Academic literature on the topic 'INVESTOR ATTITUDE'
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Journal articles on the topic "INVESTOR ATTITUDE"
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Mohan, Varun, Mahadev Ota, and Pervaiz Iqbal. "A comparative study to find the optimal ordering quantity of the risk-neutral and risk-averse newsvendor." Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research, no. 00 (2023): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/yjor210815015m.
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In the classical newsvendor problem, it is considered that the newsvendor is risk-neutral and the Optimal Ordering Quantity (OOQ) was found which maximizes the newsvendor expected profit. In the real world, different investors have different attitudes towards risk. Accordingly, this paper considers the utility function which is commonly being used to model the attitude of the investor who makes the investment decision to maximize his expected utility instead of expected profit. This study considers the quadratic utility function and demonstrates that it can be used to describe the riskaverse as well as a risk-neutral investor with some conditions. Finally, by considering the risk profile of the investor at different levels of investor initial wealth, we have developed a method to determine the OOQ which maximizes the expected utility. From the numerical examples, it is clear that the OOQ and hence the expected utility varies depending on an investor?s attitude toward the risk and investment decision. At different levels of initial wealth, the attitudes toward the risk of the investors are different and the sensitivity analysis demonstrates how an investor can choose the initial wealth and OOQ to maximize his expected utility.
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Swasti, Istu Putri. "ANALYSIS OF INVESTOR BEHAVIOR IN THE ISLAMIC CAPITAL MARKET WITH AN APPROACH TRA (THEORY OF REASONED ACTION)." Manajemen Bisnis 10, no. 1 (September 18, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jmb.v10i1.10741.
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The development of the capital market in Indonesia is very significant, with the implementation of the Yuk Savings Stock campaign to increase the number of domestic investors in Indonesia. The Indonesian Central Securities Depository (KSEI) noted that as of August 9, 2019, the number of capital market investors reached 2,070,394 people, an increase of 27.8 percent from the position in December 2018. This study aimed to find out and analyze Investment Knowledge on Attitudes, Investment Motivation on Attitudes, Perceptions of Risks towards Attitudes, Attitudes Influence Interests, Subjective Norms Affect Investment Interests, and Investment Interests Affect Investors Behavior in Sharia Capital MarketsThe population in this study are Islamic Capital Market investors in the DIY & Central Java region. Samples taken in this study are some Shariah Investors in DIY & Central Java, which total 213 respondents. Sampling using non-probability techniques with convenience sampling method and research models will be analyzed using Structural Equation Model (SEM), using the help of AMOS software.The results of this study indicate that investment knowledge has a significant negative effect on attitude, investment motivation has a significant positive effect on attitude, perception of risk has a significant negative effect on attitude, attitude has a significant positive effect on interest, subjective norms has a significant positive effect on interest and interest has a significant positive effect on investor behavior.Keywords: Investment Knowledge, Investment Motivation, Risk Perception, Attitude, Subjective Norms, Investment Interest, Investor Behavior
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Chen, Cherie H., and Handley-Schachler Morrison. "Investigation of Variation between Risk Attitude and Investment Biases." International Review of Financial Consumers 1, No. 1 Oct 2016 (October 1, 2016): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36544/irfc.2016.1.5.
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There is a palpable link between financial investment decision making and investors’ behaviour. Research into investors’ behaviour may prove useful in increasing our understanding of the extremely complex financial marketplace. In many cases, investors are unaware of their predisposition for error. And more often, an irrational investor is a dissatisfied investor, because biases usually undermine financial goals. By adopting an experimental approach, the researchers try to correlate established investor biases with the psychographic profiles of investors, to see whether specific risk personality profiles correlate with susceptibility to four biases: herding, endowment, loss aversion and framing. Many studies have focused on exploring the demographics of investment behavioural flaws, but very little attention has been paid to the risk attitude of investors and their actual investment behaviour. The findings of this study bridge two aspects of literature, being attitude to financial risk and behavioural investment biases.
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Syarkani, Yofi, and Triyono Adi Tristanto. "Examining the predictors of crypto investor decision." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 11, no. 6 (September 12, 2022): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i6.1940.
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The rise in the cryptocurrency market has led many individuals to start their investment. However, individuals are affected by several factors in their decision-making process to invest. The objective of this study is to examine the factors that can predict the decision to invest in the cryptocurrency market, by utilizing the variables of overconfidence, financial literacy, and attitude. This study also explores the role of attitude in mediating the influence of overconfidence and financial literacy on investor decisions. The population of this study is individual student investors in three top universities in Indonesia. This study uses a non-probability sampling technique, with purposive sampling that includes several criteria to determine the number of samples. The data is collected by distributing questionnaires to the students using Google Forms. The total number of respondents in this study, who returned the questionnaire that has been filled is 297 students. The data obtained from respondents is analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). Finally, the results of this study have proved that: (1) Overconfidence has a positive influence on attitude; (2) Financial literacy has a positive influence on attitude; (3) Overconfidence has a positive influence on investor decision; (4) Financial literacy has a positive influence on investor decision; (5) Attitude has a positive influence on investor decision; (6) Attitude mediates the influence of overconfidence on investor decision; and (7) Attitude mediates the influence of overconfidence on investor decision. The implications for scholars and crypto investors are also provided in this study.
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A, Antony Prabha, Renjith Kumar P, and Sneha R. "INVESTORS ATTITUDE TOWARDS ONLINE AND OFFLINE TRADING OF MUTUAL FUNDS." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 10 (October 1, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem26082.
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Mutual fund as an investment avenue provides a platform to the investor who do not want to take high risk on their hard earned investment. In India, mutual fund industry is growing rapidly and this industry has emerged as an important segment of financial market of India, especially in channelizing and mobilizing the savings of millions of individuals into the investment in equity and debt instruments. Mutual fund investment is less risky than investing directly in stocks and is therefore a safer option for risk averse investor. A competent fund manager should analyze investor behavior, perception, and attitude and understand their needs and expectations to gear up the performance to meet investor expectations and requirements. Investment in mutual fund is affected by the attitude of investors and hence the objective of the study is to identify the investor's attitude on mutual fund as an investment avenue and the major findings reveal the factors that influence buying behavior of mutual fund investors.
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Aprayuda, Riyadi, and Fauzan Misra. "Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Keinginan Investasi Investor Muda di Pasar Modal Indonesia." E-Jurnal Akuntansi 30, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/eja.2020.v30.i05.p02.
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This study aims to examine the influence of attitudes, the impact of the social environment, and investment knowledge on the desire to invest in the capital market by young investors. Specifically, this study refers to the predictors of Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991) to establish factors that influence investment desires. This study uses primary data from a closed questionnaire, with 166 valid responses through online surveys from investors in several university investment galleries in Indonesia. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results showed that the attitude of investors and investment knowledge influence the desire to invest. However, the impact of the social environment did not succeed in triggering the investment desire of young investors. These finding underscores the influence of the social environment only being a support, meanwhile, the internal factors of the individual are the main ones making young investors want to invest. As a practical contribution, these finding suggest a positive attitude and increase investment-related knowledge can be applied as a strategy to attract new investors in the capital market.
Keywords: Investment Intention; Investor's Attitude; Social Environmental Impacts; Investment knowledge; Young Investor.
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Shafi, Haroon, Mubashir Hussain ., Syed Imran Sajjad ., and Kashif Ur Rehman . "Relationship between Risk Perception and Employee Investment Behavior." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 3, no. 6 (December 15, 2011): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v3i6.289.
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Investment behavior of an investor depends on his/her risk perception and risk attitude. This paper attempts to explore that how the perception of an investor who is also the employee of that organization differs from other investors. Does he/she perceives risk similarly as other common investors or his relationship with the organization as an employee has any impact his/her risk perception, attitude and investment behavior. This research study is conceptual in nature and mainly based on previous literature findings and evidences. Findings of this study suggested that employees risk perception is directly related with investment behavior and there is strong relationship between them. This can help the management to make special offers of shares to employees, this will further strength the bond of employees with the organization.
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Nabosu, Simon Sokorte, and Esther Nkatha M’ithiria. "Investor Sentiment and Stock Market Return of Non-Financial Firms Listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange." Journal of Finance and Accounting 6, no. 3 (August 4, 2022): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.53819/81018102t2081.
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Investor sentiment is associated with attitude, thought, feeling, mood, belief, judgment, or expectation of market performance. The sentiment feeling is associated with investors' cognitive comparisons in their investment as well as their experience in making an investment decision. This study examined the effect of investor sentiment on stock market return of non-financial firms listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange. The study adopted positivism as data collection and hypothesis development and testing was achieved. The study used quantitative research design to correlate study variables using mathematical analysis methods. The correlation results indicated that investor sentiment portrayed a positive association to stock market return. Regression of coefficients of the static model results indicate that investor sentiment and stock market return of non-financial firms listed on the Nairobi securities exchange is positively and significantly related. The results implied that there exist a positive and significant relationship between investor sentiment on stock market return since their coefficient values were positive. The regression coefficients result of lagged stock market return and stock market return was positively and significantly related. The regression of coefficients results indicate that investor sentiment and stock market return is positively and significantly related. The study concluded that investor sentiment has a positive and significant effect on stock market return in non-financial firms. These results imply that when investors are more optimistic about the market generating excess returns, their extreme optimism leads to more speculative activities that tempt them to invest even more. The study also shows that sentiment is relatively correlated with stock returns significantly over time. The study recommends that by taking the investor sentiment into account as a significant determinant of stock market volatility in asset price models, investors can enhance their stock returns. The results can inform on policymakers’ efforts to stabilize stock market volatility and uncertainty in order to protect investors’ wealth and attract more investors. Keywords: Investor Sentiment, Stock Market Return & Non-Financial Firms
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Sadiq, Muhammad Nauman, and Muhammad Akhtar. "The Relationship of Investor’s Demographic Traits and Personality Type with Financial Risk Tolerance in Investment Decisions." Sukkur IBA Journal of Management and Business 6, no. 1 (September 19, 2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30537/sijmb.v6i1.449.
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With an assorted sample of customers from various banks of Pakistan, the authors tried to establish relationship of investor’s demographic traits and personality type with financial risk tolerance during the choice of investment. Results provide sustenance for the projected hypotheses such as investor’s age, income, financial knowledge, family size, occupation and academic qualification has association with financial risk tolerance capability.Investors doing service in an organization tolerate more risk as compare to the investor having their own business. However, Investors marital status and gender has no effect on financial risk tolerance. Investor either married or unmarried showed similar attitude toward financial risk tolerance. Empirical results also provide evidence that investors having type A personality are more financial risk taker as compare to type B personality.
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Tamara, Dewi, Anita Maharani, Pantry Heriyati, Anom Bayu Romadian Seto, and Kevin Nathanael. "Intention in Investing Digital Gold Through E-Commerce Platforms." E3S Web of Conferences 426 (2023): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342602010.
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Gold can now be invested digitally through e-commerce platforms. However, Indonesian people generally invest in gold traditionally in physical form. This study aims to identify the intentions and behavior of investors in investing in gold on e-commerce platforms by proving the effect of Attitude, Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavioral Control, Perceived Usefulness, and Perceived Ease of Use variables on Intention to invest. The research uses quantitative methods with data collected through online surveys. The sample was selected using a purposive sampling method, with 261 respondents contained. The study’s results prove that Attitude, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Perceived Usefulness are significantly and positively related to the Intention to Invest. Perceived Usefulness is also demonstrated to have a significant and positive relationship with Attitude. On the other hand, Subjective Norms and Perceived Ease of Use are not significant to Intention to Invest. Perceived Ease of Use also does not demonstrate a substantial Attitude. This study reveals that variables of attitude, perceptions of behavioral control, and perceptions of use value are proven to increase investor intentions in investing in gold digitally. This research can also add to the knowledge in the study of gold investment, especially those carried out digitally through e-commerce platforms.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "INVESTOR ATTITUDE"
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Khelladi, Insaf. "Les déterminants de la décision d'achat d'actions de l'investisseur individuel : une analyse sous le prisme de la valeur perçue. Le cas de l’actionnaire individuel français." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR0009.
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La constante baisse de l’actionnariat individuel en France est qualifiée d’énigme. Les ménages français participent faiblement aux marchés d’actions. Les entreprises éprouvent des difficultés à attirer de nouveaux investisseurs individuels, or l’actionnariat individuel est apprécié pour sa fidélité et son engagement. L’action est un produit financier et d’image qui offre une source de financement stable et durable pour les entreprises, les systèmes de retraite et les investissements à long terme. Les décisions financières et d’investissements sont nourries par la finance moderne et la finance comportementale. Bien que des contradictions existent sur leurs hypothèses fondatrices, ces courants partagent une même conception de la valeur intrinsèque d’un actif financier, une valeur objective déterminée essentiellement par les attributs monétaires du produit, limitant ainsi l’individu dans ses choix et décisions. Notre recherche explore le comportement de l’investisseur individuel en mobilisant le cadre conceptuel de la valeur perçue développé par la littérature en marketing. Nous proposons un modèle de comportement d’achat d’actions de l’investisseur individuel pour examiner les relations entre les attributs des actions et les bénéfices perçus. Ce modèle permet de comprendre le processus de formation de la valeur perçue de l’investisseur individuel qui détermine sa décision d’achat d’actions. Notre démarche exploratoire utilise une méthode mixte pour étudier le contexte de l’actionnaire individuel français détenteur d’actions en direct. Les résultats relèvent l’existence de familles d’attributs du produit action, d’une typologie de bénéfices perçus, et des liens entre attributs et bénéfices faisant ressortir des profils d’investisseurs individuels. Notre recherche éclaire davantage le processus de choix et de décision d’achat d’actions de l’investisseur individuel, et propose aux acteurs du marketing financier une segmentation des investisseurs individuels par les bénéfices perçus afin d’adapter leurs offres de produits et services financiers envers cette cibleThe constant decline of individual shareholders is a French puzzle. French households participate feebly in equity markets. Companies find it difficult to attract new individual investors, even though they are valued for their loyalty and commitment. A share is a financial and image products that provides a sustainable source of finance for businesses, retirement systems, and long-term investments. Financial and investment decisions are framed by modern finance and behavioral finance. Although they are contradictory on their founding assumptions, these streams share the same conception of the intrinsic value of a financial asset, an objective value determined essentially by the monetary attributes, thus limiting the individual in his choices and decisions. Our research explores the behavior of the individual investor through applying the conceptual framework of the perceived value developed by the marketing literature. We propose an individual investor's stock behavior model to examine the relationship between stock attributes and perceived benefits. This model allows understanding the process of the formation of the perceived value of the individual investor, which determines his decision to buy shares. Our exploratory approach uses a mixed method to study the context of the French individual shareholder holding registered shares. The results highlight the existence of families of shares’ attributes, a typology of perceived benefits, and links between attributes and benefits that exhibiting individual investor profiles. Our research sheds new light on the individual investor's decision-making and buying process, and offers financial marketers a segmentation of individual investors based on the perceived benefits, allowing them to tailor their financial products and services offerings towards this target
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Kivikoski, Lauri, and Robert Sandberg. "Individual investors' preferences regarding green bonds : A survey of Swedish investors." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-165057.
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Green bonds are a type of bonds that are designated for investment projects that have a positive effect on the environment. Such projects could be preventing climate change by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, increasing energy-efficiency, or improving waste management. Green bonds have risen considerably in issued volume in recent years. Sweden has been one of the forerunners in this development and the interest towards these products seems to be high among individual Swedish investors. Initially, investors in green bonds have been mainly financial institutions, but there are an increasing number of mutual funds, which are aimed for retail banking customers as well. Previous research in socially responsible investing has not paid attention to green bonds from the perspective of the private, individual investor. This study is aimed to study potential individual green bond investors in Sweden. The purpose of this study was to answer the research question of who the typical Swedish green bond investors are, based on demographic characters. As research sub-questions, the thesis also answered questions regarding perceived risk and return on green bonds, and the effect of environmental attitude and behaviour on potential green bond investments. The study was carried out as an Internet survey by means of a questionnaire directed to Swedish investors. In total, 66 respondents answered the survey, which was analysed by bivariate and multivariate methods. Among the demographic factors, two were found statistically significant, age, and parenthood. In this sample younger investors (age less than 39), were found to prefer investing in green bonds, compared to older investors. Secondly, the fact of being a non-parent turned out to be a distinctive feature of current and potential investors in green bonds. The results regarding the first research sub-question, showed that the individual investors do not perceive green bonds to be more or less risky or give more or less return than comparable conventional bonds. The second research sub-question regarding environmental attitude and behaviour, showed a significant difference between those who showed a strong pro-environmental behaviour, as opposed to those who showed a weaker pro-environmental behaviour. The conclusion about the influence of environmental attitudes was that it did not have an effect on potential green bond investments.
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Baechler, Guillaume. "Investor Behaviour Facing Risk : Neurofinance and Financial Crises." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU10022/document.
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Cette thèse étudie le comportement des investisseurs au travers de leur performance et de leurs attentes durant les crises financières de 2008-2011 et de leurs croyances. Elle se compose de trois chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre, nous faisons une revue de la littérature existante sur la performance des investisseurs individuels, leur biais comportementaux et leurs préférences. Nous montrons les principales lacunes en termes de performance des investisseurs individuels ainsi que leurs principaux biais comportementaux. Nous mettons également en lumière l’apport des neurosciences dans la compréhension du comportement des investisseurs individuels. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous étudions l’impact des crises financières de 2008-2011 sur la performance des investisseurs individuels et leurs attentes à l’égard de leurs intermédiaires financiers dans quatre différents pays : Allemagne, Belgique, Luxembourg, France. Nous établissons également une comparaison en fonction du niveau de richesse des investisseurs à l’intérieur de chaque pays mais aussi globalement. Nos données proviennent de questionnaires distribués à des gestionnaires d’actifs dans les plus grandes banques des pays pris en considération ainsi que des données de marché historiques pour chacun de ces pays. Nous montrons que les investisseurs les plus fortunés sont les moins réfractaires à la prise de risque que ce soit avant ou après les crises financières, quel que soit le pays pris en considération. Nous remarquons aussi que ces derniers adoptent les stratégies d’investissement les moins conservatrices. Enfin nous notons un important changement des attentes des investisseurs par rapport à leurs intermédiaires financiers, demandant plus de transparence et un meilleur service clientèle, quel que soit le niveau de richesse. Nous montrons enfin que ces attentes peuvent être contradictoires notamment chez les investisseurs les moins fortunés. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous fournissons un test expérimental sur la formation des croyances chez les investisseurs individuels d’après le modèle de Brunnermeier et Parker (2005). Nous utilisons à cet effet une expérimentation avec deux loteries identiques exceptées leur skewness. Nous montrons que les participants à cette expérimentation ressentent des émotions par anticipation une fois qu’ils ont pris connaissance de la loterie à laquelle ils vont jouer. Ces émotions se forment à partir de la deuxième minute d’attente et restent stables jusqu’à ce qu’ils prennent connaissance de leurs gains. Par ailleurs, ces émotions par anticipation sont aussi fortes que celles ressenties une fois leurs gains connus. Enfin nous montrons que les sujets participants à la loterie avec une skewness positive présente moins de capacité d’auto régulation que les autres sujets. Les émotions qu’ils ressentent sont plus fortes et plus persistantes que chez les autresThis thesis studies the investors behaviour through their performance and their expectations during the 2008-2011 financial crises as well as their beliefs formation. It consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, we review the literature on individual investors performance, their behavioural biases and their preferences. We highlight their lack of performance on financial markets and their main behavioural biases. We also exhibit the contribution of neurosciences in the understanding of the investor’s brain. In the second chapter, we study the impacts of the 2008-2011 financial crises on individual investors returns and their expectations towards their financial intermediaries in four different countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg. We also consider investors differences regarding their endowment, inside each country and globally. Our dataset is extracted from questionnaires administered to asset managers in the main banks in the countries considered as well as historical market data for each country. We show that wealthier investors are less risk averse and their level of risk aversion has not changed with financial crises whatever the country considered. Furthermore, these wealthier investors adopt less conservative investment strategies than retail ones. We notice an important shift regarding the investors’ expectations towards their financial intermediaries, since the crises they ask for more transparency and more client services. We also show that these expectations may be contradictory a bit in retail investors. In the third chapter, we provide an experimental test of investors beliefs formations according to Brunnermeier and Parker model (2005). For this purpose, we use a two identical lotteries design except in terms of skewness. We show that participants to this experiment feel anticipatory emotions once they have learned the lottery they will play. These emotions are formed from the second waiting minute and remain stable until they learn their gains. Besides, anticipatory emotions are as strong as emotions felt once the payoffs known. Finally, we demonstrate that subjects participating in the positively skewed lottery exhibit less self-regulation than other subjects. Hence, their emotions are stronger and more persistent
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Saénger, Jonathan, Sahlin Marcus, and Uhler Chris. "Adoption of Disruptive Technologies : Exploratory research into consumer attitude formation regarding Bitcoin adoption." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104765.
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Attitudes are based on motivations and are formed in anticipation that the person will handle similar information at a later date. Attitudes are, therefore, necessary collections of pre-determined behavioral intents toward certain information (Solomon et al., 2016). Attitudes and their underlying functions form using a hierarchical structure where certain elements hold the primacy of effect over the remainder. These elements affect, behavior, and cognition as presented by Solomon and colleagues (Solomon et al., 2016). This study aims to explore how investors form attitudes towards the adoption of unfamiliar attitude objects, specifically when confronted with communications regarding Bitcoin adoption. The reason for this study is threefold; firstly, congruent academia has only conducted temperature checks on already established attitudes towards Bitcoin from diverse crowds in a spread of non-western cultures (Gagarina et al., 2019; Anser et al., 2020). Secondly, the aforementioned studies incorporated loosely defined sample groups. Understanding technology adoption, following the theories of Rogers (1995), requires that inaugural research is done on those who are most likely to adopt the technology. Lastly, congruent research has yet to tackle attitude formation on Bitcoin as an asset. Established research all commit to researching already established attitudes on a less niched sample (Gagarina et al., 2019; Yoo et al., 2020). The conclusion of said studies found thematic, contextual antecedents to why certain participants had certain attitudes. However, these studies do not explore the underlying hierarchy or function of said attitudes. To fill such a gap, a study following a deductive, exploratory nature was developed. Through thematic coding of qualitative interviews, this study contributes to the existing literature in two aspects: first, active Swedish investors rely on affective reasoning when faced with this particular unfamiliar attitude object. Second, such affective reasoning is most likely a result of participants defaulting to the grouping of information within the knowledge function, as no cognitive baseline (in the form of understanding price developments in Bitcoin) could be established. The general attitude formation followed an affective dominant, low-involvement hierarchy created through the knowledge function.
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Elias, Marc Brett. "The influence of corporate carbon disclosure on investor decisions and attitudes in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25373.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate and explore the influence that corporate carbon disclosure has on investor decision-‐making and associated attitudes. The researcher conducted semi-‐structured interviews with individual investors and institutional investors and fund managers operating in the South African environment in order to gain appropriate insights about their attitudes towards the place of carbon disclosure in the investment analyses. Additionally, semi-‐structured interviews were held with three prominent petroleum companies operating in the oil and gas industry in South Africa. The results of the research were categorised into four themes that emerged upon analysis of the research findings, namely: the evolution of commercial thinking in terms of carbon emissions and carbon disclosure; the relevance of disclosing carbon emissions and disclosure practices; the association of risk, sustainability and liquidity and investor time horizons; and the emerging market of socially-‐responsible investors. The researcher found that there is a positive impact on investor attitudes with regard to their investment decision-‐making as a result of the carbon disclosure of companies.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Hudson, Sarah J. "Attitudes to investment risk amongst West Midland canal and railway company investors, 1760-1850." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36407/.
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Attitudes to environmental and investment risk are examined to determine whether they were a defining characteristic of middle-class behaviour in the period 1760 to 1850. Approximately 6,000 investors in eleven canal companies and seven railway companies were investigated to determine whether evaluation and mitigation of investment risk is determined by socio-economic background and gender. Investment risk was defined as inadequate access to, and imperfect interpretation of, information. The effectiveness of information transfer through public and private spheres was examined and the effect of differential access to these information conduits, as a consequence of gender or socio-economic background, was investigated. Investors' response to the risk environment of early death, war and unpredictable economic cycles was examined. Each canal company and the group of railway companies was ranked according to the level of investment risk during both the construction and operating period, using a mix of quantitative and qualitative tests. The risk preferences of 'economic' and 'financial' investors were compared. The strategies used by each group of investor to mitigate risk were examined. The study provides new evidence of the effective transmission of national market sentiment by the 1770s, but reveals that the physical market in canal company shares remained local and continued its separate existence long after the institutionalised national market for railway shares was established. Perceptible differences in the risk assessment and risk mitigation strategies of different groups of investors were observed. This was attributed to differential access to information, which in turn was attributed to gender and social, political and religious affiliation. The study provides evidence that although differences in behaviour were observed amongst groups within the sample population, it shared common investment strategies and that attitudes to risk and risk mitigation should be considered as valid criteria for class differentiation.
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Soares, Ana Luísa. "Delineating efficient portfolios : can nonprofessional investors be efficient?" Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20431.
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Mestrado em FinançasNa própria base da teoria financeira reside a teoria da tomada de decisões sob incerteza e risco. É crucial compreender como e por que razão as pessoas tomam decisões, bem como como as deviam tomar. Esta tese procura compreender melhor como os investidores não profissionais mas especialistas em finanças se comportam nos mercados financeiros e se tendem a escolha carteiras eficientes. Por isso, realizei uma experiência com uma amostra de alunos da pós-graduação de AF (29ª edição) para examinar como iriam calcular as suas carteiras entre uma seleção diversificada de ativos. Utilizando dados históricos, consegui calcular a Carteira Tangente e a Carteira de Variância Mínima com o objetivo de comparar com as Carteiras selecionadas pelos participantes. Os resultados sugerem que estes não são tendem a calcular a Carteira Tangente nem de escolher carteiras pertencentes à Fronteira Eficiente, não obstante o seu conhecimento técnico. Assim, na medida em que esta amostra representa investidores não profissionais que são especialistas em finanças, concluo que não se espera que esta classe de investidores tome decisões de investimento eficientes no sentido de Markowitz.
At the very foundation of financial theory lies the theory of decision-making under uncertainty and risk. Understanding how and why people make decisions, as well as how they should be making decisions, is crucial. This thesis seeks to better understand how nonprofessional investors who are experts in finance behave in the financial markets and if they tend to choose efficient portfolios. Therefore, I conducted an experience with students from the post graduation in Análise Financeira (29th Edition) to examine how they would compute their Portfolios among a diversified selection of assets. Using historical data, I was able to compute the tangency portfolio and the minimum variance portfolio in the Efficient Frontier with the aim of comparing with the Portfolios chosen by each student. I report that the great majority of respondents were not able to compute the Tangency Portfolio nor choose Portfolios belonging to the Efficient Frontier despite their technical knowledge. To the extent this sample represent experts on finance that are non-professional investors, I conclude that such class of investors are not expected to make efficient decisions in the Markowitz sense.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Forrester, David Edward Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Market probability density functions and investor risk aversion for the australia-us dollar exchange rate." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Economics, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/27199.
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This thesis models the Australian-US Dollar (AUD/USD) exchange rate with particular attention being paid to investor risk aversion. Accounting for investor risk aversion in AUD/USD exchange rate modelling is novel, so too is the method used to measure risk aversion in this thesis. Investor risk aversion is measured using a technique developed in Bliss and Panigirtzoglou (2004), which makes use of Probability Density Functions (PDFs) extracted from option markets. More conventional approaches use forward-market pricing or Uncovered Interest Parity. Several methods of estimating PDFs from option and spot markets are examined, with the estimations from currency spot-markets representing an original application of an arbitrage technique developed in Stutzer (1996) to the AUD/USD exchange rate. The option and spot-market PDFs are compared using their first four moments and if estimated judiciously, the spot-market PDFs are found to have similar shapes to the option-market PDFs. So in the absence of an AUD/USD exchange rate options market, spot-market PDFs can act as a reasonable substitute for option-market PDFs for the purpose of examining market sentiment. The Relative Risk Aversion (RRA) attached to the AUD/USD, the US Dollar-Japanese Yen, the US Dollar-Swiss Franc and the US-Canadian Dollar exchange rates is measured using the Bliss and Panigirtzoglou (2004) technique. Amongst these exchange rates, only the AUD/USD exchange rate demonstrates a significant level of investor RRA and only over a weekly forecast horizon. The Bliss and Panigirtzoglou (2004) technique is also used to approximate a time-varying risk premium for the AUD/USD exchange rate. This risk premium is added to the cointegrating vectors of fixed-price and asset monetary models of the AUD/USD exchange rate. An index of Australia???s export commodity prices is also added. The out-of-sample forecasting ability of these cointegrating vectors is tested relative to a random walk using an error-correction framework. While adding the time-varying risk premium improves this forecasting ability, adding export commodity prices does so by more. Further, including both the time-varying risk premium and export commodity prices in the cointegrating vectors reduces their forecasting ability. So the time-varying risk premium is important for AUD/USD exchange rate modelling, but not as important as export commodity prices.
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Hachenberg, Britta Eileen [Verfasser], Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Schiereck, and Carolin [Akademischer Betreuer] Bock. "Security Pricing in Reaction to Changes in Investor Attitudes, Governance and Regulation / Britta Eileen Hachenberg ; Dirk Schiereck, Carolin Bock." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1167402413/34.
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Hachenberg, Britta [Verfasser], Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Schiereck, and Carolin [Akademischer Betreuer] Bock. "Security Pricing in Reaction to Changes in Investor Attitudes, Governance and Regulation / Britta Eileen Hachenberg ; Dirk Schiereck, Carolin Bock." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1167402413/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "INVESTOR ATTITUDE"
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Angeletos, Marios. Private sunspots and idiosyncratic investor sentiment. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2008.
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Baker, Malcolm. Investor sentiment and the cross-section of stock returns. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.
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Shiller, Robert J. Measuring bubble expectations and investor confidence. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.
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group, Spectrem. The mutual fund crisis: Reactions of investors. [Chicago, IL]: Spectrem Group, 2004.
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Shiller, Robert J. Investor behavior in the October 1987 stock market crash: The case of Japan. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1988.
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Group, Spectrem. The mutual fund crisis: Attitudes, actions and outcomes of 401(k) participants. [Chicago, IL]: Spectrem Group, 2004.
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Lee, Charles. Investor sentiment and the closed-end fund puzzle. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990.
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Dumas, Bernard. What can rational investors do about excessive volatility and sentiment fluctuations? Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.
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Dumas, Bernard. What can rational investors do about excessive volatility and sentiment fluctuations? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.
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Solomon, Jill Frances. A survey of UK institutional investors' attitudes towards corporate governance and corporate risk disclosure. Sheffield: Sheffield University, School of Management, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "INVESTOR ATTITUDE"
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Du, Ming, and Wei Shen. "The Future of Investor-State Dispute Settlement: Exploring China’s Changing Attitude." In Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy, 1–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5744-2_86-1.
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Du, Ming, and Wei Shen. "The Future of Investor-State Dispute Settlement: Exploring China’s Changing Attitude." In Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy, 2483–506. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3615-7_86.
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Sidorov, Sergei, Andrew Khomchenko, and Sergei Mironov. "Optimal Portfolio Selection for an Investor with Asymmetric Attitude to Gains and Losses." In Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Actuarial Sciences and Finance, 157–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50234-2_13.
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Alemanni, Barbara. "Retail Investors’ Attitude and Preferences and Sustainable Investing Regulation." In Palgrave Studies in Impact Finance, 179–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93768-3_7.
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Pria, Shanmuga, and VenkataVara Prasad. "Does Financial Attitude Impact Trading Activity of Retail Investors During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Sultanate of Oman?" In Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics, 129–48. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5342-1.ch007.
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The purpose of this research is to find out whether retail investor trading activity was influenced by their financial attitude during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research follows the descriptive and causal research design on a sample size of 87 retail investors obtained through snowball sampling method in which respondents were first identified with the help of financial advisors from five brokerage companies in Oman. The identified respondents were requested to forward the Google survey form to other participants. The study results reveal that the majority of the respondents were in agreement that they can be optimistic regardless of the current COVID-19 situation. There was found to be no difference in the mean rating given by Omanis and non-Omanis towards financial anxiety, optimism, financial security, precautionary savings, financial literacy, financial satisfaction, and risk involvement. Nationality matters only for investor confidence as the mean ratings given for it differ between Omanis and non-Omanis.
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Duranay, Serhat, and Gamze Göçmen Yağcilar. "Investigating Socially Responsible Investor Behavior Within the Scope of Theory of Planned Behavior." In Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability, 264–91. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7620-8.ch013.
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Socially responsible investments (SRI) form the basis of financial sustainability. SRI is described as the integration of environmental, social, and governance factors into investment decisions. SRI behavior cannot be explained only with the classical risk-return approach. There must be a number of more complex factors driving investors into this space. This study aims to shed light on the philosophy of SRI. For this purpose, the SRI process has been examined in the study. To explain the investment process, the factors that motivate investors to invest in SRI are examined under the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Then this model is analyzed using structural equation model (SEM). The obtained results reveal that attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and eco-friendly activities positively affect SRI intention. Moreover, SRI behavior can be predicted by investment intention and perceived behavioral control.
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Gupta, Chabi. "Data-Driven Behaviour Finance for Mutual Fund Investment Decision Making." In Positive and Constructive Contributions for Sustainable Development Goals, 88–95. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7499-0.ch006.
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When it comes to money and investing funds, the individual portfolio investor isn't always as logical as he feels he is, which is why there's a whole school of thought dedicated to explaining why people behave in irrational and weird ways. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the effects of five major behavioural biases on individual investor decisions in a metro city India, with a focus on mutual funds, as well as to examine how individuals make decisions to ensure that their investments generate greater returns for a better future. The statistical evidence shows that a variety of behavioural elements have a significant part in people' investment decision-making patterns, which has an impact on the population's economic situation. The purpose of this study is to illustrate how an individual's perspective, attitude, and conduct affect mutual fund investments.
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Favero, Gino. "Utility Function." In Encyclopedia of Business Analytics and Optimization, 2607–15. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5202-6.ch232.
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A utility function is a tool used to assign numerical values to a set of goods or services in order to allow for a numerical representation of the preferences of a rational individual. Though its first use dates back to the 18th century, the term “utility” does not appear until the late 19th century in Welfare Economics, and it is fully axiomatised only in the mid-20th century with the birth of Decision Theory, where the utility function is the central concept. Indeed, in several studies focused, e.g., on analysing the roles of the rationality axioms and their weakening, or in completing partial preferences, a utility function is always considered to be the proper tool to fully depict the attitude of an investor toward risk.
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Ali, Imran, Saleh Al-Sabaan, and Saud Mandurah. "Determinants of the Risk-Taking Attitude among Small Equity Investors." In Foreign Direct Investments, 177–92. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2448-0.ch007.
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This study explores the personality traits, perceived personal control, behavioral biases, culture, and socio-demographics in determining individual equity investor's risk assumption attitude. The study uses a survey approach to collect responses from small equity investors. A conceptual model is developed and hypotheses are tested through structure equation model (SEM). The result identifies personality traits, perceived personal control, behavioral biases, cultural factor and socio-demographic variables as strong determinants of small equity investor's risk assumption attitude.
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Kumar, Amit, Ekam Riar, Anupriya Kaur, and Yashpal Azad. "Influence of Personality Traits and Emotional Intelligence on Attitude Toward Financial Risk." In AI and Emotional Intelligence for Modern Business Management, 14–30. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-0418-1.ch002.
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Investment is crucial to everyone's existence in the modern world. The way investors invest and their attitude toward financial risk are both influenced by a number of factors. The current study has explored the influence of personality traits using the big-five personality model and emotional intelligence on investors' attitude towards financial risk (ATFR). The research was conducted in the Delhi NCR region with the convenience sample of 190 investors. The findings revealed that the personality traits such as extraversion, agreeableness, openness, and emotional intelligence significantly influence investors ATFR, whereas neuroticism and conscientiousness had non-significant effect on investors ATFR. Additionally, the demographic variables demonstrate differential effects in context of personality traits, emotional intelligence, and ATFR. A better understanding of personality traits may offer an opportunity to financial institutions to appropriately design financial products and policies and identify the investment decision pattern of investors and their attitude toward financial risk.
Conference papers on the topic "INVESTOR ATTITUDE"
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Yu Lin and Zeng Shihong. "Investor expectation, risk attitude and the effort on price." In 2008 Asia Simulation Conference - 7th International Conference on System Simulation and Scientific Computing (ICSC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asc-icsc.2008.4675548.
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Zabelina, Ekaterina, Svetlana Kurnosova, and Ekaterina Vedeneeva. "PSYCHOLOGICAL TIME AND ECONOMIC MIND OF ENTREPRENEURS. EVIDENCE FROM SMALL BUSINESS OF RUSSIAN INDUSTRIAL REGION." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact055.
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"Entrepreneurs, as the most active social group sensitive to public mood, perhaps feel the changes in the time of life in a digital society (time pressure illusion) most of all. On the other hand, the very internal temporal organization of a person involved in entrepreneurial activity can determine the characteristics of his or her mind and behavior in the economic sphere. The aim of the study is to reveal the impact of the psychological time of the representatives of small businesses on their economic minds. The study involves 109 representatives of small businesses in various fields (wholesale and retail trade, education, tourism, consulting, production, etc.), registered in the Chelyabinsk region and operating in the Russian Federation (mean age 34.9, 42% male). The respondents completed electronic forms of Inventory of Time Value as an Economic Resource (Usunier), Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Attitudes towards Time (Nuttin), and Inventory of Polychronic Values (Bluedorn). To diagnose the features of the economic mind of entrepreneurs, the Economic Attitudes Questionnaire (Deyneka & Zabelina, 2018) was used. Regression analysis showed that certain components of psychological time (positive attitude to the past, present and future, the value of time as an economic resource) determine the formation of constructive economic attitudes of small business owners, namely the value of independent economic achievements, willingness to invest, unwillingness to sacrifice vocation and health for money, financial optimism. Thus, the lack of fixation on past failures, a positive attitude towards the present and the future, the ability to transfer time into money create a psychological foundation for the formation of entrepreneurs' attitudes in economic life. The results can be used in the consulting of the future entrepreneurs."
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"How accurately do investors' attitudes forecast demand-supply mismatch across real estate sectors?" In 19th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2012. ERES, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2012_375.
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Labudović Stanković, Jasmina. "UTICAJ OSIGURAVAČA NA FINANSIJSKU STABILNOST." In XIX majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xixmajsko.173ls.
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In this paper, the author analyzes insurers influence on financial stability. She starts from two important insurers roles in the economy - one is the role of insurers as business entities that undertake risks from individuals and the economy, and the other is the role of insurers as institutional investors. The paper focuses on the role of insurers as institutional investors. The operations of these financial institutions have a significant impact on economic life, and their enormous financial power and different investment strategies can affect stability. But, there are no unified attitudes. That's why the paper talks about insurers behavior both in normal and stable times, as well as in times of financial crisis.
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Labudović Stanković, Jasmina. "UTICAJ OSIGURAVAČA NA FINANSIJSKU STABILNOST." In XIX majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xvixmajsko.173ls.
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In this paper, the author analyzes insurers influence on financial stability. She starts from two important insurers roles in the economy - one is the role of insurers as business entities that undertake risks from individuals and the economy, and the other is the role of insurers as institutional investors. The paper focuses on the role of insurers as institutional investors. The operations of these financial institutions have a significant impact on economic life, and their enormous financial power and different investment strategies can affect stability. But, there are no unified attitudes. That's why the paper talks about insurers behavior both in normal and stable times, as well as in times of financial crisis.
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Barak, Osman, and Murat Doğanay. "The Effects of the Kazakhstan-Russia-Belarus Customs Union on Turkey’s Exports and on Turkish Investors in Kazakhstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00397.
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The customs union is a model of economic integration which is composed of free trade area among the participant countries with a common external tariff. The participant countries generally set up common external trade policy. Main establishing purposes of customs union are increasing economic efficiency, improving the global competitiveness and establishing closer political and cultural ties between the member countries. This paper analyses the concept and effects of customs union, the agreement of Bel EurAsEC Customs Union and how this agreements effects Turkish investors in Kazakhstan and export of Turkey. In this contex, a survey is implemented to Turkish companies executives, according to the survey results, it is trying to reveal whether the Bel EurAsEC Customs Union have any effects on Turkey export. Also, in this paper, the effects of Bel EurAsEC Customs Union on Turkish investors which operates in Kazakhstan, investment attitude, behavior and decisions are being explored.
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Sun, Wei, Weiguo Zhang, and Weijun Xu. "A novel portfolio selection model with investors' subjective attitudes based on fuzzy random variables." In 2016 12th International Conference on Natural Computation and 13th Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (ICNC-FSKD). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fskd.2016.7603318.
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OBrien, Thomas V., and Holly A. Foster. "Old Dogs Can Learn to Like New Tricks: One Instructor’s Change in Attitude to Online Instruction from 2009-2017." In Fifth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head19.2019.9234.
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This qualititative case study examined a veteran instructor’s change in attitude about university online instruction. After a short review of the literature and explanation of the project, researchers conducted a content analysis of an instructor’s annual self-reports about his online teaching of a graduate course in the social sciences. The self –reports were written between 2009 and 2017. The researchers also examined students’ end-of-semester evaluation scores about the course and instructor. Results suggest that the instructor began online teaching with a mixed attitude. After four years of teaching the online course (delivered once each spring) the instructor reported more about content issues and less about online delivery. In the final the period (2016-17) the reseachers found that the instructor was invested fully in online delivery. Although the study is not generalizable, its results suggest that instructors who stay with an online system over an extended period of time may gain more confidence in the efficacy of online delivery. The findings complement previous findings in the literature about faculty attiudes toward technology use in instruction.
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Serin, Zehra Vildan, Erişah Arıcan, and Başak Tanınmış Yücememiş. "Gold Reserve Policies of Selected Central Banks After the Global Financial Crisis: A Comparative Analysis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02118.
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After the global financial crisis, central banks have changed attitudes towards gold and have unconventional policy measures, in addition to conventional interest rate cuts. With these measures central banks aimed to support financial stability, and to reduce to potential adverse effects from international capital flows. From the perspective of investors and central banks gold positions and gold reserves are still significant and debatable issues. The purpose of this study is to investigate the composition of central bank reserves the period of 2008 and 2018. In this paper, generally we compared gold reserve holdings of major central banks with Turkey. The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) has increased gold reserves especially since 2002. With implementing effective policies, CBRT has increased gold holdings in international reserves. CBRT is one of the countries with the highest share of gold reserves in the world.
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Boğan, Erhan, Saadet Zafer Kavacık, and Mehmet Sarıışık. "A Research to Determine the Opinions and Perceptions of Potantial Manager Candidates Toward Corporate Social Responsibility." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01684.
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In recent years, corporate social responsibility, which comprises economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities, has become important concept to build good relations between business and stakeholders and to gain competitive advantage over its rivals. Moreover, it has a positive impact on stakeholder’s (for example; employees, customers, investors) attitudes and behaviors toward business. The main aim of this study is to determine opinions and perceptions of students who study management license toward corporate social responsibility. The research data is gathered from final year students of Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Faculty of Management with a used scale. 251 surveys are used in the research. The findings obtained from research have put forth that management faculty students who are future manager candidates are in opinion and perception of covering respectively economic, philanthropic, legal and ethical responsibilities in their decision-making activities. In addition, the students have listed the company’s four most important stakeholders as community, customers, employees and shareholders. Also corporate social responsibility has been emerged by students as a definition of benefit society, compliance with ethical values, volunteer activities and respect for social values.
Reports on the topic "INVESTOR ATTITUDE"
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Bano, Masooda, and Daniel Dyonisius. The Role of District-Level Political Elites in Education Planning in Indonesia: Evidence from Two Districts. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/109.
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Focus on decentralisation as a way to improve service delivery has led to significant research on the processes of education-policy adoption and implementation at the district level. Much of this research has, however, focused on understanding the working of the district education bureaucracies and the impact of increased community participation on holding teachers to account. Despite recognition of the role of political elites in prioritising investment in education, studies examining this, especially at the district-government level, are rare. This paper explores the extent and nature of engagement of political elites in setting the education-reform agenda in two districts in the state of West Java in Indonesia: Karawang (urban district) and Purwakarta (rural district). The paper shows that for a country where the state schooling system faces a serious learning crisis, the district-level political elites do show considerable levels of engagement with education issues: governments in both districts under study allocate higher percentages of the district-government budget to education than mandated by the national legislation. However, the attitude of the political elites towards meeting challenges to the provision of good-quality education appears to be opportunistic and tokenistic: policies prioritised are those that promise immediate visibility and credit-taking, help to consolidate the authority of the bupati (the top political position in the district-government hierarchy), and align with the ruling party’s political positioning or ideology. A desire to appease growing community demand for investment in education rather than a commitment to improving learning outcomes seems to guide the process. Faced with public pressure for increased access to formal employment opportunities, the political elites in the urban district have invested in providing scholarships for secondary-school students to ensure secondary school completion, even though the district-government budget is meant for primary and junior secondary schools. The bupati in the rural district, has, on the other hand, prioritised investment in moral education; such prioritisation is in line with the community's preferences, but it is also opportunistic, as increased respect for tradition also preserves reverence for the post of the bupati—a position which was part of the traditional governance system before being absorbed into the modern democratic framework. The paper thus shows that decentralisation is enabling communities to make political elites recognise that they want the state to prioritise education, but that the response of the political elites remains piecemeal, with no evidence of a serious commitment to pursuing policies aimed at improving learning outcomes. Further, the paper shows that the political culture at the district level reproduces the problems associated with Indonesian democracy at the national level: the need for cross-party alliances to hold political office, and resulting pressure to share the spoils. Thus, based on the evidence from the two districts studied for this paper, we find that given the competitive and clientelist nature of political settlements in Indonesia, even the district level political elite do not seem pressured to prioritise policies aimed at improving learning outcomes.
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Tapia, Carlos, Nora Sanchez Gassen, and Anna Lundgren. In all fairness: perceptions of climate policies and the green transition in the Nordic Region. Nordregio, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2023:5.1403-2503.
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The survey presented in this report reveals that Nordic citizens are concerned about climate change. Many people are willing to increase efforts to fight climate change, even if this entails a personal contribution in terms of higher taxes or behavioural change. The survey shows that different social groups perceive the impacts of climate change and climate mitigation policies in different ways. In general, attitudes towards climate policies and perceptions regarding their fairness are conditioned by socio-demographic factors such as gender, age, employment status, type of housing and transport behaviour. General attitudes towards climate change and climate policies The first part of this report explores general attitudes towards climate change and climate policies. This section shows that seven in ten (71%) respondents think that climate change is a serious or very serious problem, particularly among the youngest age group (18-29 years). Three in four (74%) interviewed persons in this group share this view. Those with a university degree are more concerned about climate change (83%) than those with primary or secondary education (57% and 62%, respectively). Approximately half (48-51%) of respondents in all age groups agree that more financial resources should be invested in preventing climate change, even if this would imply an increase in taxes. The survey results show that women in the Nordic Region are more concerned about climate change than men (79% compared to 64%). It also reveals that people living in urban areas are more worried about climate change (82%) than those who live in towns and suburbs (68%) or in rural areas (62%). Urban dwellers are also more positive about investing more resources in preventing climate change (59%) than those who live in rural areas (39%) and in towns and suburbs (46%). More than half of the respondents (52%) agree that taking further action on climate change would be beneficial for the economy. Students, unemployed and retired people are more likely to agree with this view (55%, 57% and 55%, respectively) than those currently in employment, including the self-employed (50%). Those employed in carbon-intensive sectors are less positive about the expected economic impact of climate policies than those who work in other economic sectors (41% compared to 55%). They are also more concerned about the risk of job losses during the transition to a low-carbon economy than those employed in sectors with lower carbon intensity (37% compared to 24%). Concerns about this issue are also higher among those who live in rural areas (31%) or towns and suburbs (30%) compared to those who live in cities (22%). Present and future effects of climate change mitigation policies on individuals and households The central part of the survey explores perceptions regarding the present and future impacts of climate policies. Such challenges are perceived differently depending on specific sociodemographic conditions. Nearly one fourth (23%) of respondents state that high energy costs mean they are struggling to keep their homes at a comfortable temperature. Those living in houses report being more impacted (27%) than those living in apartments (18%), and those using fossil fuels to heat their homes are most affected (44%). The risk of energy poverty is also higher among non-EU immigrants to the Nordic Region. Those who say they are struggling to keep their homes at a comfortable temperature range from 23% among Nordic-born citizens to 37% among non-EU immigrants. Nearly three in ten respondents (28%) have modified their transportation behaviour during the last year due to high fuel costs. This proportion is substantially greater among those living in towns and suburbs (32%) compared to those who live in rural areas (29%) or cities (23%). The majority of the Nordic population (52%) states that current climate policies have a neutral effect on their household economies. However, 28% of respondents say they are negatively impacted by climate policies in economic terms. Men report being negatively affected more frequently than women (33% vs 22%, respectively). People who live in houses are more likely to claim they are being negatively impacted than people who live in apartments (31% and 23%, respectively). Nearly half (45%) of the respondents in the Nordic Region agree that climate initiatives will improve health and well-being, and half of the respondents (50%) think that climate change initiatives will lead to more sustainable lifestyles in their area. However, half (51%) of the Nordic population expect to see increases in prices and the cost of living as a consequence of climate policies, and those who believe that climate policies will create jobs and improve working conditions in the areas where they live (31% and 24%, respectively) are outnumbered by those who believe the opposite (35% and 34%, respectively). Fairness of climate policies The last section of the report looks at how the Nordic people perceive the fairness of climate policies in distributional terms. In the survey, the respondents were asked to judge to what extent they agree or disagree that everyone in their country or territory is equally affected by initiatives to fight climate change regardless of personal earnings, gender, age, country of origin and where they live – cities or rural areas. The results show that the Nordic people believe climate change initiatives affect citizens in different ways depending on their demographic, socioeconomic and territorial backgrounds. More than half of the respondents (56%) disagree that everyone is equally affected by initiatives to fight climate change regardless of earnings. Only 22% agree with this statement. Younger age groups are more pessimistic than older age groups on this point (66% in the 18-29 age group compared to 41% in the 65+ group). Almost half of respondents (48%) agree that climate policies are fair from a gender perspective, while 25% disagree with this statement and 23% are neutral. Roughly one in three (30%) respondents in the Nordic Region agree that people are equally affected by climate change initiatives regardless of age, 41% disagree with this statement and 25% are neutral. More than one third (35%) of the Nordic population agree that everyone is equally affected by initiatives to fight climate change regardless of the country of origin, while 34% of them disagree. More than half of respondents (56%) think that the impact of climate initiatives differs between rural and urban areas, while only 22% think that all areas are equally affected. Respondents who live in cities are more likely to respond that climate policy impacts differ between rural and urban areas (60%) than respondents who live in rural areas (55%) and towns and suburbs (53%). One third (33%) of respondents in the survey think that the Sámi population is affected by climate change initiatives to the same extent as the rest of the population. In Greenland, a majority of the population (62%) agrees that the indigenous population in Greenland is equally affected by measures to combat climate change. The results from this survey conducted in the autumn of 2022, show that the population in the Nordic Region perceive the impacts of climate mitigation policies in different ways. These results can raise awareness and stimulate debate about the implementation of climate mitigation policies for a just green transition.
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Traditional birth attendants in maternal health programmes. Population Council, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2003.1017.
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Despite the tremendous resources invested in training Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) over the past two decades, scientific evidence from around the world has shown that training TBAs has not reduced maternal mortality. Any improvement observed when TBA training programs have been introduced was because of the associated supervision and referral systems, and the quality of essential obstetric services available at first referral level. Conversely, evidence has shown reduced maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality when women have a “Skilled Attendant” (a qualified health care provider who has midwifery or obstetric skills) present at every birth. Thus, national safe motherhood programs, including in Kenya, are now focusing on increasing the number of Skilled Attendants, whether a woman delivers in a facility or at home. Since TBAs are highly regarded by their communities, it is critical that they still be enabled to play a role in improving maternal health. As noted in this brief, the continued preference for TBAs in Western Province can be attributed to their proximity to the woman’s home, respectful attitude toward women, and flexible modes of payment. Problems can arise, however, when TBAs delay seeking skilled care for women in difficult labor.