during pregnancy. This study investigates whether this supplementation is consistently prescribed in line with WHO recommendations in pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus. Method: A total of 99 women with a diagnosis of gestational diabetes were included in the study and were all closely monitored. Results: Only 17 (17.2%) patients received the recommended iodine supplementation. The follow-up, whether conducted by a gynecologist or midwife, did not influence the prescription of iodine supplements. By contrast, 72 (72.7%) of patients received folic acid supplementation. Conclusions: The prescription of iodine supplementation for the pregnant women included in our study is insufficient. Few practitioners seem aware of the recommendations, even when the pregnancy is complicated by gestational diabetes.

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Salarkia, Nahid, Mehdi Hedayati, Parvin Mirmiran, Masood Kimiagar, and Fereidoun Azizi. "Evaluation of the impact of an iodine supplementation programme on severely iodine-deficient schoolchildren with hypothyroidism." Public Health Nutrition 6, no. 6 (September 2003): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2003471.

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AbstractBackground:Northern rural areas of Tehran have been shown to have severe iodine deficiency in our previous studies. In 1989 the inhabitants of these villages received an injection of iodised oil, followed by iodised salt distribution in 1993. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the iodine supplementation on iodine-deficient schoolchildren with hypothyroidism in these villages.Methods:In total, 571 students aged 6–14 years were studied. Goitre was graded according to the World Health Organization classification. Serum concentrations of thyroid hormones (thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined using commercial kits, and urinary iodine was measured using a digestion method. The results were compared with data from our previous study in 1989.Results:Total goitre rate decreased by 42% in 1999 compared with that in 1989. A significant decrease in Grade 2 goitre concomitant with an increase in Grade 1 goitre was seen (P < 0.001). Values of the variables studied before (1989) and 10 years after iodine supplementation (1999) were: median urinary iodine excretion, 2.0 vs. 19.0 μg dl−1 (P < 0.001); T4, 6.5 ± 2.0 vs. 8.4 ± 1.6 μg dl−1 (P < 0.001); T3, 177 ± 38.0 vs. 145 ± 29.0 ng dl−1 (P < 0.001); TSH, 10.8 ± 15.1 vs. 1.8 ± 0.8 μU ml−1 (P < 0.001). No correlation was found between thyroid hormones and TSH on the one hand, and goitre and urinary iodine, on the other. Serum T4, T3 and TSH concentrations were within normal ranges in all schoolchildren in 1999.Conclusion:This study showed that euthyroidism induced by administration of iodised oil in iodine-deficient schoolchildren with hypothyroidism is sustained following the consumption of iodised salt.

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Aghdashi, M. N., A. Nobakht, and Y. Mehmannavaz. "Effects of dietary trace element supplementation on performance of laying hens and mineral content of egg yolk." South African Journal of Animal Science 51, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v51i5.13.

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In this experiment, 320 laying hens of Hy-Line W-36 strain were used in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design (eight treatments and eight birds in each pen). The treatments were 0 and 400 mg/kg iron salt, 0 and 450 mg/kg iodide, and 0 and 0.1 mg/kg vitamin B12. There were five replicates of each treatment combination and the birds were from 26 to 39 weeks old. The interaction of iron salt and iodide, the use of 450 mg/kg iodide and 0 levels of iron salt increased the iodide content of yolks. In the treatments with 400 mg/kg of iron salt combined with iodide and with 400 mg/kg of iron salt with 0 levels of iodine salt this caused a sharp decrease in the iodide content of the yolk. In the interaction of treatments containing iron salt and vitamin B12, the lowest amount of cobalt and the highest level of Iodide were observed at the 0 levels of both supplements, whereas the combined use of iron salt and vitamin B12 increased the level of cobalt and decreased the yolk iodine content. In the three-way effects between these salts, yolk iron and cobalt content increased, and the highest amount of Iodine was observed in the third treatment (without vitamin B12 and iron). Overall the use of iron salt, iodine, and vitamin B12 could improve the performance of hens and the composition of egg yolk.

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Pedersen, Klaus M., Eigil Iversen, and Peter Laurberg. "Urinary iodine excretion and individual iodine supplementation among elderly subjects: A cross-sectional investigation in the commune of Randers, Denmark." European Journal of Endocrinology 132, no. 2 (February 1995): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1320171.

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Pedersen KM, Iversen E, Laurberg P. Urinary iodine excretion and individual iodine supplementation among elderly subjects. A cross-sectional investigation in the commune of Randers, Denmark. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;132:171–4. ISSN 0804–4643 Several studies have demonstrated that the iodine intake is relatively low in Denmark. However, the results are difficult to interpret because no information has been given on the frequency of individual iodine supplementation. We performed a cross-sectional study of elderly subjects living in the commune of Randers, Denmark. Urinary iodine excretion was measured in the 423 participants (185 males, 238 females) and a careful history was taken on any possible intake of supplementary iodine. The median urinary iodine excretion was 48.3 μg/g creatinine for the whole population (40.8 μg/g creatinine in males, 53.2 μg/g creatinine in females). In the part of the population that did not take iodine supplementation (46.7%) the median value was 36.1 μg/g creatinine (males 33.8; females 38.8). Regular iodine supplementation taken as an iodine-containing vitamin/mineral tablet was found in 30.8% of the population. This increased the urinary iodine excretion to a median level of 80.5 μg/g creatinine (males 62.0; females 88.0). The study shows that the basic iodine intake level is overestimated if individual iodine supplementation is not taken into account. Such supplementation may lead to median iodine excretion values that seem reasonable, even if the iodine intake of the part of the population not taking iodine (in this study, nearly half of the population) is low. Klaus Pedersen, Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aalborg Hospital, Reberbansgade, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark

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Yu, Jiashu, Zhongyan Shan, Wei Chong, Jinyuan Mao, Yuxiu Geng, Caixia Zhang, Qian Xing, et al. "Vitamin E ameliorates iodine-induced cytotoxicity in thyroid." Journal of Endocrinology 209, no. 3 (March 15, 2011): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-11-0030.

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Acute and excessive iodine supplementation leads to iodine-induced thyroid cytotoxicity. Excessive oxidative stress has been suggested to be one of the underlying mechanisms in the development of thyroid cytotoxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether vitamin E (VE), an important antioxidant, could ameliorate iodine-induced thyroid cytotoxicity. A goiter was induced in rats by feeding a low-iodine (LI) diet for 12 weeks. Involution of hyperplasia was obtained by administering a twofold physiological dose of iodine in feeding water with/without the supplementation of 25-, 50-, or 100-fold physiological dose of VE in the LI diet for 4 weeks. In iodine-supplemented rats, thyroid epithelial cell ultrastructure injuries remained and were more severe. Relative weights of iodine-induced involuting glands were significantly reduced compared with the goiter, but still higher than control. Immunohistochemistry indicated that the expression of 4-hydroxynonenal, 8-hydroxyguanine, peroxiredoxin 5, and CD68 in thyroid increased (P<0.01), whereas thioredoxin reductase 1 decreased (P<0.01). VE supplementation attenuated thyroid cytotoxicity induced by iodine. A 50-fold VE dose was optimal in attenuating twofold iodine-induced thyroid cytotoxicity. However, VE supplementation did not reduce the weight or relative weight of the iodine-induced involuting gland. These results show that excess iodine leads to thyroid damage and VE supplementation can partly ameliorate iodine-induced thyroid cytotoxicity.

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Prete, Alessandro, Rosa Maria Paragliola, and Salvatore Maria Corsello. "Iodine Supplementation: Usage “with a Grain of Salt”." International Journal of Endocrinology 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/312305.

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Iodine supplementation through salt iodization is a worldwide, effective strategy for preventing iodine deficiency-related problems. Its safety and efficacy profile has been extensively investigated, and benefits far outweigh the potential iodine-induced risks. Moreover, iodine supplementation during pregnancy in order to avoid brain damage in the newborn is considered a mainstay of preventive medicine. Exposure to high amounts of iodine is actually well tolerated in most cases and can be unrecognized. Nevertheless, at-risk individuals may develop thyroid dysfunction even when they are exposed to increases in iodine intake universally considered as safe. Iodine-induced thyroid disorders include thyroid autoimmunity, thyrotoxicosis, iodine-induced goiter, and hypothyroidism. Moreover, a relationship between iodine intake and histotype distribution of differentiated thyroid cancer has been observed, with a progressive shift from follicular to papillary thyroid cancer. To date, evaluating iodine status in a clinical setting has limitations, and assessing the actual risk for each individual can be challenging, since it is influenced by personal history, genetics, and environmental factors. In conclusion, iodine supplementation programs need to be continued and strengthened, but iodine should be used “with a grain of salt,” because a growing number of susceptible individuals will be exposed to the risk of developing iodine-induced thyroid disorders.

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Duborská, Eva, Martin Urík, and Martin Šeda. "Iodine Biofortification of Vegetables Could Improve Iodine Supplementation Status." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101574.

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Iodine is an essential trace element for both humans and animals. It is essential to produce important hormones by the thyroid gland. In most inland areas, the soils are iodine deficient and its amount is insufficient to produce agricultural crops with adequate iodine content to cover the recommended daily intake. In connection with the occurrence of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), it has been the subject of intensive research in the past. However, following the introduction of iodized table salt in the food industry, problems related to IDD were not solved and studies on iodine mobility and bioavailability from soils are rare even today and have remained insufficiently investigated. In many countries, mainly in Europe, the prescription rate of medicaments used to treat goiter is still high. Thus, there are a considerable amount of studies looking for alternative methods for iodine supplementation in foodstuffs among the use of iodized table salt. In most cases, the subject of these studies are agricultural crops. This mini review presents the consequences of inadequate and excess iodine intake, the current status of iodine supplementation and the most recent alternative methods of the application of iodine in agriculture and its effect on the quality of used plant species.

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Taylor, Peter N., Onyebuchi E. Okosieme, Colin M. Dayan, and John H. Lazarus. "THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Impact of iodine supplementation in mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency: systematic review and meta-analysis." European Journal of Endocrinology 170, no. 1 (January 2014): R1—R15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-13-0651.

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BackgroundAlthough the detrimental effects of severe iodine deficiency are well recognised, the benefits of correcting mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency are uncertain.ObjectivesWe undertook a systematic review of the impact of iodine supplementation in populations with mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency.MethodsWe searched Medline and the Cochrane library for relevant articles published between January 1966 and April 2013, which investigated the effect of iodine supplementation on maternal and newborn thyroid function, infant neurodevelopment and cognitive performance in school-age children. The quality of studies was graded and eligible trials were evaluated in the meta-analysis.ResultsNine randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and eight observational studies met the inclusion criteria. Controlled trials on infant neurodevelopment were lacking; gestational iodine supplementation reduced maternal thyroid volume and serum thyroglobulin and in some studies prevented a rise in serum thyroid-stimulating hormone. None of the intervention trials recorded an excess frequency of thyroid dysfunction in contrast to observational studies. A pooled analysis of two RCTs which measured cognitive function in school-age children showed modest benefits of iodine supplementation on perceptual reasoning (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.55; 95% CI 0.05, 1.04;P=0.03) and global cognitive index (SMD 0.27; 95% CI 0.10, 0.44;P=0.002) with significant heterogeneity between studies.ConclusionIodine supplementation improves some maternal thyroid indices and may benefit aspects of cognitive function in school-age children, even in marginally iodine-deficient areas. Further large prospective controlled studies are urgently required to clarify these findings and quantify the risk/benefits of iodine supplementation in regions previously believed to be iodine sufficient such as the UK.

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Ghirri, Paolo, Sara Lunardi, and Antonio Boldrini. "Iodine Supplementation in the Newborn." Nutrients 6, no. 1 (January 20, 2014): 382–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu6010382.

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Dora, S. V., E. I. Krasilnikova, A. R. Volkova, V. D. Kravtsova, and E. V. Shlyakhto. "Iodine supplementation in Saint-Petersburg." Clinical and experimental thyroidology 7, no. 3 (September 15, 2011): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/ket20117337-41.

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Censi, Simona, Sara Watutantrige-Fernando, Giulia Groccia, Jacopo Manso, Mario Plebani, Diego Faggian, Monica Maria Mion, et al. "The Effects of Iodine Supplementation in Pregnancy on Iodine Status, Thyroglobulin Levels and Thyroid Function Parameters: Results from a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial in a Mild-to-Moderate Iodine Deficiency Area." Nutrients 11, no. 11 (November 4, 2019): 2639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11112639.

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Background: Iodine supplementation during pregnancy in areas with mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency is still debated. Methods: A single-center, randomized, single-blind and placebo-controlled (3:2) trial was conducted. We enrolled 90 women before 12 weeks of gestation. From enrollment up until 8 weeks after delivery, 52 women were given an iodine supplement (225 ug/day, potassium iodide tablets) and 38 were given placebo. At recruitment (T0), in the second (T1) and third trimesters (T2), and 8 weeks after delivery (T3), we measured participants’ urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio (UI/Creat), thyroid function parameters (thyroglobulin (Tg), TSH, FT3, and FT4), and thyroid volume (TV). The newborns’ urinary iodine concentrations were evaluated in 16 cases. Results: Median UI/Creat at recruitment was 53.3 ug/g. UI/Creat was significantly higher in supplemented women at T1 and T2. Tg levels were lower at T1 and T2 in women with UI/Creat ≥ 150 ug/g, and in the Iodine group at T2 (p = 0.02). There was a negative correlation between Tg and UI/Creat throughout the study (p = 0.03, r = −0.1268). A lower TSH level was found in the Iodine group at T3 (p = 0.001). TV increased by +Δ7.43% in the Iodine group, and by +Δ11.17% in the Placebo group. No differences were found between the newborns’ TSH levels on screening the two groups. Conclusion: Tg proved a good parameter for measuring iodine intake in our placebo-controlled series. Iodine supplementation did not prove harmful to pregnancy in areas of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency, with no appreciable harmful effect on thyroid function.

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Gordon, Rosie C., Meredith C. Rose, Sheila A. Skeaff, Andrew R. Gray, Kirstie MD Morgan, and Ted Ruffman. "Iodine supplementation improves cognition in mildly iodine-deficient children." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90, no. 5 (September 2, 2009): 1264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.28145.

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Suplotova, L., E. Turovinina, G. Sharucho, and S. Smetanina. "Iodine and Iron Deficiency in Mild Iodine Deficiency Region Under Iodine Supplementation." Clinical and experimental thyroidology 1, no. 1 (March 15, 2005): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/ket20051132-35.

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Pal, Amit, Vishwa Mohan, Dinesh R. Modi, Rohit A. Sinha, Leena Rastogi, Praveen Kumar, and Madan M. Godbole. "Iodine plus n-3 fatty acid supplementation augments rescue of postnatal neuronal abnormalities in iodine-deficient rat cerebellum." British Journal of Nutrition 110, no. 4 (January 14, 2013): 659–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512005569.

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High prevalence of hypothyroxinaemia in iodine-deficient (ID) mothers has serious implications for mental health of the progeny. Independent supplementation of iodine and n-3 fatty acids (FA) markedly improves growth and cognitive performance of school children. Discerning effects of n-3 FA and iodine on the developing cerebellum have not been ascertained. The present study investigates effects of these two micronutrients separately as well as together in an ID rat model. We studied the effects of these micronutrients on progeny of ID dams by instituting the following supplementation diets: (1) low-iodine diet (LID), (2) LID+potassium iodide (KI), (3) LID+n-3 FA and (4) LID+KI+n-3 FA. Pups were investigated for morphological and biochemical parameters at the peak of cerebellar histogenesis on postnatal day (P) 16 and for neurobehavioural as well as motor coordination parameters at P40. Results indicate that n-3 FA alone, without improvement in circulating thyroid hormone (TH), significantly improves functional, morphological and biochemical indices of the developing cerebellum. Further, results show that co-supplementation with iodine and n-3 FA rescues not only the loss of neurotrophic support, but also salvages motor coordination, memory and learning. This additive effect results in significantly improving neurotrophic support and seems to be mediated by parallel significant increase in TH receptor (TR)α and normalisation of TRβ, retinoic orphan receptor α and p75 neurotrophin receptor, as well as noteworthy prevention of apoptotic cell death and strengthening of anti-oxidative defence. The overall results indicate important mitigating role that n-3 FA may play in enhancing TH nuclear receptor-mediated signalling in the developing cerebellum.

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Hossein, Delshad, and Azizi Fereidoun. "Mild to moderate iodine deficiency in pregnancy: A matter of debate." Archives of Food and Nutritional Science 5, no. 1 (March 12, 2021): 018–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.afns.1001028.

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During the last few decades painstaking efforts have been made to eliminate iodine deficiency through the world. Nowadays in regions where dietary iodine intake is adequate or borderline, the main focus is increasing dietary iodine supply in the target population during pregnancy and the first years of life. Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy increases the risk of irreversible brain damage, intellectual disability, neurologic abnormalities, stunted growth, increased pregnancy loss, infant mortality, impairments in child development and cretinism. The potential effects of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency are debated. Results from animal studies and observational human studies indicate that maternal mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency disturbs thyroid function in pregnancy and it also may affects fetal neurodevelopment. The effect of supplementation of iodine on thyroid function of pregnant women and their newborn, neurodevelopment of infants and cognitive performance of children have been investigated using iodine nutrition in pregnancy, based on median urinary iodine concentration. However they have found conflicting results regarding the benefits or harms of iodine supplementation in pregnancy. Although many epidemiological, interventional and clinical studies have supported the association between thyroid function in pregnant women and later psychomotor and mental development of their children, the effect of iodine supplementation in pregnant women on neurodevelopment of children is inconclusive. Even in areas with well-established universal salt iodization program, pregnancy could be at risk of having iodine deficiency and despite WHO/ICCIDD/UNICEF recommendation which believe that dietary iodine fortification during pregnancy depends primarily on the extent of pre-existing iodine deprivation, systematic dietary fortification needs to be implemented in this vulnerable group. However, iodine supplementation of mildly iodine deficient pregnant women may not have beneficial effects in their thyroid function or neurodevelopment of their children.

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Pavlata, L., S. Slosarkova, P. Fleischer, and A. Pechova. "Effects of increased iodine supply on the selenium status of kids." Veterinární Medicína 50, No. 5 (March 28, 2012): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5614-vetmed.

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The aim of the study was to monitor the effect of increased iodine supplementation of the clinically healthy kid organism on the selenium status. The study included 7 clinically healthy 14-day-old kids from mothers with high iodine supplementation (group E) and 7 clinically healthy kids from mothers with hypoiodaemia (group C). Kids in group E were administered potassium iodide orally from 14 to 90 days of age. During the experimental period, the group E kids had a total daily iodine intake (from the feeding ration and from the per os potassium iodide administration) of 440–590 µg per head and day in comparison with 140–190 µg per head and day in the group C kids (only from the feeding ration; no potassium iodide administration). In kids of both groups, selenium concentration (Se), glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px), concentration of the thyroid gland hormones (T3 and T4) and animal weights were monitored. In the group E kids, lower Se concentration (88.1 ± 10.9 µg/l; p < 0.01) and lower activity of GSH-Px (484.0 ± 125.4 µkat/l; p < 0.05) were proved at the end of the experiment (at 105 days of age of the kids) in comparison with the group C kids (131.8 ± 23.2 µg/l and 713.3 ± 153.3 µkat/l, respectively). No significant differences were found out in the T3 or T4 concentrations or in the weights of animals of both groups. The results indicate that increased iodine supplementation may have a negative effect on selenium metabolism and/or selenium status in kids.

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Peksa, Zdeněk, Jan Trávníček, Roman Konečný, František Jelínek, Hana Dušová, Lucie Hasoňová, and Václav Pálka. "Histometric and biochemical properties of the thyroid gland in sheep with high iodine supplementation." Acta Veterinaria Brno 82, no. 4 (2013): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201382040405.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate histometric and biochemical properties of the thyroid gland of sheep supplemented with high doses of iodine. The study was conducted on ewes (n = 12) and gimmers (n = 12) of Sumava mountain sheep; each group was subdivided into two groups (group A and B) of six animals. Feed of group A was supplemented with 3 mg iodine/kg of dry matter; group B was given 5 mg iodine/kg dry matter. The iodine in feed mineral supplement was in the form of calcium iodide. The ewes were at first carrying, subsequently lambing, lactating and finally remained barren. The experiment ended after 11 months, when all animals were slaughtered and a sample of the thyroid gland was taken for histometric examination and determination of iodine content by modified colorimetric method. Prior to the slaughter, blood samples were collected for determination of thyroidal hormones and the thyroid-stimulating hormone in blood serum. Thyroid glands of sheep from group B showed higher thyroid weight, larger follicles, higher percentage of large follicles and lower follicular cells compared to groups A. Normal or lower content of triiodothyronine and thyroxine, lower content of their free fractions and bordering or elevated concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone were detected in blood serum of all four groups. This trend can signalize the tendency of lowering activity of the thyroid gland. The results of this long-term study show impacts of higher iodine intake on the structure and function of the thyroid gland in sheep.

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Dineva, Mariana, Harry Fishpool, Margaret P. Rayman, Jeewaka Mendis, and Sarah C. Bath. "Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of iodine supplementation on thyroid function and child neurodevelopment in mildly-to-moderately iodine-deficient pregnant women." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112, no. 2 (April 22, 2020): 389–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa071.

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ABSTRACT Background Mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency, particularly in pregnancy, is prevalent; this is of concern because observational studies have shown negative associations with child neurodevelopment. Although neither the benefits nor the safety of iodine supplementation in pregnancy in areas of mild-to-moderate deficiency are well researched, such supplementation is increasingly being recommended by health authorities in a number of countries. Objectives By reviewing the most recent published data on the effects of iodine supplementation in mildly-to-moderately deficient pregnant women on maternal and infant thyroid function and child cognition, we aimed to determine whether the evidence was sufficient to support recommendations in these areas. Methods A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCT interventions, and observational studies was conducted. To identify relevant articles, we searched the PubMed and Embase databases. We defined mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency as a baseline median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of 50–149 µg/L. Eligible studies were included in meta-analyses. Results In total, 37 publications were included—10 RCTs, 4 non-RCT interventions, and 23 observational studies. Most studies showed no effect of iodine supplementation on maternal or infant thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine. Most RCTs found that supplementation reduced maternal thyroglobulin and in 3 RCTs, it prevented or diminished the increase in maternal thyroid volume during pregnancy. Three RCTs addressed child neurodevelopment; only 1 was adequately powered. Meta-analyses of 2 RCTs showed no effect on child cognitive [mean difference (MD): −0.18; 95% CI: −1.22, 0.87], language (MD: 1.28; 95% CI: −0.28, 2.83), or motor scores (MD: 0.28; 95% CI: −1.10, 1.66). Conclusions There is insufficient good-quality evidence to support current recommendations for iodine supplementation in pregnancy in areas of mild-to-moderate deficiency. Well-designed RCTs, with child cognitive outcomes, are needed in pregnant women who are moderately deficient (median UIC < 100 µg/L). Maternal intrathyroidal iodine stores should be considered in future trials by including appropriate measures of preconceptional iodine intake. This review was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero as CRD42018100277.

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Ferri, N., S. Ulisse, F. Aghini-Lombardi, F. M. Graziano, T. Di Mattia, F. P. Russo, M. Arizzi, et al. "Iodine supplementation restores fertility of sheep exposed to iodine deficiency." Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 26, no. 11 (November 2003): 1081–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03345254.

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Murcia, Mario, Mercedes Espada, Jordi Julvez, Sabrina Llop, Maria-Jose Lopez-Espinosa, Jesus Vioque, Mikel Basterrechea, et al. "Iodine intake from supplements and diet during pregnancy and child cognitive and motor development: the INMA Mother and Child Cohort Study." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 72, no. 3 (December 26, 2017): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-209830.

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BackgroundThe effect of mild-to-moderate maternal iodine deficiency on the neuropsychological development of their offspring is uncertain. We aimed to assess the association between iodine status during pregnancy and the cognitive and motor development of children at 4–5 years.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study in four Spanish regions with recruitment of pregnant women between 2003 and 2008 and follow-up of their children up to 4–5 years (mean (SD)=4.8 (0.6)). Cognitive and motor function was assessed in 1803 children using the McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities. Dietary iodine and supplementation were measured through questionnaires twice during pregnancy. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured in spot samples. The residuals of a regression of UIC against creatinine were used to define a variable corrected for creatinine (UIC~Cr).ResultsNeither iodine supplements nor iodised salt consumption or maternal UIC were associated with cognitive or motor function. After adjusting for creatinine, children of women with UIC~Cr <100 µg/L had 3.93 (95% CI −6.18 to –1.69) general cognitive scores lower than the reference (150–249 µg/L). Dietary iodine was inversely associated with motor scores and milk but not other dairy products or seafood consumption accounted for this association (beta: −1.36; 95% CI −2.12 to –0.61; per one daily milk serving).ConclusionsWe found an association between low maternal urinary iodine and lower cognitive scores in childhood, although only when corrected for creatinine, adding to the evidence that iodine deficiency may have potential harmful effects on neurodevelopment. Iodine supplementation does not appear to improve child’s neurodevelopment at 4–5 years.

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Ley, Delphine, and Dominique Turck. "Iodine supplementation: is there a need?" Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care 24, no. 3 (February 10, 2021): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mco.0000000000000737.

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Livesey, C. T., and J. H. Payne. "Supplementation of dairy cows with iodine." Veterinary Record 167, no. 25 (December 17, 2010): 985–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.c7203.

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Cook, J. G., and M. J. Green. "Supplementation of dairy cows with iodine." Veterinary Record 167, no. 25 (December 17, 2010): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.c7208.

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CHITTIMOJU, SANJITA B., and ELIZABETH N. PEARCE. "Iodine Deficiency and Supplementation in Pregnancy." Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 62, no. 2 (June 2019): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/grf.0000000000000428.

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Delange, F. "Risks and benefits of iodine supplementation." Lancet 351, no. 9107 (March 1998): 923–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)60596-x.

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Stagnaro-Green, Alex, Scott Sullivan, and Elizabeth N. Pearce. "Iodine Supplementation During Pregnancy and Lactation." JAMA 308, no. 23 (December 19, 2012): 2463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.45423.

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Combet, Emilie, Zheng Feei Ma, Frances Cousins, Brett Thompson, and Michael E. J. Lean. "Low-level seaweed supplementation improves iodine status in iodine-insufficient women." British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 5 (July 9, 2014): 753–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514001573.

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Iodine insufficiency is now a prominent issue in the UK and other European countries due to low intakes of dairy products and seafood (especially where iodine fortification is not in place). In the present study, we tested a commercially available encapsulated edible seaweed (Napiers Hebridean Seagreens®Ascophyllum nodosumspecies) for its acceptability to consumers and iodine bioavailability and investigated the impact of a 2-week daily seaweed supplementation on iodine concentrations and thyroid function. Healthy non-pregnant women of childbearing age, self-reporting low dairy product and seafood consumption, with no history of thyroid or gastrointestinal disease were recruited. Seaweed iodine (712 μg, in 1 g seaweed) was modestly bioavailable at 33 (interquartile range (IQR) 28–46) % of the ingested iodine dose compared with 59 (IQR 46–74) % of iodine from the KI supplement (n22). After supplement ingestion (2 weeks, 0·5 g seaweed daily,n42), urinary iodine excretion increased from 78 (IQR 39–114) to 140 (IQR 103–195) μg/l (P< 0·001). The concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone increased from 1·5 (IQR 1·2–2·2) to 2·1 (IQR 1·3–2·9) mIU/l (P< 0·001), with two participants having concentrations exceeding the normal range after supplement ingestion (but normal free thyroxine concentrations). There was no change in the concentrations of other thyroid hormones after supplement ingestion. The seaweed was palatable and acceptable to consumers as a whole food or as a food ingredient and effective as a source of iodine in an iodine-insufficient population. In conclusion, seaweed inclusion in staple foods would serve as an alternative to fortification of salt or other foods with KI.

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Wójcik-Grudzień, Justyna, Alicja Ozga-Stachurska, Paulina Pawłowska, and Martyna Rozenbajgier. "Iodine supplementation by women of childbearing potential and in pregnancies - analysis of knowledge among students." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 12, no. 9 (September 5, 2022): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.09.055.

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Introduction Iodine is necessary for the proper production of triiodothyronine and thyroxine, which affect the development and proper functioning of the body. Thyroid hormones are involved in the transformation of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins, and also regulate the processes of cell growth and maturation. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy has many consequences for the fetus and newborn, some of them an increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, birth defects or abnormal mental development. Iodine deficiency through lack of supplementation or deficiency in the daily diet, as well as the consumption of an excess amount of this microelement, may be associated with serious and irreversible consequences affecting the development and further functioning of the fetus. Aim of the study Presentation of the impact of iodine supplementation in reproductive age and pregnancy on fetal development and students' knowledge of the need for this supplementation. Materials and method A survey of 404 students. The results were compared with the current scientific literature. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel. Results In the study group, almost every third student believed that current recommendations recommend that women planning pregnancy should take iodine preparations. Every tenth student gave the correct dose of recommended supplementation of the microelement in question. Conclusions Research shows that more than half of students are not aware of the need to supplement iodine at the reproductive age. The data indicate that young people should be made aware of the need for iodine supplementation.

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Speeckaert, Marijn M., Reinhart Speeckaert, Katrien Wierckx, Joris R. Delanghe, and Jean-Marc Kaufman. "Value and pitfalls in iodine fortification and supplementation in the 21st century." British Journal of Nutrition 106, no. 7 (July 4, 2011): 964–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451100273x.

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Although the number of iodine-deficient countries has been reduced by almost 50 % over the last decade, it still remains a frequently misunderstood health problem. The most devastating effects of iodine deficiency occur during fetal development and childhood, periods in which sufficient iodine delivery remains critical. Besides the determination of thyroid size, the concentration of urinary iodine, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and serum thyroglobulin are useful biomarkers to assess iodine status. Severe iodine deficiency is associated with neurological complications, cretinism, endemic goitre development, hypothyroidism, decreased fertility and increased infant mortality. The recommended iodine supplementation strategies are based on correction of iodine deficiency, close monitoring and evaluation of iodine administration, cooperation of the salt industry, training of local health care professionals and education of the population. Besides the multiple beneficial effects of supplementation, we present in this review a critical look at the possible side effects.

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Dressler, J., W. Eschner, M. Lassmann, B. Leisner, C. Reiners, H. Schicha, and M. Dietlein. "Procedure guideline for radioiodine test (version 2)." Nuklearmedizin 42, no. 03 (2003): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1625308.

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SummaryThe version 2 of the procedure guideline for radioiodine test is an update of the guideline published in 1999. The following statements were added or modified: The procedure guideline discusses the pros and cons of a single measurement or of repeated measurements of the iodine-131 uptake and their optimal timing. Different formulas are described when one, two or three values of the radioiodine kinetic are available. The probe with a sodium iodide crystal, alternative or additionally the gamma-camera using the ROI-technique are instrumentations for the measurement of iodine-131 uptake. A possible source of error is an inappropriate measurement (sonography) of the target volume. The patients’ preparation includes the withdrawal of antithyroid drugs 2-3 days before radioiodine administration. The patient has to avoid iodine-containing medication and the possibility of additives of iodide in vitamin- or electrolyte-supplementation has to be considered.

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Torres, Maria-Teresa, Lluis Vila, Josep-María Manresa, Roser Casamitjana, Gemma Prieto, Pere Toran, Gemma Falguera, and Lidia Francés. "Impact of Dietary Habit, Iodine Supplementation and Smoking Habit on Urinary Iodine Concentration During Pregnancy in a Catalonia Population." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (August 31, 2020): 2656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092656.

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(1) Background: The nutritional status of women during pregnancy can have a considerable effect on maternal and fetal health, and on the perinatal outcome. Aim: to assess the changes occurring in dietary iodine intake, potassium iodide supplementation, and smoking habit, and the impact of these changes on the urinary iodine concentration (UIC) during pregnancy in a population of women in Catalonia (Spain). (2) Methods: Between 2009–2011, an observational study included a cohort of women whose pregnancies were monitored in the public health system in the Central and North Metropolitan areas of Catalonia. Women received individual educational counseling, a dietary questionnaire was completed, and a urine sample was collected for iodine determination at each trimester visit. (3) Results: 633 (67.9%) women answered the questionnaire at all 3 visits. The percentage of women with a desirable UIC (≥150 μg/L) increased from the first to the second trimester and remained stable in the third (57.3%, 68.9%, 68%; p < 0.001). Analysis of the relationship between UIC≥150 μg/L and the women’s dietary habits showed that the percentage with UIC ≥150 μg/L increased with greater consumption of milk in the first trimester, and the same was true for iodized salt use in all three trimesters and iodine supplementation in all three. (4) Conclusion: During pregnancy, increased intake of milk, iodized salt, and iodine supplements were associated with an increase in the UIC.

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Santana Lopes, Maria, João Jácome de Castro, Mafalda Marcelino, Maria João Oliveira, Francisco Carrilho, and Edward Limbert. "Iodo e Tiróide: O que o Clínico Deve Saber." Acta Médica Portuguesa 25, no. 3 (July 23, 2012): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.44.

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The World Health Organization considers iodine deficiency as a major worldwide cause of mental and development diseases, estimating that about 13% of the world population is affected by diseases caused by iodine deficiency. Iodine is a trace element necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones which, since it cannot be formed by the organism, must be taken regularly with food. Fish and shellfish are generally a good source, because the ocean contains a considerable amount of iodine. On the contrary, plants which grow in iodine-deficient soils are poor in this element, as well as meat and other animal products fed in plants low in iodine. Salt is the best way for iodine supplementation. Cooking the food with iodized salt is a desirable practice because it guarantees the presence of this element. There are also other methods to provide iodine to the general population, such as adding iodine to drinking water or taking supplements of iodine. In pregnancy is recommended iodine supplementation, except in patients with known thyroid disorders. Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3). Inadequate iodine intake leads to inadequate thyroid hormone production. The most important consequences of iodine deficiency, in the general population are goiter and hypothyroidism, and in the severe cases, mental retardation, cretinism and increased neo-natal and infant mortality. The International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) formed in 1985, with the only aim of achieving optimal iodine nutrition in the world, in cooperation with UNICEF and WHO. In Portugal, recent studies show significant deficiencies in pregnancy and The Portuguese Society of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, in partnership with General Directorate of Health, proposed an iodine supplementation during pregnancy with 150-200μg/day.

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Moldovan, A. I., V. A. Kharchenko, N. A. Golubkina, E. D. Kekina, and G. Caruso. "Foliar biofortification of chervil with selenium and iodine under silicon containing fertilizer supply." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 2 (May 10, 2022): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2022-2-57-64.

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Selenium (Se) and iodine (I) are essential elements for humans, and their deficiency is widespread throughout the world. In order to obtain a functional nutritional product with an increased content of these trace elements in the vegetative experiment, foliar biofortification of two chervil varieties with selenium (sodium selenate 10 mg/l) and iodine (potassium iodide 100 mg/l) was carried out without and against the background of the use of silicon-containing fertilizers Siliplant (3 ml/l). The combined and separate application of selenate, iodide and Siliplant increased plants’ biomass. Siliplant utilization increased the accumulation of iodine by 1.7-1.9 times, and selenium supply – by 2.2-3.1 times. A significant increase in ascorbic acid content was provided by the combined supplementation of iodine and selenium (1.25-1.27 times), iodine and silicon (1.46-1.87 times) and joint application of selenium, iodine, and silicon (1.31-1.73 times), while an increase in total antioxidant activity (1.3-1.4 times) was observed for (Se+I) and (Se+I+Si) treatments. High varietal differences in the responsiveness of plants to the selected treatments were manifested, particularly an increase of polyphenols accumulation under separate and joint treatments of chervil with iodine and selenium by 1.26 times in the cultivar 21-20, and the absence of a significant effect in the cultivar 24-20. Taking into account the adequate consumption levels (ACL) of iodine and selenium, 50 g of the resulting functional product can provide up to 79% of iodine ACL and up to 40% in selenium ACL.

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Weng, HuanXin, ChunLai Hong, TianHong Xia, LiTing Bao, HuiPing Liu, and DeWang Li. "Iodine biofortification of vegetable plants—An innovative method for iodine supplementation." Chinese Science Bulletin 58, no. 17 (February 27, 2013): 2066–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-013-5709-2.

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Weng, Huan-Xin, Hui-Ping Liu, De-Wang Li, Mingli Ye, Lehua Pan, and Tian-Hong Xia. "An innovative approach for iodine supplementation using iodine-rich phytogenic food." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 36, no. 4 (February 7, 2014): 815–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-014-9597-4.

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Ershow, Abby G., Gay Goodman, Paul M. Coates, and Christine A. Swanson. "Research needs for assessing iodine intake, iodine status, and the effects of maternal iodine supplementation." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 104, suppl_3 (August 17, 2016): 941S—949S. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.134858.

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Malasanos, T., M. Chaudhari, A. Selman-Almonte, S. Pino, M. Previti, L. Braverman, and A. Rosenbloom. "Iodine Deficiency, Iodine Content of Salt and Knowledge of Iodine Supplementation in the Dominican Republic." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 53, no. 3 (January 31, 2007): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmm001.

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Leung, Angela, Lewis Braverman, and Elizabeth Pearce. "History of U.S. Iodine Fortification and Supplementation." Nutrients 4, no. 11 (November 13, 2012): 1740–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu4111740.

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Pessah-Pollack, Rachel, Deirdre Cocks Eschler, Zhenya Pozharny, and Terry Davies. "Apparent Insufficiency of Iodine Supplementation in Pregnancy." Journal of Women's Health 23, no. 1 (January 2014): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2013.4298.

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Taylor, P. N., and B. Vaidya. "Iodine supplementation in pregnancy - is it time?" Clinical Endocrinology 85, no. 1 (April 6, 2016): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cen.13065.

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Bath, Sarah C. "Direct or indirect iodine supplementation of infants?" Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 2, no. 3 (March 2014): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70185-2.

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Lewandowski, Thomas A., Michael K. Peterson, and Gail Charnley. "Iodine supplementation and drinking-water perchlorate mitigation." Food and Chemical Toxicology 80 (June 2015): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2015.03.014.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Iodine supplementation'

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