Relevant bibliographies by topics / Iodine and Hydrogen iodide

Academic literature on the topic 'Iodine and Hydrogen iodide'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Iodine and Hydrogen iodide"

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Amachi, Seigo, Koh Kimura, Yasuyuki Muramatsu, Hirofumi Shinoyama, and Takaaki Fujii. "Hydrogen Peroxide-Dependent Uptake of Iodine by Marine Flavobacteriaceae Bacterium Strain C-21." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 23 (October 12, 2007): 7536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01592-07.

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ABSTRACT The cells of the marine bacterium strain C-21, which is phylogenetically closely related to Arenibacter troitsensis, accumulate iodine in the presence of glucose and iodide (I−). In this study, the detailed mechanism of iodine uptake by C-21 was determined using a radioactive iodide tracer, 125I−. In addition to glucose, oxygen and calcium ions were also required for the uptake of iodine. The uptake was not inhibited or was only partially inhibited by various metabolic inhibitors, whereas reducing agents and catalase strongly inhibited the uptake. When exogenous glucose oxidase was added to the cell suspension, enhanced uptake of iodine was observed. The uptake occurred even in the absence of glucose and oxygen if hydrogen peroxide was added to the cell suspension. Significant activity of glucose oxidase was found in the crude extracts of C-21, and it was located mainly in the membrane fraction. These findings indicate that hydrogen peroxide produced by glucose oxidase plays a key role in the uptake of iodine. Furthermore, enzymatic oxidation of iodide strongly stimulated iodine uptake in the absence of glucose. Based on these results, the mechanism was considered to consist of oxidation of iodide to hypoiodous acid by hydrogen peroxide, followed by passive translocation of this uncharged iodine species across the cell membrane. Interestingly, such a mechanism of iodine uptake is similar to that observed in iodine-accumulating marine algae.
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Penfold, Thomas J., Christopher J. Milne, Ivano Tavernelli, and Majed Chergui. "Hydrophobicity with atomic resolution: Steady-state and ultrafast X-ray absorption and molecular dynamics studies." Pure and Applied Chemistry 85, no. 1 (August 31, 2012): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-12-04-02.

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Static and time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is used to probe the solvent shell structure around iodide and iodine. In particular, we characterize the changes observed upon electron abstraction of aqueous iodide, which reflects the transition from hydrophilic to hydrophobic solvation after impulsive electron abstraction from iodide. The static spectrum of aqueous iodide, which is analyzed using quantum mechanical/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, indicates that the hydrogens of the closest water molecules point toward the iodide, as expected for hydrophilic solvation. In addition, these simulations demonstrate a small anisotropy in the solvent shell. Following electron abstraction, most of the water molecules move away from iodine, while one comes closer to form a complex with it that survives for 3–4 ps. This lifetime is governed by the reorganization of the main solvation shell, basically the time it takes for the water molecules to reform a hydrogen bond network in the hydrophobic solvation shell.
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Olexová, Anna, Marta Mrákavová, Milan Melicherčík, and Ľudovít Treindl. "The Autocatalytic Oxidation of Iodine with Hydrogen Peroxide in Relation to the Bray-Liebhafsky Oscillatory Reaction." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 71, no. 1 (2006): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20060091.

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The oxidation of iodine with hydrogen peroxide was studied spectrophotometrically and potentiometrically. At low concentrations of HClO4, after induction period (IP), the iodine concentration decreases sigmoidally and IP decreases with decreasing surface area of the solution interphase. We assume that •OH radicals are produced via the oxidation of iodide with H2O2 and, by their subsequent reaction with H2O2, the HO2• radicals are formed. By their disproportionation, 2 HO2• ↔ H2O2 + 1O2, very reactive singlet oxygen is produced and the oxidation of iodine can start. The described experimental results are consistent with the Noyes-Treindl mechanism.
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Rudiuk, Vitalii V., Anna M. Shaposhnyk, Vyacheslav M. Baumer, Igor A. Levandovskiy, and Svitlana V. Shishkina. "Salts of 4-[(benzylamino)carbonyl]-1-methylpyridinium and iodide anions with different cation:iodine stoichiometric ratios." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 77, no. 12 (November 2, 2021): 1219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989021011300.

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The two iodide salts, 4-[(benzylamino)carbonyl]-1-methylpyridinium iodide–iodine (2/1), C14H15N2O+·I−·0.5I2, I, and 4-[(benzylamino)carbonyl]-1-methylpyridinium triiodide, C14H15N2O+·I3 −, II, with different cation:iodine atoms ratios were studied. Salt I contains one cation, one iodide anion and half of the neutral I2 molecule in the asymmetric unit (cation:iodine atoms ratio is 1:2). Salt II contains two cations, one triiodide anion (I 3 −) and two half triiodide anions (cation:iodine atoms ratio is 1:3). The NH group forms N—H...I hydrogen bonds with the I− anion in the crystal of I or N—H...O hydrogen bonds in II where only triiodide anions are present.
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Megen, Martin van, Alexander Jablonka, and Guido J. Reiss. "Synthesis, Structure and Thermal Decomposition of a New Iodine Inclusion Compound in the 2,2-Dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine/HI/I2 System." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 69, no. 7 (July 1, 2014): 753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/znb.2014-4088.

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The reaction of 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine with hydroiodic acid in the presence of iodine gave a new polyiodide best described as bis(2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diazanium) tetraiodidediiodine (1 : 1), (C5H16N2)2I4·I2 (1). The title compound can be transformed into the known 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diazanium diiodide, (C5H16N2)I2 (2), upon iodine release at 433 K and 2 × 10−3 mbar. Both compounds have been characterised by spectroscopic methods (Raman and IR) and powder diffraction. For 1the single-crystal structure determination has been successful. The asymmetric unit of 1consists of one half 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diazanium cation and two half iodide anions, all lying in a mirror plane. In addition, there is one quarter of an iodine molecule located near to a centre of inversion (2/m site) which is disordered over two positions with occupancy factors of 0.22 and 0.78. The structure of the title compound contains cube-shaped structural units in which the -NH3+ groups of four 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diazanium cations occupy the corners. The iodide anions lie near the midpoints of eight of the twelve edges, and the disordered iodine molecule fills the void in the centre. Weak I...I interactions between the disordered iodine molecules and adjacent iodide anions may also allow a description as conceivable I42− dianions. The cube-type building units are further connected to adjacent ones by weak to medium strong N-H...I hydrogen bonds resulting in a two-dimensional layered structure parallel to the ab plane.
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Contempre, Bernard, Jacques E. Dumont, Jean-François Denel, and Marie-Christine Many. "Effects of selenium deficiency on thyroid necrosis, fibrosis and proliferation: a possible role in myxoedematous cretinism." European Journal of Endocrinology 133, no. 1 (July 1995): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1330099.

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Contempre B, Dumont JE, Denef J-F, Many M-C. Effects of selenium deficiency on thyroid necrosis, fibrosis and proliferation: a possible role in myxoedematous cretinism. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;133:99–109. ISSN 0804–4643 It has been suggested that selenium deficiency is a co-factor to iodine deficiency in the pathogenesis of myxoedematous cretinism. The mechanism proposed is that the generation of hydrogen peroxide is greatly increased in iodine-deficient thyroid glands, and that selenium is involved in the control of hydrogen peroxide and its derived free radicals. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the possibly impaired cellular defence mechanism associated with selenium deficiency on thyroid necrosis and tissue repair. For this purpose, we studied thyroid tissue from selenium- (SE–) and/or iodine-deficient (I–) rats before and after an acute toxic iodine overload. In I– thyroids, necrotic cells were numerous. Acute iodine administration increased this effect. Necrosis was associated with transient infiltration of inflammatory cells. In 1–SE+ thyroids the tissue resumed its normal appearance. In 1–SE– thyroid glands, the iodide toxicity was stronger, with greater necrosis and inflammatory reaction. The inflammation resolved but was replaced by fibrotic tissue. Fifteen days after the toxic overload, the connective tissue volume was twice the control value. Before iodide overload, the proportion of dividing cells was equal in 1–SE+ and 1–SE– thyroids. Three days after the iodide overload, this proportion was increased in 1–SE+ thyroids but reduced in the 1–SE– thyroids. Overall, the 1–SE– thyroids had four times fewer dividing cells than the 1–SE+ thyroids. In summary, selenium deficiency coupled to iodine deficiency increased necrosis, induced fibrosis and impeded compensatory epithelial cell proliferation. These results are compatible with histological and functional descriptions of thyroid tissue from myxoedematous cretins. B Contempre, IRIBHN, C.P. 602, Free University of Brussels, Medicine Faculty, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Yestemes, S., D. N. Makhayeva, and G. S. Irmukhametova. "Obtaining and study of the physicochemical properties of hydrogel ointments based on the complex of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) with iodine and carbopol." Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan 80, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.51580/2022-3/2710-1185.91.

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Hydrogel ointments based on complex of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) with iodine and carbopol 940 as a gel base were obtained. The rheological properties of hydrogels have been studied. It has been established that the viscosity characteristics of the gels depend only on concentration of carbopol 940 and presence of polymeric iodophor complex does not affect their rheological properties. The study of release of iodine from obtained hydrogels using Frans cell installation showed that samples of carbopol 940-POZ-iodine/iodide release the smallest amount of iodine and show a prolonging effect. The possibility of using hydrogel ointments as dosage forms for treatment of skin diseases has been studied. It is shown that obtained gel samples are able to stay on the skin surface in the flush mode for 40 minutes, while there is no staining of the skin with iodine.
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Wzgarda-Raj, Kinga, Martyna Nawrot, Agnieszka J. Rybarczyk-Pirek, and Marcin Palusiak. "Ionic cocrystals of dithiobispyridines: the role of I...I halogen bonds in the building of iodine frameworks and the stabilization of crystal structures." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 77, no. 8 (July 4, 2021): 458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229621006306.

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It has been confirmed that mercaptopyridines undergo spontaneous condensation in redox reaction with iodine-forming dithiopyridines. In the solid state, these compounds are protonated at the N atoms and cocrystallize with iodine forming salt structures, namely, 2-[(pyridin-2-yl)disulfanyl]pyridinium triiodide sesquiiodine, C10H9N2S2 +·I3 −·1.5I2, and 4,4′-(disulfanediyl)dipyridinium pentaiodide triiodide, C10H10N2S2 2+·I5 −·I3 −. Dithiopyridine cations are packed among three-dimensional frameworks built from iodide anions and neutral iodine molecules, and are linked by hydrogen, halogen and chalcogen interactions. Quantum chemical computations indicated that dithiopyridines exhibit anomalously high nitrogen basicity which qualify them as potential proton sponges.
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Shi, Laishun, Jian Gao, and Jingjing Chen. "Modeling study for oscillatory reaction of chlorite – iodide – ethyl acetoacetate." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 92, no. 5 (May 2014): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2014-0072.

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Chlorine dioxide based chemical oscillating behavior was modeled by a simple scheme consisting of three component reactions. Furthermore, little is known about the influence of the pH value. In this study, four component reactions were used to model the chlorite – iodide – ethyl acetoacetate oscillating reaction by dynamic analysis software. The oscillatory phenomenon is observed for concentration changes of triiodide ion, chlorite ion, and hydrogen ion. The initial concentration of ethyl acetoacetate, chlorite ion, iodide ion, and hydrogen ion has great influence on oscillations. The amplitude and number of oscillations are associated with the initial reactant concentrations. The equation of the reaction rate of triiodide ion, chlorite ion, or hydrogen ion changing with reaction time and initial concentrations in the oscillation stage was obtained. The bifurcation surface between oscillatory and nonoscillatory behavior with different pH values was obtained. The spatial zone for the occurrence of oscillation is reduced with an increase in the pH value. The range of oscillation as concentrations of chlorine dioxide, iodine, and ethyl acetoacetate is well described by an equation. There is a lower limit on ethyl acetoacetate initial concentration for oscillation. However, there is a higher limit on chlorine dioxide and iodine concentration for oscillation. The concentrations of chlorine dioxide and iodine for oscillation decrease with an increase in the pH value. The results provide new theoretical evidence of the importance of pH value, which can affect the bifurcation surface between oscillatory and nonoscillatory behavior.
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Kamiji, Yu, Kaoru Onuki, and Shinji Kubo. "Corrosion Resistance of Nickel-Based Alloy to Gaseous Hydrogen Iodide Decomposition Environment in Thermochemical Water-Splitting Iodine-Sulfur Process." International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 9, no. 5 (October 2018): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2018.9.5.720.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Iodine and Hydrogen iodide"

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Suto, Kunihiro. "Coherent Control of Photoexcitation Processes of Hydrogen Iodide by Laser." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149784.

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Mohd, Noraini. "Plantwide Control and Simulation of Sulfur-Iodine Thermochemical Cycle Process for Hydrogen Production." Thesis, Curtin University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/70524.

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A PWC structure has developed for an industrial scale SITC plant. Based on the performance evaluation, it has been shown that the SITC plant developed via the proposed modified SOC structure can produce satisfactory performance – smooth and reliable operation. The SITC plant is capable of achieving a thermal efficiency of 69%, which is the highest attainable value so far. It is worth noting that the proposed SITC design is viable on the grounds of economic and controllability.
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Stone, Howard Brian James. "Thermochemical hydrogen production from the sulphur-iodine cycle powered by solar or nuclear sources." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2007. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/65716/.

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Since mankind's adoption of fossil fuels as its primary energy carrier for heating, elec- tricity and transportation, the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere has increased constantly . A potential replacement energy carrier is hydrogen. Current industrial techniques for dissociating hydrogen from its common substances are con- ventionally reliant on fossil fuels and thus greenhouse gases are still released. As a mechanism to develop a hydrogen economy current industrial techniques will suffice; however, a long-term sustainable solution to hydrogen mass production that does not release greenhouses gases is desired. The United States of America Government be- lieves that the Sulphur-Iodine thermochemical hydrogen production cycle, thermally powered by a nuclear source, is the most likely long-term solution. A critical part of the Sulphur-Iodine cycle is the point of interaction between the thermal source and sulphuric acid used within the cycle. A novel bayonet heat exchanger made from silicon carbide is theoretically applied to the point of interaction. Through a combination of experiments and theoretical modelling, the bayonet heat exchanger is characterised. The bayonet model is then modified to simulate the intended nuclear reactor favoured by the United States Department of Energy. In addition, the bayo- net heat exchanger is analysed for a solar thermal application. An advanced design of the bayonet is also presented and theoretically analysed for its increased thermal efficiency.
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Plumridge, Jonathan. "Multielectron dissociation and ionization of small molecules probed by intense laser fields." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343322.

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Miu, Kevin (Kevin K. ). "The development of autocatalytic structural materials for use in the sulfur-iodine process for the production of hydrogen." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36724.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and, (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 63).
The Sulfur-Iodine Cycle for the thermochemical production of hydrogen offers many benefits to traditional methods of hydrogen production. As opposed to steam methane reforming - the most prevalent method of hydrogen production today - there are no carbon dioxide emissions. Compared to other methods of hydrogen production, the efficiency of the cycle is excellent. Due to the high temperatures necessary for the cycle, which are generally greater than 8500C, several of the Generation IV nuclear reactor concepts are attractive thermal energy sources. However, the high temperature and corrosive reaction conditions of the cycle, involving reactions including the decomposition of H2SO4 at 400-9000C, present formidable corrosion challenges. The conversion of sulfuric acid to sulfur dioxide was the focus of this study. The alloying of structural materials to platinum has been proposed as a solution to this problem. A catalytic loop to test the materials was constructed. Sulfuric acid was pumped over the material at 903+20C. The sulfur dioxide production of the catalyst was measured as a means of quantifying the efficiency of the system as a function of temperature.
(cont.) The maximum possible production of the material was calculated by using a mass balance. A gas chromatograph was used to calculate the actual production of sulfur dioxide. The results of the experiment show that an molecular conversion efficiency of 10% is attained when operating at 900C while using 800H + 5%Pt as a catalyst. The research confirms the catalytic activity of the material.
by Kevin Miu.
S.B.
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Davies, Bethany Ruth. "Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorescent Carbon-Based Materials Produced by Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation of Biochar." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1596977802365916.

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Rodrigues, Moacyr Tadeu Vicente. "Análise microscópica e histométrica comparativa da aplicação de uma pasta à base de metronidazol e da irrigação com iodeto de sódio e peróxido de hidrogênio para o tratamento de alvéolos dentários infectados de ratos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25132/tde-12092007-181441/.

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O processo de reparo em alvéolo infectado de ratos foi avaliado após a utilização de três tipos de tratamento: (1) curetagem e irrigação com soro fisiológico seguida do preenchimento com uma pasta à base de metronidazol a 10%, lidocaína a 2%, menta e carboximetilcelulose, (2) irrigação única com solução de iodeto de sódio a 2% e peróxido de hidrogênio a 3% na proporção 1:1 e (3) irrigação diária, por 3 dias, com solução de iodeto sódio a 2% e peróxido de hidrogênio a 3% na proporção 1:1. Foram utilizados 75 ratos que constituíram os seguintes grupos: Grupo I: alvéolo não infectado (grupo controle positivo); Grupo II: alvéolo infectado sem nenhum tratamento; Grupo III: alvéolo infectado tratado com irrigação única de solução de iodeto de sódio a 2 % e peróxido de hidrogênio a 3% na proporção 1:1; Grupo IV: alvéolo infectado tratado com irrigação diária, por 3 dias, de solução de iodeto de sódio a 2 % e peróxido de hidrogênio a 3% na proporção 1:1; Grupo V: alvéolo infectado submetido à curetagem, irrigação com soro fisiológico e preenchimento com pasta à base de metronidazol a 10% e lidocaína a 2%, carboximetilcelulose e menta. Os animais, em número de 5 em cada grupo foram sacrificados aos 6, 15 e 28 dias após a exodontia do incisivo superior e as peças obtidas analisadas em microscopia óptica. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise qualitativa e quantitativa e evidenciaram melhor reparo nos grupos tratados em relação ao grupo sem tratamento. Com base nos resultados foi possível concluir que: os grupos III, IV e V apresentaram melhores condições de reparo frente ao grupo II, porém diferentes significantemente ao grupo I; o grupo V apresentou os melhores resultados quanto à neoformação óssea nos períodos de 15 e 28 dias, sendo uma opção interessante a ser considerada para o tratamento da alveolite.
The healing process in infected tooth sockets was evaluated after application of three types of treatment.: (1) surgical cleaning of the socket with alveolar curettes, saline solution irrigation and complete filling of the socket with a 10% metronidazole, 2% lidocaine, carboxymethylcelullose and mint as flavoring, (2) Single irrigation with 2% sodium iodide and 3% hydrogen peroxide solution (1:1) and (3) Daily irrigation, for three days, with 2% sodium iodide and 3% hydrogen peroxide solution (1:1). Seventy-five rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: Group I: Non-infected tooth socket (positive control group); Group II: Infected tooth socket without treatment; Group III: Infected tooth socket treated with single irrigation of 2% sodium iodide and 3% hydrogen peroxide solution (1:1); Group IV: Infected tooth socket treated daily, for three days, with irrigation of 2% sodium iodide and 3% hydrogen peroxide solution (1:1); Group V: Infected tooth socket treated with surgical cleaning of the socket with alveolar curettes, saline solution irrigation and complete filling of the socket with a 10% metronidazole, 2% lidocaine, carboxymethylcelullose and mint as flavoring. The rats were killed in number of five at each group after 6, 15 e 28 days of superior incisor extraction. The histological findings were measured by qualitative and quantitative methods. The results demostrated better results of tooth socket healing in treated groups. Based on the results it was possible to conclude that groups III, IV and V exhibited better conditions of alveolar healing, compared to group II, although significant difference was observed with group I. Group V showed the best results in bone formation at 15 and 28 days, consisting in an interesting option for dry socket treatment.
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Le, Breton Michael Robert. "Airborne measurements of trace gases using a Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometer (CIMS) onboard the FAAM BAe-146 research aircraft." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/airborne-measurements-of-trace-gases-using-a-chemical-ionisation-mass-spectrometer-cims-onboard-the-faam-bae146-research-aircraft(84308915-6dae-46d8-acb6-f189683e3e6d).html.

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A chemical ionisation mass spectrometer (CIMS) was developed and utilised for measurements onboard the Facility for Atmospheric Airborne Measurements (FAAM) BAe-146 aircraft. The I- ionisation scheme was implemented to detect nitric acid (HNO3), formic acid (HC(O)OH), hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) simultaneously at a sampling frequency of 1 Hz. Sensitivities ranged from 35±6 ion counts pptv-1 s-1 for HC(O)OH to 4±0.9 ion counts pptv-1 s-1 for HCN and limits of detection from 37 ppt for HNO3 and 5 ppt for HCN. Trace gas concentrations of species such as HC(O)OH are currently under predicted in global models. In order to understand their role in controlling air quality, it is crucial that their production pathways and abundance are accurately measured and constrained. To date, airborne measurements of these trace gases have been difficult as a result of instrumental limitations on an aircraft such as limit of detection and sampling frequency. The first UK airborne measurements of HC(O)OH and HNO3 confirmed that HC(O)OH is under predicted by up to a factor of 2 in a trajectory model that implements the full Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) and Common Representative Intermediate Scheme (CRI). The inclusion of a primary vehicle source enabled the model to reproduce the concentrations observed; verifying that direct sources are under represented. Secondary formation of HC(O)OH was observed through its correlation with HNO3 and ozone (O3), indicating a strong photochemical production source. Hydroxyl (OH) concentrations were estimated for the first time in a flight around the UK using the HC(O)OH and HNO3 measurements. A biomass burning (BB) plume identification technique is applied to data obtained from Canadian biomass fires using HCN as a marker. A 6 sigma above background approach to defining a plume resulted in a higher R2 correlating value for the normalised excess mixing ratio (NEMR) to carbon monoxide (CO) when compared to current methods in the literature. The NEMR obtained from this work; 3.76±0.02 pptv ppbv-1, lies within the range found in the literature. This NEMR is then used to calculate a global emission total for HCN of 0.92 Tg (N) yr-1 when incorporated into the global tropospheric model STOCHEM CRI. The first direct N2O5 airborne measurements on an aircraft at night are compared to indirect measurements taken by a broadband cavity enhancement absorption spectrometer. An average R2 correlation coefficient of 0.87 observed over 8 flights for 1 Hz measurements indicates the selectiveness of the I- ionisation scheme to detect N2O5 directly, without nitrate (NO3) interference.
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Guido-Garcia, Fabiola. "The biogeochemistry of iodine." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-biogeochemistry-of-iodine(031a6229-1a96-4068-9764-8291bafb0cad).html.

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Iodine-129 is a high-yield fission product of 235U and 239Pu; is produced in nuclear power plants and is therefore present in substantial quantities in radioactive wastes. In the environment, iodine exists as a range of species: iodate (IO3-), iodide (I-), elemental iodine (I2), HOI and organic species are the most common. The behaviour of iodine in the environment is linked to its speciation which can be affected by different factors such as pH, redox potential and enzymatic reduction. Previous research has shown that iodine speciation can determine its fate in the environment; however the mechanisms of redox cycling amongst the different species are not yet fully understood. This research project has focused on improving the understanding of the changes on speciation of iodine in sediment and mineral systems undergoing redox cycling reactions. The fate and changes in iodine speciation were studied under reducing and oxidising conditions, with all experiments conducted under circumneutral pH conditions. Overall the results showed that when microbial activity is promoted in a sediment system, iodate is reduced to iodide with the reduction occurring during manganese reduction. Further, when nitrate is present at high concentrations the reduction of iodate is retarded. A net release of native iodine from sediments was observed in all experiments conducted with sediments; confirming previous observations that sediment bound iodine is released from sediments under reducing conditions. Modest abiotic reduction of iodate was observed under manganese and iron reduction; and iodate reduction happened faster in a mixed system with iron and pure culture bacteria than solely by the pure culture alone or via abiotic reduction with Fe(II). When reduced experiments were exposed to air, concentrations of iodide decreased with no iodate ingrowth or losses in total iodine in solution. This suggested that iodide had been oxidised to intermediate species (I2, HOI) that were not detected, although this reaction has been described in past research. Finally, when no microbial activity is promoted, iodine remains as iodate which showed modest sorption onto sediment systems and Fe(III) oxide. Overall, these results highlight the important role that bacteria play in the reduction of iodate. This research also confirms that iodine speciation impacts on the fate of 129I throughout the environment, where it may be less mobile in an oxic environment than under reducing conditions. Moreover, some techniques of bioremediation (e.g. promoting metal reducing conditions) may cause the release of radioactive iodine to solution.
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Nacapricha, Duangjai. "The trapping of radioiodine in the form of methyl iodide, on charcoal impregnated with potassium iodide." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261338.

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Books on the topic "Iodine and Hydrogen iodide"

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A, Lorenz R., Weber C. F, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Division of Safety Issue Resolution., and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, eds. Iodine evolution and pH control. Washington, DC: Division of Safety Issue Resolution, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1992.

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2

Bell, James Munsie. The compensation method of determining the rate of oxidation of hydrogen iodide. Toronto: [s.n.], 1995.

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M, Robison Linda, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Comparison of the effects of iodine and iodide on thyroid function in humans: Final report, NASA grant no. NAG 9-545. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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House, Unique Press. Hiker - Hydrogen , Iodine , Potassium and Erbium: Hiker Periodic Table Gifts, Funny Chemistry Teacher Appreciation Gift. Thank You Gift for Teachers. Science Notebook with Lined Journal. Periodic Table Humor Organic Chemistry Notebook. Independently Published, 2019.

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Deane, A. M. Iodine Volatility in Boric Acid/caesium Iodide Mixtures (Memoranda). AEA Technology Plc, 1990.

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The Determination of iodine, iodate, iodide, and traces of bromide in waters 1984: Tentative methods. London: H.M.S.O., 1985.

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The DETERMINATION of iodine, iodate, iodide and traces of bomide in waters 1984 (tentative methods). London: H.M.S.O., 1985.

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Department of the Environment. The Determination of Iodine, Iodate, Iodide and Traces of Bromide in Waters 1984 (Tentative Methods) (Methods for the examination of waters and associated materials). Stationery Office Books, 1985.

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Department of the Environment. The Determination of Iodine, Iodate, Iodide and Traces of Bromide in Waters 1984 (Tentative Methods) (Methods for the examination of waters and associated materials). Stationery Office Books, 1985.

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Schlundt, Herman. On the Speed of the Liberation of Iodine in Mixed Solutions of Potassium Chlorate, Potassium Iodide, and Hydrochloric Acid. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Iodine and Hydrogen iodide"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Hydrogen Iodide." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 375. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_6122.

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Hoffman, C. J., and Edward A. Heintz. "Anhydrous Hydrogen Iodide." In Inorganic Syntheses, 180–82. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132388.ch48.

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Nomura, Mikihiro, Tatsumi Ishihara, and Odtsetseg Myagmarjav. "Hydrogen Production by Hydrogen Iodine Decomposition Assisted with Membrane." In CO2 Free Ammonia as an Energy Carrier, 223–39. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4767-4_14.

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Vogt, J. "809 H3IO Hydrogen iodide - water (1/1)." In Asymmetric Top Molecules. Part 3, 429. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14145-4_231.

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Hirota, E., K. Kuchitsu, T. Steimle, J. Vogt, and N. Vogt. "13 ArHI Argon – hydrogen iodide (1/1)." In Molecules Containing No Carbon Atoms and Molecules Containing One or Two Carbon Atoms, 43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70614-4_14.

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Wlodarczak, G. "119 HIKr Hydrogen iodide - krypton (1/1)." In Linear Polyatomic Molecules, 234–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44926-3_121.

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Wlodarczak, G. "120 HIN2 Hydrogen iodide - dinitrogen (1/1)." In Linear Polyatomic Molecules, 236–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44926-3_122.

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Wlodarczak, G. "121 HINe Hydrogen iodide - neon (1/1)." In Linear Polyatomic Molecules, 238. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44926-3_123.

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Wlodarczak, G. "20 ArHI Hydrogen iodide - argon (1/1)." In Linear Polyatomic Molecules, 46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44926-3_22.

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Anderson, J. B. "The Hydrogen-Iodine Reactions: 100 Years Later." In Gas Phase Chemical Reaction Systems, 167–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80299-7_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Iodine and Hydrogen iodide"

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Gouëllo, M., J. Kalilainen, P. Rantanen, T. Kärkelä, and A. Auvinen. "Experimental Study of the Cadmium Effects on Iodine Transport in the Primary Circuit During Severe Nuclear Accident." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-31042.

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In case of a severe accident in a light water reactor, iodine is one of the most important fission products in the context of reactor safety because of its significant total fuel inventory, high specific activity and radiotoxicity. Consequently, understanding its behavior under severe accident transient conditions is a major point in the optimization of the accident management and mitigation. An experimental study has been launched at VTT investigating the behavior of iodine on primary circuit surfaces during a severe nuclear accident. The paper presents results obtained from the heating of metallic cadmium and caesium iodide in a crucible at temperature below 400°C under three different atmospheres. Aerosols and gaseous species released from the reaction crucible were sampled at 150°C on filters and liquid scrubbers and analyzed with HR-ICP-MS. At first, experiments were conducted with one precursor (cadmium or caesium iodide). It was observed that cadmium is predominantly present as aerosol in all atmospheres but represents less than 1% of mass what has been recovered from the facility leaching. To the contrary, caesium iodide experiment showed that sampled iodine exists mainly as gaseous species. By comparison to one-precursor studies, a change in the behavior of element was noticed when cadmium was added to caesium iodide. Different observations let to suggest a reaction between caesium iodide and cadmium in the crucible. The reaction would lead to the formation of compound made of cadmium and iodine in condensed phase below 150°C. More gaseous iodine was found from the sampling line with Ar/H2O/H2 atmosphere than in Ar/H2O atmosphere, suggesting that the cadmium is more reactive toward iodine in hydrogen-free atmosphere.
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Kino, Chiaki, Hidetoshi Karasawa, and Shunsuke Uchida. "Sensitivity Analysis for Release and Transport Behavior of Radionuclide of the 1F Unit-1 Accident Using SAMPSON." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16839.

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Abstract To support the 1F decommissioning project, the Institute of Applied Energy has been analyzing the course of the accident using the SAMPSON code with an aim to grasp radionuclide distribution in 1F NPP. The present study has mainly focused on molybdenum release from a fuel pellet and chemical forms of iodine during the early phase of the accident because a release rate of semi-volatile FPs has various uncertainties. The present simulation set the detrimental factor of molybdenum used in FP release model as a sensitive parameter. The simulation results indicate that more molybdenum release causes more generation of hydrogen iodide and more deposition of iodine inside Reactor Pressure Vessel (RPV) because the adsorption velocity of hydrogen iodide is comparatively higher than deposition velocities of another FPs.
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Poss, Gerhard, Teja Kanzleiter, Friedhelm Funke, Gert Langrock, Hans-Josef Allelein, Holger Nowack, and Gunter Weber. "Influence of Passive Autocatalytic Recombiners on Iodine Volatility: THAI Technical Scale Experiments." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48692.

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Passive Autocatalytic Recombiners (PARs) in PWR-Containments remove hydrogen released in case of a severe accident with core damage by catalytic oxidation with the oxygen of the containment atmosphere. The removal of hydrogen in autocatalytic recombiners (PARs) results in temperature levels at the catalytic surfaces up to 900 °C and leads to elevated temperatures up to several hundred degrees of the gas flowing over these surfaces. Under such operating conditions suspended CsI and other iodide particles transported with the convective gas flow through PARs can be converted into volatile iodine thus influencing the iodine source term. Even low conversion rates might lead to a significant influence on the concentration of gaseous iodine in the early phase of an accident where high CsI/I2 ratios of 100:1 or even higher can be expected. In the frame of the German national THAI programme two technical-scale experiments, AER-2 and AER-5, have been performed to investigate the conversion rates CsI → I2 occurring under realistic PAR operating conditions and beyond, and the influence of PARs on CsI aerosol parameters. An original SIEMENS (now AREVA NP) type PAR has been operated under realistic thermalhydraulic conditions. CsI aerosol has been generated by evaporating ultra pure CsI in an inductive furnace and monitored in the THAI vessel, following re-condensation, by low pressure impactors and filters. Experiments with hydrogen concentrations of up to 5 vol% H2 under normal conditions and of up to 10.5 vol% H2 in a steam-inerted atmosphere have been performed. An approved and qualified sampling and detection method has been applied to determine gas borne molecular iodine concentrations. CsI → I2 conversion rates of 3% have been observed as an upper limit under realistic thermalhydraulic conditions. The results are compared to CsI → I2 conversion rates achieved in the French RECI experiments. These experiments investigated the interaction of catalytic material and metal iodides (CsI, CdI) in a lab-scale setup showing conversion rates up to 60%. However, these experiments might deviate from representative thermochemical conditions. A comparison of THAI and RECI results — as far as appropriate concerning aerosol parameters and gas temperatures — shows conversion rates in comparable dimensions. In other cases they differ significantly. The potential contribution of an operating PAR (metal iodide interaction) to the iodine source term together with the restricted knowledge from both THAI and RECI tests, means that further investigations are required.
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Brown, N. R., S. Oh, and S. T. Revankar. "Simulation of Heat Exchanger Transients in Sulfuric-Acid and Hydrogen-Iodide Decomposition." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14566.

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In the Sulfur-Iodine (SI) water splitting cycle hydrogen is produced via the decomposition of Hydrogen-Iodide (HI) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). These reactions proceed at around 400 °C and 850 °C respectively. A high temperature heat source, such as nuclear reactor heat, is required for the SI cycle. Since both the nuclear plant and the SI cycle plant are coupled through heat exchangers, any transients for either plant will affect the entire system. For a nuclear reactor system, it is especially important to understand the transient behavior of the SI cycle during a reactor startup or an emergency shutdown. A simplified transient model of the SI cycle, which can be coupled to heat from a nuclear plant, has been developed. Preliminary results from both steady state and transient calculations are presented in this paper.
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Iwatsuki, Jin, Shinji Kubo, Seiji Kasahara, Nobuyuki Tanaka, Hiroki Noguchi, Yoshiyuki Imai, and Kaoru Onuki. "Thermochemical Hydrogen Production IS process." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-54095.

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The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) is conducting research and development on nuclear hydrogen production using High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor and thermochemical water-splitting Iodine-Sulfur (IS) process aiming to develop large-scale hydrogen production technology for “hydrogen energy system”. In this paper, the present status of R&D on IS process at JAEA is presented which focuses on examining integrity of such components as chemical reactors, separators, etc. Based on previous screening of materials of construction mainly from the viewpoint of corrosion resistance in the harsh process conditions of IS process, it was planned to fabricate the IS components and examine their integrity in the process environments. At present, among the components of IS process plant consisting of three chemical reaction sections, i.e., the Bunsen reaction section, the sulfuric acid decomposition section and the hydrogen iodide decomposition section, key components in the Bunsen reaction section was fabricated.
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Ahsan, Syed Saad, and David Erickson. "Microfluidic Photocatalytic Water-Splitting Reactors." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87860.

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In this work, we present a novel microfluidic photocatalytic water-splitting reactor. Optofluidics offers advantages over conventional reactors in terms of improved photon transfer efficiency and mass transfer efficiency and are therefore the ideal platform for photocatalytic reactions. Our device is a planar optofluidic device which we used to study the kinetics of Platinum-Impregnated Titanium Oxide as the oxygen and hydrogen producing photocatalyst redox mediated by Iodide/Iodate species. We deposit our catalysts via a sol-gel method while the platinum co-catalyst is added by wet impregnation via reduction in Sodium Borohydride. The reactions are performed under a 100W Hg lamp and reaction rates are inferred by measuring the depletion of the two Iodine species via UV-vis absorption spectrophotometry. Our results indicate that reaction rates and efficiencies can be enhanced by using an optofluidic platform as opposed to the conventional slurry reactor used in previous experiments for this class of reaction. We believe that the micro-optofluidic platform of our device offers the benefit of measuring the kinetic properties of these class of reactions quickly and cheaply for the goals of further optimization.
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Ghosh, Arindam, Venkateswarlu Kondur, and Ajit Kumar Roy. "Tensile Behavior of Nb7.5Ta for Heat-Exchanger Applications." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26490.

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Hydrogen generation using sulfur-iodine cycle involves the formation and decomposition of sulfuric acid and hydrogen iodide (HI). The decomposition of HI has been proposed to occur at a maximum temperature of 400°C. Nb7.5Ta has been identified as a candidate structural material for use in heat-exchanger during the decomposition of HI. This paper presents the results of tensile testing at temperatures ranging from ambient to 400°C. A gradual drop in tensile strength was noted with increasing temperature. Reduced failure strain was observed at temperatures up to 300°C, which is known to be associated with the occurrence of dynamic strain aging (DSA). Since the concentration of precipitate and dislocations can influence the DSA behavior of susceptible materials, efforts are in progress to characterize dislocations using transmission electron microscopy. All tested specimens exhibited ductile failures, characterized by dimples.
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Borisov, V. P., Sergey D. Velikanov, Aleksander F. Zapol'skiy, S. B. Kormer, M. V. Synitsin, Vitali D. Urlin, Yuri N. Frolov, and V. V. Shurov. "Chemical hydrogen fluoride lasers." In Fourth International Workshop on Iodine Lasers and Applications, edited by Karel Rohlena, Jarmila Kodymova, and Bozena Kralikova. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.232194.

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Patel, J. "Role of Plasma-Induced Liquid Chemistry for the Reduction Mechanism of Silver Ions to form Silver Nanostructures." In Functional Materials and Applied Physics. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901878-7.

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Abstract. There exists a variety of reports on the synthesis of silver nanostructures by plasma-liquid interactions; however seldom are those that discusses the underlying reaction kinetics. The present study focuses in such direction where the role of plasma-induced chemistry has been analysed in detail with the reports on the influence of radicals on the formation of silver nanostructures. The silver nanostructures are synthesized from various precursor concentrations of silver and characterized byultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Further, experiments have been carried out to clarify the role of reductants in silver nanostructures synthesis. It is found that hydrogen peroxide is unable to reduce the silver ions to silver atoms which is a necessary step to produce silver nanostructures. The addition of organic solvents such as methanol and ethanol has been found to enhance the production rate of silver nanostructures which indicates that methanol and ethanol are strong electron donors affecting the reduction process of silver ions. In order to probe the exact reaction mechanism for silver nanostructures synthesis, iodine has been used as hydrogen radical scavenger along with silver precursor solutions; however, it has been observed that addition of iodine ions generates a favourable condition for the reduction of silver ions. The ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy results indicate the existence of small clusters of silver ions and silver iodide and further transmission electron microscopy characterization suggests that a well-dispersed silver nanoparticles of less than 30 nm in size have been formed. The lattice spacing calculation from transmission electron microscopy images suggests the presence of crystallinity of the particles. Overall, it is found that there are two possible ways for the reduction mechanism of silver nanostructures: either via hydrated electrons or hydrogen radicals or both.
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Iwatsuki, Jin, Atsuhiko Terada, Hiroyuki Noguchi, Yoshiyuki Imai, Masanori Ijichi, Akihiro Kanagawa, Hiroyuki Ota, Shinji Kubo, Kaoru Onuki, and Ryutaro Hino. "Development Program of IS Process Pilot Test Plant for Hydrogen Production With High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89267.

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At the present time, we are alarmed by depletion of fossil energy and effects on global environment such as acid rain and global warming, because our lives depend still heavily on fossil energy. So, it is universally recognized that hydrogen is one of the best energy media and its demand will be increased greatly in the near future. In Japan, the Basic Plan for Energy Supply and Demand based on the Basic Law on Energy Policy Making was decided upon by the Cabinet on 6 October, 2003. In the plan, efforts for hydrogen energy utilization were expressed as follows; hydrogen is a clean energy carrier without carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, and commercialization of hydrogen production system using nuclear, solar and biomass, not fossil fuels, is desired. However, it is necessary to develop suitable technology to produce hydrogen without CO2 emission from a view point of global environmental protection, since little hydrogen exists naturally. Hydrogen production from water using nuclear energy, especially the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), is one of the most attractive solutions for the environmental issue, because HTGR hydrogen production by water splitting methods such as a thermochemical iodine-sulfur (IS) process has a high possibility to produce hydrogen effectively and economically. The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) has been conducting the HTTR (High-Temperature Engineering Test Reactor) project from the view to establishing technology base on HTGR and also on the IS process. In the IS process, raw material, water, is to be reacted with iodine (I2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) to produce hydrogen iodide (HI) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4), the so-called Bunsen reaction, which are then decomposed endothermically to produce hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2), respectively. Iodine and sulfur dioxide produced in the decomposition reactions can be used again as the reactants in the Bunsen reaction. In JAEA, continuous hydrogen production was demonstrated with the hydrogen production rate of about 30 NL/hr for one week using a bench-scale test apparatus made of glass. Based on the test results and know-how obtained through the bench-scale tests, a pilot test plant that can produce hydrogen of about 30 Nm3/hr is being designed. The test plant will be fabricated with industrial materials such as glass coated steel, SiC ceramics etc, and operated under high pressure condition up to 2 MPa. The test plant will consist of a IS process plant and a helium gas (He) circulation facility (He loop). The He loop can simulate HTTR operation conditions, which consists of a 400 kW-electric heater for He hating, a He circulator and a steam generator working as a He cooler. In parallel to the design study, key components of the IS process such as the sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and the sulfur trioxide (SO3) decomposers working under-high temperature corrosive environments have been designed and test-fabricated to confirm their fabricability. Also, other R&D’s are under way such as corrosion, processing of HIx solutions. This paper describes present status of these activities.
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Reports on the topic "Iodine and Hydrogen iodide"

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Buck, Edgar C., and Richard S. Wittman. Effect of Iodide on Radiolytic Hydrogen Peroxide Generation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1598817.

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TAYLOR-PASHOW, KATHRYN, JARROD GOGOLSKI, MICHAEL RESTIVO, JOHN PAREIZS, WILLIAM DANIEL, and TRACY RUDISILL. RECOMBINATION OF HYDROGEN IN THE IODINE REACTORS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1834726.

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Benjamin Russ. Sulfur Iodine Process Summary for the Hydrogen Technology Down-Selection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1047207.

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Benjamin Russ. Sulfur Iodine Process Summary for the Hydrogen Technology Down-Selection: Process Performance Package. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1047206.

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Benjamin Russ, G. Naranjo, R. Moore, W. Sweet, M. Hele, and N. Pons. Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative, Results of the Phase II Testing of Sulfur-Iodine Integrated Lab Scale Experiments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/968652.

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Shripad T. Revankar, Nicholas R. Brown, Cheikhou Kane, and Seungmin Oh. Development of Efficient Flowsheet and Transient Modeling for Nuclear Heat Coupled Sulfur Iodine Cyclefor Hydrogen Production. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/980725.

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Onstott, E. I., and D. de Bruin. Thermochemical hydrogen production with the sulfur dioxide-iodine cycle by utilization of dipraseodymium dioxymonosulfate as a recycle reagent. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5863779.

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Smith, Emily, and Leo L. Timms. Evaluation of Experimental Chlorine Technology Pre and Post Milking Teat Dips vs. a Commercial Hydrogen Peroxide Pre Dip and Iodine Barrier Post Milking Teat Dip on Teat End and Teat Skin Condition and Health. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1168.

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Klasson, K. T., L. J. Jr Koran, D. D. Gates, and P. A. Cameron. Removal of mercury from solids using the potassium iodide/iodine leaching process. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/656449.

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Nenoff, Tina Maria, and Nick Soelberg. Studies on the Mechanisms of Methyl Iodide Adsorption and Iodine Retention on Silver-Mordenite. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1171585.

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