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1
Yoon, Young-Kwan. "The Political Economy of Transition: Japanese Foreign Direct Investments in the 1980s." World Politics 43, no. 1 (October 1990): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2010549.
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The issue of Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI) has attracted scant attention because of its relative insignificance to the Japanese economy before the 1980s. In the 1970s only a few analysts explained the Japanese FDI behavior from a macroeconomic perspective. This paper argues that there has been a noticeable change in the nature of Japanese FDI in the 1980s, a position that supports the traditional microeconomic explanation based on the oligopolistic market theory. This convergence toward the “Western” style of FDI reflects a fundamental shift of the Japanese economy from a trade-oriented economy to one that is foreign investment—oriented. However, as the experiences of two hegemonic states (Great Britain and the United States) have shown, foreign investment is not the best economic strategy from a long-term perspective. Preliminary evidence in recent years indicates that increasing FDI affects Japan's productivity growth negatively by weakening both the production base and the various sources of Japanese competitiveness.
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Glebe, Günther, Louise Hurdley, Birgit Montag, and Paul White. "Investment-led migration and the distribution of Japanese in Germany and Great Britain / Les investissements et la migration: la distribution de la population japonaise en Allemagne et en Grande Bretagne." Espace, populations, sociétés 17, no. 3 (1999): 425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/espos.1999.1908.
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Warren, Liz, Martin Quinn, and Gerhard Kristandl. "Investments in power generation in Great Britain c.1960-2010." Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management 15, no. 1 (April 16, 2018): 53–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qram-01-2016-0002.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore the increasing role of financialisation on investment decisions in the power generation industry in Great Britain (GB). Such decisions affect society, and the relative role of financialisation in these macro-levels decisions has not been explored from a historical perspective. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws on historical material and interview data. Specifically, we use an approach inspired by institutional sociology drawing on elements of Scott’s (2014) pillars of institutions. Applying concepts stemming from regulative and normative pressures, we explore changes in investments over the analysis period to determine forces which institutionalised practices – such as accounting – into investment in power generation. Findings Investments in electricity generation have different levels of public and private participation. However, the common logics that underpin such investment practices provide an important understanding of political-economics and institutional change in the UK. Thus, the heightened use of accounting in investment has been, to some extent, a contributory factor to the power supply problems now faced by the British public. Originality/value This paper contributes to prior literature on the effects of financialisation on society, adding power generation/energy supply to the many societal level issues already explored. It also provides brief but unique insights into the changing nature of the role of accounting in an industry sector over an extended timeframe.
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Varnavskii, V. "New Approaches to Financing Infrastructure in Great Britain." World Economy and International Relations, no. 9 (2012): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-9-67-74.
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The author analyzes the current management and financing system reforming of the state-owned infrastructure or infrastructure under the state control in Great Britain. The article gives an assessment of current state of infrastructure in the country. The reasons for termination of Private Finance Initiative (PFI) are also revealed. The author is trying to prove that Public Private Partnership remains a predominant form of drawing private investments into infrastructure development.
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Wisniewska, Ingrid. "Japanese students in the UK." English Today 8, no. 1 (January 1992): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078400006179.
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Gao, Jie. "Compromise and Defence: Great Britain and the Burma Road Crisis." China and Asia 3, no. 1 (September 29, 2021): 5–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2589465x-030102.
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Abstract China and Britain both found themselves in extremely precarious situations by the early summer of 1940, when Japan demanded that Britain close the Burma Road, a vital overland supply route for Chinese forces fighting against Japanese aggression. The British had just seen all of their continental European allies fall like dominoes to Hitler’s forces over the span of a few weeks, while China was fighting a losing defensive war against Japan with minimal outside support. China desperately needed to maintain its overland supply line to the British Empire, the Burma Road, but Britain feared that the very existence of this conduit of war materiel would provoke a Japanese attack on vulnerable British colonies in the Far East. American policy on Japanese aggression was ambiguous at this point and neither Britain nor China could realistically expect help from Washington in the short term. As a result, Britain signed a one-sided confidential memorandum to close the Burma Road to buy time and shore up its East Asian position to the extent that it was able. This deal, a lesser-studied counterpart to Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain’s appeasement policy in Europe, compromised the Chinese war effort against Japan, paved the way for the Japanese conquest of Southeast Asia, and ultimately failed to prevent Britain’s defeat in East Asia. Recognizing that this temporary concession would not moderate Japanese behavior, Britain reopened the Burma Road three months later. This paper examines the vital role of the Burma Road in the Chinese war effort in 1940 and why Japan demanded that London close it, then explores the factors that led to Britain’s unavoidable capitulation on the issue and subsequent reversal three months later, along with the consequences for the Allied war effort in the Far East.
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Antic, Cedomir. "Crisis and armament economic relations between Great Britain and Serbia 1910-1912." Balcanica, no. 36 (2005): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc0536151a.
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On the eve of the 1914-18 war, Great Powers had competed for influence in the Balkans. While preparing for the war with the Ottoman Empire the Balkan states were ready to take huge war credits and to place big orders for weapons and military equipment. Foreign Office did not show any interest in involving British capital and industry in this competition. British diplomacy even discouraged investments in Serbian military programme before 1914.
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SUZUKI, Hitoshi, and Izuru MAKIHARA. "Japan-EEC/EU Relations, 1970-2005: Re-Emergence as Strategic Partners in Trade and Environment." Journal of European Integration History 25, no. 1 (2019): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2019-1-23.
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Negotiations on a Japan-EEC trade agreement faced a deadlock only three years after the launch of the common foreign trade policy in 1970. The European Commission adopted a step-by-step approach to change the climate. European business people were sent to Japan under the ETP-Japan. The Commission welcomed Japanese investments so that Japanese exports could be reduced. Japanese plants were launched in Britain. After the cold war ended, Japanese manufacturers headed towards the newly liberalised countries. Japan’s policy of commitment - via both aid and investments - was an extension of her relations with the Central and Eastern European countries during the cold war, namely towards the GDR. However, after 1991, Japan’s priority was not limited to her market share in Europe and gained a longer perspective to stabilise the region. Joint efforts made Japan and the EU claim themselves as global actors. Both shared fears on global warming and agreed upon the Kyoto Protocol of 1997.
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Anwar, Mohammad Amir. "Indian foreign direct investments in Africa: a geographical perspective." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 26, no. 26 (December 1, 2014): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2014-0043.
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Abstract Foreign direct investments (FDI) into Africa from developing economies have grown substantially over the past decade. While the focus of the enquiry among the geographers has been the rise of Chinese investments in Africa, India has become an important ‘Asian driver’ within the ‘new scramble for Africa’. This article highlights the geography of Indian involvement in Africa in terms of its growing scale, new patterns and the emerging complex structure of Indian investments. The article finds that the nature of India-Africa trade relationship mirrors colonial trade relationships between India and the Great Britain. The Indian investments in Africa are resource- oriented and fused with geopolitical dynamics, driven by capitalistic agendas.
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Schoon, Ingrid, and Elzbieta Polek. "Pathways to Economic Well-Being Among Teenage Mothers in Great Britain." European Psychologist 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000028.
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The present study examines pathways to independence from social welfare among 738 teenage mothers, participants of the 1970 British Cohort Study, who were followed up at age 30 years. Using a longitudinal design, a pathway model is tested, examining linkages between family social background, cognitive ability, school motivation, and individual investments in education, as well as work- and family-related roles. The most important factors associated with financial independence by age 30 are continued attachment to the labor market as well as a stable relationship with a partner (not necessarily the father of the child). Pathways to financial independence, in turn, are predicted through own cognitive resources, school motivation, and family cohesion. Implications of findings for policy making are discussed.
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Siemaszkiewicz, Karolina. "Alternative investments during turbulent times comparison of dynamic relationship." Przegląd Statystyczny 69, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2377.
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The coronavirus pandemic, like the Russian aggression on Ukraine, had a significant impact on many financial markets and asset prices. The latter additionally led to large fluctuations on financial markets. In this paper, we try to compare the performance of safe haven assets during turbulent times, such as the recent global financial crises, eurozone debt crises, the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian aggression on Ukraine. We investigate the dynamic relationship between indices from the European countries like the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Great Britain, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, and popular instruments such as gold, silver, Brent Crude Oil, Crude Oil WTI, US Dollar, Swiss Franc, and Bitcoin. The study estimated the parameters of either DCC or CCC models, to compare the dynamic relation between the above-mentioned stock markets and financial instruments. The results showed that in most cases, the US Dollar and Swiss Franc were able to protect investors from stock market losses during turbulent times. In those periods, gold was the closest to being a safe haven instrument for investors from France, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Our findings are in line with other literature which points out that safe haven instruments can change over time and across countries. In that literature, we can find research performed for the USA, China, Canada, and Great Britain, but there is no such research for Poland, Italy, the Czech Republic or Slovakia. The purpose of this paper is therefore to try to fill this research gap.
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Kostiuk, Yaroslava, and Kristína Korená. "Comparison of Value Added within EU in Terms of Corporate Investment in Research and Development." SHS Web of Conferences 90 (2021): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219001008.
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Globalization has accelerated the growth of innovation in many countries outside the European Union. In order to remain competitive, companies and individual EU economies therefore support the development of innovations through investments in research and development. This contribution is focused on the specification of value added in terms of investments in research and development in the construction and manufacturing sectors. Using statistics of the European Commission for the period 2013 – 2017, a dataset of 269,892 companies in the EU28 countries was generated. The purpose of this contribution is to determine to what extent investment in research and development participates in the creation of value added. A research question was formulated to determine the ideal ratio between value added and investment. Methods: To achieve the objectives set, regression analysis of neural networks was applied using Statistica software. The results of the research indicate that the optimal values in the construction sector were achieved by Great Britain (~EUR 11.3 billion.) and France (~EUR 16.1 billion), and in the manufacturing sector by France (~EUR 11.42 billion), Italy (~EUR 11.41 billion) and Great Britain (~EUR 10.6 billion). The authors consider the method of regression analysis and neural networks to be appropriate for examining the optimal ratio between investment in R&D and value added.
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Wilkins, Mira. "Japanese Multinationals in the United States: Continuity and Change, 1879–1990." Business History Review 64, no. 4 (1990): 585–629. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115500.
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A great deal of attention has recently been focused on the extent of Japanese direct investment in the United States. In the following historical survey, Professor Wilkins details the size and scope of these investments from the late nineteenth century, showing that Japanese involvements in America have deep historical roots. At the same time, she analyzes the ways in which late twentieth century Japanese direct investment differs from the earlier phenomenon and attempts to explain why it has aroused such concern among both business leaders and the general public.
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Heras, Raúl Garcia. "Foreign Business-Host Government Relations: The Anglo Argentine Tramways Co. Ltd. of Buenos Aires, 1930–1966." Itinerario 19, no. 1 (March 1995): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300021197.
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From 1880 to 1930, Argentina received hundreds of millions of pounds of British investments, making it in an economic sense a British dominion. The world economic crisis of the 1930s forced both Britain and Argentina t o reconsider many of these economic ties. The changing Anglo-Argentine relationship is reflected in the complex relations between a British tramway company, the Anglo Argentine Tramways Co. Ltd., that operated in Buenos Aires and the Argentine national government between the onset of the Great Depression and the early 1960s. The Anglo, as the company was popularly known, was the main tramway concern diat offered public transportation and contributed to the urban development of a cosmopolitan Latin American metropolis until 1914. Second, the history of the company illustrates political and economic problems that plagued the links between foreign public utilities and the host government from the 1930s onwards. Third, since the Anglo belonged to SOFINA, a transnational holding company with worldwide investments in public transportation and electric power stations, our case study shows the limitations of Sofina's political power in Britain and Argentina.
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Rota, Mauro, and Francesco Schettino. "The long-run determinants of British capital exports, 1870–1913." Financial History Review 18, no. 1 (November 22, 2010): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565010000284.
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Unlike recent contributions in the field, which discuss the geography of British overseas investments, this article focuses on the growth of capital exports from Great Britain during the period 1870–1913. Using a broader concept of foreign investments, which includes foreign direct investments (FDIs), and refocusing on the push and pull factors emphasised in earlier literature, we propose a framework able to capture the long-run determinants of British capital exports. Moreover, the framework includes elements suggested by early and recent works such as the institutional setup of the international economy and the evolution of world trade. The most relevant result, in an error correction model environment, is that the timing of British overseas investments in the long run seems to be related to the evolution of world trade, domestic growth and to the role of India as a colony. On the other hand, the attraction elements of the borrowing countries, captured by the risk-adjusted realised rates of return abroad, have been proven to matter in the short run.
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A, Yurchenko. "PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PROJECTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE OF EU COUNTRIES." National Transport University Bulletin 49, no. 2 (2021): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/2308-6645-2021-2-49-222-230.
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The object of research - the development of transport infrastructure of EU countries, trends, prerequisites for successful implementation. The purpose of the work is to study the experience of implementing transport infrastructure development projects on the basis of public-private partnership in the countries of the European Union. The results of the study will be used to form an information base on transport infrastructure development projects that have been implemented on the basis of public-private partnership. Relevant information will be used to compare the expected performance of domestic projects with similar projects in the European Union The research method is monographic and statistical. The article is devoted to the study of trends in the application of the mechanism of public-private partnership in the development of transport infrastructure of the European Union. It was found that since 2013, the volume of investment and the number of projects implemented on the basis of PPP, tend to decrease. Thus, compared to 2013, the amount of capital invested in 2019 decreased by more than 50%. The transport infrastructure consistently ranks first among the sectors of the economy in terms of investments made on the basis of partnership between the state and private business. At the same time, the leaders of investments in PPP projects are such countries as Great Britain, France and Germany. According to the number of implemented projects - France, Great Britain and Belgium. Appropriate preconditions must be created for the effective implementation of PPP projects. Further areas of research are the study of programs, policies and practices used by other countries that actively involve the private sector in the provision of transport infrastructure services; development of relevant recommendations for the implementation and improvement of Ukraine's policy and practice in the field of transport infrastructure development. KEY WORDS: TRANSPORT, PROJECT, MANAGEMENT, TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE, PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP, DEVELOPMENT, INVESTMENTS, SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY
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Vietrynskyi, I. "Australian Foreign Policy during the World War II." Problems of World History, no. 18 (November 8, 2022): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2022-18-3.
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The article is related to the establishment of Australian foreign policy tradition and becoming of Australia as a subject of international relations. The significant role of the dominions during First World War Great and their help for Great Britain victory, intensified their struggle for independence. As the result of long-term efforts, dominions reached the proclamation of the Balfour Declaration in 1926 by London, which was later confirmed by the Statute of Westminster (1931), which established the authority for dominions for an independent foreign policy. The development of Australian foreign policy before and during World War II was analyzed. The evolution of the relations of the Australia and Great Britain in the context of the events of the World War II is traced, in particular the peculiarities of the allied relations of the two countries. There is shown the regional dimension of the World War II within the Asia-Pacific region, in the context of Australia and the United States actions against Japanese aggression. There are analyzed the peculiarities of external threats effect on the transformation of the Australian foreign policy strategy, in particular in the national security sphere. The main threat for Australia in that period become Japanise aggressive and expansionist policy in the Asia-Pacific region. A lot of Australian soldiers and military equipment were sent to Great Britain to support traditional allie. But in actual strategic situation in Europe there were great doubts that British troops and the navy would be able to effectively help Australians in case of an attack by Japan. Politics of national security and defense of Australia in the context of its participation in World War II is considered. In the conditions of real threat of Japanese invasion, as well as the lack of sure to receive necessary support from Great Britain, the Australian government start to find a military alliance with the USA. There were identified the key implications of World War II for Australian socio-economic system.
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Spahija, Fidane. "The Investment and Net Interest Margin: Case Study Commercial Banks in Kosovo." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i2.p117-126.
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In Kosovo, but in all developing countries, the foreign investment is the locomotive of the country that considered as the most important economic sectors. In general it can be concluded that most of the investment originates from developed countries and that these investments return to these places. Origin of investments in Kosovo mainly comes from countries such as Austria, Germany, Slovenia, Great Britain, Switzerland, Turkey, the Netherlands, Albania, Serbia, USA, France, Macedonia, Croatia, Cyprus, Norway, Italy, Greece etc. The banking sector in Kosovo has been very attractive to the foreign investors. A total of nine commercial banks, seven are foreign owned. Foreign investments are primarily generated as investments in shares of foreign shareholders from different countries of the world. Investments in securities have increased by the banking sector in 2014. With the change of the interest rate it has also changed net interest margin of the banking sector. Interest on loans and deposits has continued to decline. Especially interest rates on deposits in 2014 have fallen to 1. 1%. This linked to the investment bank in securities of our government as the initiator in this area but cannot be denied to the investment of foreign governments. With the decrease of credit interest rate will be the development of sustainable economic growth and boost investment.
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Newell, Dianne. "The Politics of Food in World War II: Great Britain’s Grip on Canada’s Pacific Fishery." Historical Papers 22, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 178–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030970ar.
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Abstract Maintaining and transporting food supplies during wartime are crucial activities. How to fulfill these obligations often is an important point in determining a government's wartime trade strategy. An example is the case of Great Britain during World War II. Britain attempted to control the cost and quality of its imported foodstuffs by influencing the production, supply and price within supplying countries. British food missions were established to negotiate the best-possible agreements and to protect Britain's long-term commercial interests. This self-interest can be seen in the food programme established by the British Ministry of Food and in the negotiations with British Columbia packers for canned salmon. Britain needed this nutritious and practical foodstuff, but refused to enter into longterm contracts with Canadian suppliers. The British Columbia salmon was considered too expensive, and Britain wanted to return to the cheaper Japanese and Russian suppliers after the war. The ultimate result was that the BC salmon canning industry was seriously curtailed at war's end, and the very existence of the resource was threatened.
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Koizumi, Kyoko. "Creative Music Education in Japan during the 1920's: The Case of the Elementary School Attached to Nara Women's Higher Teachers College." British Journal of Music Education 11, no. 2 (July 1994): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051700001030.
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‘Creative music-making’, as developed in recent years in Great Britain and other countries, has also become popular in Japanese music education; for many music teachers have come to think seriously about the significance of child-centred music education instead of teacher-centred music education. Such a trend seems to be new. However, as in the United States and Great Britain, child-centred music education has been implemented previously – during the 1920's, in Japan's case. This development began in the Elementary School Attached to Nara Women's Higher Teachers College. The author describes the ideas and practices of creative music education in this school, and its historical background, comparing them with creative music-making today.
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YURCHUK, Nataliia, and Svitlana KIPORENKO. "GLOBAL MARKET OF INTELLIGENT INVESTMENTS: EXPERIENCE FOR UKRAINE." 3, no. 3(57) (September 28, 2021): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2021-3-10.
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The article deals with the meaning of the concept of «intellectual investment». It was found that this economic category is quite diverse and most foreign and domestic scientists give only a general definition. Based on the studied approaches to understanding the essence of intellectual investment, the authors provide their own interpretation of this economic category. So, intellectual investment is any investment in intangible assets: training and retraining, research and development, transfer of know-how, creation of innovative products for additional economic benefits. A number of features that distinguish investments in intellectual capital from other types of investments are identified and attention is paid to approaches to the classification of types of intellectual investments. It is established that the leading countries in the implementation of intellectual investment in 2020 are China, the United States, Japan, Britain, Germany, and the trend of increasing the share of spending on innovation is observed in such regions as Asia and the Middle East, respectively. The place of the countries in the ranking of the Global Innovation Index, which is headed by Switzerland, Sweden and the United States, followed by Great Britain and the Netherlands, is described. The level of development of intellectual investments in Ukraine in terms of financing of innovation activities during 2016-2020, as well as in terms of receipt of applications for industrial property in Ukraine and the world is analyzed. The main negative factors that hinder the development of intellectual investment in Ukraine are assessed, and on the basis of world experience the effects that can be obtained as a result of investing in intellectual capital at different economic levels are highlighted. Due to the fact that Ukraine is losing its authority and attractiveness in the field of invention in the international arena, it is proposed to create a clear program to attract investment in intellectual capital, increase the share of budget funds for development and implementation of innovations, introduce programs to encourage the return of scientists. who previously emigrated.
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Sukhodolov, Yakov. "Current State of Russo-Chinese Investment Cooperation." Russian and Chinese Studies 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2020.4(1).10-17.
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China is traditionally a leading foreign trade partner of Russia. And its share in the total volume of foreign trade has a positive dynamics. At the same time, the dynamics of the Russo-Chinese investment cooperation sufficiently lags behind the dynamics of development of the Russo-Chinese foreign trade relations. At present, China considerably lags behind France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy in regard to direct investments in Russia’ economy. The major part of direct investments from China falls upon the mining and petrochemical industries, the wood and paper complex, the agriculture, and the real estate sphere. At the same time, the Chinese investors also implement several investment projects in the machine-building sphere. The Russo-Chinese cooperation has good prospects, especially in the sphere of implementing joint transport-logistic and infrastructural projects, as well as the projects in processing industry.
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Bertoldi, Paolo, Silvia Rezessy, and Diana Ürge-Vorsatz. "Tradable Certificates for Energy Savings: Opportunities, Challenges, and Prospects for Integration with other Market Instruments in the Energy Sector." Energy & Environment 16, no. 6 (November 2005): 959–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830505775221498.
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Policy portfolios that include tradable green certificates have been introduced in several European countries to foster market-driven penetration of renewable energy sources. Another widely analysed type of market-based instrument in the energy sector is the tradable emission allowance. Recently tradable certificates for energy savings as a tool to stimulate energy efficiency investments and deliver energy savings have attracted the attention of policy makers. While such schemes have been introduced in different forms in Italy and the Great Britain and considered in other European countries, there is an ongoing debate over their effectiveness and applicability. The paper describes the concept and main elements of schemes that involve tradable certificates for energy savings (TCES) and how these have been put into practice in Italy and the Great Britain. It then compares TCES schemes with energy taxation and mandatory demand-side management (DSM) programs using a set of four criteria. Integration with green certificates and CO2 emissions trading schemes is examined and some possibilities for practical implementation are outlined.
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Lanciotti, Norma Silvana. "Revisiting British Investment in Latin America: The River Plate Trust Group, 1879–1963." Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business 6, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 42–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/jesb2021.2.j092.
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The article analyses the performance and profitability of the firms controlled by the River Plate Trust Group in Argentina and Uruguay from 1879 to 1960 to challenges the notion that British investments in the Southern Cone involved greater default or insolvency risks because of nationalism, expropriations, and over-taxation. Also known as Morris or Morrison group, River Plate Trust became the most important British business group in the region during the First Global Period, as it controlled a number of public utilities, mortgage and financial firms. Our case shows that the decline of British investment in mortgage and financial activities did not mark the end of this business cycle after WWI; rather, it signalled a change in the direction of capital flows. Capital outflows from host economies to Great Britain—via dividends—continued over the interwar period, with only a brief interruption between 1931 and 1934. The business cycle of British firms entered a new phase, characterized by stagnant British investments and increasing capital returns from Argentina and Uruguay to Great Britain.Moreover, British public utility firms continued to invest in the River Plate until the 1940s, because profits from the region supported the distribution of high dividends to shareholders.
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Machinami, Rikuo. "Links between the Japanese Society of Pathology and the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland." Pathology International 46, no. 11 (November 1996): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1827.1996.tb03567.x.
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Spörlein, Christoph, and Cornelia Kristen. "Educational Selectivity and Language Acquisition among Recently Arrived Immigrants." International Migration Review 53, no. 4 (October 4, 2018): 1148–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918318798343.
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This article investigates destination language proficiency upon arrival and subsequent proficiency growth among recently arrived immigrants in Germany, Great Britain, and Ireland. We introduce selectivity considerations to a model of language acquisition, arguing that positively selected individuals should display higher levels of language skills upon arrival and faster growth in destination language proficiency thereafter. The results show that upon arrival, positively selected immigrants are less proficient, holding absolute levels of educational attainment constant. In terms of language proficiency growth, however, our longitudinal findings suggest that positively selected immigrants, net of differences in pre-migration investments, post-migration exposure, and incentives, acquire the destination language faster. The findings add to a growing body of literature demonstrating the benefits of using novel measurement approaches to migrant selectivity.
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Van Gerven, W. "Bridging the Unbridgeable: Community and National Tort Laws after Francovich and Brasserie." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 45, no. 3 (July 1996): 507–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300059340.
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It has been believed for many years, indeed centuries, that the Channel between Great Britain and Continental Europe could be crossed only by boat. This belief has come to an end, albeit—at least for the time being—at a price which does not allow huge financial investments to be turned into a profit. The belief that in the legal field differences between English or Anglo-American common law and French and German—or, rather, Romanistic and Germanistic—legal systems are unbridgeable (or should I say “un-chunnelable”?) is even more widespread. That is the subject of this article: to show that differences between legal systems may, as a result of the European Union, be less unbridgeable than before, at least in certain areas of the law.
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SCHONBERGER, HOWARD. "Peacemaking in Asia: The United States, Great Britain, and the Japanese Decision to Recognize Nationalist China, 1951?52." Diplomatic History 10, no. 1 (January 1986): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.1986.tb00450.x.
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Shirahase, S., and H. Ishida. "Gender Inequality in the Japanese Occupational Structure: A Cross-National Comparison with Great Britain and the United States." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 35, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1994): 188–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002071529403500302.
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Lu, Yizhi. "Study of Chiang Kai-shek's Foreign Policy during the Anti-Japanese War." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 7 (January 13, 2023): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v7i.4001.
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Around 1903' s, China faced the huge threat of Japan's full-scale invasion of China and the serious struggle against Japanese aggression. The "two-pronged" policy of unremitting struggle against Japan and seeking international assistance has become the focus of Nanjing National Government headed by Chiang Kai-shek. The Soviet Union had made great efforts to aid China, but because of Chiang Kai-shek's anti-Soviet policy and Britain and France's war in Europe, Chiang Kai-shek only hoped for the support of the United States. In 1938, after the negotiation between China and Britain on the British loan to China failed, Chiang Kai-shek decisively adjusted his wartime foreign policy, recalled Wang Zhengting, who was not very popular with the United States, reused pro-American people, and appointed Hu Shi, a famous international scholar with high prestige, as ambassador to the United States. As the only legitimate government in China at that time, the Chinese Kuomintang government, in addition to establishing the national anti-Japanese national united front on the basis of Kuomintang Communist cooperation in politics, cooperated militarily with the front battlefield of the Kuomintang and the battlefield behind the enemy opened and led by our party to jointly resist the enemy and fight against the Japanese aggressors. In terms of diplomacy, the Kuomintang government also actively carried out diplomatic activities and sought assistance from the international community to support China's cause of anti-Japanese war.
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Tkachuk, Taras. "JAPANESE INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRITISH-AMERICAN RELATIONS BEFORE AND AT THE BEGINNING OF THE WORLD WAR II (1931 – 1940)." American History & Politics: Scientific edition, no. 13 (2022): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2022.13.6.
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The article examines the relationship between two leading countries – Great Britain and the United States, which had a significant impact on international political situation in the world in 1930s and still have nowadays. As a vector of research, the author takes the factor of the Japanese militaristic regime because of the rather similar current geopolitical situation due to the aggressive actions of Russian Federation. According to this, the author aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis and his own assessment of the impact of Japan’s behavior in the international arena on the development of British-American relations in various fields. The chronological boundaries of the study are the period from the Mukden incident ‒ the beginning of Japanese invasion in the north-eastern part of China (September, 1931) to the conclusion of Berlin (Tripartite) Pact between Japan, Italy and Germany (September, 1940). Methodology: the article uses a comparative-historical method to compare and analyze the influence of Japan and Germany on the foreign policy of London and Washington, as well as descriptive method ‒ to identify the essence and features of British-American relations during 1931–1940. The use primarily of a wide base of diplomatic documents, archival sources from the F. D. Roosevelt Digital Library, cabinet papers of the British government allowed the author to apply the systematic approach and the principle of objectivity working with only verified facts and their comprehensive assessment. Scientific novelty: for the first time in Ukrainian historiography the author analyzed and rethought the process of how did Japan’s aggressive actions influence on US-British relations on the eve and beginning of World War II regarding the current geopolitical situation. The author concludes that the leadership of the United States and Great Britain did not realize the threat from Japan in time, that their inconsistent actions only contributed to the rapprochement of Tokyo with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, culminating in the formation of a tripartite military alliance («axis»). According to the author, the ambiguity of the position of London and Washington caused primarily by the struggle for spheres of influence in the Pacific area and trade conflicts between them in general. In view of this, the article emphasizes the need for modern leading states, especially Great Britain and the USA, to take into account the mistakes of the past in order to prevent a repeat of the Japanese scenario in the international arena in future.
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Dingman, Roger. "The Diplomacy of Dependency: The Philippines and Peacemaking with Japan, 1945–52." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 17, no. 2 (September 1986): 307–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400001077.
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Historians have examined the Japanese peace settlement of 1951 in a variety of ways. A few have treated it as an episode in the ongoing evolution of the structure of international relations in the Pacific and East Asia. Most have focused on the interaction between the principal victor, the United States, and vanquished Japan, weighing the negotiating successes and failures of each and assessing the impact of the settlement on subsequent Japanese-American relations. Recently still other historians have exploited newly available archival materials to analyze the role middle-range powers such as Australia and Britain played in shaping the 1951 peace treaty. While this research has revealed a great deal about the San Francisco peace settlement, it has left unexplored the part small powers played in a major restructuring of the Pacific/East Asian international order.
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Pamuk, Şevket. "Anatolia and Egypt during the Nineteenth Century: A Comparison of Foreign Trade and Foreign Investment." New Perspectives on Turkey 7 (1992): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/s0896634600000480.
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For the economies of the Middle East, the nineteenth century was a period of rapid integration into the world economy. Some of the forces behind this process came from Europe. In the aftermath of the Industrial Revolution, Great Britain and later the Continental economies began to turn towards areas beyond Europe in order to establish markets for their manufactures and also secure inexpensive sources of foodstuffs and raw materials. As a result, European commercial penetration into the Middle East gained new momentum in the 1820s after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Later, starting around mid-century, commercial penetration began to be accompanied by European investments in the Middle East in the forms of lending to governments and direct investment in railways, ports, banks, trading companies, and even agricultural land. A large part of this investment served to increase the export orientation of the Middle Eastern economies.
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YELLEN, JEREMY A. "Wartime Wilsonianism and the Crisis of Empire, 1941–43." Modern Asian Studies 53, no. 04 (November 20, 2018): 1278–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000397.
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AbstractOne striking feature of the Pacific War was the extent to which Wilsonian ideals informed the war aims of both sides. By 1943, the Atlantic Charter and Japan's Pacific Charter (Greater East Asia Joint Declaration) outlined remarkably similar visions for the postwar order. This comparative study of the histories surrounding both charters highlights parallels between the foreign policies of Great Britain and Imperial Japan. Both empires engaged with Wilsonianism in similar ways, to similar ends. Driven by geopolitical desperation, both reluctantly enshrined Wilsonian values into their war aims to survive a gruelling war with empire intact. But the endorsement of national self-determination, in particular, gave elites in dependent states a means to protest the realities of both British and Japanese rule and to demand that both empires practise what they preach. This comparative analysis of Britain and Japan thus sheds light on the part Wilsonian ideology played in the global crisis of empire during the Second World War.
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Gubanov, Roman Sergeevich. "Financing of development projects in Russia and abroad." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 3 (February 18, 2022): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2203-02.
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The article examines the essence and content of the category "development project". A comparative characteristic of the views of scientists on the definition of the term "development project" is given and the author’s defi nition of the studied category is derived. In the context of expanding economic relations between the state, developers, market agents, investors and development companies, the supply on the real estate market is expanding, the requirements for the formation of a portfolio of investments directed to the creation and implementation of a development project are changing. The author examines the stages of financing development projects, taking into account the need to develop and monitor master plans for the development of the urban economy. The article emphasizes that the central place in the financing of development projects in Russia today is occupied by the account-ESKROU agreement, which is a tripartite agreement concluded between an individual (legal entity), a bank, a developer for the purpose of equity financing of the construction of a residential property. The needs of the company in attracting investments in a development project have been studied on the example of renewing the territories of St. Petersburg. An assessment of the best foreign practice of financing development projects for attracting syndicated loans and ESCROU accounts to the system of financing innovative development programs in China, Canada, Great Britain, and the United States is given.
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Broadberry, Stephen, and Mary O'Mahony. "Britain's Productivity Gap with the United States and Europe: A Historical Perspective." National Institute Economic Review 189 (July 2004): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795010418900108.
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Since the mid-1990s, an almost universal belief has developed amongst economic commentators that the United States has undergone a productivity miracle and that European economies are now suffering from chronic sclerosis. As a result, the ‘American model’ dominates the agenda of policy towards growth and productivity performance in Britain. This paper urges caution here, given the disappointing experience of earlier British growth policies based on borrowing from the fashionable economy of the moment, including the Japanese and German economies during the 1970s and 1980s, and the American economy (again) during the 1950s and 1960s. A historical perspective suggests that: (1) successful productivity performance requires a stable institutional framework for long-term investments in human and physical capital, which the European model has been particularly good at providing over the last half century; (2) a country is constrained by its geography, so that copying without adaptation to local circumstances is rarely a good policy; (3) it is important to pay attention to the different sectors of the economy when formulating policy.
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Długozima, Anna. "SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF BURIAL NATURE IN POLAND BY VOIVODSHIPS – CONDITIONS AND DIRECTIONS OF CHANGES." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Administratio Locorum 19, no. 1 (February 16, 2020): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/aspal.4382.
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Eurostat and the Central Statistical Office (GUS) forecasts predict that the demographic aging rate will have doubled by 2050. The consequence of this situation will be an increasing death rate and a dynamic increase in the demand for space for depositing corpses and remains. Nowadays, no research has been conducted on the social infrastructure of burial nature. That is why the aim of the research, which results presents this article, was to determine the resource in the aspect of mentioned above infrastructure by voivodeships (number and distribution of cemeteries, crematoria, number of deaths, new cemetery investments). This research has been based on the data provided by the Local Data Bank, Polish Funeral Association, the District Sanitary and Epidemiological Stations, National Heritage Board of Poland and the Cremation Society of Great Britain. The results indicate regional differences in the development of burial facilities. In addition, the research allowed to determine the conditions and changes in the aspect of functioning of cemeteries and crematoria in Poland.
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Orihara, Minami, and Gregory Clancey. "The Nature of Emergency: The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Crisis of Reason in Late Imperial Japan." Science in Context 25, no. 1 (January 27, 2012): 103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889711000317.
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ArgumentHijōji(emergency) was an important keyword in the militarist Japan of the 1930s. Previous scholarship has assumed that such language sprung from the global financial crisis of 1929, and subsequent diplomatic events. Our article demonstrates, however, that a full-bodied language of emergency was crafted well before the collapse of the global economy, and against the backdrop of the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, which destroyed the Japanese capital. While previous “great earthquakes” had been opportunities to strengthen Japanese participation in the global project of science, this one led more dramatically to a crisis of reason, and indirectly contributed to the spiritual, anti-western, and anti-rational rhetoric of what became the “Showa Restoration.” This and other post-disaster landscapes, we argue, should be examined as compelling sites for the crafting of political language – sites of opportunity and meaning as well as trial. While the phrase “state of emergency” was coined under very different circumstances in post-war Britain, it gained power and charisma in Japan, and likely other places around the world, by its association with natural catastrophe. Thus did modern politics establish a new connection with the traditional realm of the sublime, and in the case of Japan, the supernatural. Emergency's ability to associate politics with nature would never disappear, and has perhaps even strengthened in the early twenty-first century.
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DREZNER, DANIEL. "State structure, technological leadership and the maintenance of hegemony." Review of International Studies 27, no. 1 (January 2001): 003–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210501000031.
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The importance of technological innovation to economic growth and state power is generally acknowledged in international relations. Less attention has been paid to the state's precise role in fostering innovation. This article argues that, contrary to realism, a centralized state is ill-suited to fostering innovation, particularly for technological leaders. Centralized states are more likely to make errors in crafting policy, and those errors cannot be reversed at the regional or local level. Decentralized states are better suited for the required tasks in fostering innovation. These hypotheses are tested against the Anglo–German rivalry for technological leadership in the late nineteenth century, and the US–Japanese rivalry of the last twenty years. In both cases the more centralized regime—Great Britain and Japan—faltered after initial successes. This suggests a tension within great powers. Policymakers prefer a strong, centralized state to facilitate policymaking. However, the evidence suggests that a decentralized state structure is a necessary condition for states to sustain themselves at the technological frontier.
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Nataliya, Dobryakova. "Foreign military intervention in the Caucasus in 1918-1920: the Ottoman, German and British empires." Kavkazologiya 2022, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31143/2542-212x-2022-4-120-128.
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The article examines the topics related to the armed intervention of three empires - the Ottoman, German and British on the territory of the Caucasus in 1918-1920. The reasons why these states implemented their foreign policy in the Northern Caucasus and Transcaucasian during the First World War and immediately after it are given. It is proved that the three empires had completely different motivations for invading the territory of the former Russian Empire in the Caucasus re-gion. If the Ottoman Empire first of all hatched revanchist plans to return the region that once be-longed to them to its state, using pan-Islamism and pan-Turkism as leverage, then the German Empire wanted to join the economic exploitation of the Caucasus, primarily the Baku oil fields. It is concluded that the most large-scale military intervention came from Great Britain, which was due to extensive pre-war investments in the oil industry of the Caucasus and, in this regard, the desire to protect their positions in this region, including by military means.
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Goncharenko, A. V., and T. O. Safonova. "Great Britain and the tvolution of the colonial system (end 19th – beginning 20th centuries)." SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL, no. 35 (2020): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/shaj.2020.i35.p.60.
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The article investigates the impact of Great Britain on the evolution of colonialism in the late ХІХ and early ХХ centuries. It is analyzed the sources and scientific literature on the policy of the United Kingdom in the colonial question in the late ХІХ – early ХХ century. The reasons, course and consequences of the intensification of British policy in the colonial problem are described. The process of formation and implementation of London’s initiatives in the colonial question during the period under study is studied. It is considered the position of Great Britain on the transformation of the colonial system in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The resettlement activity of the British and the peculiarities of their mentality, based on the idea of racial superiority and the new national messianism, led to the formation of developed resettlement colonies. The war for the independence of the North American colonies led to the formation of a new state on their territory, and the rest of the “white” colonies of Great Britain had at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries had to build a new policy of relations, taking into account the influence of the United States on them, and the general decline of economic and military-strategic influence of Britain in the world, and the militarization of other leading countries. As a result, a commonwealth is formed instead of an empire. With regard to other dependent territories, there is also a change in policy towards the liberalization of colonial rule and concessions to local elites. In the late ХІХ – early ХІХ centuries the newly industrialized powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) sought to seize the colonies to reaffirm their new status in the world, the great colonial powers of the past (Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands) sought to retain what remained to preserve their international prestige, and Russia sought to expand. The largest colonial empires, Great Britain and France, were interested in maintaining the status quo. In the colonial policy of the United Kingdom, it is possible to trace a certain line related to attempts to preserve the situation in their remote possessions and not to get involved in conflicts and costly measures where this can be avoided. In this sense, the British government showed some flexibility and foresight – the relative weakening of the military and economic power of the empire due to the emergence of new states, as well as the achievement of certain self-sufficiency, made it necessary to reconsider traditional foreign policy. Colonies are increasingly no longer seen as personal acquisitions of states, and policy toward these territories is increasingly seen as a common deal of the international community and even its moral duty. The key role here was to be played by Great Britain, which was one of the first to form the foundations of a “neocolonial” system that presupposes a solidarity policy of Western countries towards the rest of the world under the auspices of London. Colonial system in the late ХІХ – early ХІХ century underwent a major transformation, which was associated with a set of factors, the main of which were – the emergence of new industrial powers on the world stage, the internal evolution of the British Empire, changes in world trade, the emergence of new weapons, general growth of national and religious identity and related with this contradiction. The fact that the First World War did not solve many problems, such as Japanese expansionism or British marinism, and caused new ones, primarily such as the Bolshevik coup in Russia and the coming to power of the National Socialists in Germany, the implementation of the above trends stretched to later moments.
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BUCHANAN, TOM. "‘Shanghai-Madrid Axis’? Comparing British Responses to the Conflicts in Spain and China, 1936–39." Contemporary European History 21, no. 4 (September 20, 2012): 533–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777312000367.
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AbstractThe impact of the Sino-Japanese War on Britain has generally been overshadowed by the impact of the Spanish Civil War, which broke out a year earlier. Indeed, the only book on the subject, Arthur Clegg's Aid China (1989), is subtitled A Memoir of a Forgotten Campaign. Yet, for a few months in the autumn of 1937, these two campaigns achieved a kind of parity in British public perception. British opinion was united in condemnation of the Japanese bombing of Chinese cities, and, at its peak, the ensuing campaign attracted a broader range of supporters than the movement in solidarity with the Spanish Republic. For instance, the Archbishop of Canterbury publicly criticised Japan's actions in a way that would have been unthinkable in the case of Franco's Spain. Moreover, some acts of solidarity with China (such as the refusal by British dockers to load Japanese ships) went beyond what the supporters of the Spanish Republic could hope to achieve. This article makes a comparison of the two campaigns, and examines the interconnections between them. It not only sheds new light on the ‘forgotten’ campaign for China, but also asks why Spain – unlike China – became the ‘Great Cause’ of the later 1930s.
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Wu, Chunchi. "International Trade Relations and the Contagious Effects of the Asian Financial Crisis." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 03, no. 03 (September 2000): 367–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091500000212.
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This paper examines the trade relationship among Pacific Rim Asian economies and the U.S. with an attempt at understanding the fundamental causes for the contagious effects of the Asian financial crisis. East Asian economies trade extensively among themselves and with the U.S. This great dependence on foreign trade and investments has considerably increased the instability of the economies and financial markets in this region. It is found that the impact of the financial crisis on a domestic economy is positively correlated with its trade relationship with foreign economies. The importance of the trade relationship is manifested in the financial markets. Results show that the returns and volatility of a stock market are significantly influenced by the markets of its major trading partners. Also, foreign exchange markets often significantly interact with stock markets, especially following the Asian financial crisis. Furthermore, the Japanese and Hong Kong markets, instead of the U.S. market, had a dominating effect on East Asian financial markets during the period of the financial crisis.
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Colard, Daniel. "Vers un nouvel ordre politique international : le traité de paix et d’amitié sino-japonais du 12 août 1978." Études internationales 11, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 3–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701016ar.
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On August 12th 1978 the People's Republic of China and Japan signed a treaty of peace and friendship that solemnly recognized the reconciliation between Peking and Tokyo. The original character and political, economic and geo-strategic meaning of this signal document can only be understood by placing it within Us true context. In fact, this context has two facets. The Sino-Japanese treaty can first be seen in an historical context that must be kept in mind since the « Far Eastern Question » has, from the end of the 19th century, been at the heart of Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese relations as well as constituting an ongoing concern for the major European powers. Prior to 1939, Japanese imperialism had succeeded in imposing its law in China and in East Asia establishing what Tokyo called a « co-prosperity sphere ». During the Second World War, the United States, Great Britain and the USSR - allies against the common enemy - had to take important decisions with regard to Japan to prepare the terms of occupation. The San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951 established the new American-Japanese relationship. Normalization of Soviet-Japanese relations began with the signing of the joint declaration of 1956. The August 12th 1978 Peace Treaty between Peking and Tokyo can be further seen as part of specific diplomatic context comprising the Sino-Soviet conflict, East-West détente and the Sino-American rapprochement that opened the way - immediately after President Nixon's trip to China in February 1972 - for the Sino-Japanese rapprochement. Legally, the Treaty contains only five short sections, the most original of which being the « anti-hegemony » clause provided for in section 2. Diplomatically, it is not exaggerated to recognize in this Sino-Japanese agreement an element of a New International Political Order presently taking form and that has to necessarily accompany the implantation of the « New International Economic Order » that the countries of the Third World have been demanding since 1974.
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Trzaskawka, Paula. "Investigating Copyright Terminology and Collocations in Polish, English, Japanese and German." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2017-0014.
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Abstract The article deals with the comparison of key terminology in the field of copyright in the Polish, English, Japanese and German languages. The research material consists of copyright acts binding in Poland, Great Britain, the United States of America, Japan and Germany. The terminology has been compared in order to reveal similarities and differences in the meaning. Firstly, statutory terms from the Polish, English (British and American), German and Japanese acts will be presented and discussed. Also, a list of functional equivalents (Polish, English, German and Japanese) will be presented. The task was to search for functional equivalents, and if there is partial equivalence or no equivalence, an equivalent was provided according to techniques of providing equivalents for non-equivalent terms (c.f. Kłos, Matulewska, Nowak-Korcz 2007). They were made in such a way that equivalents will correspond with the reality of the laws in the above mentioned languages. The terms have been extracted with the usage of AntConc (corpus linguistics software). The method of analysis of comparable texts has been applied as well as the one based on three categories of equivalence by Šarčević (1997): “near equivalence”, “partial equivalence” and “non-equivalence”. Special attention has been paid to system-bound terminology existing in those five legal systems. To sum up, it should be borne in mind that the copyright law has been unified almost world-wide. As a result many countries have adopted similar or almost identical principles in this respect. Therefore, there is a significant convergence of meanings of analysed copyright terms with only slight differences resulting from deeply ingrained local and national legal traditions.
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Gerber, Esther, and Urs Schaffner. "Gebietsfremde Staudenknöteriche im Schweizer Wald – Auswirkungen und Massnahmen." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 165, no. 6 (June 1, 2014): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2014.0150.
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Exotic knotweeds on Swiss forest sites: consequences and measures to take Natural areas in Switzerland are home to an increasing number of non-native plant species, so-called neophytes. Some are highly prolific, causing damage to the environment and the economy. Especially some species originally imported as ornamental plants have been accidentally introduced into forest habitats, where their spread has become increasingly problematic. Using the example of exotic knotweeds (Reynoutria spp., Syn Fallopia spp.), which are among the most aggressive neophytes in Europe, we outline potential consequences of alien plant invasions in forests and give management recommendations to mitigate their negative effects on native ecosystems. Management options discussed include mechanical, chemical and biological methods of control. In regard to the latter, Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) is of particular interest as there is an ongoing classical biological control project against this species in Great Britain.
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GAŁCZYŃSKA, Anna, Paulina TRZCINSKA, Małgorzata GUMIENNA, Jacek NOWAK, and Roman HOŁUBOWICZ. "Production of Japanese Horseradish (Wasabia japonica (Miq.) Matsumara) in Poland. Chemical Contents of Roots." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 45, no. 2 (September 15, 2017): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha45210887.
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Japanese horseradish [Wasabia japonica (Miq.) Matsumara or Eutrema wasabi (Siebold) Maxim.], is a vegetable species originated from Japan. Currently, wasabi is grown in many other countries across the world such as: New Zealand, Taiwan, South Korea, Israel, Brazil, Thailand, Columbia, Canada, USA, Great Britain and China. The crop has never been cultivated commercially in Poland. The main aim of the present study was to find out if the crop can be grown commercially in Poland and to establish the chemical contents of roots produced in Poland and Japan. In previous studies, it was noted that wasabi might be grown under polycarbonate cover in Poland. The chemical evaluation included measuring the amount of dry matter, polyphenols, antioxidant potential, reducing substances, total proteins, starch and raw fiber. The roots produced in Poland had more dry matter (30.46%), less total proteins (12.14%) and reducing substances (43.64 mg g-1) than the Japanese ones. Starch and raw fiber contents were on the same level in the roots produced in both countries. The antioxidant potential and polyphenols in the Japanese roots (6.11 mg g-1 and 7.83 mg g-1 respectively)were higher than in the Polish ones (1.45 mg g-1 and 3.25 mg g-1 respectively). In the climatic conditions of Poland, it might be possible to produce wasabi roots under the polycarbonate cover with their chemical contents at least in part similar to the original roots produced in Japan.
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Tarasova, Larisa Vladimirovna, and Maria Kostrova. "The “happiness” concept in the Japanese and English cultures: comparative analysis." SHS Web of Conferences 122 (2021): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112201006.
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The study aims at examining the concept of “happiness” and its manifestations in Japanese and English. At the same time, there is no task to highlight specific features of the conceptual sphere in Great Britain, the USA and Australia. The main emphasis is placed on the comparative aspect, which also conditioned the use of the comparative method in the article. When describing the semantic field of the “happiness” concept in the Japanese culture, it is important to consider the influence of hieroglyphs borrowed from China, values and ideas about the organization of social life, the role of traditional beliefs, everyday magic and kotodama (the soul of language). Finally, it is worth mentioning the broad synonymous content of the “happiness” conceptual field in the dictionary “Ruigo reikai jiten”. It combines the native Japanese 幸せ shiawase “happiness” and 幸い saiwai with the Sinicisms containing the hieroglyphs 福 fuku and 幸運 ko:un “luck”. At the same time, 運 un “fate, luck” is among the following synonyms: 天命 tenmei (“destined by the sky”), 命運 meiun and others, representing the concept of “fate”. In the course of the study, the authors have emphasized the influence of ethical ideas contained in the axiologeme do:toku 道徳 and the desire for harmony on the Japanese culture. In the English-speaking cultures, this ethical component becomes secondary in comparison with materially expressed success and luck, the principle of preserving one’s own freedom and independence. However, the impact of time (globalization, Internet communication, the dominance of English) gradually led not only to the emergence of Anglicisms in the Japanese culture but also to a change in the content of significant concepts, in particular the concept of “happiness”.
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Hosokawa, Michihisa. "Situating the Komagata Maru Incident in a Global Context: A Collaborative Work with Professor Shigeru Akita." Asian Review of World Histories 10, no. 2 (July 29, 2022): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22879811-12340115.
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Abstract The Komagata Maru incident of 1914 occurred at a time when intra-Asian trade was flourishing, but it coincided with a period of great migration. Many Indians (South Asians), and also Chinese and Japanese, moved around the Indo-Pacific, a migration that stirred anti-Asian feeling among white peoples. It also occurred in a transitional period for the British Empire. But Britain still held a dominant position in the Indo-Pacific, not only because it benefited from intra-Asian trade, but also because it could make use of Indians as a military force and rely on a measure of assistance from Japan, its ally. Taking the above facts as background, this article examines the incident by approaching a wide range of topics, including political, legal, and immigration histories, and by incorporating local, national, and regional histories into a globally connected history, to demonstrate the incident’s use as a showcase that illuminates multilateral and multitiered linkages in the Indo-Pacific, the British Empire, and beyond.
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Gella, Tamara. "Russia and Japan as an Image of the “Other” on the Pages of British Periodicals of the Early 60s of the 19th Century." ISTORIYA 13, no. 7 (117) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840022001-0.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the socio-cultural perception of Russia and Japan as an image of the “other” in British society in the early 60s of the 19th century. Unlike previous studies of this problem, the source base was the publications of a number of British periodical journals. The choice of Russia and Japan as objects of study is due to the fact that both countries were perceived by English contemporaries as Asian countries with an Asian mentality of their population. However, Russia was also perceived as a Slavic country. In this regard, conducting a fragmentary cross-section of country studies within the framework of the British socio-cultural perception of Japan and Russia may be of interest both for understanding the relationship of Great Britain with these states, and for clarifying the Middle Victorian mentality as such. The article emphasizes that the criteria for the authors’ coverage of the events in Japan and Russia and the life of their peoples were different. With regard to Japan, the articles described not only its state system and the political situation in the country, but considerable attention was paid to Japanese nature, architecture, commerce, everyday life and culture of the Japanese. As for the Russian subjects, the materials were mainly devoted to the domestic and foreign policy of Russia since the beginning of the reign of Alexander II with a constant excursion into the history of the country. In this article, conclusions were drawn that British magazines, creating “Russian” and “Japanese” images, proceeded from the presence of the so-called “Japanese myth”, on the one hand, and on the other hand, from the prevailing stereotypical perception of the Russian people, thereby distorting the real picture of Russia and Japan in the early 60s of the 19th century.