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Journal articles on the topic 'Iodine and Hydrogen iodide'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Amachi, Seigo, Koh Kimura, Yasuyuki Muramatsu, Hirofumi Shinoyama, and Takaaki Fujii. "Hydrogen Peroxide-Dependent Uptake of Iodine by Marine Flavobacteriaceae Bacterium Strain C-21." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 23 (October 12, 2007): 7536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01592-07.

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ABSTRACT The cells of the marine bacterium strain C-21, which is phylogenetically closely related to Arenibacter troitsensis, accumulate iodine in the presence of glucose and iodide (I−). In this study, the detailed mechanism of iodine uptake by C-21 was determined using a radioactive iodide tracer, 125I−. In addition to glucose, oxygen and calcium ions were also required for the uptake of iodine. The uptake was not inhibited or was only partially inhibited by various metabolic inhibitors, whereas reducing agents and catalase strongly inhibited the uptake. When exogenous glucose oxidase was added to the cell suspension, enhanced uptake of iodine was observed. The uptake occurred even in the absence of glucose and oxygen if hydrogen peroxide was added to the cell suspension. Significant activity of glucose oxidase was found in the crude extracts of C-21, and it was located mainly in the membrane fraction. These findings indicate that hydrogen peroxide produced by glucose oxidase plays a key role in the uptake of iodine. Furthermore, enzymatic oxidation of iodide strongly stimulated iodine uptake in the absence of glucose. Based on these results, the mechanism was considered to consist of oxidation of iodide to hypoiodous acid by hydrogen peroxide, followed by passive translocation of this uncharged iodine species across the cell membrane. Interestingly, such a mechanism of iodine uptake is similar to that observed in iodine-accumulating marine algae.

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2

Penfold, Thomas J., Christopher J. Milne, Ivano Tavernelli, and Majed Chergui. "Hydrophobicity with atomic resolution: Steady-state and ultrafast X-ray absorption and molecular dynamics studies." Pure and Applied Chemistry 85, no. 1 (August 31, 2012): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-12-04-02.

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Static and time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is used to probe the solvent shell structure around iodide and iodine. In particular, we characterize the changes observed upon electron abstraction of aqueous iodide, which reflects the transition from hydrophilic to hydrophobic solvation after impulsive electron abstraction from iodide. The static spectrum of aqueous iodide, which is analyzed using quantum mechanical/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, indicates that the hydrogens of the closest water molecules point toward the iodide, as expected for hydrophilic solvation. In addition, these simulations demonstrate a small anisotropy in the solvent shell. Following electron abstraction, most of the water molecules move away from iodine, while one comes closer to form a complex with it that survives for 3–4 ps. This lifetime is governed by the reorganization of the main solvation shell, basically the time it takes for the water molecules to reform a hydrogen bond network in the hydrophobic solvation shell.

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3

Olexová, Anna, Marta Mrákavová, Milan Melicherčík, and Ľudovít Treindl. "The Autocatalytic Oxidation of Iodine with Hydrogen Peroxide in Relation to the Bray-Liebhafsky Oscillatory Reaction." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 71, no. 1 (2006): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20060091.

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The oxidation of iodine with hydrogen peroxide was studied spectrophotometrically and potentiometrically. At low concentrations of HClO4, after induction period (IP), the iodine concentration decreases sigmoidally and IP decreases with decreasing surface area of the solution interphase. We assume that •OH radicals are produced via the oxidation of iodide with H2O2 and, by their subsequent reaction with H2O2, the HO2• radicals are formed. By their disproportionation, 2 HO2• ↔ H2O2 + 1O2, very reactive singlet oxygen is produced and the oxidation of iodine can start. The described experimental results are consistent with the Noyes-Treindl mechanism.

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4

Rudiuk, Vitalii V., Anna M. Shaposhnyk, Vyacheslav M. Baumer, Igor A. Levandovskiy, and Svitlana V. Shishkina. "Salts of 4-[(benzylamino)carbonyl]-1-methylpyridinium and iodide anions with different cation:iodine stoichiometric ratios." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 77, no. 12 (November 2, 2021): 1219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989021011300.

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The two iodide salts, 4-[(benzylamino)carbonyl]-1-methylpyridinium iodide–iodine (2/1), C14H15N2O+·I−·0.5I2, I, and 4-[(benzylamino)carbonyl]-1-methylpyridinium triiodide, C14H15N2O+·I3 −, II, with different cation:iodine atoms ratios were studied. Salt I contains one cation, one iodide anion and half of the neutral I2 molecule in the asymmetric unit (cation:iodine atoms ratio is 1:2). Salt II contains two cations, one triiodide anion (I 3 −) and two half triiodide anions (cation:iodine atoms ratio is 1:3). The NH group forms N—H...I hydrogen bonds with the I− anion in the crystal of I or N—H...O hydrogen bonds in II where only triiodide anions are present.

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5

Megen, Martin van, Alexander Jablonka, and Guido J. Reiss. "Synthesis, Structure and Thermal Decomposition of a New Iodine Inclusion Compound in the 2,2-Dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine/HI/I2 System." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 69, no. 7 (July 1, 2014): 753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/znb.2014-4088.

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The reaction of 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine with hydroiodic acid in the presence of iodine gave a new polyiodide best described as bis(2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diazanium) tetraiodidediiodine (1 : 1), (C5H16N2)2I4·I2 (1). The title compound can be transformed into the known 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diazanium diiodide, (C5H16N2)I2 (2), upon iodine release at 433 K and 2 × 10−3 mbar. Both compounds have been characterised by spectroscopic methods (Raman and IR) and powder diffraction. For 1the single-crystal structure determination has been successful. The asymmetric unit of 1consists of one half 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diazanium cation and two half iodide anions, all lying in a mirror plane. In addition, there is one quarter of an iodine molecule located near to a centre of inversion (2/m site) which is disordered over two positions with occupancy factors of 0.22 and 0.78. The structure of the title compound contains cube-shaped structural units in which the -NH3+ groups of four 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diazanium cations occupy the corners. The iodide anions lie near the midpoints of eight of the twelve edges, and the disordered iodine molecule fills the void in the centre. Weak I...I interactions between the disordered iodine molecules and adjacent iodide anions may also allow a description as conceivable I42− dianions. The cube-type building units are further connected to adjacent ones by weak to medium strong N-H...I hydrogen bonds resulting in a two-dimensional layered structure parallel to the ab plane.

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6

Contempre, Bernard, Jacques E. Dumont, Jean-François Denel, and Marie-Christine Many. "Effects of selenium deficiency on thyroid necrosis, fibrosis and proliferation: a possible role in myxoedematous cretinism." European Journal of Endocrinology 133, no. 1 (July 1995): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1330099.

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Contempre B, Dumont JE, Denef J-F, Many M-C. Effects of selenium deficiency on thyroid necrosis, fibrosis and proliferation: a possible role in myxoedematous cretinism. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;133:99–109. ISSN 0804–4643 It has been suggested that selenium deficiency is a co-factor to iodine deficiency in the pathogenesis of myxoedematous cretinism. The mechanism proposed is that the generation of hydrogen peroxide is greatly increased in iodine-deficient thyroid glands, and that selenium is involved in the control of hydrogen peroxide and its derived free radicals. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the possibly impaired cellular defence mechanism associated with selenium deficiency on thyroid necrosis and tissue repair. For this purpose, we studied thyroid tissue from selenium- (SE–) and/or iodine-deficient (I–) rats before and after an acute toxic iodine overload. In I– thyroids, necrotic cells were numerous. Acute iodine administration increased this effect. Necrosis was associated with transient infiltration of inflammatory cells. In 1–SE+ thyroids the tissue resumed its normal appearance. In 1–SE– thyroid glands, the iodide toxicity was stronger, with greater necrosis and inflammatory reaction. The inflammation resolved but was replaced by fibrotic tissue. Fifteen days after the toxic overload, the connective tissue volume was twice the control value. Before iodide overload, the proportion of dividing cells was equal in 1–SE+ and 1–SE– thyroids. Three days after the iodide overload, this proportion was increased in 1–SE+ thyroids but reduced in the 1–SE– thyroids. Overall, the 1–SE– thyroids had four times fewer dividing cells than the 1–SE+ thyroids. In summary, selenium deficiency coupled to iodine deficiency increased necrosis, induced fibrosis and impeded compensatory epithelial cell proliferation. These results are compatible with histological and functional descriptions of thyroid tissue from myxoedematous cretins. B Contempre, IRIBHN, C.P. 602, Free University of Brussels, Medicine Faculty, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium

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7

Yestemes, S., D. N. Makhayeva, and G. S. Irmukhametova. "Obtaining and study of the physicochemical properties of hydrogel ointments based on the complex of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) with iodine and carbopol." Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan 80, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.51580/2022-3/2710-1185.91.

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Hydrogel ointments based on complex of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) with iodine and carbopol 940 as a gel base were obtained. The rheological properties of hydrogels have been studied. It has been established that the viscosity characteristics of the gels depend only on concentration of carbopol 940 and presence of polymeric iodophor complex does not affect their rheological properties. The study of release of iodine from obtained hydrogels using Frans cell installation showed that samples of carbopol 940-POZ-iodine/iodide release the smallest amount of iodine and show a prolonging effect. The possibility of using hydrogel ointments as dosage forms for treatment of skin diseases has been studied. It is shown that obtained gel samples are able to stay on the skin surface in the flush mode for 40 minutes, while there is no staining of the skin with iodine.

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8

Wzgarda-Raj, Kinga, Martyna Nawrot, Agnieszka J. Rybarczyk-Pirek, and Marcin Palusiak. "Ionic cocrystals of dithiobispyridines: the role of I...I halogen bonds in the building of iodine frameworks and the stabilization of crystal structures." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 77, no. 8 (July 4, 2021): 458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229621006306.

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It has been confirmed that mercaptopyridines undergo spontaneous condensation in redox reaction with iodine-forming dithiopyridines. In the solid state, these compounds are protonated at the N atoms and cocrystallize with iodine forming salt structures, namely, 2-[(pyridin-2-yl)disulfanyl]pyridinium triiodide sesquiiodine, C10H9N2S2 +·I3 −·1.5I2, and 4,4′-(disulfanediyl)dipyridinium pentaiodide triiodide, C10H10N2S2 2+·I5 −·I3 −. Dithiopyridine cations are packed among three-dimensional frameworks built from iodide anions and neutral iodine molecules, and are linked by hydrogen, halogen and chalcogen interactions. Quantum chemical computations indicated that dithiopyridines exhibit anomalously high nitrogen basicity which qualify them as potential proton sponges.

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9

Shi, Laishun, Jian Gao, and Jingjing Chen. "Modeling study for oscillatory reaction of chlorite – iodide – ethyl acetoacetate." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 92, no. 5 (May 2014): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2014-0072.

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Chlorine dioxide based chemical oscillating behavior was modeled by a simple scheme consisting of three component reactions. Furthermore, little is known about the influence of the pH value. In this study, four component reactions were used to model the chlorite – iodide – ethyl acetoacetate oscillating reaction by dynamic analysis software. The oscillatory phenomenon is observed for concentration changes of triiodide ion, chlorite ion, and hydrogen ion. The initial concentration of ethyl acetoacetate, chlorite ion, iodide ion, and hydrogen ion has great influence on oscillations. The amplitude and number of oscillations are associated with the initial reactant concentrations. The equation of the reaction rate of triiodide ion, chlorite ion, or hydrogen ion changing with reaction time and initial concentrations in the oscillation stage was obtained. The bifurcation surface between oscillatory and nonoscillatory behavior with different pH values was obtained. The spatial zone for the occurrence of oscillation is reduced with an increase in the pH value. The range of oscillation as concentrations of chlorine dioxide, iodine, and ethyl acetoacetate is well described by an equation. There is a lower limit on ethyl acetoacetate initial concentration for oscillation. However, there is a higher limit on chlorine dioxide and iodine concentration for oscillation. The concentrations of chlorine dioxide and iodine for oscillation decrease with an increase in the pH value. The results provide new theoretical evidence of the importance of pH value, which can affect the bifurcation surface between oscillatory and nonoscillatory behavior.

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10

Kamiji, Yu, Kaoru Onuki, and Shinji Kubo. "Corrosion Resistance of Nickel-Based Alloy to Gaseous Hydrogen Iodide Decomposition Environment in Thermochemical Water-Splitting Iodine-Sulfur Process." International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 9, no. 5 (October 2018): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2018.9.5.720.

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11

Chatfield, David C., Ronald S. Friedman, Gillian C. Lynch, and Donald G. Truhlar. "Quantized transition-state structure in the cumulative reaction probabilities for chlorine atom + hydrogen chloride, iodine atom + hydrogen iodide, and iodine atom + deuterium iodide reactions." Journal of Physical Chemistry 96, no. 1 (January 1992): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100180a015.

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12

Čenský, Miroslav, Otomar Špalek, Vít Jirásek, Jarmila Kodymová, and Ivo Jakubec. "Atomic Iodine Generation via Fluorine Atoms for Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Laser." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 71, no. 5 (2006): 739–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20060739.

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Chemical generation of atomic iodine for a chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) was investigated experimentally. In the two-step reaction mechanism, molecular fluorine reacts with nitrogen oxide and formed fluorine atoms react then with hydrogen iodide to iodine atoms. The efficiency of this process was studied in dependence on mixing conditions, flow rate of reacting gases and pressure in reactor. A maximum concentration of atomic iodine was obtained at approximately equimolar ratio of reacting gases (F2, NO and HI), which agrees well with the stoichiometry of production reactions. A shortage of any reacting gases limits the rate of atomic iodine formation. An excess of F2 relative to NO at a simultaneous deficiency of HI had a most detrimental effect on atomic iodine production. High concentrations of atomic iodine (5-8 × 1015 cm-3) were achieved by this method at pressures 4-9 kPa, which are sufficient for a COIL operation. This makes it possible to use the above method as a source of iodine atoms and their injection into the primary flow of singlet oxygen in COIL.

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13

OHASHI, Hirofumi, Nariaki SAKABA, Yoshiyuki IMAI, Shinji KUBO, Hiroyuki SATO, Ryoma KATO, Yukio TACHIBANA, and Kazuhiko KUNITOMI. "Hydrogen Iodide Processing Section in a Thermochemical Water-Splitting Iodine-Sulfur Process using a Multistage Hydrogen Iodide Decomposer." Transactions of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan 8, no. 1 (2009): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/taesj.j08.010.

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14

Zhang, Yanwei, Junhu Zhou, Zhihua Wang, Jianzhong Liu, and Kefa Cen. "Catalytic Thermal Decomposition of Hydrogen Iodide in Sulfur−Iodine Cycle for Hydrogen Production." Energy & Fuels 22, no. 2 (March 2008): 1227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef700579h.

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15

Lugemwa, Fulgentius Nelson. "19β,28-Epoxy-18α-olean-3β-ol-2-furoate from Allobetulin (19β,28-Epoxy-18α-olean-3β-ol)." Molbank 2022, no. 4 (November 18, 2022): M1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/m1499.

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The E ring of betulin rearranges and forms a cyclic ether when treated with an acid. Treatment of betulin with iodine generated hydrogen iodide in situ, which went on to promote the rearrangement at C-19 and C-20, followed by cyclization to form allobetulin. A reaction of allobetulin with 2-furoyl chloride yielded 19β,28-Epoxy-18α-olean-3β-ol-2-furoate.

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16

Li, Yijun, Jingyun Du, Shan Huang, Shaofeng Wang, Yanhuang Wang, Lishan Lei, Chengfei Zhang, and Xiaojing Huang. "Antimicrobial Photodynamic Effect of Cross-Kingdom Microorganisms with Toluidine Blue O and Potassium Iodide." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 11373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911373.

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Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) are prominent microbes associated with rapid and aggressive caries. In the present study, we investigated the antimicrobial efficacy, cytotoxicity, and mechanism of toluidine blue O (TBO)-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and potassium iodide (KI). The dependence of KI concentration, TBO concentration and light dose on the antimicrobial effect of aPDT plus KI was determined. The cytotoxicity of TBO-mediated aPDT plus KI was analyzed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. A singlet oxygen (1O2) probe test, time-resolved 1O2 detection, and a 1O2 quencher experiment were performed to evaluate the role of 1O2 during aPDT plus KI. The generation of iodine and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were analyzed by an iodine starch test and Amplex red assay. The anti-biofilm effect of TBO-mediated aPDT plus KI was also evaluated by counting forming unit (CFU) assay. KI could potentiate TBO-mediated aPDT against S. mutans and C. albicans in planktonic and biofilm states, which was safe for human dental pulp cells. 1O2 measurement showed that KI could quench 1O2 signals, implicating that 1O2 may act as a principal mediator to oxidize excess iodide ions to form iodine and H2O2. KI could highly potentiate TBO-mediated aPDT in eradicating S. mutans and C. albicans due to the synergistic effect of molecular iodine and H2O2.

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17

Moiseev A. N., Evstigneev V. S., Chilyasov A. V., and Kostunin M. V. "Influence of growth conditions from metalorganic compounds on the preparation of n-CdTe epitaxial layers using isopropyl iodide." Semiconductors 56, no. 3 (2022): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/sc.2022.03.53068.9767.

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The dependence of iodine incorporation in CdTe layers on the deposition conditions during metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy is investigated. The growth of the layers was carried out from dimethylcadmium and diethyltellurium in the hydrogen flow in a vertical reactor with a hot wall condition at a total pressure of 20 kPa. The total iodine concentration was determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry, the electrically active concentration was determined from the Hall effect measurement. The iodine incorporation depends on the crystallographic orientation of the substrate (were studied (100), (310), (111)A, (111)B, (211)A and (211)B), the concentration of the doping precursor (flux range 5·10-8-3·10-6 mol/min), the mole ratio of organometallic compounds (DMCd/DETe = 0.25-4), growth temperature (335-390oC) and the walls of the reactor above the pedestal (hot wall zone 290-320oC). The total iodine concentration reached 5·1018 cm-3 and the activation efficiency was ~4%. After thermal annealing in cadmium vapor at 500oC the activation efficiency was ~100%. Keywords: epitaxial layers, metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy, CdTe, iodine doping, isopropyl iodide, thermal annealing.

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18

Dijck-Brouwer, D. A. Janneke, Frits A. J. Muskiet, Richard H. Verheesen, Gertjan Schaafsma, Anne Schaafsma, and Jan M. W. Geurts. "Thyroidal and Extrathyroidal Requirements for Iodine and Selenium: A Combined Evolutionary and (Patho)Physiological Approach." Nutrients 14, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 3886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14193886.

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Iodide is an antioxidant, oxidant and thyroid hormone constituent. Selenoproteins are needed for triiodothyronine synthesis, its deactivation and iodine release. They also protect thyroidal and extrathyroidal tissues from hydrogen peroxide used in the ‘peroxidase partner system’. This system produces thyroid hormone and reactive iodine in exocrine glands to kill microbes. Exocrine glands recycle iodine and with high urinary clearance require constant dietary supply, unlike the thyroid. Disbalanced iodine-selenium explains relations between thyroid autoimmune disease (TAD) and cancer of thyroid and exocrine organs, notably stomach, breast, and prostate. Seafood is iodine unconstrained, but selenium constrained. Terrestrial food contains little iodine while selenium ranges from highly deficient to highly toxic. Iodine vs. TAD is U-shaped, but only low selenium relates to TAD. Oxidative stress from low selenium, and infection from disbalanced iodine-selenium, may generate cancer of thyroid and exocrine glands. Traditional Japanese diet resembles our ancient seashore-based diet and relates to aforementioned diseases. Adequate iodine might be in the milligram range but is toxic at low selenium. Optimal selenoprotein-P at 105 µg selenium/day agrees with Japanese intakes. Selenium upper limit may remain at 300–400 µg/day. Seafood combines iodine, selenium and other critical nutrients. It brings us back to the seashore diet that made us what we currently still are.

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19

Waller, I. M., T. N. Kitsopoulos, and D. M. Neumark. "Threshold photodetachment spectroscopy of the iodine atom + hydrogen iodide transition-state region." Journal of Physical Chemistry 94, no. 6 (March 1990): 2240–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100369a009.

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20

Hamblin, Michael R., and Heidi Abrahamse. "Tetracyclines: light-activated antibiotics?" Future Medicinal Chemistry 11, no. 18 (September 2019): 2427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2018-0513.

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Tetracyclines are well established antibiotics but show phototoxicity as a side effect. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation uses nontoxic dyes combined with harmless light to destroy microbial cells by reactive oxygen species. Tetracyclines (demeclocycline and doxycycline) can act as light-activated antibiotics by binding to bacterial cells and killing them only upon illumination. The remaining tetracyclines can prevent bacterial regrowth after illumination has ceased. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation can be potentiated by potassium iodide. Azide quenched the formation of iodine, but not hydrogen peroxide. Demeclotetracycline (but not doxycycline) iodinated tyrosine after light activation in the presence of potassium iodide. Bacteria are killed by photoactivation of tetracyclines in the absence of oxygen. Since topical tetracyclines are already used clinically, blue light activation may increase the bactericidal effect.

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21

ZHANG, Y., J. ZHOU, Y. CHEN, Z. WANG, J. LIU, and K. CEN. "Hydrogen iodide decomposition over nickel–ceria catalysts for hydrogen production in the sulfur–iodine cycle." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33, no. 20 (October 2008): 5477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.07.007.

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22

Zhang, Yanwei, Zhihua Wang, Junhu Zhou, and Kefa Cen. "Ceria as a catalyst for hydrogen iodide decomposition in sulfur–iodine cycle for hydrogen production." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34, no. 4 (February 2009): 1688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.11.089.

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23

Kojima, Kazushige, Mitsuo Sawamoto, and Toshinobu Higashimura. "Living cationic polymerization of p-methoxystyrene by the hydrogen iodide/zinc iodide and hydrogen iodide/iodine initiating systems: effects of tetrabutylammonium halides in a polar solvent." Macromolecules 23, no. 4 (July 1990): 948–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00206a008.

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24

Bebeshko, G. I., and M. B. Dittrich. "Method for biochemical monitoring of iodine. Determination of iodide-ion in urine with an ion-selective electrode." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 88, no. 2 (February 22, 2022): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2022-88-2-5-14.

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Determination of iodine in urine is an important methodology in the assessment of thyroid disorders. This indicator is often used in epidemiological studies of the state of iodine nutrition of the population, since the widespread prevalence of human iodine deficiency diseases is directly related to the lack of iodine intake with food and water. A method for the iodide ion determination in urine has been developed based on preliminary preservation of the sample in the presence of a buffer solution containing 4.28 %wt. H2O2 at pH 6.8 – 7.5 and measurements of the potential of the iodide selective electrode directly in the preserved sample solution without separation of the interfering components. After mixing the sample with a buffer solution in a ratio of 1:1, it is preserved after 18 – 24 h and stored for at least 30 days. The interfering effect of macro- and micro-components has been studied. It is shown that the amount of sodium chloride in the sample should be taken into account only in studying the severe iodine deficiency (≤20 μg/liter) and urea does not affect the potential of the electrode. To assess the total effect of the organic components of urine, we compared the results of parallel determinations of iodine in the samples, one of which was preserved, and organics was removed from the second one by alkaline ashing. It is shown that the discrepancies in the results were random and did not exceed 11.3 %. Iodine loss has not been determined, the bias between the concentration of the introduced and found additives was insignificant. Thus, in a buffer solution with hydrogen peroxide, not only the preservation of the urine sample for a long time takes place, but also the interfering influence of inorganic and organic components of the sample matrix on the membrane of the ion-selective electrode is eliminated. Metrological evaluation of the developed methodology was performed, which showed the precision and trueness of the procedure. The method was tested in an experiment on the correction and enrichment of iodine in the diet of schoolchildren. The low cost, convenient and easy to use equipment, the possibility of long-term storage of preserved samples makes the method mobile and suitable for biochemical monitoring of iodine consumption and deficiency during a large-scale population survey.

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25

Karlsson, Erik, Jörg Neuhausen, Robert Eichler, Ivan I. Danilov, Alexander Vögele, and Andreas Türler. "Thermochromatographic behavior of iodine in 316L stainless steel columns when evaporated from lead–bismuth eutectic." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 328, no. 2 (April 21, 2021): 691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-021-07682-3.

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AbstractIodine evaporated from lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) has been examined with respect to its adsorption behavior on stainless steel in various gases to establish a base for safety evaluations on LBE based nuclear reactors. In inert conditions the iodine forms a single species with an adsorption enthalpy between − 97 and − 106 kJ/mol. The adsorbed species is tentatively identified as bismuth monoiodide, BiI. Addition of moisture to the inert gas has no substantial influence on the adsorption behaviour. For the reducing hydrogen carrier gas depositions with adsorption enthalpies ranging from − 87 to − 134 kJ/mol were observed in dry and water saturated conditions. The larger variation of adsorption enthalpies compared to analogous experiments in helium likely result from surface effects induced by the reactive gas. Formation of highly volatile species such as hydrogen iodide HI was not observed. In oxidizing conditions multiple iodine species with adsorption enthalpies ranging from − 67 to − 83 kJ/mol were observed, with the exception of one experiment where only a lower limit of –ΔHads < 64 kJ/mol could be determined due to high volatility. The species occurring in oxidizing atmosphere are most likely monatomic iodine, iodine oxides and hydroxides. While oxygen as a carrier gas changes the speciation of iodine to more volatile compounds, it also introduces a retentive effect on the evaporation of iodine from the LBE sample. These results provide important information that establish a better understanding of safety related aspects pertaining to iodine transport in an LBE reactor. The determined thermodynamic data can be used for safety assessments of LBE-based nuclear facilities in normal operation conditions as well as for accident scenarios.

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26

FUKAYAMA, HARUHISA, SABURO MURAKAMI, MICHIYO NASU, and MASAHIRO SUGAWARA. "Hydrogen Peroxide Inhibits Iodide Uptake and Iodine Organification in Cultured Porcine Thyroid Follicles." Thyroid 1, no. 3 (January 1991): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/thy.1991.1.267.

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27

Mokhnache, Oualid, and Habib Boughzala. "Crystal structure of a new hybrid compound based on an iodidoplumbate(II) anionic motif." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 72, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989015023786.

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Crystals of the one-dimensional organic–inorganic lead iodide-based compoundcatena-poly[bis(piperazine-1,4-diium) [[tetraiodidoplumbate(II)]-μ-iodido] iodide monohydrate], (C4N2H12)2[PbI5]I·H2O, were obtained by slow evaporation at room temperature of a solution containing lead iodide and piperazine in a 1:2 molar ratio. Inorganic lead iodide chains, organic (C4N2H12)2+cations, water molecules of crystallization and isolated I−anions are connected through N—H...·I, N—H...OWand OW—H...I hydrogen-bond interactions. Zigzag chains of corner-sharing [PbI6]4−octahedra with composition [PbI4/1I2/2]3−running parallel to theaaxis are present in the structure packing.

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28

Singhania, Amit, Venkatesan V. Krishnan, Ashok N. Bhaskarwar, Bharat Bhargava, and Damaraju Parvatalu. "Hydrogen-iodide decomposition over Pd CeO 2 nanocatalyst for hydrogen production in sulfur-iodine thermochemical cycle." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43, no. 8 (February 2018): 3886–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.07.088.

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29

Yemiş, Fadim. "Classification, Uses and Environmental Implications of Disinfectants." Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry 21, no. 2 (December 24, 2020): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2020.12.20.

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Disinfectants are not only cleaning reagents such as soap or detergents but are hygienic materials prepared with the composition of various chemicals. Many classification routes are possible, but they are placed in two main groups, such as organic and inorganic disinfectants. The classification prevails for high level disinfectants and depends on chemical structure. In high-level disinfectants aldehydes, hydrogen peroxide, and chloride type chemicals are used. In contrast, alcohols, phenols, ammonium salts, and iodine solutions are recommended for low disinfectant applications. Soap, iodide, and alcohol solutions are the best antiseptic agents for hand and skin. Iodine-based solutions are good primary tissue and skin disinfectants. The alcohol solutions have a good inhibitory effect on many microorganisms, micro bacteria, fungi, and various viruses. These solution types are not hazardous to use as both antiseptic and surface disinfectants compared to many other chemicals.

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30

Nakahara, Taketoshi, and Tamotsu Wasa. "Use of a Prior-Oxidation Procedure for the Determination of Iodine by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry." Applied Spectroscopy 41, no. 7 (September 1987): 1238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702874447464.

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A simple prior-oxidation procedure is described for the determination of low concentrations of iodine by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) in the ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) regions of the spectrum. For measuring spectral lines in the VUV region, the monochromator and the enclosed external optical path between the ICP source and the entrance slit of the monochromator have both been purged with nitrogen to minimize oxygen absorption below 190 nm. Iodine atomic emission lines at 206.16 and 183.04 nm have been selected as the analytical lines. The ICP-AES intensity is enhanced by a factor of up to 50 by prior oxidation of the iodide to elemental iodine using several oxidizing additives, presumably because of increased sample-transport efficiency between the nebulizer and the plasma. The best attainable detection limits (3-σ criterion) for iodine at 183.04 and 206.16 nm were 2.00 and 13.9 ng/mL, respectively, in the presence of 3.5-M perchloric acid or 0.2-M hydrogen peroxide, while the corresponding detection limits were 0.088 and 0.56 μ/mL in the absence of an oxidizing additive. The typical analytical working graphs obtained under the optimized operating conditions were rectilinear over approximately five orders of magnitude in concentration.

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31

Тихонов, Борис Борисович, Полина Юрьевна Стадольникова, Александр Иванович Сидоров, and Михаил Геннадьевич Сульман. "DETERMINATION OF GLUCOSE OXIDASE ACTIVITY BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Химия, no. 2(44) (June 25, 2021): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtchem2021.2.2.

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В статье рассматривается универсальная, чувствительная, быстрая и воспроизводимая методика определения активности глюкозооксидазы, основанная на окислении пероксидом водорода йодида калия в присутствии молибдата аммония и фотометрировании образующегося синего комплекса «йод-крахмал». Построен калибровочный график для определения концентрации пероксида водорода в реакционной смеси. Проведен анализ образования пероксида водорода в реакции окисления глюкозы глюкозооксидазой при варьировании начальной концентрации глюкозы. The article developed a universal, sensitive, fast and reproducible method for determining glucose oxidase activity, based on the oxidation of potassium iodide by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of ammonium molybdate and photometry of the resulting blue iodine-starch complex. A calibration graph is constructed to determine the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the reaction mixture. Analysis of hydrogen peroxide formation in glucose oxidation reaction with glucose oxidase at variation of initial glucose concentration was performed.

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32

Higashimura, Toshinobu, Masaaki Miyamoto, and Mitsuo Sawamoto. "Mechanisms of living polymerization of vinyl ethers by the hydrogen iodide/iodine initiating system." Macromolecules 18, no. 4 (July 1985): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00146a005.

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33

Weaver, A., R. B. Metz, S. E. Bradforth, and D. M. Neumark. "Spectroscopy of the iodine atom + hydrogen iodide transition-state region by photodetachment of IHI-." Journal of Physical Chemistry 92, no. 20 (October 1988): 5558–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100331a004.

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34

Wang, Zhaolong, Songzhe Chen, Ping Zhang, Laijun Wang, Jingming Xu, and Shaomin Wang. "Evaluation on the electro-electrodialysis stacks for hydrogen iodide concentrating in iodine–sulphur cycle." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39, no. 25 (August 2014): 13505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.02.091.

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35

Nguyen, Thanh D. B., Yun-Ki Gho, Won Chul Cho, Kyoung Soo Kang, Seong Uk Jeong, Chang Hee Kim, Chu-Sik Park, and Ki-Kwang Bae. "Kinetics and modeling of hydrogen iodide decomposition for a bench-scale sulfur–iodine cycle." Applied Energy 115 (February 2014): 531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.041.

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36

Kim, Soo-Young, Yoon-Ki Go, Chu-Sik Park, Ki-Kwang Bae, and Young-Ho Kim. "Charateristics of Hydrogen Iodide Decomposition using Ni-Pt Bimetallic Catalyst in Sulfur-Iodine Process." Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society 23, no. 1 (February 28, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7316/khnes.2012.23.1.001.

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37

Nicholas, John E., and Ghanshyam Vaghjiani. "Reaction probabilities for the reactions of hydrogen atoms at selected initial energies in hydrogen iodide–iodine mixtures." J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 82, no. 5 (1986): 737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/f29868200737.

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38

ZHANG, Y. "Detailed kinetic modeling and sensitivity analysis of hydrogen iodide decomposition in sulfur–iodine cycle for hydrogen production." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33, no. 2 (January 2008): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.10.025.

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39

Reiss, Guido J., and Martin van Megen. "Two New Polyiodides in the 4,4´-Bipyridinium Diiodide/Iodine System." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2012-0102.

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The reaction of bipyridine with hydroiodic acid in the presence of iodine gave two new polyiodide-containing salts best described as 4,4´-bipyridinium bis(triiodide), C10H10N2[I3]2, 1, and bis(4,4´-bipyridinium) diiodide bis(triiodide) tris(diiodine) solvate dihydrate, (C10H10N2)2I2[I3]2 · 3 I2 ·2H2O, 2. Both compounds have been structurally characterized by crystallographic and spectroscopic methods (Raman and IR). Compound 1 is composed of I3 − anions forming one-dimensional polymers connected by interionic halogen bonds. These chains run along [101] with one crystallographically independent triiodide anion aligned and the other triiodide anion perpendicular to the chain direction. There are no classical hydrogen bonds present in 1. The structure of 2 consists of a complex I144− anion, 4,4´-bipyridinium dications and hydrogen-bonded water molecules in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 2. The I144− polyiodide anion is best described as an adduct of two iodide and two triiodide anions and three diiodine molecules. Two 4,4´-bipyridinium cations and two water molecules form a cyclic dimer through N-H· · ·O hydrogen bonds. Only weak hydrogen bonding is found between these cyclic dimers and the polyiodide anions.

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40

Matsumoto, Shoji, and Katsuyuki Ogura. "Ring Formation Reaction by Activation of Multiple Bonds Using Molecular Iodine and Hydrogen (Poly)iodide." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 69, no. 2 (2011): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.69.147.

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41

Ohno, Teruhisa, Susumu Saito, Kan Fujihara, and Michio Matsumura. "Photocatalyzed Production of Hydrogen and Iodine from Aqueous Solutions of Iodide Using Platinum-Loaded TiO2Powder." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 69, no. 11 (November 1996): 3059–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.69.3059.

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42

Singhania, Amit, and Ashok N. Bhaskarwar. "TiO2 as a catalyst for hydrogen production from hydrogen-iodide in thermo-chemical water-splitting sulfur-iodine cycle." Fuel 221 (June 2018): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.130.

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43

Bhushan, Bharat, Nitesh Goswami, S. C. Parida, B. N. Rath, Sanjukta A. Kumar, V. Karki, R. C. Bindal, and Soumitra Kar. "Corrosion behavior analyses of metallic membranes in hydrogen iodide environment for iodine-sulfur thermochemical cycle of hydrogen production." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43, no. 24 (June 2018): 10869–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.212.

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44

Gavrish, Sergey P., Sergiu Shova, and Yaroslaw D. Lampeka. "Crystal structures of Zn(cyclam)I₂ (second monoclinic polymorph) and Zn(cyclam)I(I₃)." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 77, no. 11 (October 29, 2021): 1185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989021011166.

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The asymmetric unit of the first title compound iodido(1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-κ4 N 1,N 4,N 8,N 11)zinc(II) iodide, [ZnI(C10H24N4)]I, I, consists of the zinc–cyclam macrocyclic cation with one iodide anion coordinated to the metal ion [Zn—I = 2.6619 (5) Å] and the second present as a counter-ion. The asymmetric unit of the second title compound iodido(1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-κ4 N 1,N 4,N 8,N 11)zinc(II) triiodide, [ZnI(C10H24N4)]I3, II, consists of half of the centrosymmetric macrocyclic cation, in which the ZnII ion coordinated to an iodide anion [Zn—I = 2.766 (2) Å] is disordered over two positions [Zn...Zn = 0.810 (3) Å], and of the two halves of the crystallographically non-equivalent, non-coordinated, centrosymmetric triiodide anions. In both compounds, the N,N,N,N-tetradentate macrocyclic ligand is present in the most energetically favored trans-III conformation. In the crystals of I, the [Zn(C10H24N4)I]+ cations and the non-coordinated iodide anions are linked by N—H...I and bifurcated N—H...(I,I) hydrogen bonds, resulting in the formation of two-dimensional networks lying parallel to the (001) and (101) planes. In contrast, the crystals of II are built up from infinite chains of the five-coordinate macrocyclic units arranged along the b-axis direction and perpendicular sheets formed of the triiodide counter-ions without significant hydrogen bonding between them.

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45

Olugbemi, Samuel Adeolu, Lateefah Olanike Adebayo, and Sheriff Adewuyi. "A New Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde Functionalized Chitosan-Cu(II) Complex-based Chemosensor for Iodide Anion in Aqueous Media." Chemical Science International Journal 32, no. 5 (July 29, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/csji/2023/v32i5855.

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Iodine is an essential ingredient in thyroid hormones of which both low and high intakes may cause thyroid disease. This study develops a Pyrrole-2-Carboxaldehyde functionalized chitosan-Cu(II) Complex [PCAFC-Cu(II)] chemosensor, for quick and easy detection of iodide ions from its aqueous solutions. PCAFC-Cu(II) complex was synthesized from a simple condensation reaction of chitosan (CS) and pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde (PCA) along with an aqueous solution of copper(II) salt. The starting materials and the products were characterized by spectroscopic (FT-IR and UV-Visible), X-ray powder diffraction, and microscopic methods (Scanning Electron Microscopy). The PCAFC-Cu(II) colorimetric sensing of I- revealed a color change adduced to the formation of a hydrogen bond or deprotonation of the complex matrix. Colorimetric detection for I- ions was obtained with a detection limit (LoD) of 0.005 M and the complex has high specificity for I- ions detection from a solution consisting of several anions. The synthesized complex [PCAFC-Cu(II)] could serve as an on-site reagent for the qualitative detection of iodide ions.

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46

Corkish, Timothy R., Christian T. Haakansson, Allan J. McKinley, and Duncan A. Wild. "Evidence For a Water-Stabilised Ion Radical Complex: Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Ab Initio Calculations." Australian Journal of Chemistry 73, no. 8 (2020): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch19428.

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A photoelectron spectrum corresponding to an unknown 174m/z anion complex has been recorded. Initially believed to be I−…CH3CH2OH (173m/z), the spectrum has been assigned as belonging to that of an I−…H2O…CH3CH2 radical anion complex. The major peaks in the photoelectron spectrum occur at 3.54eV and 4.48eV as the 2P3/2 and 2P1/2 spin-orbit states of iodine respectively. Ab initio calculations were performed in order to rationalise the existence of the complex, with all structures converging to a ‘ring-like’ geometry, with the iodide anion bound to both the water molecule as well as a hydrogen of the ethyl radical, with the other hydrogen of water bound to the unpaired electron site of the ethyl. Simulated vertical detachment energies of 3.59eV and 4.53eV were found to be in agreement with the experimental results.

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47

Chen, Ge, A. Eugene Pekary, Masahiro Sugawara, and Jerome M. Hershman. "Effect of exogenous hydrogen peroxide on iodide transport and iodine organification in FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells." Acta Endocrinologica 129, no. 1 (July 1993): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1290089.

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Hydrogen peroxide plays an important role in the regulation of iodination and thyroid hormone formation. In the present study, the effect of exogenous H2O2 on 125I transport and organification was investigated in FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells. Less than 20 passages after subcloning, cells in 24-well plates (6 × 104 cells/well) were maintained in a thyrotropin (TSH)-containing medium (6H) for 3 days. A TSH-free medium (5H) was then used for the next 7 days. A 1-h exposure to H2O2 stimulated 125I transport and 125I organification at 0.1–0.5 mmol/l H2O2 and had a toxic effect on FRTL-5 cells at 5 mmol/l. Hydrogen peroxide (0.5 mmol/l) augmented the iodide transport and iodine organification induced by TSH (333U/l) by two- and threefold, respectively. The biphasic effect of H2O2 was blocked totally by 5–200 μg/l of catalase. Catalase by itself did not influence TSH-mediated 125I transport and 125I organification. Hydrogen peroxide (0.5 mmol/l) added to cells in 5H medium increased Na+K+-ATPase activity twofold. Ouabain (1 mmol/l), an inhibitor of Na+K +-ATPase, completely inhibited the twofold increase in 125I transport induced by 0.5 mmol/l H2O2 but only inhibited H2O2-induced 125I organification by 28%. Methimazole (1 mmol/l), an inhibitor of thyroid peroxidase, had no effect on H2O2-mediated 125I transport but totally blocked the fivefold rise in 125I organification induced by 0.5 mmol/1 H2O2. The effect of H2O2 on intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels also was studied. Hydrogen peroxide (0.5 mmol/l) decreased baseline and 160 mU/l TSH-induced cAMP levels by 35 and 87%, respectively, while a 3-h incubation with 0.5 mmol/l H2O2 increased Na + K +-ATPase in 5H and 6H media. We conclude that H2O2 plays an important role in the regulation of iodide transport and organification and also may affect signal transduction and the electrochemical gradient in thyroid cells. Our results also provide evidence that functional thyroid peroxidase activity is present in FRTL-5 cells.

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48

Degueilcastaing, M., C. Navarro, F. Ramon, and B. Maillard. "Intramolecular Homolytic Displacement. XXIII. Selectivity in the Induced Decomposition of Ethyl t-Butylperoxymethylpropenoate by Radicals Formed From Methyl Propanoate and Derivatives." Australian Journal of Chemistry 48, no. 2 (1995): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9950233.

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Thermal decomposition of t-butyl peracetate in a solution of ethyl t- butylperoxymethylpropenoate in methyl propanoate led to the products of substitution of the three different hydrogens in the molecule of the methyl ester by the 2,3-epoxy-2-ethoxycarbonylpropyl group. An SHi reaction on the peroxide function, following the addition to the double bond, is responsible for the formation of these epoxides . Such a result is due to the low regioselectivity of the hydrogen abstraction from methyl propanoate by t- butoxyl radicals, and no improvement could be obtained by changing the relative ratios of the reactants, in converse to previous results described for similar reactions. Thus, selective creation of alkyl radicals was developed through the generation of tributylstannyl radicals as mediator radicals, by reaction of t- butoxyl radicals on tributyltin hydride or hexabutylditin ; the mediator radicals abstract an iodine atom from the alkyl iodide. Application of this methodology to the three iodo derivatives of methyl propanoate permitted us to obtain selectively each of the three epoxides.

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49

Sirajul Adly, SA, and N. Mohd. "Integration of neural network-based prediction for enhanced process controllability: application in hydrogen iodide decomposer for hydrogen production via water splitting process." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1257, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1257/1/012038.

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Abstract Sulfur-Iodine Thermochemical cycle (SITC) process can be broken down into 3 sections. Based on the literature, there is limited study on the third section which is hydrogen iodide (HI) decomposition. In this work, a study to develop a model and controller of the HI decomposition is carried out. The goal of this work is to address this important gap, and more specifically to focus on the controllability of the HI decomposition section. Before the control and simulation study can be performed, a dynamic model of a HI decomposer is first established to obtain the baseline for the necessary data to be fed into the Artificial Neural Network for training to predict the correct outcome accordingly. The proposed controller is a Multi-Scale Control (MSC) integrated into an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model (ANN-MSC-based-PID). It is worth highlighting that; the proposed model-based control strategy has proven to effectively control the HI decomposition reactor.

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50

Zhang, Yanwei, Zhihua Wang, Junhu Zhou, Jianzhong Liu, and Kefa Cen. "Catalytic decomposition of hydrogen iodide over pre-treated Ni/CeO2 catalysts for hydrogen production in the sulfur–iodine cycle." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34, no. 21 (November 2009): 8792–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.08.058.

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