Books on the topic 'Involving observation'
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1
Maki, Ellen Lorraine. Some statistical topics involving incomplete observation of a branching process. Toronto: [s.n.], 1986.
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Gonzalo, Arnau Brossa. First Observation of Fully Reconstructed B0 and Bs0 Decays into Final States Involving an Excited Neutral Charm Meson in LHCb. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22753-0.
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Schneider, Barbara. Hearing Voices: Involving Service Users in Mental Health Research. University of Toronto Press, 2018.
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Gonzalo, Arnau Brossa. First Observation of Fully Reconstructed B0 and Bs0 Decays into Final States Involving an Excited Neutral Charm Meson in LHCb. Springer International Publishing AG, 2023.
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5
Palinkas, Lawrence A., and Brittany Rhoades Cooper. Mixed Methods Evaluation in Dissemination and Implementation Science. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683214.003.0020.
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In reviewing the rapidly growing literature on the use of mixed methods to address important issues confronting the science of dissemination and implementation, the authors make two observations. The first observation is that mixed methods reflect an iterative process of data collection and analysis that involves both inductive and deductive approaches to understanding complex phenomena. Second, this chapter begins with the observation that using mixed methods is more than parallel play involving separate quantitative and qualitative studies. Both the iterative nature of dissemination and implementation science and the likely debate and compromises involved in selection and application of quantitative and qualitative methods in a mixed method design demand attention on the part of the investigators to document and detail the rationale for the selection of methods and the process and outcomes of their use.
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Mashhoon, Bahram. Linearized Nonlocal Gravity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803805.003.0007.
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The only known exact solution of the field equation of nonlocal gravity (NLG) is the trivial solution involving Minkowski spacetime that indicates the absence of a gravitational field. Therefore, this chapter is devoted to a thorough examination of NLG in the linear approximation beyond Minkowski spacetime. Moreover, the solutions of the linearized field equation of NLG are discussed in detail. We adopt the view that the kernel of the theory must be determined from observation. In the Newtonian regime of NLG, we recover the phenomenological Tohline-Kuhn approach to modified gravity. A simple generalization of the Kuhn kernel leads to a three-parameter modified Newtonian force law that is always attractive. Gravitational lensing is discussed. It is shown that nonlocal gravity (NLG), with a characteristic galactic lengthscale of order 1 kpc, simulates dark matter in the linear regime while preserving causality.
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Dunson, David. Flexible Bayes regression of epidemiologic data. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.1.
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This article focuses on flexible Bayes regression of epidemiologic data involving pregnancy outcomes. It first provides an overview of finite mixture models and nonparametric Bayes methods before discussing some of the possibilities focusing on gestational age at delivery, DDE and age data from the Longnecker et al. (2001) study. More specifically, it examines how risk of premature delivery is impacted by maternal exposure to the pesticide DDT. The results showcase the use of Bayesian analysis in epidemiological studies that collect continuous health outcomes data, and in which the scientific and clinical interest typically focuses on the relationships between exposures and risks of an abnormal response, corresponding to an observation in the tails of the distribution. The article also highlights the limitations of current standard approaches that can be overcome by means of Bayesian analysis using density regression, mixtures and nonparametric models, as developed and applied in this pregnancy outcome study.
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Steiner, Lisa A. Infections of the Hand. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0047.
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Hand infections can be delineated by type and location of infection, by a polymicrobial vs single microbial colonization, and by the type of organism. They are most often caused by superficial injury or trauma. Early identification and timely treatment can significantly improve the morbidity associated with hand infections. In addition to determining the source and mechanism of infection, it is important to identify tetanus immunization status, prior injury to the affected area, immune status, occupation, and hand dominance. Some hand infections (eg, paronychia, felon, herpetic whitlow, and cellulitis) can be treated in the emergency department and discharged with close follow-up. Deep space abscesses and infections caused by bite wounds involving tendons will require either observation, admission, or surgery depending on their severity. Take into account a patient’s comorbidities—diabetes, immunosuppression, injection drug use, inability to follow up for re-evaluation, and ability to fill antibiotic prescriptions—upon disposition.
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Menezes, Alexandre Monteiro de. Horizontes: Pinturas e desenhos de Belo Horizonte. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-531-6.
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HORIZONTES is a tribute to the city Belo Horizonte. The drawings and paintings that make up this tribute were presented in individual and collective exhibitions in art galleries and cultural spaces in the capital of Minas Gerais. The peaces bring scenes from the daily life of the city, its mountains seen in the distance, as well as representing some of its buildings. The creative process begins with drawings and sketches developed on the spot, using graphite pencils, colored pencils, ballpoint pens, a pad of paper and a good shade to protect from the sun. The buildings are drafted on the spot on small sheets of paper, allowing you to choose the best viewing angles and seeking to experience the space, smell the scents, hear the sounds, perceive the warmth and life of each place. The drawings made in the place offer important and necessary information to help organize the perception and better understanding of the object in space. The observation drawing activity involved in this creative process is of great importance, as it is a conventional, personal and individual activity, involving the discovery of forms and their communication. The observation drawings developed at the site are more than just a passive container of the author's eye. They are a powerful medium that influence thinking just as they are influenced by the thinking of the designer. The result seems to represent, more and more, the will and the attempt to paint not only the visible world, but the memory, the history, the winds, the sounds, the smells, the city and the life, with all the symbolic aspect.
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Abbott, Kenneth W., Bernhard Zangl, Duncan Snidal, and Philipp Genschel, eds. The Governor's Dilemma. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855057.001.0001.
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The Governor’s Dilemma develops a general theory of indirect governance based on the tradeoff between governor control and intermediary competence; the empirical chapters apply that theory to a diverse range of cases encompassing both international relations and comparative politics. The theoretical framework paper starts from the observation that virtually all governance is indirect, carried out through intermediaries. But governors in indirect governance relationships face a dilemma: competent intermediaries gain power from the competencies they contribute, making them difficult to control, while efforts to control intermediary behavior limit important intermediary competencies, including expertise, credibility, and legitimacy. Thus, governors can obtain either high intermediary competence or strong control, but not both. The empirical chapters demonstrate that the competence–control tradeoff, and the governor’s dilemma, are common conditions of indirect governance, whether governors are domestic, international, or supranational, democratic or authoritarian; and whether governance addresses economic, security, or social issues. The empirical chapters analyze the operation and implications of the governor’s dilemma in cases involving the governance of violence (e.g. secret police, support for foreign rebel groups, private security companies), the governance of markets (e.g. the Euro crisis, capital markets, EU regulation, the G20), and cross-cutting governance issues (colonial empires, “Trump’s Dilemma”).
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Aminoff, Michael J. Clinical Observations on the Nervous System. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190614966.003.0009.
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With his remarkable knowledge of anatomy and his analytical mind, Bell developed into an outstanding clinical neurologist even before the specialty had been invented. Thus it was that in his later years, when finally he returned to the University of Edinburgh as professor of surgery, referrals and requests for consultation were often for him to provide a neurological opinion rather than to perform surgical operations. His clinical observations regarding motor or sensory disturbances involving the face are of particular interest given his interests in the facial expression of emotions and the innervation of the face. Bell described or elaborated on several clinical disorders, although not always recognizing them as distinct entities—Bell’s palsy and spasms; the numb chin; motor neuron diseases; muscular dystrophy; myotonia; various movement disorders (torticollis and writer’s cramp); atlantoaxial dislocation; trigeminal neuralgia; and referred pain.
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Moshenska, Joe. Iconoclasm As Child's Play. Stanford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9780804798501.001.0001.
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This book begins with the observation that, during the English Reformation, holy things taken from churches and monasteries were on occasion not smashed or burned but instead given to children as toys. Iconoclasm has tended to feature prominently in narratives of modernity as a process of disenchantment, sometimes understood as the cultural diminution of playfulness: this book asks how these narratives might have to change once we recognize that iconoclasm and child’s play were periodically one and the same. Each chapter begins with an example of iconoclastic child’s play in practice--from locations in England, Germany, and East Asia, involving objects from broken crucifixes to wooden sculptures. The chapters then move outward from these starting points to ask what iconoclasm as child’s play can tell us about the ways in which children, their play, and objects more broadly are made to assume meanings. In pursuing these questions the book draws consistently on major and minor sixteenth-century figures--Erasmus, Bruegel, Spenser--but also ranges backward and forward to consider biblical, classical, and patristic understandings of play, as well as more recent thinkers including Walter Benjamin, D. W. Winnicott, T. W. Adorno, Alfred Gell, Ian Hacking, and Michael Taussig. These figures are used not so much to theorize iconoclasm as child’s play as to consider how this phenomenon might inflect the ways in which we seek to interpret and to organize children, play, and the past.
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Gil-Egui, Gisela. E-Government. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.162.
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E-government refers to a set of public administration and governance goals and practices involving information and communication technologies (ICTs). It utilizes such technologies to serve public agencies’ external audiences and constituents. However, the scope of that service is the subject of much debate and, consequently, no consensual definition of e-government had been formulated. The prehistory of e-government resonates with assumptions from the “new public management” (NPM), which proposed a restructuring of governmental agencies by adopting a market-based approach to ensure cost efficiencies in the public sector. Coined in the mid-1990s, the notion of e-government as equivalent to better government, economic growth, human development, and the knowledge society in general was quickly and uncritically accepted by practitioners and scholars alike. As scholars from different disciplines, including politics communication and sociology, paid increasing attention to the intersections of structural factors, hardware, and culture in the adoption and use of ICTs, research on e-government began to show some diversification. By the twenty-first century, the number of e-government websites from local and national administrations has grown sufficiently to allow some generalizations based on empirical observation. Meanwhile critical and comprehensive approaches to e-government frequently adopt a critical stance to denounce oversimplifications, determinisms, and omissions in the formulation of e-governance projects, as well as in the evaluation, adoption, and assessment of e-government effectiveness. Beyond the particularities of each emerging technology, reflection on the intersections between ICTs and government is moving away from an exclusive focus on hardware and functionality, to consider broader questions on governance.
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Wills, David. Killing Times. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823283521.001.0001.
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Killing Times starts from the deceptively simple observation— made by Jacques Derrida—that the death penalty mechanically interrupts mortal time, preempting our normal experience of not knowing when we will die. The book examines more broadly what constitutes mortal temporality and how the “machinery of death” exploits and perverts time. It first examines Eighth Amendment challenges to the death penalty in the U.S, from the late nineteenth-century introduction of execution by firing squad and the electric chair to current cases involving lethal injection. Although defining the instant of death emerges as an insoluble problem, all the machines of execution of the post-Enlightenment period presume to appropriate and control that instant, ostensibly in service of a humane death penalty. That comes into particular focus with the guillotine, introduced in France in 1791–92, at the same moment as the American Bill of Rights. Later chapters analyze how the instant of the death penalty works in conjunction with forms of suspension, or extension of time and how its seeming correlation between egregious crime and painless execution is complicated in various ways. The book’s emphasis on time then allows it to expand the sense of the death penalty into suicide bombing, where the terrorist seeks to bypass judicial process with a simultaneous crime and “punishment”; into targeted killing by drone, where the time-space coordinates of “justice” are compressed and disappear into the black hole of secrecy; and into narrative and fictive spaces of crime, court proceedings, and punishment.
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Werndl, Charlotte. Determinism and Indeterminism. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.11.
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This article focuses on three themes concerning determinism and indeterminism. The first is observational equivalence between deterministic and indeterministic models. The article discusses several results about observational equivalence and presents an argument on how to choose between deterministic and indeterministic models involving indirect evidence. The second is whether Newtonian physics is indeterministic. The article argues that the answer depends on what one takes Newtonian mechanics to be and highlights how contemporary debates on this issue differ from those in the nineteenth century. The third theme is how the method of arbitrary functions can be used to make sense of deterministic probabilities. The article discusses various ways of interpreting the initial probability distributions and argues that they are best understood as physical, biological, and other quantities characterizing the particular situation. The fact that the method of arbitrary functions deserves more attention than it has received so far is also emphasized.
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Catanzaro, Michael P., and Rachel J. Kwon. Acute Appendicitis. Edited by Rachel J. Kwon. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199384075.003.0049.
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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark historical study in surgery involving management and treatment of acute appendicitis. It describes the history of the disease, gives a summary of the study including study design and results, and relates the study to a modern-day principle of evidence-based medicine: observational studies in study design. Reginald H. Fitz’s insights over a century ago in a seminal case series regarding the nature of appendicitis, its potential sequelae, and the value of urgent surgical intervention changed the disease from a deadly one into one that can be easily cured by surgery. However, with the advent of modern broad spectrum antibiotic therapy, Fitz’s assertion that immediate surgical therapy is always mandated has recently come under question.
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Bracic, Ana. Breaking the Exclusion Cycle. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190050672.001.0001.
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Social exclusion of marginalized populations is an intractable problem of global relevance. Breaking the Exclusion Cycle develops a theory of how individual behaviors contribute to its persistence, and presents a possible solution. The book introduces the “exclusion cycle,” which consists of four parts. Antiminority culture gives rise to discrimination by members of the majority. Members of the minority anticipate maltreatment and develop survival strategies. Members of the majority often disapprove of minority’s survival strategies, ethnicize them, and attribute them to the minority as such, and not the discrimination. Such attribution errors feed the existing anti-minority culture and the cycle repeats. The empirical portion of the book is centered on the social exclusion of Roma (derogatively known as “Gypsies”) in Slovenia, which the book uses to illustrate the theory and to offer evidence that the vicious cycle can be broken. Specifically, the findings in the book suggest that Roma-led, NGO-promoted dialogue and intergroup contact strategies can help reduce non-Roma discrimination against the Roma. The empirics in the book rest on original evidence collected over twelve months of fieldwork. The centerpieces are two lab-infield experiments, one involving a trust game and one involving the public goods game administered via original videogame. The experiments capture discriminatory behavior by non-Roma and survival strategies by Roma, and are supplemented by interviews, field observations, and surveys. While the empirics focus on Roma and non-Roma, the theory as well as the implications of the findings apply to other cases of marginalized populations.
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Chatterjee, Sudipto, Smita Naik, Hamid Dabholkar, R. Padmavati, Sujit John, Mirja Koschorke, and Rangaswamy Thara. Trials of interventions for people with psychosis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199680467.003.0009.
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Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that causes serious and persistent disability in multiple domains. People with schizophrenia are also often exposed to widespread sigma, discrimination, and human rights abuse. There is a large and persistent treatment gap for people with schizophrenia and their caregivers globally and in LAMIC;To address this gap, emerging observational evidence from LAMIC suggests that a task-sharing strategy involving community health workers (CHWs) is a feasible option for delivering services to people with schizophrenia and their families . However, there is no RCT evidence from LAMIC that such an approach is more effective than usually available care. The community care for people with schizophrenia in India (COPSI) RCT tested the clinical and cost-effectiveness of a collaborative community-based care (CCBC) intervention with usual, facility-based care (FBC). The FBC + CCBC intervention was superior in reducing symptoms and disability associated with schizophrenia and in improving adherence with treatment.
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Elena Medina-Mora, María, Sairat Noknoy, Cheryl Cherpitel, Tania Real, Román Pérez Velasco, Rodrigo Marín Navarrete, Nancy Amador, and Viviana E. Horigian. Trials of interventions for people with alcohol use disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199680467.003.0011.
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Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that causes serious and persistent disability in multiple domains. People with schizophrenia are also often exposed to widespread sigma, discrimination, and human rights abuse. There is a large and persistent treatment gap for people with schizophrenia and their caregivers globally and in LAMIC;To address this gap, emerging observational evidence from LAMIC suggests that a task-sharing strategy involving community health workers (CHWs) is a feasible option for delivering services to people with schizophrenia and their families . However, there is no RCT evidence from LAMIC that such an approach is more effective than usually available care. The community care for people with schizophrenia in India (COPSI) RCT tested the clinical and cost-effectiveness of a collaborative community-based care (CCBC) intervention with usual, facility-based care (FBC). The FBC + CCBC intervention was superior in reducing symptoms and disability associated with schizophrenia and in improving adherence with treatment.
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Forshaw, Joseph M., Mark Shephard OAM, and Anthony Pridham. Grassfinches in Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643107878.
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It is not surprising that Australian grassfinches are highly popular with ornithologists and aviculturists, for included among the species are one of the most beautiful of all birds – the Gouldian Finch Erythrura gouldiae – and one of the most familiar cagebirds – the Zebra Finch Taeniopygia guttata.
Despite a scarcity in published works on finches, interest in the species is growing, leading to a dramatic advancement in our knowledge of many species. For example, we have gained new information from field observations carried out on little-known species, including the Blue-faced Parrot-Finch Erythrura trichroa and the Red-eared Firetail Stagonopleura oculata. Significant advances in taxonomic research, largely as a consequence of the development and refinement of biochemical analyses, often involving DNA-DNA hybridisation, have given us a new insight into relationships among species, with some unexpected alliances being determined. Additionally, dramatic changes have taken place in avicultural practices, and in virtually all countries aviculture has taken on a new professional approach, with the most notable results being increased productivity and success with a wider variety of species.
After a lapse of almost half a century since publication of Klaus Immelmann’s eminent work on finches, based on extensive field studies, the time has come for a new examination of Australian grassfinches. In Grassfinches in Australia, Joseph Forshaw, Mark Shephard and Anthony Pridham have summarised our present knowledge of each species, and have given readers a visual appreciation of the birds in their natural habitats and in aviculture. The resulting combination of superb artwork and scientifically accurate text ensures that this volume will become the standard reference work on Australian grassfinches. In addition to enabling aviculturists to know more about these finches in the wild as a guide to their own husbandry techniques, detailed information on current management practices for all species in captivity is provided. The book also includes colour plates depicting some of the more common mutations held in Australian and overseas collections.
2013 Whitley Award Commendation for Illustrated Zoology.
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Opinion of Judge Steadman, of the York County Court: Delivered in 1868, upon the power of the judiciary to determine the constitutionality of a law enacted by the Parliament of Canada or a provincial legislature, with his reason therefor ; also, observations upon two cases involving the same question since determined by the Supreme Court of New Brunswick. [Fredericton, N.B.?: s.n., 1993.
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