Academic literature on the topic 'IOCG mineralisation'
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Journal articles on the topic "IOCG mineralisation"
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Tiddy, Caroline, Diana Zivak, June Hill, David Giles, Jim Hodgkison, Mitchell Neumann, and Adrienne Brotodewo. "Monazite as an Exploration Tool for Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold Mineralisation in the Gawler Craton, South Australia." Minerals 11, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080809.
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The chemistry of hydrothermal monazite from the Carrapateena and Prominent Hill iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits in the IOCG-rich Gawler Craton, South Australia, is used here to define geochemical criteria for IOCG exploration in the Gawler Craton as follows: Monazite associated with IOCG mineralisation: La + Ce > 63 wt% (where La > 22.5 wt% and Ce > 37 wt%), Y and/or Th < 1 wt% and Nd < 12.5 wt%; Intermediate composition monazite (between background and ore-related compositions): 45 wt% < La + Ce < 63 wt%, Y and/or Th < 1 wt%. Intermediate monazite compositions preserving Nd > 12.5 wt% are considered indicative of Carrapateena-style mineralisation; Background compositions: La + Ce < 45 wt% or Y or Th > 1 wt%. Mineralisation-related monazite compositions are recognised within monazite hosted within cover sequence materials that directly overly IOCG mineralisation at Carrapateena. Similar observations have been made at Prominent Hill. Recognition of these signatures within cover sequence materials demonstrates that the geochemical signatures can survive processes of weathering, erosion, transport and redeposition into younger cover sequence materials that overlie older, mineralised basement rocks. The monazite geochemical signatures therefore have the potential to be dispersed within the cover sequence, effectively increasing the geochemical footprint of mineralisation.
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Brotodewo, Adrienne, Caroline Tiddy, Diana Zivak, Adrian Fabris, David Giles, Shaun Light, and Ben Forster. "Recognising Mineral Deposits from Cover; A Case Study Using Zircon Chemistry in the Gawler Craton, South Australia." Minerals 11, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11090916.
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Detrital zircon grains preserved within clasts and the matrix of a basal diamictite sequence directly overlying the Carrapateena IOCG deposit in the Gawler Craton, South Australia are shown here to preserve U–Pb ages and geochemical signatures that can be related to underlying mineralisation. The zircon geochemical signature is characterised by elevated heavy rare-earth element fractionation values (GdN/YbN ≥ 0.15) and high Eu ratios (Eu/Eu* ≥ 0.6). This geochemical signature has previously been recognised within zircon derived from within the Carrapateena orebody and can be used to distinguish zircon associated with IOCG mineralisation from background zircon preserved within stratigraphically equivalent regionally unaltered and altered samples. The results demonstrate that zircon chemistry is preserved through processes of weathering, erosion, transport, and incorporation into cover sequence materials and, therefore, may be dispersed within the cover sequence, effectively increasing the geochemical footprint of the IOCG mineralisation. The zircon geochemical criteria have potential to be applied to whole-rock geochemical data for the cover sequence diamictite in the Carrapateena area; however, this requires understanding of the presence of minerals that may influence the HREE fractionation (GdN/YbN) and/or Eu/Eu* results (e.g., xenotime, feldspar).
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Gloyn-Jones, Jonathan Nicholas, Ian James Basson, Ben Stoch, Corné Koegelenberg, and Michael-John McCall. "Integration of Stress–Strain Maps in Mineral Systems Targeting for IOCG Mineralisation within the Mt. Woods Inlier, Gawler Craton, South Australia." Minerals 12, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12060699.
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The application of finite element analysis is used to simulate the relative distribution and magnitude of stress–strain conditions during a geologically brief, NNW-SSE-oriented, extensional event (1595 Ma to 1590 Ma), co-incident with IOCG-hydrothermal fluid flow and mineralisation across the Mt Woods Inlier, Gawler Craton, South Australia. Differential stress and shear strain maps across the modelled terrane highlight regions that were predisposed to strain localization, extensional failure and fluid throughput during the simulated mineralisation event. These maps are integrated with other datasets and interpretation layers, one of which is a proposed structural–geometrical relationship apparent in many world-class IOCG deposits, including Prominent Hill, Olympic Dam, Sossego, Salobo, Cristalino and Candelaria. These deposits occur at steeply plunging, pipe-like intersections of conjugate extensional systems of faults, shears and/or contacts, wherein the obtuse angle may have been bisected by the maximum principal extensional axis (viz., σ3) during mineralisation. Several other layers are also used for the generation of targets, such as distance from major shear zones, favourable host lithologies, and proximity to tectonostratigraphic contacts of markedly contrasting competency. The result is an integrated target index or heat map for IOCG prospectively across the Mt. Woods Inlier.
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Funk, Charles W. "Geophysical vectors to IOCG mineralisation in the Gawler Craton." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2013, no. 1 (December 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2013ab242.
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Reid, Anthony. "The Olympic Cu-Au Province, Gawler Craton: A Review of the Lithospheric Architecture, Geodynamic Setting, Alteration Systems, Cover Successions and Prospectivity." Minerals 9, no. 6 (June 20, 2019): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9060371.
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The Olympic Cu-Au Province is a metallogenic province in South Australia that contains one of the world’s most significant Cu-Au-U resources in the Olympic Dam deposit. The Olympic Cu-Au Province also hosts a range of other iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits including Prominent Hill and Carrapateena. This paper reviews the geology of the Olympic Cu-Au Province by investigating the lithospheric architecture, geodynamic setting and alteration systematics. In addition, since the province is almost entirely buried by post-mineral cover, the sedimentary cover sequences are also reviewed. The Olympic Cu-Au Province formed during the early Mesoproterozoic, ca. 1.6 Ga and is co-located with a fundamental lithospheric boundary in the eastern Gawler Craton. This metallogenic event was driven in part by melting of a fertile, metasomatized sub-continental lithospheric mantle during a major regional tectonothermal event. Fluid evolution and multiple fluid mixing resulted in alteration assemblages that range from albite, magnetite and other higher temperature minerals to lower temperature assemblages such as hematite, sericite and chlorite. IOCG mineralisation is associated with both high and low temperature assemblages, however, hematite-rich IOCGs are the most economically significant. Burial by Mesoproterzoic and Neoproterozoic-Cambrian sedimentary successions preserved the Olympic Cu-Au Province from erosion, while also providing a challenge for mineral exploration in the region. Mineral potential modelling identifies regions within the Olympic Cu-Au Province and adjacent Curnamona Province that have high prospects for future IOCG discoveries. Exploration success will rely on improvements in existing potential field and geochemical data, and be bolstered by new 3D magnetotelluric surveys. However, drilling remains the final method for discovery of new mineral resources.
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Robb, Laurence. "Polymetallic mineralisation in the Lebowa Granite Suite, Bushveld Complex – IOCG look-alikes?" Applied Earth Science 128, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/25726838.2019.1607173.
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Uvarova, Yulia A., Mark A. Pearce, Weihua Liu, James S. Cleverley, and Robert M. Hough. "Geochemical signatures of copper redistribution in IOCG-type mineralisation, Gawler Craton, South Australia." Mineralium Deposita 53, no. 4 (July 7, 2017): 477–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-017-0749-1.
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Simpson, Alexander, Stijn Glorie, Martin Hand, Carl Spandler, Sarah Gilbert, and Brad Cave. "In situ Lu–Hf geochronology of calcite." Geochronology 4, no. 1 (June 8, 2022): 353–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-353-2022.
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Abstract. The ability to constrain the age of calcite formation is of great utility to the Earth science community, due to the ubiquity of calcite across a wide spectrum of geological systems. Here, we present the first in situ laser ablation inductively coupled tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS/MS) Lu–Hf ages for calcite, demonstrating geologically meaningful ages for iron oxide copper gold (IOCG) and skarn mineralisation, carbonatite intrusion, and low-grade metamorphism. The analysed samples range in age between ca. 0.9 and ca. 2 Ga with uncertainties between 1.7 % and 0.6 % obtained from calcite with Lu concentrations as low as ca. 0.5 ppm. The Lu–Hf system in calcite appears to be able to preserve primary precipitation ages over a significant amount of geological time, although further research is required to constrain the closure temperature. The in situ approach allows calcite to be rapidly dated while maintaining its petrogenetic context with mineralisation and other associated mineral processes. Therefore, LA-ICP-MS/MS Lu–Hf dating of calcite can be used to resolve the timing of complex mineral paragenetic sequences that are a feature of many ancient rock systems.
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Courtney-Davies, Liam, Cristiana Ciobanu, Simon Tapster, Daniel Condon, Allen Kennedy, Nigel Cook, Kathy Ehrig, Benjamin Wade, and Marcus Richardson. "Steps to developing iron-oxide U-Pb geochronology for robust temporal insights into IOCG and BIF mineralisation." Applied Earth Science 126, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03717453.2017.1306241.
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Armistead, Sheree E., Peter G. Betts, Laurent Ailleres, Robin J. Armit, and Helen A. Williams. "Cu-Au mineralisation in the Curnamona Province, South Australia: A hybrid stratiform genetic model for Mesoproterozoic IOCG systems in Australia." Ore Geology Reviews 94 (March 2018): 104–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.01.024.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "IOCG mineralisation"
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Feltus, H. "New approaches to exploration for IOCG-style mineralisation, Middleback Ranges, S.A." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/100074.
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This item is only available electronically.Iron oxide copper gold (IOCG) systems display well-developed spatial zonation with respect to alteration assemblages, mineralogy and the distribution of rare earth elements (REE). The Middleback Ranges, South Australia, located in the Olympic Province, Gawler Craton, hosts anomalous Fe-oxide-bearing Cu-Au mineralisation, and are considered potentially prosperous for larger IOCG-style deposits. This study investigates whether the distribution of REE and other trace elements within selected minerals represents a potential exploration tool in the area. Iron-oxides (hematite and magnetite), potassium feldspar, albite and accessory minerals have been analysed by laser-ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) from two prospects (Moola and Princess) and in samples of the Myola Volcanics. The resultant multi-element datasets are compared to other IOCG systems. The results support the presence of sizeable and/or multiple IOCG alteration envelopes within the Middleback Ranges. Significant evolving hydrothermal events resulted in hydrolithic alteration and remobilisation of REE within the Moola Prospect and Myola Volcanics. Replacement of early magnetite by hematite (martitisation) in the Myola Volcanics is accompanied by an influx of REE visible on LA-ICP-MS element maps showing partial martitisation at the grain-scale. It is thus inferred the initial generation of magnetite must have pre-dated introduction of oxidised, REE-enriched hydrothermal fluids into the system. Sulphide assemblages observed within the Moola Prospect are complex and record sequential recrystallisation under evolving fS2 and fO2 conditions. Trace minerals, cycles of brecciation and replacement, and distributions of REE within minerals are similar to that observed in other IOCG domains. The Princess Prospect displays REE distributions in minerals which are dissimilar to the Moola Prospect, the Myola Volcanics and also those reported from other IOCG domains. This is interpreted as indicating that the Moola Prospect and Myola Volcanics in the south of the Middleback Ranges are more prospective IOCG targets.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2013
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Hunt, John Paul. "Geological Characteristics of Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold (IOCG) Type Mineralisation in the Western Bushveld Complex." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/1750.
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Student Number : 9210081T -
MSc dissertation -
School of Geosciences -
Faculty of ScienceThe occurrence of large, massive iron oxide deposits throughout the Bushveld Complex, South Africa, and its associated roof-rocks is well known. The style of mineralisation and the associated alteration exhibits many characteristics of iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) type deposits. The contained mineralisation is dominated by iron oxide and fluorite and is accompanied by a diverse polymetallic association, with anomalous fluorite, copper, gold, barite, uranium and LREE. The Ruigtepoort orebody, located in the western Bushveld Complex, is such an example and is surrounded by some 20 smaller occurrences in the upper stratigraphic portions of the Bushveld Complex, all displaying strong structural control. These IOCG bodies occur as narrow veins, hydrothermal breccias, subhorizontal sheets, or as pipe-like intrusions usually utilising pre-existing structures. Set in red Nebo granite, the mineralised core consists of severely chloritised rock that is haloed by progressively less-altered granite. The alteration passes from the chlorite core to more hematite-phyllosilicate-dominated alteration, to sericite-illite-dominated alteration; followed by the relatively fresh country granite. These alteration haloes dissipate rapidly away from the body over only a few metres. Sodic-calcic alteration described in other IOCG is not locally observed. Extensive zones of barren feldspar-destructive alteration exist, including K-metasomatism, sericitisation and silicification. Multiple alteration episodes appear to have occurred, resulting in extensive overprinting and a very complex paragenesis. The primary mineral assemblage consists of Fe-chlorite, fluorite, quartz, hematite, and specularite, with accessory pyrite and chalcopyrite. Multiple generations of hematite, quartz, fluorite and chlorite are also observed. At other localities, the assemblage is dominated by magnetite-actinolite-britholite. Significantly enriched concentrations of Au (2 g/t), Cu (0,45 wt%), Ba, Y and LREE are encountered in the small, mineralised core. A fluid mixing model is proposed characterised by an initial highly-saline, sulphur-poor magmatic fluid which mixed with a lower temperature oxidised, surficial fluid. Structure was probably a significant factor in determining the initial distribution of hydrothermal centres and the overall morphology of the entire system. Subsequently, continuous brecciation, alteration, mineral precipitation and fault activity helped develop the hydrothermal centres into a complex array of variably mineralised, lenticular, pipe-like and irregularly shaped breccia bodies.
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Chalk, H. C. "Mesoproterozoic bimodal magmatism of southern Australia: assessing relative mantle input and implications for IOCG mineralisation prospectivity." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/109703.
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This item is only available electronically.Mesoproterozoic magmatism of the Gawler Craton and the Curnamona Province demonstrates regions of variable mantle input characteristics. Zircons from Hiltaba Suite granitoids and Gawler Range Volcanics, Gawler Craton, return εHf(T) values ranging from +7.1 to -0.4, +2.0 to -7.4, and +0.2 to -5.3 from the western, central, and eastern Gawler Craton respectively. Ninnerie Supersuite granitoids and Benagerie Volcanic Suite, Curnamona Province, return εHf(T) values ranging from +2.5 to -3.8. Mantle input modelling of the central/eastern Gawler Craton and the Curnamona Province returns similar mantle input fraction values ranging from 0.1 to 0.6, averaging 0.3, and 0.1 to 0.6, averaging 0.3, respectively. Hiltaba Suite magmatism of the western Gawler Craton is compositionally more juvenile than the central and eastern regions. The western Gawler Craton mantle input fractions range from 0.2 to 0.9 averaging 0.5, more elevated than the central/eastern regions of the Gawler Craton and the Curnamona province. The Benagerie Ridge region of the Curnamona Province displays similar bimodal ca. 1590 Ma magmatism, εHf(T) values, mantle input characteristics, crustal preservation (exhumation) and regional iron oxide copper-gold alteration as the highly prospective Olympic IOCG Province, Gawler Craton.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2014
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Owen, N. D. "Characteristics of K-Fe alteration in relation to IOCG(U) mineralisation in the northern Yorke Peninsula." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/118209.
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This item is only available electronically.The Moonta-Wallaroo area in the Northern Yorke Peninsula (NYP) is inferred to have been associated with the major deformation, metamorphic and magmatic event at ca. 1600-1575 Ma that affected much of eastern Proterozoic Australia. Widespread K-Fe (biotite-magnetite) alteration is genetically linked with the main pyrite ±chalcopyrite mineralising event within the Doora Member of the Wandearah Formation. Zones of high mineralisation were seen to correspond with coarsening grain size of biotite in petrological and hand samples and were supported by geochemical trends between Fe2O3, S and Cu. Later stage hematite bearing phases of alteration resulted in intense alteration and pyrite-chalcopyrite mineralisation locally within carbonate bearing zones. It is suggested that uranium enrichment is also associated with biotite-magnetite alteration but was later stripped from the highly mineralised zones by less pervasive hydrothermal fluids. U-Pb isotope analysis of zircon grains constrain the age of formation of the basement in which mineralisation occurs. The Moonta Porphyry revealed an age of 1752 ±6Ma. Based on its interdigitising relationship with the Moonta Porphyry a maximum age of sedimentation of the Doora Member is proposed at ca. 1752 Ma. The protolithic material of the Harlequin Stone was determined to be similar to that of the Doora Member and was sourced mainly from the ca. 1850 Ma Donington Suite Granitoids. A Pb207/Pb206 age of ca. 1708 Ma suggests a wider age of formation of the Wallaroo Group than previously reported in the literature. Alteration within the Oorlano Metasomatite metasediment samples showed a clear deviation in chemical characteristics from the Doora Member suggesting different styles of alteration in relation to their proximity to the Arthurton and Tickera Granites.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2015
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Thomas, L. M. "Regolith-landforms and plant biogeochemical expression of buried mineralisation targets in the northern Middleback Ranges, (“Iron Knob South”) South Australia." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/97938.
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This item is only available electronically.South of the town Iron Knob on the northern Eyre Peninsula, a tenement scale plant biogeochemical survey and regolith-landform mapping, combined to define areas with elevated Cu, Zn and Au contents that are worthy of follow-up exploration. Plant biogeochemistry was conducted within a 6 Km2 area with 1 Km spacing between each E-W trending transect and 200 m spacing between each sample. A regolith-landform map presents the distribution of regolith materials and associated landscape processes to help constrain geochemical dispersion. A Philips XL30 SEM provided insight into how the plants uptake certain elements and distribute them within the organs structure. Two zones of elevated trace metals (e.g. Cu, Au and Zn) were defined either side of a NW-SE structure crossing over the N-S trending “Katunga‟ ridge. Both targets were located on similar regolith-landform units of sheet-flood fans and alluvial plains. Copper and Zn results were best represented by the western myall species while the bluebush species was best at detecting Au. A follow up study targeting the NW-SE structure with closer sample spacing is recommended in further constraining drilling targets. For the tenement holding company, Onesteel Ltd, these results are significant as they define two new areas of interest for possible IOCG mineralisation. For research purposes the results confirm that plant biogeochemistry can be used as an effective tool for detecting mineralisation along buried structures providing the use of the right species in the area.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2011
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Clark, J. M. "Defining the style of mineralisation at the Cairn Hill magnetite-sulphide deposit; Mount Woods Inlier, Gawler Craton, South Australia." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/109968.
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This item is only available electronically.The Cairn Hill Fe-(Cu-Au) deposit is located within the World-class 1.6 Ga Olympic iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) Province of the Gawler Craton, South Australia. Cairn Hill deposit formation was penecontemperaneous with regional orogenesis, and is interpreted as a deep-level, ‘magnetite-rich’ end-member IOCG system hosted by an upper-amphibolite quartzofeldspathic ortho-gneiss and Mesoproterozoic (1600 – 1575 Ma) Hiltaba-equivalent Balta-suite granites and granodiorites. U-Pb zircon SHRIMP dating of a representative host rock and cross-cutting foliated granitic dyke, constrains the timing of mineralisation between ~1587 Ma and ~1525 Ma, respectively; suggesting an affinity to Hiltaba-age granitoids. The deposit strikes E-W over a distance of 1.3 km and is up to 40 m wide. It is characterized by two mineralised zones: the North- and South- Lodes, coincident with subsidiary structures within the transpressional Cairn Hill Shear Zone (CHSZ), and concordant with the strike of the encompassing magnetic anomaly. Progressive exhumation resulted in temperature and pressure decreases under high-fluid pressure causing the CHSZ to cross the brittle-ductile transition. This occurred relatively late in the hydrothermal-metamorphic evolution, resulting in a contractional duplex in a restraining bend suggestive of a positive flower structure providing an optimal conduit for hydrothermal fluid-flow. Early Na-Ca alteration has affected the host rocks predominantly characterised by albite + scapolite + diopside ± actinolite/titanite. Extensive K-Fe metasomatism has affected the host rocks overprinted by localised zones of intense, texturally-destructive high-temperature magnetite-biotite alteration that is typical of a transitional-style IOCG system. Associated hypogene iron mineralisation predominantly consists of magnetite, with extensive zones of a superimposed texturally-complex sulphide assemblage (pyrite-pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite). Definition of the IOCG deposit clan remains a contentious issue, primarily due to mis-classification and poor understanding of some individual deposits. Nevertheless, the general consensus is that IOCG deposits sensu-stricto represent a spectrum between high-temperature, deeper magnetite-rich end-member systems, such as Cairn Hill, and lower-temperature, shallower hematite-rich end-members.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2014
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Thomas, B. J. "Trace elements in magnetite and hematite for improving pathfinder element selection of the Hillside copper mineralisation, Yorke Peninsula." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/106278.
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This item is only available electronically.The Hillside deposit is located in the southern part of the Olympic Province on the Gawler Craton, South Australia. This area has a history of IOCG-U style deposits, including the world class Olympic Dam deposit. Several other deposits and prospects have also been identified within this Olympic Dam domain. The Hillside deposit was discovered in the 1800s but recent work by Rex Minerals has expanded the mineralisation zone and have categorised this deposit as part of the IOCG-U family. A prominent characteristic of the Hillside IOCG mineralisation is the conversion of magnetite to hematite which in previous works on IOCG-U deposits was shown to be related to the mineralisation process. Two main mineralizing episodes can be distinguished, an earlier one was extremely Fe rich and allowed the formation of magnetite and pyrite. The second stage of mineralisation involved the injection of copper mineralizing fluids concurrent with the widespread replacement of magnetite by hematite. Analysis of the iron oxides was carried out using optical methods as well as trace element and rare earth element analysis by Electron Probe Micro Analysis and Laser Ablation ICP MS. The trace elements were used to identify compositional signature variations between the different iron oxide minerals. The rare earth element analysis showed a distinct overall enrichment in the hematite samples compared to the magnetite. The trace element analysis showed that several elements are distributed differently between the two oxides and sulphides. These elements include Cr, Zn, V, Ti, Ni, Pb and Co which show anomalies in both the oxides and sulphides. A variation between what elements are enriched is dependent on the mineral they are found within. This is suggested to reflect changes in composition of the mineralising fluid from the early magnetite-pyrite to the late hematite-chalcopyrite stage. The sulphides showed that chalcopyrite was enriched in several trace elements compared to pyrite. Sulphur isotope data were derived for pyrite and chalcopyrite also to characterise the source of the fluids. There was no systematic difference between chalcopyrite and pyrite. The data did show negative values between -2.6 δ34S and -6.6 δ34S which indicates that the source of the sulphur is most likely magmatic. This study gives an indication into the change in conditions that caused the replacement of magnetite by hematite and therefore the changes that caused mineralisation. An element signature was also collected to identify the difference between the iron oxides that will help in future works on this deposit.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2010