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Simic Saric, Marija. "Does a Venture Capital Market Exist in the Countries of Former Yugoslavia?" KnE Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (March 19, 2017): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v1i2.657.
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<p>Venture capital investments spread all over the world during the last few decades. Until then, they were considered only as an American phenomenon. Countries worldwide are interested in attracting venture capital investments because of their undisputable effects on the economy. The effects of the investments are visible through the impact on innovation, creation of new companies, jobs, economic growth, corporate governance and etc.</p><p>Venture capital is a subset of Private equity focused on start-up companies and companies having difficulties in attracting necessary capital. It represents an equity investment made for the launch, early development, or expansion of a business.</p><p>The countries of former Yugoslavia (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia - FYROM, Montenegro, Slovenia and Serbia) are part of the Central and Eastern Europe countries and represent relatively a new market for venture capitalists. They moved from the planned economies to a free market system in the 90s of 20 century. As well as other countries in the World, these countries are also interested in attracting venture capital because of the proven impact on economic growth. Despite the presence of Venture capital and Private equity funds in this region for more than twenty years, the venture capital and private equity market in the countries of former Yugoslavia is underdeveloped compared to other countries of CEE. Indeed, the venture capital investments are so small for some countries of former Yugoslavia that the data about venture capital investment are published jointly.</p><p> </p><p>The objective of this paper is to examine and analyze the development of Venture Capital market in countries o former Yugoslavia. The research is both qualitative and quantitative, and involves an identification, analysis and comparison of PE/VC investments data for selected countries. The time frame for this research is between 2007 and 2014. The total volume of venture capital investments per year, the number of companies invested and the ratio of PE investments to the gross domestic product (GDP) will be used to demonstrate the existence of the venture capital market in countries of former Yugoslavia. The data necessary for the current research were taken from the yearbook of EVCA/PEREP Analytics for 2014 for Baltics and Ex-Y. „PEREP Analytics” is a centralized, non-commercial pan-European private equity database. The „PEREP Analytics” statistics platform monitors the development of private equity and venture capital in 25 European countries.</p>
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Nagler, David D. "Yugoslavia: Law on Foreign Investments." International Legal Materials 28, no. 6 (November 1989): 1543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020782900017277.
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Vuletic, Dean. "Generation Number One: Politics and Popular Music in Yugoslavia in the 1950s." Nationalities Papers 36, no. 5 (November 2008): 861–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990802373579.
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Popular music is one of the cultural phenomena that has been most shared among the peoples inhabiting the territory of the former Yugoslavia; indeed, considering the persistence of a common popular music culture there even after the break up of the Yugoslav federation in 1991, there is perhaps little in cultural life that unites them more. It was in the 1950s that a Yugoslav popular music culture emerged through the development of local festivals, radio programs and a recording industry, at a time when popular music was also referred to as “dance,” “entertainment” or “light” music, and when jazz, pop and, by the end of the decade, rock and roll were the styles of it that were being listened to in Yugoslavia and around the world. However, the development of a Yugoslav popular music culture at this time was rooted not only in international cultural trends but was also shaped by the domestic and foreign policies that were pursued by the ruling Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY), which was renamed the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) in 1952. Through its cultural, economic and foreign policies, the party sought to define Yugoslavia's position in Cold War international relations, develop a sense of Yugoslav identity among its multinational citizenry, and reconstruct and modernize a country that had suffered some of the greatest losses in Europe in the Second World War—and which had, just before it, been one of the Continent's least developed states, not only economically but also in terms of cultural infrastructure. In the cultural sphere, investments were needed immediately after the war to redress the facts that Yugoslavia had high rates of illiteracy and low rates of radio ownership by European standards, that cultural activities beyond folklore remained the purview of a small urban elite, and that it lacked musical artists, schools and instruments—with great disparities in all of these measures existing between its more developed northern areas (Slovenia, Croatia and northern Serbia) and the poorer south (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro and southern Serbia). For example, with regards to radio ownership, in 1946 the number of individuals per radio ranged from 40 in Slovenia, 48 in Croatia and 91 in Serbia to 137 in Macedonia, 288 in Bosnia-Herzegovina and 702 in Montenegro, with the average for all of Yugoslavia being 78.
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Lazarevic, Zarko. "Foreign Investments and Socialist Enterprise in Slovenia (Yugoslavia): The Case of the Kolektor Company." Hungarian Historical Review 10, no. 3 (2021): 556–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.38145/2021.3.556.
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In this article, I examine foreign investment in the socialist enterprise in the former Yugoslavia based on the case study of Kolektor in the context of the liberalized communist social and economic order. Foreign investments were allowed in the form of joint ventures. I present these investments from the viewpoint of economic reforms, the concept of socialist enterprise, and the concept of economic development, which enabled foreign investments and shaped regulation and the structure of foreign investments in Yugoslavia. The history of the case of Kolektor began at a time when Slovenia still belonged to the former Yugoslavia, which was arguably a liberalized type of communist economic system. This was during the Cold War, when both Europe and the rest of the world were divided essentially along the lines of the communist east and the capitalist west. The Kolektor Company was established in 1963 as a state socialist enterprise for the manufacture of the rotary electrical switches known as commutators. From the outset, the company tried to establish international cooperation to acquire modern technology. In 1968, it reached an agreement with the West German Company Kautt & Bux, which at the time was the technological and market leader in the production of commutators. Kautt & Bux invested in Kolektor and became an owner of 49 percent of the company. The investment proved very profitable for both partners. The Slovenian side got access to modern technology and expertise, and the German side got additional production facilities, skilled workers, and low-cost production, which increased its competitiveness on international markets.
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Stamova, Mariyana. "The Albanians in Yugoslavia from the late 1960s to the early 1980s." Historijski pogledi 4, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 130–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2021.4.5.130.
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The paper focuses on the events after the Brioni plenum of the Central Committee of the LCY in 1966. The turning point for the development of the national relationships in the Yugoslav federation became namely the Brioni plenim. This plenum and its decisions led to a liberalization of the national relationships in Yugoslavia, thus to the outburst of the Albanian problem, which was severely suppressed to this moment. This is the first major victory for the Albanians in Yugoslavia. In this regard, a movement has begun among the Albanian population in the multinational federation with the main goal of achieving full national recognition, including republican status for Kosovo. This new policy towards the minorities in Yugoslavia was introduced after the middle of the 1960s. Its expression became the new constitutional definition of “Yugoslav peoples and ethnoses”, which had to substitute the term “national minorities”. That led to changes into the rights of Albanians in Yugoslavia, and as a result their socio-political activity drastically aroused. The Yugoslav party leadership started again to look for a solution of the Albanian issue. Significant Yugoslav financial aid and investments were directed towards Kosovo, aiming at a closer incorporation of the Albanians in the Yugoslav federation and an interruption of their connection with Albania. After the Brioni Plenum, the Albanian problem in the Yugoslav Federation entered a qualitatively new state. The events in the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and the neighboring Republic of Macedonia at the end of 1968 played an important role in the further development of this problem and in the changes in the constitutional, legal and socio-political development of the Yugoslav Federation. So after the demonstrations of the Albanian population in Kosovo and Macedonia at the end of 1968, a “creeping Albanization” started in Kosovo. The Albanian political elite and intelligencia played the most important role in the imposition of the “Albanization” as a political line at the end of the 1960s. Albanians hold all important posts in administration, culture, education and political life of Kosovo. That led to an increasing mistrust between the Albanian population and the Serbian-Montenegrin minority, and the last was forced to leave its homes and to migrate in other republics and regions. The political leadership in Prishtina insisted the autonomous region to get equal rights with the republics as a federal unit. That is how at the beginning of the 1970s Kosovo issue transferred into a problem of the whole Yugoslav federation, not only a Serbian one. The Albanians in Prishtina were involved into the confrontation Zagreb-Belgrade and acquired a support from the Croatian side, as well as the Slovenian one in the efforts to take their problem out of Serbia and to put it on a federal level at the League Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). The processes in the political life of the autonomous region Kosovo were not isolated and were connected with the events in the Yugoslav federation as a whole, and precisely in Croatia at the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 70s, which culmination was so-called “Zagreb Spring” in 1971. The Croatian crisis had an important influence on the national relationships in the federation and led to an inflammation of the national disputes. That had a direct impact on the political life of Kosovo. Searching for allies against Serbian hegemony and unitarism, which were the main danger for the Croatian republic, Zagreb’s political leadership supported Kosovo pretensions for the extension of the autonomous rights and the freedoms of the Albanians. The amendments to the federal system of Yugoslavia (1968-1971) and the new Yugoslav constitution from 1974 are reflected in Kosovo, which makes the Albanian problem not only a problem of Serbia, but also a common Yugoslav problem.
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Savic, Ljubodrag. "Foreign direct investments-expected inflow: Reality or great illusion." Privredna izgradnja 45, no. 3-4 (2002): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/priz0203233s.
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For more than ten years the Yugoslav economy and its industry are undergoing a very serious economic crisis, leading not only to a drastic deterioration of all economic performances, but above all to a dramatic exclusion form the world economic flows, being characteristic for the process of globalization and initiated by the world most powerful countries. In the pre-globalization period the firm's expansion was performed through an increased export. In the last three decades a considerable change took place, when instead of their export expansion large companies increasingly began to base strategies of access on foreign markets on direct international investments, new forms of international trade and international agreements and cooperation. The essential problem (possibly even the preliminary one), i.e. a necessary condition for the Yugoslav industry's further development is to find out an appropriate for inclusion into the process of globalization. At this moment his paper's ambitions are a bit more modest. The basic idea is to discuss the distribution of direct foreign investments from the geographic aspect with a somewhat more detailed analysis of the direct foreign investments inflow in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, and to look for an answer to the question what are the chances of Yugoslavia to attract a larger amount of direct foreign investments, since their lack would lead to an intensification of the economic crisis, i.e. impossibility of any serious economic development, thus leaving our country to lag behind at the far civilization periphery of the world.
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Njegomir, Vladimir, and Dragan Stojič. "Determinants of Insurance Market Attractiveness for Foreing Investments: The Case of Ex-Yugoslavia." Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 23, no. 3 (January 2010): 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1331677x.2010.11517426.
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Užičanin, Salkan. "PITANJE STRANE RADNE SNAGE U INDUSTRIJI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE (1918–1941)." Historijska misao 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 97–150. http://dx.doi.org/10.51558/2303-8543.2021.6.6.97.
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Based on available sources and literature, the paper analyzes the issue of foreign labor in the industry of Bosnia and Herzegovina between the two world wars. The appearance of foreign workers are tied tothe Austro-Hungarian period (1878-1918), when a large industrial sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina was erected with the help of foreign investments. The issue of foreign labor was updated after the end of The First World War and the entry of Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of the newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The new state administration immediately approached the persecution of foreign labor and the legal restriction on its arrival, regardless of the consequences for the industry. It quickly turned out that the advance measures were wrong and had negative effects, as foreigners occupied jobs in an industry that required proper professional qualifications, and which domestic workers could not fill due to lack of education. During the interwar period, the labor market permanently and noticeably lacked a qualified workforce, and the number of unemployed unqualified workers in all branches of industry and crafts grew steadily. Some liberalization for the arrival of a foreign workforce that the state later facilitated was of little use to employers, due to the procedures and costs associated with them, and the slow pace and corruption in the state administration. Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, foreign workers, qualified workers, emigration.
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Tot, Dora. "Migration for Cooperation." History in flux 3, no. 3 (December 22, 2021): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32728/flux.2021.3.7.
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Recent studies on labor migration from socialist Yugoslavia have almost exclusively focused on East–West movements and their economic aspects. This paper aims to fill some of this gap in the literature by examining the migration of highly skilled Yugoslav labor to a country in the Global South, namely Algeria. As opposed to previous work that has focused on Yugoslav workers accompanying engineering investment projects in the Global South, this paper examines those who were directly employed by the receiving country. The case of Algeria as a host country deserves attention because Algeria was one of Yugoslavia’s primary partners with whom it cultivated a close political relationship. Drawing on records from the Croatian State Archives, the article will examine Yugoslav technical cooperation experts who were employed by the Algerian government between the early 1960s and the end of the 1980s. The paper will argue that, in pursuit of its political and economic interests in the Global South, the Yugoslav state encouraged and promoted the mobility of highly skilled experts in Algeria to foster cooperation.
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Ptáček, Pavel. "The role of foreign direct investments (FDI) in establishing knowledge economy in the Czech Republic: the case of knowledge-intensive business services." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 14 (January 1, 2009): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.14.3.
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For the location of new activities in CEE, a helpful factor was sobering up of the European companies from the Indian euphoria. Because of different, lower-level property rights, difficulties in intercultural communication and, very often, only superficial knowledge of the topic, the companies stopped outsourcing of some more sensitive activities to India or China.From the global point of view the “CEE miracle” is hard to compare with Asia, if in 2006 the CEE region received only a little more than $2B, in comparison to $386.5B worldwide (Třešňák 2007). But it brings new high-quality working places and highly embedded investments; additionally the multiplying effect is also much higher than in mounting factories activities. Outsourcing also supports motivation for education, world languages knowledge, travelling, and other positive phenomena. There are no or only very few risks. Who can be the competitor in the region? Economists do not suppose that the investment boom will stop in the near future. But Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, and maybe countries of former Yugoslavia are perceived as direct future competitors of the Vysehrad region. Despite the fact that we can observe a geographical trend towards selective concentration of these quaternary activities to big centres, especially metropolitan regions, and increasing polarisation between regions, positive effects for the country as a whole prevail. An important role of FDI localisation is played by the presence of technical universities and other „soft“ infrastructure. They do not bring the highest number of created jobs, but they are crucial in embedding other economic activities.
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Balliu, Teuta, and Aida Gaçe Llozana. "Commonalities and differences of tax systems in West Balkan countries Comparative analysis." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v3i1.p155-162.
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Countries of former Yugoslavia and Albania are considered as countries with many common problems as well as changes, which in this context are regarded as insignificant. On their way towards development, these countries are characterized by common problem, among which the most sensitive have been and still remain, unemployment, increasingly compressed public administration, unjustified optimism when planning the budget, mismanagement of public finances and poor fiscal discipline which mostly depends on being or not an election year. In these countries we notice the lack of harmony between economic and fiscal policies and the real needs of the economy. This is seen as other major common ofWest Balkan countries. This similiarity of problems narrows the possibility of competition associated to the foreign investment absorbing capacity. But, which is the moacroeconomic picture in the countries of West Balkan? What are their tax systems? How much are the foreign direct investments? Does the tax system serve as a promoter for these invvestments? This paper represents a comparative analysis of the fiscal systems in the countries of this region. The subject of this paper is the protection with arguments of the economic and fiscal policy which are built for the economic development of a country. This because we are given that there are two types of experiences related to tax system, one of which handles taxes as instruments for revenue collection and the other as a promoter factor for economic development.
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Denčić-Mihajlov, Ksenija, Vinko Lepojević, and Jovana Stojanović. "What Drives Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions and Greenfield Foreign Direct Investment Capital Flows? Reconsideration in the Case of the Selected Former Yugoslav Countries." Engineering Economics 32, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 234–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.32.3.27440.
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Bearing in mind the different nature and the impact of various types of foreign direct investments (FDI) on the one hand, and the specific macroeconomic environment in the post-socialist countries on the other hand, in this paper we reexamine the selected macroeconomic factors that affect the two types of FDI inflows (cross-border mergers and acquisitions and greenfield FDI) in four countries of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The study employs the balanced panel data framework and covers twelve-year period (2006-2017). Having performed the Hausman test, we use the random effect model and provide evidence that: (1) the key FDI macroeconomic determinants in stable business conditions, examined in numerous research studies, can have a different impact on FDI in times characterized by unstability and financial crisis, (2) some determinants of FDI inflows have different importance and direction in the case of cross-border M&A and greenfield FDI. Our findings are relevant for policymakers who should reconsider the key factors that fuel the FDI inflows towards their developing economies.
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Dobrivojevic, Ivana. "Od krize do krize. — Životni standard u Jugoslaviji 1955–1965." Contributions to Contemporary History 56, no. 1 (May 25, 2016): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51663/pnz.56.1.09.
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FROM CRISIS TO CRISIS. LIVING STANDARD IN YUGOSLAVIA 1955-1965The author of this paper examines living standard and living conditions of the citizens of Yugoslavia from the turning point in economic politics (1955) to economic reform (1965). Special attention is devoted to the efforts of the Party to conduct more rational investment policy, decrease levelling of wages, increase standard, liberalization, economic difficulties, constant deficit, as well as relative poverty of the largest number of Yugoslavs. Sources have been used from the Archives of Yugoslavia and relevant periodicals and literature.
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Bukumirović, Srbislav. "Correlation between foreign patents protection activities, technology transfer, capital investments and crediting, and commerce in Yugoslavia—an analysis of patent and other information." World Patent Information 11, no. 1 (January 1989): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0172-2190(89)90026-4.
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Brezina, Tadej, Borna Abramović, Denis Šipuš, and Takeru Shibayama. "Barriers to Transnational Passenger Rail Services in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina – A Qualitative Perspective." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 33, no. 5 (October 8, 2021): 689–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v33i5.3753.
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Railway infrastructures and services in the countries of former Yugoslavia have been in a downward spiral since the early 1990s. There have been scattered investments to lift services up to appealing levels after the war, but a continuous downward trend persists in all important performance indicators. After war-attributed abandonment, numerous lines lost services permanently, numbers of services dwindled, especially across borders, and service speeds decreased. This research takes Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina specifically as survey objects. It aims to identify the barriers in these two countries that withheld passenger rail from a positive development as in other European countries during the same period. For this purpose we carried out 11 interviews with stakeholders in various railway-related institutions. The transcripts are analysed qualitatively with thematic analysis to gain an overview of organisational and institutional barriers for development of railways. This is followed by a cause-effect analysis with Causal Loop Diagramming. The result: ad-hoc decision-making is clearly connected to the insignificance of railways. As immediate measures to counter the downward spiral by means of strategic long term planning, we identify (1) service benchmarking, (2) a clear vision for improvement of service quality, and (3) empowerment of ministries in a long term.
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Stanivuković, Maja, and Sanja Đajić. "Hommage to an agent before international courts and tribunals: Professor dr. Slavko Stojković." Revija Kopaonicke skole prirodnog prava 2, no. 2 (2020): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/rkspp2002197s.
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This paper pays tribute to life and work of professor Dr. Slavko Stojković, a diplomat and state agent of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. It is divided into five parts - introduction, short biography and three fields of his work - representation in international arbitral and judicial proceedings, where he made his principal achievements, diplomacy, and finally, legal writing, in which he also left a mark. The part on representation briefly mentions the cases Losinger (1935) and Pajzs, Csaky, Esterhazy (1935) before the Permanent Court of International Justice in which he acted as the state agent of Yugoslavia, the pathological arbitration S.E.E.E. v. Yugoslavia in which he was involved in various ways, and his role as the state agent of Yugoslavia before the German-Yugoslav and Hungaro-Yugoslav Mixed Arbitral Tribunals. Reference is made to sources that cover these cases in more detail. His diplomatic activity includes participation in the sessions of the League of Nations, and in particular his role in advocating the adoption of the Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism (1937), as well as his participation in negotiating with the Halyard Mission (1944) and with the French Government (1950). Among his legal writings, the most remarkable are his doctoral thesis De l'autorité de la sentence arbitrale en droit international public obtained at the Sorbonne in 1924 under the presidency of Antoine Pillet, and often cited even in modern times, his article on Mixed Arbitral Tribunals (1931) published in French, and his article on the "Possibility of Existence of International Arbitration Independent of National Laws" (1966) anticipating the appearance of investment arbitration. The authors conclude that Dr. Slavko Stojković was one of the most eminent lawyers of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the forefather of arbitration law in Yugoslavia and Serbia.
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Băbăț, Andrei-Florin, and Sorin Pavel. "Tourism development in the borderlands of Romania: A case study of the Danube Gorge–Iron Gates." Quaestiones Geographicae 41, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2022-0037.
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Border areas are a real challenge for tourism development. Usually associated with the periphery from a socio-economic point of view, these areas often have natural potential and attractive landscapes that have been little transformed by human activity and numerous historical and cultural tourist attractions. Although these areas have considerable tourism potential, this is not sufficient for the sustainable development of tourism and the exploitation of this potential is strongly influenced by the degree of permeability of the border. This is the case of the Romanian-Serbian border, which overlaps the most spectacular sector of the Danube – the Iron Gates Gorge. The main aim of this article is to analyse the role of tourism in the development of border areas and how it functions in a particular territorial context: the Danube Gorge located at the border between Romania and Serbia. The Romanian-Serbian border currently functions as an external border of the European Union in a favourable historical and political context, given the tradition of good neighbourliness between the two entities, the states located on either side of the Danube. However, the communist period altered the prospects for tourism development in this region through a very drastic and controlled border regime, even though the area benefited from major investment projects, such as the dam and hydroelectric power station at Porțile de Fier, built in the 1970s in cooperation with the former Yugoslavia. An analysis of the statistical data on tourism development shows that tourist traffic is on the increase, although there is a contradiction between the upward trend in tourist flows and the backwardness of large-scale tourist infrastructure, with the dominant type of accommodation being small, flexible, and rural accommodation that does not require large investments. The results presented in this article can be summarised in the general conclusion that the development of tourism in the Danube Gorge–Iron Gates remains dependent on the political factor and the border regime, even though the region has a remarkable tourism potential.
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Shakhin, Yuri. "Slovenian Republicanism During the Height of State-Run System." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 21, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2020.21(1).29-53.
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The study analyzed 1947-1950s economic policy-related tensions between the authorities of Yugoslavia and Slovenia. In general, the Slovenian economic bureaucracy adopted the rules of the game established earlier. In 1947-1948 it confronted the union bureaucracy over the cases with unrealistically high expectations and with possible negative political impact. In addition, the Slovenian economic bureaucracy tried to turn nagative effects into its own advantage. Due to the detioration of Yugoslavia's economic situation, the nature of the tensions has been changing. Slovenian Politburo was getting discontent with union management methods. Slovenian bureaucracy intensified the struggle for scarce resources and against the reduction of republican investment. Public opinion in the republic was increasinlgy critical of its situation within Yugoslavia. Opposition to federal economic policy, previously grouped in the economic apparatus, was beginning to recieve some support from the Slovenian party leadership.
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Shakhin, Yuri. "Slovenian Republicanism During the Height of State-Run System." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 21, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2020.21(1).29-53.
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The study analyzed 1947-1950s economic policy-related tensions between the authorities of Yugoslavia and Slovenia. In general, the Slovenian economic bureaucracy adopted the rules of the game established earlier. In 1947-1948 it confronted the union bureaucracy over the cases with unrealistically high expectations and with possible negative political impact. In addition, the Slovenian economic bureaucracy tried to turn nagative effects into its own advantage. Due to the detioration of Yugoslavia's economic situation, the nature of the tensions has been changing. Slovenian Politburo was getting discontent with union management methods. Slovenian bureaucracy intensified the struggle for scarce resources and against the reduction of republican investment. Public opinion in the republic was increasinlgy critical of its situation within Yugoslavia. Opposition to federal economic policy, previously grouped in the economic apparatus, was beginning to recieve some support from the Slovenian party leadership.
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Bolcic, Silvano. "Why is contemporary Serbia close to the (economic) collapse?" Sociologija 57, no. 1 (2015): 90–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1501090b.
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Nowadays Serbian society is faced with a deep and long-lasting socioeconomic crisis. Actual Serbian government, in order to prevent county?s economic collapse, intend to introduce ?new reform? aimed at the financial consolidation and enhansing new, primarily foreign, investments. First measures of the ?reform package? will be in reduced salaries paid to individuals employed in public sector and reduced pensions of persons getting pensions from public pension fonds. The paper is devoted to the analysis of the overt and hidden justifications of such measures. Actual Serbian political leaders seem to consider ?building of socialism?, ?worker?s self-management? and ?socialist egalitarism? as the key causes of the long-lasting socio-economic crisis in Serbia. ?Working people? who, allegedly, had supported previous socialist order seem to be considered as beneficiaries of that order. Therefore, actual measures for reducing governmental spendings should fell on ?shoulders? of ?working people?. The paper is presenting findings which should show in a different light functioning of former socialist order in Yugoslavia and Serbia. It accentuate specific societal orientations and public policies that have contributed to the excessive spending of former ?socialist? and new ?postsocialist? Serbian state. Leading political forces, former and actual, played crucial role in designing and in the implementation of economically destructive public policies, not ?working people?, in spite of former ?worker?s self-management? and actual ?rule of democracy?. The author suggests an alternative strategy in confronting the long-lasting socio-economic crisis in Serbia, a strategy of increasing, efficiently, the use of all disposable resources. A new and thorough redesign of the ownership relations in the society is seen as the key measure of this strategy.
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Gapinski, James H. "Investment fact and fancy in Yugoslavia." Applied Economics 22, no. 1 (January 1990): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036849000000050.
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Saideman, Stephen M. "Explaining the International Relations of Secessionist Conflicts: Vulnerability Versus Ethnic Ties." International Organization 51, no. 4 (1997): 721–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081897550500.
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With the end of the Cold War, many observers expected that international conflict would be less likely to occur and easier to manage. Given the successful resolution of the Gulf War and the European Community's (EC) efforts to develop a common foreign policy, observers expected international cooperation to manage the few conflicts that might break out. Instead, the disintegration of Yugoslavia contradicted these expectations. Rather than developing a common foreign policy, European states were divided over how to deal with Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia. Germany pushed for relatively quick recognition of Croatia and Slovenia, whereas other members of the EC wanted to go slower. Some observers expected Russia to fall in line with the West because of its need for investment and trade, but instead it supported Serbia. It is puzzling that Europe failed to cooperate regardless of whether greater international cooperation could have managed this conflict. How can we make sense of the international relations of Yugoslavia's demise? Since secession is not a new phenomenon, we should study previous secessionist conflicts to determine if they share certain dynamics, and we should consider applying to Yugoslavia the arguments developed to understand such conflicts.
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Simon, Djerdj. "Economic transition in Yugoslavia: A view from outside." Medjunarodni problemi 55, no. 1 (2003): 104–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0301104s.
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Yugoslavia, once an advanced country in market reforms, was one of the least transformed countries in Eastern Europe in the nineties. Such a situation was caused by the civil war, policy of the Milosevic?s regime and international sanctions. The resistance of the ruling conservative forces made it impossible to establish an adequate reform policy. Thus, the transition stopped short halfway. The situation has radically changed only since the autumn of 2000, after Milosevic?s downfall, when after the gradual lifting of international isolation, economic and political reforms were given a new stimulus, and the country could start the process of European integration. This article is an attempt to give an overview of the transition of the Yugoslav economy in the last ten years or so. The growth rate of Yugoslavia?s GDP is compared not only with that of its neighbouring countries, i.e. other former socialist countries of South-Eastern Europe (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Romania) but also with that of other transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe, including the Commonwealth of Independent States. A particular attention is given to the role of research and development (R&D) in Yugoslavia in the nineties as compared to Croatia, Slovenia, and the United States. The structural changes in the Yugoslav economy during the past decade are analysed together with property relations as well as the issues concerning small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). At the sectoral level, it is the performance of manufacturing and agriculture that is separately explored. In relation to this, wage formation and relative wage levels in Yugoslavia?s manufacturing are viewed regarding the country?s international competitiveness and wider characteristics of globalising world economy. In analysing the role of external sources in the Yugoslav economy, the problems of foreign trade, external indebtedness, and attraction of foreign direct investment (FDI) are emphasized together with the economic assistance rendered to the FRY by the European Union. Regarding the important indicator of openness, i.e. the share of exports and imports in GDP, a comparison is made between Yugoslavia, on one hand, and Croatia, Slovenia, the European Union, and the United States, on the other. The economic policy of Milosevic?s regime is contrasted with that of the new democratic government that came to power after the events in October 2000. Stabilisation, liberalisation, privatisation, and institutional reform are considered giving particular attention to the experience of the member republics of the Yugoslav federation: Serbia and Montenegro. The author comes to the following conclusions: in transition countries stabilisation, liberalisation, and privatisation cannot be successful without carrying out a comprehensive, deep reform of the system of political institutions that along with creation of conditions for establishment of democracy and its strengthening also enables building of a modern and efficient market economy. This complicated and often contradictory process could come across serious obstacles if the old state and party nomenclature in power retains the command economy without planning, and under demagogical, nationalistic, and populist slogans gets involved in wars even taking the risks of being put under international isolation. However, such an outdated economic system characterised by autarchy can only temporarily exist and hinder the unravelling of market reforms in the epoch of globalisation.
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Hofman, Ana. "Introduction to the Co-edited issue “Music, Affect and Memory Politics in Post-Yugoslav space”." Southeastern Europe 39, no. 2 (August 9, 2015): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763332-03902001.
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The power of music to bring people across newly established national borders even during the ethnic conflict and dissolution of socialist Yugoslavia has been particularly appealing to scholars. Reflecting on the complex relationship between the affective, the aural, and the political, this issue points out the limits of existing interpretative discourses of music and memory in post-Yugoslav spaces, which underplay the lived intensity of the sensory experiences, emotional investment, and the affective technologies of remembering the past. The authors here argue that the emphasis on the social and political production of affect embedded in the experience of music might be beneficial for shedding new light on memory politics in a post-Yugoslav context. Examining why and how music matters for post-Yugoslav memory practices, the articles in this issue strive to fashion new readings that go beyond the dichotomies commonly drawn between political/nostalgic, commercial/engaged, and escapist/emancipatory. The issue thus argues that the sensorial politics of music can serve as a conceptual framework that provides an important base for new theorizations of Yugoslav cultural memories, which is done by focusing on the politics of sentimentalism and the politics of joy. Accordingly, the goal of this issue is to raise productive questions that resonate with a multiplicity of interpretational and theoretical dilemmas and gaps by mobilizing the tools of affect theory primarily to open a space and spur further criticism and theory.
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Pennell, Phillip N., and T. Misha Sarkovic. "Direct Foreign Investment in Yugoslavia: A Microeconomic Model." Southern Economic Journal 54, no. 4 (April 1988): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1059560.
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Bojnec, Š. "Agricultural and rural capital markets in Turkey, Croatia and the FYR of Macedonia." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 58, No. 11 (November 26, 2012): 533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/195/2011-agricecon.
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This paper analyses the agricultural and rural capital factor markets in the three European Union (EU) candidate countries: Turkey, Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic (FYR) of Macedonia. Agricultural and rural capital markets share similarities with the general capital market developments, but agricultural and rural capital markets are facing specific credit constraints related to agricultural assets and rural fixed asset specificities, which constrain their mortgages and collateral use. Credit constraints form a limited access to the investment credits necessary for the restructuring of small-scale individual farms. Government transfers are used to differing extents in the different candidate countries, but generally they tend to increase over time. Remittances and donor funds have also played an important role in the agricultural and rural economy investments.
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Pivka, H., and M. E. Coronna. "Yugoslav Foreign Investment Law- a New Attitude?" Review of Socialist Law 16, no. 1 (1990): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187529890x00010.
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Kukaj, Halil, and Faruk B. Ahmeti. "The Importance Of Foreign Direct Investments On Economic Development In Transitional Countries: A Case Study Of Kosovo." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 7 (March 30, 2016): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n7p288.
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The role of investment, in particularly foreign direct investment (FDI), is regarded as one of the most important contributors of economic growth. The past quarter century has witnessed remarkable growth in FDIs flow all over the world. This is due to the fact that many countries, especially developing countries, see FDI as an important element in their overall strategy for economic development. This paper provides a review of the economic impact of FDI, with specific focus on developing countries particularly Kosovo and ex-Yugoslavian countries in the Balkan Peninsula. FDIs contribute to the economic development of host country in two main ways. They include the augmentation of domestic capital and the enhancement of efficiency through the transfer of new technology, marketing and managerial skills, innovation, and best practices. Secondly, FDI has both benefits and costs, and its impact is determined by the country’s specific conditions in general and the policy environment in particular. This is in terms of the ability to diversify, the level of absorption capacity, targeting of FDI, and the various opportunities for linkages between FDI and domestic investment. The paper aims to clarify the main causes of failure of foreign direct investments in Kosovo and reviles the importance of indicators that majorly has an institutional nature. Neither the amount nor the effects of foreign direct investment were satisfactory. Therefore, the paper reviles that in this aspect, a wide range of actions needs to be made, which is specifically related to government institutions and the business community.
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Hrast, Maša Filipovič, Uglješa Janković, and Tatjana Rakar. "Social policy in Slovenia and Montenegro: Comparing development and challenges." Politics in Central Europe 16, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 689–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pce-2020-0031.
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AbstractSlovenia and Montenegro have a common past; however, they have also experienced diverse developments in the field of social policy over the last three decades. The social policy of the two countries is based on a Yugoslav welfare model, and yet the positions of the two countries were quite rather different even as part of Federal Yugoslavia, with Slovenia being one of the most developed territories within the federation, while Montenegro was one of the least developed. In this article, we will describe the position and main challenges of the transition of the two countries from 1990 in relation to the developments and changes in the core fields of social policy, such as the labour market and social assistance, family policy and old age policy. The emphasis will be on linking the diverse starting points, the process of transition and the direction of developments, within the framework of path dependent changes in the two welfare systems, as well as a discussion of the relevant structural pressures, such as the economic and social situation of the two countries and ways of coping with these pressures that were employed. In the conclusion, the changes within the individual fields of social policy will also be discussed in relation to the prevalent discourses of the neoliberal transformation of modern welfare states, along with the development of social investment perspectives within social policy as a whole.
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Sacks, Stephen. "The efects of economic reform in yugoslavia: Investment & trade policy, 1959–1976." Journal of Comparative Economics 9, no. 4 (December 1985): 438–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-5967(85)90022-8.
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Hrast, Maša Filipovič, Uglješa Janković, and Tatjana Rakar. "Social policy in Slovenia and Montenegro: Comparing development and challenges." Politics in Central Europe 16, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 689–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pce-2020-0031.
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Abstract Slovenia and Montenegro have a common past; however, they have also experienced diverse developments in the field of social policy over the last three decades. The social policy of the two countries is based on a Yugoslav welfare model, and yet the positions of the two countries were quite rather different even as part of Federal Yugoslavia, with Slovenia being one of the most developed territories within the federation, while Montenegro was one of the least developed. In this article, we will describe the position and main challenges of the transition of the two countries from 1990 in relation to the developments and changes in the core fields of social policy, such as the labour market and social assistance, family policy and old age policy. The emphasis will be on linking the diverse starting points, the process of transition and the direction of developments, within the framework of path dependent changes in the two welfare systems, as well as a discussion of the relevant structural pressures, such as the economic and social situation of the two countries and ways of coping with these pressures that were employed. In the conclusion, the changes within the individual fields of social policy will also be discussed in relation to the prevalent discourses of the neoliberal transformation of modern welfare states, along with the development of social investment perspectives within social policy as a whole.
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Jović, Jadranka, and Vladimir Depolo. "THE ROLE OF TRIP GENERATION MODELS IN SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING IN SOUTH-EAST EUROPE / KELIONIŲ PLĖTROS MODELIŲ VAIDMUO PLANUOJANT DARNŲ TRANSPORTĄ PIETRYČIŲ EUROPOJE / РОЛЬ МОДЕЛЕЙ РАЗВИТИЯ ПЕРЕВОЗОК ПРИ ПЛАНИРОВАНИИ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ТРАНСПОРТА В ЮГО-ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЕВРОПЕ." TRANSPORT 26, no. 1 (April 12, 2011): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2011.568083.
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The idea, representing a fundamental starting point in this article, is to confirm that the models for demand forecasting, in terms of planning urban development, gave the results of the forecasted period. In other words, the available models continue to be a valid theoretical basis to be used for planning the sustainable development of the cities. The presentation of model development in the cities of South-East Europe shows that the matter of city sustain-ability has always represented the focus of attention and has been the subject since the early ‘50s till the present day. Modelling trip generation in transportation studies in the cities of the former Yugoslavia has been taken as the basis for this paper, because it reflects all the stages modelling went through. Such situation was strongly influenced by foreign experience, especially that gained by Anglo-Saxons. Introducing procedures for analytical modelling that relate household socio-economic and land use characteristics to the intensity of land use represented the pioneering step in procedures for integral land use, activity intensity and transportation demand planning. In the cities of South-East Europe, all known methods of trip generation modelling were applied in transportation planning practice. Recently, Serbian researchers have acknowledged that the process of balancing demand for mobility resulting from the purpose, activity intensity and supply to the transportation system (infrastructure and services) terminates in forming the ‘fields of improved accessibility’ (i.e. the parts of the urban area more influenced by investments). The process of forming them causes ‘pressure’ to increase activity intensity (appearance is known as induced construction) that ends in inducing new demand. In this context, there are efforts to integrate trip generation models into ones of spatial distribution taking into consideration the above described conditions and creating the basis for balanced and sustainable development of the cities. Santrauka Pirminė ir pagrindinė šio straipsnio mintis—patvirtinimas, kad modeliai, numatantys paklausą miesto plėtros planavimo požiūriu, pateikė prognozuojamo periodo rezultatus, t. y. siūlomi modeliai ir toliau išlieka vertingu teoriniu pagrindu planuojant darniąją miestų plėtrą. Vystymo modelių, naudojamų Pietryčių Europos miestuose, pristatymas rodo, kad miestų darnos klausimas visada buvo dėmesio centre nuo 1950-ųjų iki šios dienos. Pietryčių Europos miestuose vežimams planuoti buvo taikomi visi žinomi kelionių modeliavimo būdai. Pastaruoju metu Serbijos mokslininkai atskleidė, kad mobilumo paklausos balansavimas, atsirandantis dėl transportavimo sistemos paskirties, veiklos intensyvumo ir pasiūlos (infrastruktūra ir paslaugos), apsiriboja formuodamas „geresnio prieinamumo sritis”, t. y. labiau investuojama į mieste esančias teritorijas. Visa tai sudaro sąlygas „spaudimui” padidinti veiklos intensyvumą ir skatina naują paklausą. Šiame kontekste reikia pastangų integruoti kelionių plėtros modelius į erdvinį pasiskirstymą, atsižvelgiant į pirmiau išdėstytas sąlygas ir sukuriant pagrindą subalansuotam ir darniam miestų vystymui. Резюме Основной целью публикации было подтвердить, что модели, определяющие спрос при развитии городов в контексте планирования, представляют результаты прогнозируемого периода. Таким образом, они и в дальнейшем остаются важной теоретической основой при планировании устойчивого развития городов. Обзор моделей, используемых в юго-восточной Европе для развития городов, показал, что вопрос устойчивого развития городов был и остается в центре внимания с 50-х годов прошлого столетия до наших дней. Для планирования перевозок (транспортирования) в городах юго-восточной Европы использовались почти все известные способы их моделирования. В настоящее время сербские ученые установили, что баланс спроса на мобильность, возникающий из-за назначения транспортной системы, интенсивности деятельности и спроса (инфраструктура и спрос), ограничивается формированием «областей лучшего подхода», т. е. основной поток инвестиций направляется на развитие отдельных частей территорий города. Это в свою очередь создает условия для интенсификации деятельности и поощряет новый спрос. В данном контексте нужны усилия для интеграции моделей развития перевозок (транспортирования) в пространственное распределение, создавая основу для сбалансированного и устойчивого развития городов.
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Williams, Nick. "Mobilising diaspora to promote homeland investment: The progress of policy in post-conflict economies." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 36, no. 7 (January 15, 2018): 1256–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654417752684.
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This paper examines the development of policies which seek to mobilise and maximise the potential of diaspora investment in their home countries. While a great deal of migrant entrepreneurship literature focuses on impacts in the host country, less is known about the impacts of diasporans on home countries. The paper focuses on the three post-conflict Balkan economies of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and Montenegro, each of which has large diaspora communities. Through an analysis of relevant literature and policy documents, the paper shows that post-conflict economies are aiming to mobilise the diaspora in response to negative impacts of economic shocks, which in the case of the Balkans has been caused by the break-up of the former Yugoslavia and wars on the 1990s. Similar strategies are being introduced in the three economies but how these translate into coordinated policy differs, with the ability to effectively mobilise the diaspora impacting on future growth. Contributions to scholarship on diaspora communities and policy approaches are discussed.
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Agacevic, Andrej, and Ming Xu. "Chinese Tourists as a Sustainable Boost to Low Seasons in Ex-Yugoslavia Destinations." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 7, 2020): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020449.
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Seasonality is a major issue for sustainable tourism as it governs the optimal use of investment, infrastructure and human capital. Given the increasing numerical and financial significance of Chinese outbound tourism, the ex-Yugoslavia (ex-Yu) countries, partaking in the Belt and Road Initiative, are presented with a potential boost to their Tourism and Travel Industry (T&T) by attracting Chinese travelers during the low season. In an attempt to provide an answer to the RQ and justify grounds for future research and efforts towards developing content and services for Chinese travelers, to be undertaken mostly by Tourism Boards and DMOs in ex-Yugoslavia, this paper explores several aspects: The importance of the T&T in the 6 ex-Yu countries, with focus on the Economic indicators; within the Triple Bottom Line’s (TBL) theme of Seasonality, the existence of meaningful overlaps or mismatches between trends in inbound tourism across ex-Yugoslavia countries and trends in China’s outbound tourism; if meaningful mismatches exist, especially in ex-Yu low seasons, could Chinese tourists be an asset? Although the focus is on the Economic dimension of the TBL through its theme of Seasonality, the other two dimensions, Social and Environmental, are also considered; potential effects and interactions of the Viable, Equitable and Bearable sub-dimensions are also discussed. The final findings present a very significant mismatch, with extreme gaps in trends between the ex-Yu countries’ inbound tourism in low seasons and the corresponding Chinese outbound tourism, the latter presenting very strong shoulders, almost matching the values of high, or even peak, season. In a scenario projecting a range of 0.04–0.38% of Chinese outbound tourists visiting ex-Yu countries, benchmarked vs. January 2018 values, indicates the statistical significance of the potential boost to the low season, with important growth rates for all countries except Croatia and Slovenia for the 0.04% case.
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Nagler, Damir. "Yugoslavia: Law on Investment of Resources of Foreign Persons in Domestic Organizations of Associated Labor, as Amended." International Legal Materials 24, no. 2 (March 1985): 315–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020782900028059.
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Bevc, Milena. "Rates of return to investment in education in former Yugoslavia in the 1970s and 1980s by region." Economics of Education Review 12, no. 4 (December 1993): 325–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7757(93)90066-p.
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Njegomir, Vladimir, Boris Marovic, and Rado Maksimovic. "The economic crisis and the insurance industry: The evidence from the ex-Yugoslavia region." Ekonomski anali 55, no. 185 (2010): 129–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1085129n.
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The paper analyses the impact of the economic crisis on the insurance industries of the ex-Yugoslavia region. The analysis encompasses five countries: Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and FYR Macedonia. We examine insurance industry specifics separately for each country for the period 2004-2008 and for the first six months of 2009. While the impact of the crisis varies between countries, the research results indicate that the global financial crisis has had limited overall impact on the regional insurance industry. However the current recession resulted in negative premium growth in Serbia, Croatia and FYR Macedonia while the growth in Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina declined. At the same time investment returns have declined and claims have risen in all countries. The crisis had more pronounced impact on non-life insurance premium growth in less developed insurance markets. In developed markets, namely Slovenia and Croatia, the crisis had greater impact on life insurance premium growth.
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Botric, Valerija. "Foreign direct investment in the western Balkans: Privatization, institutional change, and banking sector dominance." Ekonomski anali 55, no. 187 (2010): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1087007b.
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The paper provides analysis of foreign direct investment (FDI) dynamics and its determinants for the group of countries lately referred to as Western Balkans (non- EU ex-Yugoslavia countries plus Albania). Due to vulnerable external positions and enhanced funding requirements related to the EU accession and catching-up, FDI is often highly welcomed by government officials in the South East European (SEE) countries. The notion that FDI is frequently accompanied by knowledge and know-how transfer makes this source of capital growth even more desirable than simple capital accumulation from frequently inadequate domestic savings. The analysis of the FDI determinants on the overall economy level conducted within the panel data framework aims to provide the answer whether the same factors as in Central and Eastern European countries, now new EU member states, are relevant for the sampled countries. Due to data limitations and the frequent emergence of new countries in the region, the analysis does not extend to the early transition period. Since it entails the beginning of the financial crisis, the comparison of the results obtained with those of previous studies will enable the discussion of internal versus external factors of FDI attraction in the region.
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Parfinenko, A. "“THE RUSSIAN WORLD” ON THE BUDVA RIVIERA: TOURISM AND FOREIGN POLICY PROCESS IN THE MONTENEGRO." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 142 (2020): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2020.142.1.27-40.
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The article is devoted to the study of the role and place of tourism in the transformation of the foreign policy course of post-Yugoslavian Montenegro. The focus is on the impact of Russian tourism on key directions and foreign policy problems of the country. The work is based on the concept of transnationalism. Within this approach, global tourist flows are considered as a kind of transnational social space, in which the tourist is always an actor, performing various social actions related to interaction with the different environment. The publication reveals a historical retrospective of geopolitical presence of Russia in the Western Balkans. The cultural, investment and tourism components of Russia's influence on the social and political life of post-Yugoslavian Montenegro are highlighted. Principal indicators of tourism development in the country, the contribution of Russian tourism to the total volume of international tourist arrivals are investigated. Significant politicization of the tourist process in Montenegro is claimed. In mono-dependent on international tourism economy of Montenegro, tourism has influenced the politically-motivated rethinking of the traditions of relations with Serbia, Russia and the West. It has become a factor in the electoral struggle in the society and affected the transformation of Montenegro's geopolitical landmarks. The publication analyzes Russia's attempts to destabilize the country's political situation in the context of its accession to NATO. First of all, by exploiting Montenegro's dependence on Russian investment and tourist flows, the application of information warfare technologies. Culture and tourism are said to be an important component of the new concept of sovereignty, where demonstration of openness and a new European identity have underpinned Montenegro's geopolitical transformation – from the Balkans to the country that has come close to the EU. At the same time, Montenegro's example reflects the increasing political and economic importance of tourism in the world political processes and ensuring international political interaction.
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Založnik, Jasmina. "Punk as a Strategy for Body Politicization in the Ljubljana Alternative Scene of the 1980s." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies, no. 14 (October 15, 2017): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.25038/am.v0i14.217.
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The paper focuses on the notion of punk understood as a political position and as a strategy by the actors of the Ljubljana alternative scene in the 1980s. With exposing the minor, invisible and hidden subjectivities the actors and agents of the scene created a ground for experimentation with subjectivities, but also for shaking the Yugoslav Grand National narrative of ‘brotherhood and unity’.I am emphasizing mainly the notion of the body with and through the code of sex and sexuality, being still a base and the core investment of the government. No matter that the discourse has been radically changed, the procedures and protocols of power investments in their core have not. This is an additional reason and a need to recall the past and tackle the bodies that have appeared as unwanted, as ‘not right and not quiet’ identities in the past in order to evaluate and compare the position of the marginalized and suppressed today. Additionally, I am claiming that only with creating different genealogies can we fight against growing ‘intellectual redundancy’ and the continuous process of erasure of the subjectivities, which we are confronting today. Article received: June 2, 2017; Article accepted: June 12, 2017; Published online: October 15, 2017; Original scholarly paperHow to cite this article: Založnik, Jasmina. "Punk as a Strategy for Body Politicization in the Ljubljana Alternative Scene of the 1980s." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies 14 (2017): 145-156. doi: 10.25038/am.v0i14.217
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Stanivuković, Maja. "Yugoslavia is Opening its Doors to Foreign Acquisition of Real Property: Alien Ownership of Immovables in Yugoslavia After the New Foreign Investment Act 1988 and Recent Amendments to the Basic Property Relations Act 1980." Netherlands International Law Review 38, no. 01 (May 1991): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x00005271.
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Žídek, Libor. "Economic Transformation in Slovenia: From a Model Example to the Default Edge." Review of Economic Perspectives 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 159–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revecp-2016-0011.
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Abstract The Slovenian economy appeared on the brink of bankruptcy at the end of 2013. The situation was caused by high level of classified debts in state-owned banks. This can be seen as surprising because Slovenia used to be (for a long time) considered as a (textbook) example of the gradualist transformation approach. The goal of this article is first to describe the transformation process in the country and consequently to determine causes of the economic problems that resulted in the 2013 crisis. The article concludes that the economic problems were rooted already in the specific functioning of the centrally planned system in Yugoslavia. These specifics had a direct influence on the transformation process in the country and stood behind the application of gradualism. Among the most telling features of gradualism were slow privatization, cold attitude towards foreign investment and the foremost lasting casual economic environment caused by behaviour of the state-owned banks. My conclusion is that the country’s economic problems can be ascribed to gradualism and that they are a clear example of the path dependence development.
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Šuster, ŽeljanE. "Milica Uvalić. Investment and Property Rights in Yugoslavia: The Long Transition to a Market Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. xii, 260 pp. $59.95." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 30, no. 1 (1996): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221023996x00277.
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Gashi, Burim. "BANKING SECTOR DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES." Knowledge International Journal 34, no. 1 (October 4, 2019): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij34010201g.
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Since the collapse of the centrally-planned system, countries in transition have walked a rough road to recovery. Almost instantly, national economies opened to global markets, enforced price liberalization measures, combined with macroeconomic stabilization policies and structural reforms. At the beginning of the 1990s, they experienced a fall in output, accompanied by other deteriorating features, such as high unemployment, emigration, high level of informal economy, deteriorating balance of payments, growing debt, wars, ethnic problems etc. The annual real GDP per capita growth of most transitive economies during the early periods of transition (1990-1993) was. A major caveat in assessing the depth of the output fall is that it refers to official estimates and thus ignores the shadow economy or informal sector, which has grown very rapidly in the early transition years. The South-East European countries, additionally affected by the wars of Yugoslav secession, recorded notably larger output losses at the beginning of the transition than Central-East European Countries, reaching a negative peak of -20%, and an average decline of 10.90%, but exhibited high growth rates in the mid and late 1990s, as hostilities ended, macroeconomic stabilization took hold and structural reforms advanced. The speed of recovery differed significantly across countries, particularly in the period 1994-2001.This is particuly case in countries from Western Balkan where they were faceing and still face many economic problems like as prolonged recessions, due to differing reform progress, varying impact of the war, unemployment, poverty, low living standards and inflation. Thus, these countries always try to increase their national income and hence create more jobs with maintained economic growth. Bearing this in mind it is essential the countries from this region consider steps towards financial liberalization and deregulation which will help open the borders for capital flows and attract new investments. In fact, financial and banking sector development leads to the increase in economic growth in any economy through financing economic development.Banking system is important to the economic growth through its ability in gathering and attracting deposits from savers. Secondly, its role in providing loans to encourage investment and production. Thirdly, its ability in creating economic expansion to the most of economic sectors such as; Agriculture, industry and trade sector. Fourthly, its intermarry role between savers and borrowers. Finally, banking industry provide entrepreneurs with required loans in order to finance the adoption of new production techniques. This paper examines the question whether in 6 countries from Western Balkan the banking sector influences economic growth. The empirical investigation was carried out using fixed effect model. In this study we use two measures for the level of banking development bank credit to private sector in relation to GDP (private credit) and interst margin. Namely, private credit still appears a superior option to the pure ratio of broad money to GDP used in some studies, because it excludes credits by development banks and loans to the government and public enterprises. We expect positive relationship between private credit and economic growth. The second variable is interest margin is likely a good estimator for efficiency in the banking sector as it describes transaction costs within the sector. If the margin declines due to a decrease in transaction costs, the share of savings going to investments increases. As growth is positively linked to investment, a decrease in transaction costs should accelerate economic growth. The results suggests that credit to the private sector is positively and significant, while interes margin is negatively and insignificant related to economic growth.
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Becsey, Zsolt. "Central European preparation for the European integration." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 55, no. 4 (2021): 1285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns55-33210.
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In addition to the author's scientific work, the study -based on pragmatic experiences -analyses the factors that characterized Central European countries before the change of regime (1990) and then the foreign economic model through which Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia ("Visegrád 4") reached EU membership in 2004. The study highlighted that, with different depths, in all countries concerned economic policies were characterized by liberal bankruptcy regulations and strict conditions of competition, so that they could prove their ability to meet the condition of a functioning market economy for EU membership1. The export-oriented model, built on efficient inflow of foreign direct investment and high-tech in the early 1990s, was implemented by the late 1990s to demonstrate that these states were ready to meet another condition of EU membership, namely to meet the challenges of the internal market.2 This transformation represented a problem for the current account balance in the 1990s (mainly due to the loss of traditional national export capacities) only in the middle of the decade, and it was only at the end of the decade that trade balances showed surplus with the EU. The total external equilibrium of the Visegrád countries was maintained by the fact that the inflow of FDI had not yet started to conclude in the withdrawal of profits from recent investments in Central Europe, and the countervailing effect of EU net transfers, which began to arrive later parallelly with the start of the withdrawal of FDI dividends. The CEFTA co-operation concluded in 1992 followed the economic liberalization timetable of that of the Visegrád Four with the EU parallelly but did not go beyond its depth for political prudence, thus providing full opening to each other only after and through EU membership, more precisely the liberalisation in services or in sensitive agricultural trade. The CEFTA treaty was expanded to the Balkans after 1995 and has been and is still a good example for countries that do not want to stay in an ex-Soviet or ex-Yugoslav economic integration but is a good method for them to prepare for the earliest possible EU membership.
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Jahel, Vilan. "30th anniversary of the renewal of diplomatic relations between the State of Israel and the Republic of Serbia." Napredak 3, no. 1 (2022): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/napredak3-36643.
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Historical closeness of the Serbian and Jewish nations, also expressed through their suffering and torments during World War Two is nowadays best reflected in sincere and friendly relations between the two nations and the two countries. The fact that after the Six Day War in 1967, according to the decision of the Yugoslav government at the time, the diplomatic relations were briefly interrupted officially, did not affect mutual understanding and cooperation whenever it was possible. Since spring 1992 the diplomatic relations were raised to the highest level, proving that, although Serbia is not Israel0s geographical neighbour, it is the neighbour in the heart of this nation. Through testimonies and examples of the persons whose deeds wove the threads of honest friendship and understanding, this text will speak of good bilateral relations of the two countries and the need to help each other while facing joint challenges in the present, while protecting our national interests and identities. We see the future in a more active and profound engagement in all aspects of our lives - economy, tourism, investments, culture, sport and, of course, science.
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Balažič, Gregor. "The Socioeconomic Impacts of Casino Tourism in Slovenia’s Obalno-Kraška Region." Studies in Business and Economics 11, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 150–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sbe-2016-0042.
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AbstractCasino gambling in the Obalno-kraška region has had a long tradition, its origins dating back to the beginning of the 20th century. Ever since its rebirth during Yugoslav times in the 1960s, casino tourism has contributed significantly to the development of the area. Until recently, casino tourism has been one of the most important forms of tourism in addition to 3S and congress tourism. The purpose of this paper is to determine the contribution of casino tourism to the regional development of the Slovene Istria. To this end, selected socioeconomic indicators were examined and compared with the average indicator rates of regional development at the national level. The results show that casino tourism is an important factor of regional development. However, casino tourism’s future role in regional development remains an open question due to the impacts of the financial crisis and the consequent decline in the number of guests, as well as reduced levels of investment in the region.
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Hoti, Afrim, and Fitore Bekteshi. "Economic Sustainability of a New Born State." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v1i1.p68-75.
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Sustainable development is the concept of a relationship between economic growth and the environment and especially when it comes to a new born country, such as Kosovo. It is naturally important for Kosovo as country, which used to be for a long time with no adequate attention in terms of the economic development under the Yugoslavian political, legal and economic development. Republic of Kosovo is among the richest countries in Europe and wider, seen on the perspective of natural and human resources as well as for geographical position. Nevertheless, the country never had the opportunity to develop itself, using its own resources. Internationally, based on Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights as well as the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, when speaking for self-determination, apart from politics, these documents include the exclusive rights of nations to develop research as well as to orient its country economic resources and economic agenda. Therefore paper aims to present facts on the implication of domestic and international politics in relation to the economic development of a new born country. The analysis will be focused on the policies of Kosovo, as well as activities undertaken in the direction of building an attracting environment in Kosovo for Foreign Direct and Indirect Investments as well as to incite local and international initiatives for business, aiming the general economic growth and the economical sustainability of the state.
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Flaherty, Diane. "Investment and Property Rights in Yugoslavia: The Long Transition to a Market Economy. By Milica Uvalić. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992. 260 pp. Index. Figures. Tables. $59.95, hard bound." Slavic Review 53, no. 4 (1994): 1150–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500878.
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Rabrenović, Jovan. "Comparative Analysis of Tourist Brand of Montenegro and Croatia." Economic Analysis 51, no. 3-4 (December 27, 2018): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.28934/ea.18.51.34.pp67-80.
Full textAbstract:
The importance of tourism for the economy of a country, from the beginning of the 21st century, is significantly increased in relation to its traditional role as one of the segments of the economy. The speed through which tourism in the world, and therefore in the region, develops and the amount of revenues generated through it makes it the generator of the economic development of a large number of countries. Examples of Montenegro and Croatia, as two comparable systems for the way tourism was experienced and developed in the period of the former Yugoslavia, ie the time when the foundations of the tourism economy of the then republics, and today's sovereign states, as well as strategic approach and target markets, were set up is a comparison of the tourist brands of both countries, with the possibility of precisely determining the revenues realized by the two countries through the tourism sector and their two tourist brands as research purposes. The aim of the research is to determine the differences and similarity of tourist brands of Montenegro and Croatia, through analysis of several indicators, starting from those related to tourism and travel revenues and their impact on GDP, to the effects of the economies of these countries from capital investment and employment. Finally, the main result of the analysis is the confirmation that there is a significant impact of the country's tourist brand on the level of revenue generated by the economies of the analyzed countries. The research has also shown the necessity of further development of the tourist brand Montenegro in the direction of Croatia. Which means an active approach to solving infrastructure problems, greater application of marketing management, synchronization of campaigns with the strategies of developing the national brand of the state and building hotel capacities that meet the standards of the most developed tourism economies in Europe.