Journal articles: 'Involving observation'

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Pessoa, Osvaldo. "A Causal-Pluralist Metatheory of Observation." Open Philosophy 2, no. 1 (December 13, 2019): 657–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2019-0050.

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AbstractAn extended definition of “observation” is developed in order to account for the usage in the physical sciences and in neuropsychology. An observation is initially defined as a perception that has a focus of attention and is guided by theoretical considerations. Since the focus may change, one adopts a pluralist position according to which the object of perception may involve any stage of the causal chain that leads to perception, such as the source of light or sound, the obstructions, the medium or even the receptor. The “neutral” observations of the empiricists are seen as involving only low-level or medium-level theorization. Examples are examined, such as a lunar eclipse, the rainbow, and observations mediated by instruments, whose “artifacts” are considered observations of the instrument itself. One also defines null-effect observations. Observations of photographs and drawings may be considered either the observation of a printed sheet of paper or the observation of the pictured object or people. This causal-pluralist metatheory of observation also accepts that one may “observe light”, observe the retina, and observe parts of the brain which are outside the region of the “sensorium”. Illusions and hallucinations are analyzed within this “observational materialism”, which considers that qualia are self-observations of the brain. Criticisms that the approach is too wide in scope are analyzed in the conclusion.

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GOSWAMI, BINOY KRISHNA. "OBSERVATION OF SOME NEW PHENOMENA INVOLVING PERIOD TRIPLING AND PERIOD DOUBLING." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 05, no. 01 (February 1995): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127495000260.

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We report the observation of some new phenomena in the nonlinear dynamics of periodically driven, damped oscillators. We have observed period tripling in the form of saddle node bifurcation in the neighborhood of the original period which remains stable. Period tripling is found to be as generic as period doubling. As a consequence, the dynamics involving period tripling and doubling exhibit a new self similarity. These observations are obtained from the numerical simulation of a periodically forced class B laser.

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Marshall, Bryan T., Mian Long, James W. Piper, Tadayuki Yago, Rodger P. McEver, and Cheng Zhu. "Direct observation of catch bonds involving cell-adhesion molecules." Nature 423, no. 6936 (May 2003): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01605.

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Zaidi, Ali, and Brandon Lujan. "COMBINED RETINOSCHISIS–DETACHMENT INVOLVING THE FOVEA MANAGED WITH OBSERVATION." Retinal Cases & Brief Reports 8, no. 4 (2014): 254–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/icb.0000000000000094.

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Ueda, Takashi, Katsufumi Mizushige, Hideyasu Kiyomoto, Seiji Sakamoto, and Hirohide Matsuo. "Transesophageal Echocardiographic Observation of Multiple Myeloma Involving the Pericardium." Japanese Circulation Journal 64, no. 1 (2000): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/jcj.64.80.

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Brankart, Jean-Michel, Clément Ubelmann, Charles-Emmanuel Testut, Emmanuel Cosme, Pierre Brasseur, and Jacques Verron. "Efficient Parameterization of the Observation Error Covariance Matrix for Square Root or Ensemble Kalman Filters: Application to Ocean Altimetry." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 1908–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2693.1.

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Abstract In the Kalman filter standard algorithm, the computational complexity of the observational update is proportional to the cube of the number y of observations (leading behavior for large y). In realistic atmospheric or oceanic applications, involving an increasing quantity of available observations, this often leads to a prohibitive cost and to the necessity of simplifying the problem by aggregating or dropping observations. If the filter error covariance matrices are in square root form, as in square root or ensemble Kalman filters, the standard algorithm can be transformed to be linear in y, providing that the observation error covariance matrix is diagonal. This is a significant drawback of this transformed algorithm and often leads to an assumption of uncorrelated observation errors for the sake of numerical efficiency. In this paper, it is shown that the linearity of the transformed algorithm in y can be preserved for other forms of the observation error covariance matrix. In particular, quite general correlation structures (with analytic asymptotic expressions) can be simulated simply by augmenting the observation vector with differences of the original observations, such as their discrete gradients. Errors in ocean altimetric observations are spatially correlated, as for instance orbit or atmospheric errors along the satellite track. Adequately parameterizing these correlations can directly improve the quality of observational updates and the accuracy of the associated error estimates. In this paper, the example of the North Brazil Current circulation is used to demonstrate the importance of this effect, which is especially significant in that region of moderate ratio between signal amplitude and observation noise, and to show that the efficient parameterization that is proposed for the observation error correlations is appropriate to take it into account. Adding explicit gradient observations also receives a physical justification. This parameterization is thus proved to be useful to ocean data assimilation systems that are based on square root or ensemble Kalman filters, as soon as the number of observations becomes penalizing, and if a sophisticated parameterization of the observation error correlations is required.

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Frank, Scott H. "Direct Observation of Community-Based Ambulatory Encounters Involving Medical Students." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 9 (September 3, 1997): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550090036029.

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Frank, S. H. "Direct observation of community-based ambulatory encounters involving medical students." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 9 (September 3, 1997): 712–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.278.9.712.

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9

Edberg, Stephen J. "Working with Amateur Astronomers." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 98 (1988): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100092307.

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Amateur astronomers have a vast store of talent and expertise in making astronomical observations. When carefully channelled, their enthusiasm coupled with these characteristics can lead to the acquisition of large volumes of high-quality astronomical data. The Amateur Observation Network of the International Halley Watch (IHW) was organized to encourage comet observations by amateurs, standardize techniques whenever possible, and then collect and archive these observations for use by the astronomical community in the near and distant future as part of the whole IHW archive. The lessons learned from this experience will be useful to organizers who plan observation campaigns involving amateur astronomers in the future.

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Gubergrits, N. B., Y. А. Dyadyk, A. Ye Klochkov, N. V. Byelyayeva, M. D. Ivanova, Y. А. Ginkota, and Y. E. Chirkov. "Clinical observation of IgG4-associated disease." Bulletin of the Club of Pancreatologists 39, no. 1 (March 6, 2018): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33149/vkp.2018.01.06.

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The article presents general ideas on IgG4-associated disease, two types of autoimmune pancreatitis, major and additional histopathological criteria, a diagnostic scheme for IgG4-associated disease using histological criteria. The authors described a clinical case of disease involving the pancreas and biliary tract. Lessons of clinical observation are drawn.

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Thomas, S. P., and T. N. Guru Row. "Observation of a conserved 'selenium bond synthon' involving Se...O interaction." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 67, a1 (August 22, 2011): C448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767311088714.

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Denisov, Sergey A., Yanouk Cudré, Peter Verwilst, Gediminas Jonusauskas, Marta Marín-Suárez, Jorge Fernando Fernández-Sánchez, Etienne Baranoff, and Nathan D. McClenaghan. "Direct Observation of Reversible Electronic Energy Transfer Involving an Iridium Center." Inorganic Chemistry 53, no. 5 (February 20, 2014): 2677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic4030712.

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13

Krieger, Abba M., and Ester Samuel-Cahn. "The Noisy Secretary Problem and Some Results on Extreme Concomitant Variables." Journal of Applied Probability 49, no. 3 (September 2012): 821–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1346955336.

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The classical secretary problem for selecting the best item is studied when the actual values of the items are observed with noise. One of the main appeals of the secretary problem is that the optimal strategy is able to find the best observation with a nontrivial probability of about 0.37, even when the number of observations is arbitrarily large. The results are strikingly different when the qualities of the secretaries are observed with noise. If there is no noise then the only information that is needed is whether an observation is the best among those already observed. Since the observations are assumed to be independent and identically distributed, the solution to this problem is distribution free. In the case of noisy data, the results are no longer distribution free. Furthermore, we need to know the rank of the noisy observation among those already observed. Finally, the probability of finding the best secretary often goes to 0 as the number of observations, n, goes to ∞. The results heavily depend on the behavior of pn, the probability that the observation that is best among the noisy observations is also best among the noiseless observations. Results involving optimal strategies if all that is available is noisy data are described and examples are given to elucidate the results.

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Krieger, Abba M., and Ester Samuel-Cahn. "The Noisy Secretary Problem and Some Results on Extreme Concomitant Variables." Journal of Applied Probability 49, no. 03 (September 2012): 821–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200009566.

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The classical secretary problem for selecting the best item is studied when the actual values of the items are observed with noise. One of the main appeals of the secretary problem is that the optimal strategy is able to find the best observation with a nontrivial probability of about 0.37, even when the number of observations is arbitrarily large. The results are strikingly different when the qualities of the secretaries are observed with noise. If there is no noise then the only information that is needed is whether an observation is the best among those already observed. Since the observations are assumed to be independent and identically distributed, the solution to this problem is distribution free. In the case of noisy data, the results are no longer distribution free. Furthermore, we need to know the rank of the noisy observation among those already observed. Finally, the probability of finding the best secretary often goes to 0 as the number of observations, n, goes to ∞. The results heavily depend on the behavior of p n , the probability that the observation that is best among the noisy observations is also best among the noiseless observations. Results involving optimal strategies if all that is available is noisy data are described and examples are given to elucidate the results.

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15

Razek, Adel. "Review of Pairing Exercises Involving a Real Event and its Virtual Model up to the Supervision of Complex Procedures." Journal of Human, Earth, and Future 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 424–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/hef-2021-02-04-010.

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Matching of a real procedure with its virtual model is performed in a variety of natural and artificial situations. The exercise of this concept in science, technology, and innovation is assessed in this review. This involves off-line as well as real-time pairing practices. The off-line case regards mainly management and ruling of elegant theories, computing tools imitating physical paradigms and computer aided design. The real-time pairing concerns in particular natural phenomena, online matching devices in autonomous automated systems and in complex procedures. The article is constituted of three consequential divisions: the observation-theory framework, innovations relative to matching concepts, and observation-modeling matching in complex procedures. The paper first presents a framework for the observation-theory pair. This will highlight the complementary aspect of such a duo, its ability to validate or invalidate an elegant theory, its use to explicate an observation, and finally, how a theory can unify different observations into an elegant mathematical representation. At the end of this section, innovative computing tools that imitate physical paradigms are exposed. In the following section, the paper then illustrates recent innovations relating to the notions of pairing concerning theories addressing natural functions and design approaches in industry, as well as the task of matching virtual estimates to their actual values in automated systems. The role of the observation-modeling pair in complex procedures is then investigated in the last part. In this frame, matched twins in complex procedures are examined, highlighting the concept of the digital twin. Examples of use of this concept are presented to illustrate the range of its applications in different domains, including energy, production, maintenance, mobility, healthcare, smart cities, etc. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2021-02-04-010 Full Text: PDF

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16

Muradian, Leontii. "BUILDING MODELS OF FREIGHT CARS REFUSALS INVOLVING BAYESIAN APPROACH." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 1 (January 29, 2016): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2016.00026.

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Based on the theoretical analysis and Bayesian statistics ordinary shown that Bayesian analysis begins with the known data from the following consideration changes in knowledge process of obtaining new information and mathematical statistics methods of sample observation comes only with the knowledge of some group of objects. Using Bayesian formula, we can determine the probability of any event, provided that there was another statistically correlated with it an event that counted with greater accuracy the likelihood. This used previously known information and data obtained as a result of new observations. The study of failures of freight cars, the Bayesian approach allows you to evaluate the occurrence of each failure of parts or assemblies separately, as well as through changes in the formula for the total probability. The paper, based on Bayesian method was done combining two models: the failures of freight cars and the changing physical and mechanical properties of composite materials. This posterior probability determined a priori probability of failures given using the model change of physical and mechanical properties and the likelihood function that takes into account the additional value failures. Using the expression for the posterior probability held specification mentioned developments (run) freight wagon to failure.

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17

Marumahoko, Sylvester. "Election Observation in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Political Activism and Engagement 7, no. 4 (October 2020): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpae.2020100103.

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Election observation is fast emerging as a central tenet of preserving and extending democracy in Africa and other parts of the world. It is also evolving as the flagship of democracy promotion and the best-funded type of democracy-related assistance. Since the end of the Cold War, hundreds of elections held in Africa have been the subject of election observation involving hordes of local, regional, and international observers. The scrutiny comes against the backdrop of the African Union (AU) and membership regional bodies resolving to make election observation a component of all polls conducted in Africa. The article explores the opportunities, challenges, and constraints to election observation in Zimbabwe. The general conclusion of the article is that election observation is crucial for the realisation of democratic polls in Zimbabwe.

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Abdalla, H., R. Adam, F. Aharonian, F. Ait Benkhali, E. O. Angüner, M. Arakawa, C. Arcaro, et al. "Simultaneous observations of the blazar PKS 2155−304 from ultra-violet to TeV energies." Astronomy & Astrophysics 639 (July 2020): A42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936900.

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Here we report the results of the first ever contemporaneous multi-wavelength observation campaign on the BL Lac object PKS 2155−304 involving Swift, NuSTAR, Fermi-LAT, and H.E.S.S. The use of these instruments allows us to cover a broad energy range, which is important for disentangling the different radiative mechanisms. The source, observed from June 2013 to October 2013, was found in a low flux state with respect to previous observations but exhibited highly significant flux variability in the X-rays. The high-energy end of the synchrotron spectrum can be traced up to 40 keV without significant contamination by high-energy emission. A one-zone synchrotron self-Compton model was used to reproduce the broadband flux of the source for all the observations presented here but failed for previous observations made in April 2013. A lepto-hadronic solution was then explored to explain these earlier observational results.

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Zhang, S. G., L. Zhang, W. Q. Lu, W. Zhang, J. D. Yu, Y. N. Fu, and J. G. Li. "Observation of bubble-involving spontaneous gas dissolution in superheated Al alloy melt." Applied Physics Letters 103, no. 16 (October 14, 2013): 164103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4825355.

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20

DeClue, Gregory. "Psychological Consultation in Cases Involving Interrogations and Confessions." Journal of Psychiatry & Law 33, no. 3 (September 2005): 313–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009318530503300302.

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Scientific investigation, including naturalistic observation and empirical research, is advancing our understanding of the psychology of interrogations and confessions. Psychological science enhances our understanding of why some people who initially claim innocence respond to interrogation procedures by confessing—sometimes to crimes they did not commit. Legal procedures allow three opportunities for a defendant to challenge confession evidence: whether there was a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary Miranda waiver; whether the confession was coerced (involuntary); and whether the confession is unreliable. Expert psychological or psychiatric testimony can assist courts in each of these determinations.

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Fikri Ikhlasun Amal, Irvan Lismana, Dwi Epty Hidayaty, and Santi Pertiwi Hari Sandi. "Work Discipline on the Performance of MSMEs Adelia Capcin." Formosa Journal of Applied Sciences 2, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 1381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/fjas.v2i6.4776.

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Quality human resources are one of the factors that will determine the success of any organization. Work discipline is very important and must be possessed by leaders and employees. Leadership means involving others, namely subordinates or employees who are led. Adelia Capcin is an MSME business venture engaged in culinary, just like other MSME businesses. The purpose of this observation is to know and analyze the effect of work discipline on employee performance, to know and analyze the influence of motivation on employee performance and to know and analyze the effect of work discipline and motivation on employee performance on Adelia Capcin. This observation uses HR theory related to work discipline, employee motivation and performance. This observation uses a descriptive approach method. The results of these observations reveal the motivation and work discipline of Adelia Capcin's MSME business.

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Way, Jonathan G. "Social and Play Behavior in a Wild Eastern Coyote, Canis latrans, Pack." Canadian Field-Naturalist 121, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v121i4.511.

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I had close and consistent observations of a wild eastern Coyote pack (Canis latrans) from January 2000 to August 2007. During this time, I obtained 3156 radio-locations on a specific radio-collared breeding male (“Sill”) and observed him and/or members of his pack on 375 occasions. The average group size = 3.0 ± 2.3 (SD) Coyotes with 1.9 ± 1.2 (SD) being adults and 1.1 ± 1.9 being pups. Maximal group size involved 12 Coyotes (9 pups, 3 adults). During these observations, Coyotes most often behaved in a friendly manner toward each other as indicated by 80 of my observations involving play between pups, and 15 involving play among adult Coyotes. On the evening of 6 July 2007 I observed the breeding male (>8 yr old), his mate (>5 yr old), one of their full-sized probable yearlings, and five pups playing intensely for 33 minutes. This paper details social and play behavior from this pack, especially from the 6 July 2007 observation.

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Zhang, Ke, Huadong Guo, Di Jiang, and Chunming Han. "Analysis of Geometric Characteristics and Coverage for Moon-Based/Spaceborne Bistatic SAR Earth Observation." Remote Sensing 15, no. 8 (April 19, 2023): 2151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15082151.

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With the rapid development of Earth system science, a new understanding of the complete Earth system has highlighted the crucial importance of integrated observations, especially in research involving large-scale geoscience phenomena. As an active sensor with all-time and all-weather capabilities, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has been widely used in recent decades for Earth observation. However, the existing spaceborne, airborne, and ground-based SAR systems have difficulty providing temporally consistent and spatially continuous Earth observation data on a global scale. As Earth’s only natural satellite, the Moon is a very promising Earth observation platform. By deploying a transmitter on the Moon and a receiver on the high-orbit satellite, a Moon-based/spaceborne bistatic synthetic aperture radar (MS-BiSAR) can be formed. In this paper, the MS-BiSAR geometric model of Earth observation was established using ephemeris and orbit propagators with reference system transformations, and three different MS-BiSAR configurations were used to calculate and analyze their geometric characteristics and Earth observation coverage. The results show that with the advantage of wide swaths, continuous observation capabilities, and large coverage, such an MS-BiSAR could significantly contribute to monitoring and understanding large-scale geoscience phenomena.

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Yustina, Ira Ida. "IMPROVING THE STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY MASTERY’ USING GAMES INVOLVING PICTURES IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL." Journal of English Education, Literature and Linguistics 2, no. 1 (May 5, 2019): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31540/jeell.v2i1.242.

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The objectives of the study are to describe and find out the effectiveness the teaching of English vocabulary using games involving pictures in class activities at the third grade students of Elementary School. This study is action research. The subject of study is the third grade students of Elementary School of Piri Nitikan Yogyakarta. There were 17 students in the class. The data were collected from the observation, interview and test. The data were analyzed from field notes, interview transcript, the observation sheets and test result. It is concluded that using games involving picture in the class can make some progress to the students. The students can increase their vocabulary mastery and their ability both in writing words and in speaking. The students can pronounce the English words correctly. Besides, using games involving picture make the students active and enjoy English class.

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Al Aboud, Ahmad, Mohammad Hakim, Fawaz Aljohani, Ibrahim Alehibi, Homaid Alotaibi, Yusra Bindogji, Rana Al Zaidi, Tahani Alehibi, and Asma Almalki. "Multiple, non-syndromic BCCs involving a hypopigmented patch." Our Dermatology Online 13, e (August 22, 2022): e56-e56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7241/ourd.2022e.56.

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Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human malignant neoplasm. It has a slowly progressive nature and a locally invasive behavior. Both genetic predisposition and exposure to environmental risks are involved in its pathogenesis. An ever-increasing annual incidence is observed. Multiple BCCs may be seen in some syndromes such as nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), also known as Gorlin–Goltz syndrome. The occurrence of multiple, concurrent, non-syndromic BCCs is rare. Herein, we present a concise report of an observation of multiple, non-syndromic BCCs involving a hypopigmented patch on the forehead in an adult Afghani patient.

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Al Aboud, Ahmad, Mohammad Hakim, Fawaz Aljohani, Ibrahim Alehibi, Homaid Alotaibi, Yusra Bindogji, Rana Al Zaidi, Tahani Alehibi, and Asma Almalki. "Multiple, non-syndromic BCCs involving a hypopigmented patch." Our Dermatology Online 13, e (August 22, 2022): e56-e56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7241/ourd.2022e.58.

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Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human malignant neoplasm. It has a slowly progressive nature and a locally invasive behavior. Both genetic predisposition and exposure to environmental risks are involved in its pathogenesis. An ever-increasing annual incidence is observed. Multiple BCCs may be seen in some syndromes such as nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), also known as Gorlin–Goltz syndrome. The occurrence of multiple, concurrent, non-syndromic BCCs is rare. Herein, we present a concise report of an observation of multiple, non-syndromic BCCs involving a hypopigmented patch on the forehead in an adult Afghani patient.

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Kalbfeld, S., D. M. Kucera, and J. B. Ketterson. "Observation of an evolving standing-wave pattern involving a transverse disturbance in superfluidB3." Physical Review Letters 71, no. 14 (October 4, 1993): 2264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.71.2264.

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Kirby, James P., Brandon T. Weldon, and James K. McCusker. "Experimental Observation of Excited-State Electron Transfer Quenching Involving Exchange-Coupled Dinuclear FeIIIComplexes." Inorganic Chemistry 37, no. 15 (July 1998): 3658–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic980561f.

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Bannan, Brenda, Erin Peters, and Patricia Martinez. "Mobile, Inquiry-Based Learning and Geological Observation." International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning 2, no. 3 (July 2010): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jmbl.2010070102.

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This exploratory study examines the use of integrated and complementary technology systems including mobile devices to explore an instructional experience designed to provoke observational inquiry and geological reasoning with upper elementary and middle school students. Mobile devices combined with classroom-based computer technology loaded with Google EarthTM software provided enhanced and varying views of a geological phenomenon allowing students to identify and reason about visual evidence of erosion in their local environment. A socio-cultural frame was also employed to examine the data in relation to social structures, cultural practices and individual agency. Findings indicate that the incorporation of mobile devices into an overarching instructional intervention involving geological observational inquiry promoted enhanced geological observation and reasoning in the field as well as demonstrated some evidence of appropriation in shifts of agency, social structures and cultural practices for the students in this study.

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Greer, Brian. "Brief Report: Nonconservation of Multiplication and Division Involving Decimals." Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 18, no. 1 (January 1987): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.18.1.0037.

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It has been firmly established that a pupil's choice of operation for the solution of a single-operation word problem is often affected by the types of numbers in the problem (Bell, Fischbein, & Greer, 1984; Bell, Swan, & Taylor, 1981; Fischbein, Deri, Nello, & Marino, 1985; Hart, 1981). A more specific observation is that a choice of different operations occurs even when two problems differing only in the numbers involved are juxtaposed and attention is drawn to the similarity between them (Ekenstam ' Greger, 1983).

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Duan, Mu, Yunbo Zhang, Ran Liu, Shen Chen, Guoquan Deng, Xiaowei Yi, Jie Li, and Puwei Yang. "Observation Capability Evaluation Model for Flood-Observation-Oriented Satellite Sensor Selection." Applied Sciences 13, no. 22 (November 18, 2023): 12482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132212482.

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Satellite sensors are one of the most important means of collecting real-time geospatial information. Due to their characteristics such as large spatial coverage and strong capability for dynamic monitoring, they are widely used in the observation of real-time flood situation information for flood situational awareness and response. Selecting the optimum sensor is vital when multiple sensors exist. Presently, sensor selection predominantly hinges on human experience and various quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods. Yet, these methods lack optimization considering the flood’s spatiotemporal characteristics, such as different flood phases and geographical environmental factors. Consequently, they may inaccurately evaluate and select the inappropriate sensor. To address this issue, an innovative observation capability evaluation model (OCEM) is proposed to quantitatively pre-evaluate the performance of flood-water-observation-oriented satellite sensors. The OCEM selects and formulates various flood-water-observation-related capability factors and supports dynamic weight assignment considering the spatiotemporal characteristics of the flood event. An experiment involving three consecutive flood phase observation tasks was conducted. The results demonstrated the flexibility and effectiveness of the OCEM in pre-evaluating the observation capability of various satellite sensors across those tasks, accounting for the spatiotemporal characteristics of different flood phases. Additionally, qualitative and quantitative comparisons with related methods further affirmed the superiority of the OCEM. In general, the OCEM has provided a “measuring table” to optimize the selection and planning of sensors in flood management departments for acquiring real-time flood information.

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Fogarty, Mary. "Musical Tastes in Popular Dance Practices." Congress on Research in Dance Conference Proceedings 2012 (2012): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cor.2012.7.

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This paper explores the relationship between musical tastes and dance practices in popular dance practices. It is based on ideas that emerged from a multisited ethnography involving the participation in and observation of the practices of breaking, as well as interviews with individual b-boys and b-girls, who often traveled between cities as part of their practices. Although there were many interesting and contradictory observations and participant responses provided by this multigenerational, multicultural scene, one theme emerged as central.

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Gorokhovsky, Elia, and Jeffrey L. Anderson. "Extending ensemble Kalman filter algorithms to assimilate observations with an unknown time offset." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 30, no. 1 (February 7, 2023): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-30-37-2023.

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Abstract. Data assimilation (DA), the statistical combination of computer models with measurements, is applied in a variety of scientific fields involving forecasting of dynamical systems, most prominently in atmospheric and ocean sciences. The existence of misreported or unknown observation times (time error) poses a unique and interesting problem for DA. Mapping observations to incorrect times causes bias in the prior state and affects assimilation. Algorithms that can improve the performance of ensemble Kalman filter DA in the presence of observing time error are described. Algorithms that can estimate the distribution of time error are also developed. These algorithms are then combined to produce extensions to ensemble Kalman filters that can both estimate and correct for observation time errors. A low-order dynamical system is used to evaluate the performance of these methods for a range of magnitudes of observation time error. The most successful algorithms must explicitly account for the nonlinearity in the evolution of the prediction model.

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Myerscough, Keith W., Jason Frank, and Benedict Leimkuhler. "Observation-based correction of dynamical models using thermostats." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 473, no. 2197 (January 2017): 20160730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0730.

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Models used in simulation may give accurate short-term trajectories but distort long-term (statistical) properties. In this work, we augment a given approximate model with a control law (a ‘thermostat’) that gently perturbs the dynamical system to target a thermodynamic state consistent with a set of prescribed (possibly evolving) observations. As proof of concept, we provide an example involving a point vortex fluid model on the sphere, for which we show convergence of equilibrium quantities (in the stationary case) and the ability of the thermostat to dynamically track a transient state.

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Marino, B. F., W. S. G. Walker, C. Bembrick, and E. Budding. "Observation and Analysis of RW Doradus." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 24, no. 4 (2007): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as07009.

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AbstractPhotometry of the short-period (P ∼0.285 d) low-mass (M1 ∼0.67, M2 ∼0.48 M⊙) W UMa-type eclipsing binary RW Dor, mainly involving a good series of observations in 1987–88, using standard B and V filters at the Auckland Observatory, is examined. Analysis via light curve fittings alone permits both transit (near main sequence) and occultation (W-type contact binary) solutions. Consideration of proximity or other effects on the relatively small number of measured radial velocities gives rise to a more detailed review of the alternatives, though the (W-type) configuration determined by Hilditch, Hill & Bell (1992) is still confirmed. Further implications of this configuration are examined, given an apparent general trend to period decrease (Δ P/P ∼6 × 10−11), and some light curve asymmetry. This is consistent with the initially low-mass companion, Case-B scenario of Budding (1984). The evidence does suggest irregularity of the period variation however, and further detailed surveillance, including more spectroscopy, is desirable.

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Berven, Leise A., David Dolphin, and Stephen G. Withers. "The base-catalysed anomerization of dinitrophenyl glycosides: evidence for a novel reaction mechanism." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 10 (October 1, 1990): 1859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-288.

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The mechanism of base-catalysed anomerization of per-O-acetylated 2,4-dinitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside in dimethylsulfoxide has been investigated using a variety of techniques. A mechanism involving proton abstraction at C-1 was eliminated by the absence of proton exchange at that center and the measurement of a secondary deuterium kinetic isotope effect for the 1-deuterio substrate. A mechanism involving phenolate departure and recombination is rendered unlikely on the basis of remote substituent effects on the reaction rate and by the absence of any exchange of the phenyl moiety with added phenolate. A mechanism involving nucleophilic aromatic substitution initiated by an attack of the dimethylsulfinyl anion to generate a glucosyl oxyanion intermediate that anomerizes and recombines with the reactive aryl intermediate is consistent with the observations. This mechanism is further supported by the observation of a purple Meisenheimer complex intermediate and by the observed exchange between the substrate containing a labelled sugar moiety and added unlabelled 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranose. Keywords: glycoside, anomerization, reaction mechanism.

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Manabe, Hiroshi, Seiichiro Fujita, Toru Hatayama, Shigeharu Suzuki, and Soroku Yagihashi. "Rerupture of coil-embolized aneurysm during long-term observation." Journal of Neurosurgery 88, no. 6 (June 1998): 1096–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1998.88.6.1096.

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✓ The authors describe the histopathological findings in a case involving rerupture of a recanalized aneurysm of the internal carotid artery 8 months after partial (95%) embolization with interlocking detachable coils. The aneurysm was filled with poorly organized thrombus, and its orifice was devoid of endothelial cells. It appears likely that a long period of observation may be required to confirm the complete thrombotic organization of coil-embolized aneurysms. This indicates that caution is needed because rupture may follow recanalization of the aneurysm.

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Manning, Alistair J. "The challenge of estimating regional trace gas emissions from atmospheric observations." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1943 (May 28, 2011): 1943–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0321.

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This paper discusses some of the major issues that surround estimating regional emissions of trace gases from atmospheric observations through inversion modelling. Inversion methods use modelled knowledge of how emissions dilute in the atmosphere as they travel from their source to an observation point, together with the observations, to calculate a grid of emissions. The problem is one of minimizing the mismatch between a modelled and observed time series of concentration. There are many methods of comparing time series, some involving a priori knowledge others without. The location, terrain and height of the observation station can also be very significant in determining how well a model can represent the dilution from emission source to receptor. The inversion solution (emission map) will assign some of the sources incorrectly for a variety of reasons, e.g. local sources, intermittent releases, errors in the modelled transport or observation, and the choice of the spatial and temporal resolution of the emission map. The reasons for uncertainty in the modelled emissions are discussed along with suggestions as to how some of these can be minimized. Using multiple stations to further constrain the inversion should reduce the uncertainty; however, care is needed if the potential improvements are to be realized.

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Munde, Vera, Carla Vlaskamp, Pieter Vos, Bea Maes, and Wied Ruijssenaars. "Physiological Measurements as Validation of Alertness Observations: An Exploratory Case Study of Three Individuals with Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities." Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 50, no. 4 (August 1, 2012): 300–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-50.4.300.

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Abstract Although observation largely takes into account the needs and abilities of individuals with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities, several difficulties are related to this assessment method as well. Our aim in this study was to investigate what possibilities the use of physiological measurements make available to validate alertness observations. Measurements of five physiological parameters were compared with video observations of three individuals with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. Because our first findings are broadly in line with those of studies involving individuals in the general population, we hypothesize that physiological measurements can be used to validate alertness observations in individuals with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. Future studies are needed to compensate for the limitations of this study and to answer ensuing questions.

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Petroni, Agustín, Federico Baguear, and Valeria Della-Maggiore. "Motor Resonance May Originate From Sensorimotor Experience." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 4 (October 2010): 1867–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00386.2010.

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In humans, the motor system can be activated by passive observation of actions or static pictures with implied action. The origin of this facilitation is of major interest to the field of motor control. Recently it has been shown that sensorimotor learning can reconfigure the motor system during action observation. Here we tested directly the hypothesis that motor resonance arises from sensorimotor contingencies by measuring corticospinal excitability in response to abstract non-action cues previously associated with an action. Motor evoked potentials were measured from the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) while human subjects observed colored stimuli that had been visually or motorically associated with a finger movement (index or little finger abduction). Corticospinal excitability was higher during the observation of a colored cue that preceded a movement involving the recorded muscle than during the observation of a different colored cue that preceded a movement involving a different muscle. Crucially this facilitation was only observed when the cue was associated with an executed movement but not when it was associated with an observed movement. Our findings provide solid evidence in support of the sensorimotor hypothesis of action observation and further suggest that the physical nature of the observed stimulus mediating this phenomenon may in fact be irrelevant.

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Parmar, Sakshi J., Manmohan M. Kamat, Avani Mishra, and Saisree Setipalli. "Mesenteric fibromatosis involving intestine mimicking a gastrointestinal stromal tumor." International Surgery Journal 10, no. 7 (June 28, 2023): 1239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20231976.

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Mesenteric fibromatosis (MF) or intra-abdominal desmoid tumour is a rare proliferative disease affecting the mesentery. MF is a locally aggressive tumour that lacks metastatic potential, but the local recurrence is common. We report a case of 33-year-old female with chief complaints of mass in abdomen which was hard on palpation arising from the pelvis and extending up to the umbilicus. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggestive of soft tissue mass and exploration was planned. Intra-operatively a mass of 16×16×8 cm with attached ileum and caecum which was excised completely and sent for histopathological examination. Histopathology was suggestive of Mesenteric fibromatosis spindle cell type. Considering the rarity of this tumour and difficulties in diagnostic and therapeutic ambit, we believe it is justified to publish this case which came to our observation.

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MacGillivray, WR, and MC Standage. "Studies Involving the Resonant Interaction of Laser Light with Atoms." Australian Journal of Physics 47, no. 1 (1994): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph940001.

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In this article, we review three areas of study in which the resonant interaction between atoms and laser radiation plays a central role. Firstly, coherent optical transients are discussed in which the direct observation of this interaction can be studied via the detection of the Rabi frequency in optical nutations. Secondly, the response of atoms to resonant radiation in an optical cavity leading to optical bistability and other effects is described. Finally, the new field of atom manipulation by resonant laser fields is introduced, in particular, the deflection of atomic beams. The underlying theoretical framework for the experiments performed is discussed, ranging from full quantum electrodynamic to semiclassical models.

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Ilyas, Sidrah, Mahvish Fatima Kashif, and Hafiza Sadiya Iqbal. "An Exploratory Study about the Role of Experiential Learning for Developing Professional Skills at Higher Education." Global Social Sciences Review V, no. III (September 30, 2020): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2020(v-iii).36.

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This study explores the learning experiences of postgraduate students pursuing master's degree in higher education. The assessment students enrolled in the course "Application of Computer in Research" observed through semi-structured observations. These observations contained 16 weeks (4 days a week). The observation tool was validated through five experts' opinions, and a mock observation was conducted in order to ensure the reliability of the tool. The researcher deeply observed the students' learning experiences daily by tasks, activities and discussions in which they were involved by the teacher�the analysis procedures controlled through coding, memos and themes generation. The study findings revealed that experiential learning provided students with some important skills that enhance their learning in a better way. The study contributed to the field of education at a higher level than postgraduates might be handled through active learning because active learning may indulge new visions, ideas for creative work and transferring those ideas through reflection by involving students in the activities in which they do the tasks by themselves.

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Ruckhofer, Adrian, Giorgio Benedek, Martin Bremholm, Wolfgang E. Ernst, and Anton Tamtögl. "Observation of Dirac Charge-Density Waves in Bi2Te2Se." Nanomaterials 13, no. 3 (January 24, 2023): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13030476.

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While parallel segments in the Fermi level contours, often found at the surfaces of topological insulators (TIs), would imply “strong” nesting conditions, the existence of charge-density waves (CDWs)—periodic modulations of the electron density—has not been verified up to now. Here, we report the observation of a CDW at the surface of the TI Bi2Te2Se(111), below ≈350K, by helium-atom scattering and, thus, experimental evidence for a CDW involving Dirac topological electrons. Deviations of the order parameter observed below 180K, and a low-temperature break of time reversal symmetry, suggest the onset of a spin-density wave with the same period as the CDW in the presence of a prominent electron-phonon interaction, originating from Rashba spin-orbit coupling.

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Shutyaev, Victor, Francois-Xavier Le Dimet, and Eugene Parmuzin. "Sensitivity analysis with respect to observations in variational data assimilation for parameter estimation." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 25, no. 2 (June 21, 2018): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-25-429-2018.

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Abstract. The problem of variational data assimilation for a nonlinear evolution model is formulated as an optimal control problem to find unknown parameters of the model. The observation data, and hence the optimal solution, may contain uncertainties. A response function is considered as a functional of the optimal solution after assimilation. Based on the second-order adjoint techniques, the sensitivity of the response function to the observation data is studied. The gradient of the response function is related to the solution of a nonstandard problem involving the coupled system of direct and adjoint equations. The nonstandard problem is studied, based on the Hessian of the original cost function. An algorithm to compute the gradient of the response function with respect to observations is presented. A numerical example is given for the variational data assimilation problem related to sea surface temperature for the Baltic Sea thermodynamics model.

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Bodier-Houllé, Patricia, Pierre Steuer, Jean-Claude Voegel, and Frédéric J. G. Cuisinier. "First Experimental Evidence for Human Dentine Crystal Formation Involving Conversion of Octacalcium Phosphate to Hydroxyapatite." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 54, no. 6 (November 1, 1998): 1377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0907444998005769.

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Biological apatite-crystal formation is a complex process starting with heterogeneous nucleation of inorganic calcium phosphate on an organic extracellular matrix [Cuisinier et al. (1995), J. Cryst. Growth, 156, 443–453]. Further stages of crystal growth are also controlled by the organic matrix and both nucleation and growth processes are under cellular control [Mann (1993), Nature (London), 367, 499–505]. The final mineral in calcified tissue is constituted by poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) with a low Ca:P ratio, containing foreign ions such as carbonate and fluoride. This study reports the first observation of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) [Brown (1962), Nature (London), 196, 1048–1055] in a biological tissue; OCP was found in the central part and HA at the extremities of the same crystal of calcifying dentine. This observation is of key importance in understanding the first nucleation steps of biological mineralization. The presence of OCP in a forming human dentine crystal and the observation in the same tissue of nanometer-sized particles with a HA structure [Houllé et al. (1997), J. Dent Res. 76, 895–904] clearly proves that two mechanisms, direct nucleation of non-stoichiometric HA crystals and nucleation of OCP, occur simultaneously in same area of mineralization. OCP is found to be a transient phase during the growth of biological crystals. In small crystals, OCP is completely transformed into HA by a hydrolysis reaction (Brown, 1962) and can only be detected in larger crystals because of its slow kinetics of transformation.

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Kjelsrud, Hilde, and Hilde Kjelsrud. "Peer Learning through Pedagogical Observation in Driving Teacher Education in Norway." International Journal of Teaching and Education 9, no. 1 (April 20, 2021): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52950/te.2021.9.1.002.

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The purpose of this article is to examine what driving teacher students think they learn from the learning activity pedagogical observation and what factors concerning this activity they think are important for their learning outcome. At a driving school connected to a university, driving teacher students give driving lessons to student drivers with a peer driving teacher student—a pedagogical observer—in the back seat. Focus group interviews involving eight driving teacher students were conducted to explore what they think they learn through pedagogical observation, and the data was analysed using thematic analysis. The focus group interviews revealed that driving teacher students think they (1) strengthen their driving teacher role, (2) strengthen their peer guidance role, (3) increase their subject knowledge (4) and learn to interact with student drivers. For this learning outcome to occur, driving teacher students point to these factors: 1) the need for a focused plan; 2) establishing a definite agreement; 3) having a committed attitude; 4) providing constructive feedback; and 5) possessing appropriate knowledge. This study contributes to the sparse research on cooperation among driving teacher students in the practical field at the university level. It shows that the learning activity of pedagogical observation enables driving teacher students to learn from each other during driving lessons as a two-way reciprocal learning activity.

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Kliewer, C. E., Y. Du, and B. Wooler. "Observation of Phase Transformations during Sulfidation: An Ex-Situ Study Involving a Promoted Experimental Catalyst." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 126, no. 14 (April 5, 2022): 6505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c01200.

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MINAMI, TAKEO, TOSHIFUMI WATANABE, YOSHIHIRO ISHIKAWA, YOSHITO WAKAO, MAKOTO MUTO, TATSUO SUZUKI, and MITSUGU TAKAHASHI. "A Long Term Observation Involving Two Cases of Pulmonary Arteriostenosis and Aortic Stenosis in Dogs." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 43, no. 1 (1990): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.43.43.

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Alam, M. N. "Evaluation of a Dedicated Teaching Shift Involving Direct Bedside Observation of Trainees by Attending Staff." Academic Emergency Medicine 11, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 479–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1197/j.aem.2004.02.366.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Involving observation'

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