Academic literature on the topic 'Investments, Foreign – Economic aspects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Investments, Foreign – Economic aspects"
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Tripathi, Swastika, Manjula Jain, and Viksit Tripathi. "Greenfield Investments: An Economic and Financial Key Driver for India’s Growth." Management and Economics Research Journal 5 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2019.739951.
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Since ages, India has held the flagship of being prosperous, economically viable, financially sound, rich in resources, and diverse in traditional and cultural aspects, yet has never failed to cater to the needs of crores of citizens. The economic factors and flow of financial wherewithal have pushed Indian economy to the brighter side of development. However, the growth aspects led to a significant decrease in the climatic and weather conditions and therefore an urgent need to mend up the environmental issues. Greenfield investments were sought as remedial measure to sustain the issues of environment as well as economic and financial feasibility in the form of investments. Investment is a gizmo for creating wealth by employing funds with an intention of achieving additional income or growth in the value and gets rewarded by return. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is such an investment wherein foreign investors make their funds employable in the foreign-based company either through greenfield investments, brownfield investments, or through portfolio investment. In Indian context, overseas investments can be made either through automatic route or through Reserve Bank of India and Government of India. The highlight of this paper is the significance of greenfield investments in the developmental aspects of Indian economy.
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Ergashovich, Ochilov Bekhzod. "Increasing Foreign Investments in the Extractive Industry of Uzbekistan’s Economy: Economic and Legal Aspects of Improving Efficiency." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 12, SP7 (July 25, 2020): 2346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v12sp7/20202363.
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BELLAQA, Bashkim, and Halil Bajrami. "Foreign Direct Investment, Management and Their Role in Economic Development - Kosovo Case." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 8, no. 3 (August 21, 2019): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/jfbs.v8i3.833.
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One of the important aspects of a country's economic development is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), these investments impact on economic development and improve social aspects. At the international level as well as at the country level, FDI has a relevant significance which as an issue is related to the sustainable management policy that makes the country more attractive in absorbing FDI. The purpose of this paper is to present the trends of FDI in the Western Balkan countries with an open look in Kosovo and their comparison, investment policy management, GDP FDI correlation and comparison of the trends of the remittances .Firstly in the introduction of this paper there is a theoretical review of the literature on the definitions of FDI in the economic aspect. Secondly, FDI has been presented and compared over the years in the Western Balkans countries with a vacant look in Kosovo. Third, it analyzes the FDI trends in Kosovo based on the country of origin of these investments, etc. Fourth, in the framework of this research paper, country-level management policies were analyzed in terms of creating an incentive environment for FDI. Fifth, as part of this paperwork, there are also empirical analysis of the correlations between FDI and GDP in the case of Kosovo, etc.
Keywords:
One of the important aspects of a country's economic development is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), these investments impact on economic development and improve social aspects. At the international level as well as at the country level, FDI has a relevant significance which as an issue is related to the sustainable management policy that makes the country more attractive in absorbing FDI. The purpose of this paper is to present the trends of FDI in the Western Balkan countries with an open look in Kosovo and their comparison, investment policy management, GDP FDI correlation and comparison of the trends of the remittances .Firstly in the introduction of this paper there is a theoretical review of the literature on the definitions of FDI in the economic aspect. Secondly, FDI has been presented and compared over the years in the Western Balkans countries with a vacant look in Kosovo. Third, it analyzes the FDI trends in Kosovo based on the country of origin of these investments, etc. Fourth, in the framework of this research paper, country-level management policies were analyzed in terms of creating an incentive environment for FDI. Fifth, as part of this paperwork, there are also empirical analysis of the correlations between FDI and GDP in the case of Kosovo, etc.
Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Investment Policy Management, Correlations, Remittances
JEL classification: F21, M12, C33, F24
JEL classification: F21, M12, C33, F24
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Belikova, Ksenia Mikhailovna. "To the question on the role of foreign investments within the system of international economic relations: legal perspective." Международное право и международные организации / International Law and International Organizations, no. 3 (March 2019): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0633.2019.3.30654.
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This article examines the question on the role of foreign investments within the system of international economic relations from the perspective of law. The author analyzes the main and auxiliary goals of an investor and the country-recipient of foreign investments and the country of origin of the investments. The legal-economic concept of “investment/foreign investment” is viewed considering the author’s opinion that investments as such are multifunctional. Different understanding in this regard underline the various aspects of the phenomenon; thereat, the legislators of different countries are guided by their teleological reasons, while representatives of the doctrine – by affiliation to one or another scientific specialty (or school). The scientific novelty lies in articulation of the problem, as well as the approaches towards its studying. The new data regarding the records and information on the role of foreign investments within the system of international economic relations are introduced into the Russian-language discourse. The conclusion is made that the foreign investments are characterizes by versatile functionality, expansion of which is substantiated by the needs of the country-recipient of investments along with the country of their origin.
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Ramaz Otinashvili, Ramaz Otinashvili, Tamar Otinashvili Tamar Otinashvili, and Khvicha Sharashidze Khvicha Sharashidze. "Important Aspects of Region’s Investment Processes Stimulation." Economics 105, no. 4-5 (May 8, 2022): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/ecs105/4-5/2022-130.
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Investments are considered the most effective means of business recovery. A favorable investment climate is formed by the normative-legal and economic activity of the state. Accordingly, the article discusses the main directions of state regulation of investment activity. Limited investment resources are a major challenge for the effective development of the region, implementation of strategic goals and objectives. Its solution largely determines the modernization of business, which determines the development of the region and its investment attractiveness. Investments should be attracted in such areas of business, the realization of which will contribute to the development of the regions. In this regard, the most promising fields in Georgia are: tourism, energy, construction, agriculture, transport and communications. Taking into account national-state interests, the volume of investments in the structure of foreign investments should be increased, which will be directed to the revival and development of production. Integrated territorial investment measures must meet the different and diverse needs of different territories. Keywords: Business, Region, Investments, Competitiveness, Infrastructure, inflation.
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Shaqiri, Mentor, Orhan Çeku, and Ismajl Mehmeti. "The Legal Aspect and the Economic Perspective of the Foreign Direct Investment." Mednarodno inovativno poslovanje = Journal of Innovative Business and Management 12, no. 2 (November 3, 2020): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32015/jibm.2020.12.2.4.38-48.
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Foreign Direct Investment (hereinafter referred to as FDI) are an important segment of economic-financial activity in the national economy. Being so important they deserve special attention from the politicians as well as an analytical review in scientific terms. Foreign Direct Investment are one of the key factors for promoting the country's sustainable economic development. They have economic and financial impact but their legal aspect is also very important. This paper elaborates the concept of foreign direct investment, their impact on the national economy and the legal basis of foreign direct investment. As an analytical case is used the Republic of Kosovo, whose institutions are creating policies and are adopting laws for an appropriate environment that affects the attraction of foreign investors and investments. The focus of this paper is the analysis of the concept of FDI, the legal infrastructure, the factors that impact the attraction of investments, and their role in the economic development of the country. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the role and importance of foreign direct investment for national economic development as well as the legal security of investments in the Republic of Kosovo. In the elaboration of the paper was used the literature of foreign authors, statistical reports of local and international institutions as well as local legislation dealing with the regulation of this issue. The main methods used are: descriptive methods, methods of analysis and synthesis, statistical methods, legal methods and comparative methods.
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Galistcheva, Natalia V., and Yulia A. Ilicheva. "Special aspects of investment cooperation between India and ASEAN countries in the modern period." RUDN Journal of Economics 28, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 288–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2020-28-2-288-299.
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India examines relations with ASEAN countries as one of the priority vectors of the modern foreign economic strategy South - South. The purpose of the article is to analyze one of the most important aspects of Indian economic relations with the countries of Southeast Asia - investment cooperation. The article covers a wide range of analytical methods: statistical analysis, forecasting, comparison, theoretical generalization, statistical data processing, and also abstract-logical analysis (for systematization and generalization of the main areas of investment interaction). The indicators of Indian foreign direct investment to ASEAN, including country-wise distribution, and the associations foreign direct investment to the republic are analyzed in detail. The authors consider in detail various aspects of intercountry investment interaction. The association is the main focus for Indian investments abroad and a significant investor to the republic, as demonstrated by stable bilateral economic relations. In general, investment cooperation seriously contributes to the development of relations between India and ASEAN.
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Vukajlović, Milica, Tamara Milenković Kerković, and Dragana Radenković Jocić. "The Influence of Foreign Direct Investment Treatment in Domestic Legislation on the Economic Development of the Republic of Serbia." Economic Themes 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 501–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ethemes-2020-0028.
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Abstract Serbia has been following a policy of subsidizing foreign direct investments since 2006 and it pays great attention to this type of investment capital in the field of development of our economy. Whether this can be considered as justified is a question to which this paper aims to provide an answer. Do the positive aspects of foreign direct investment necessarily come to the leading position in the country importing capital? The analysis of the positive effects of foreign direct investments on the economy of the host country shows that the multiple benefits of such attracted capital certainly exist, but that their manifestation is not unconditional and will depend on numerous factors. Due to the fact that the subsidy policy is current, the criteria for granting state incentives defined by the current regulation should be set so as to contribute to the manifestation of positive effects of foreign direct investments on the Serbian economy. However, their analysis shows that this is not the case. In addition, the impact that foreign direct investment has had on the Serbian economy indicates that the subsidy policy has not given the expected results. Having this in mind, the impact that the treatment of foreign direct investments in domestic legislation has on the economic development of the Republic of Serbia cannot be assessed as satisfactory.
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Blagoev, D. "INVESTMENT ACTIVITY OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONS IN THE COUNTRY (FOLLOWING THE EXAMPLE OF SPECIFIC REGIONS)." Trakia Journal of Sciences 18, Suppl.1 (2020): 338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2020.s.01.057.
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The purpose of this article is to identify the investment activity of industrial companies and the dynamics of foreign direct investment in a particular region of the country, to trace their dynamics in comparison with the general economic development of the region and to identify as a result the stimulating and/or limiting factors influencing on domestic and foreign investment. Methods such as literature review, observation, comparison, expert review, etc. are used to accomplish the set tasks and to achieve the set main goal. To achieve this goal, the following specific tasks are solved: (1) Defining theoretical and methodological aspects of investments; (2) A parallel between growth and development at both firm and regional levels has been drawn; (3) Identification of foreign investments in the region for a specified period of time; (4) Comparative analysis between the investment activity and the rate of change of the economic development of the region; Conclusions are presented about the main advantages and the respective limitations of the type of investments and differences in regional development.
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Shabanova, Lyudmila Borisovna, and Irina Gennadievna Morozova. "Prospects for investment development in Russia and the Muslim world." Национальная безопасность / nota bene, no. 6 (June 2022): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0668.2022.6.38433.
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Ensuring investment attractiveness is one of the most important aspects of a country's economic activity in modern international relations. Foreign investments make it possible not only to ensure expanded social reproduction in the country, but also expand the possibilities of technological and economic development of the state.The purpose of the work is to analyze foreign direct investment in the Russian Federation in general and the Republic of Tatarstan in particular. The analysis and evaluation of statistical data revealed a reduction in the number of projects involving foreign direct investment in Russia in 2017-2020. In modern conditions, it is necessary to recognize the decline in the investment attractiveness of Russia from investors in the United States and Europe, which may lead to an even greater compression of foreign investment flows. An alternative to foreign investments from the United States of America and Europe can be foreign investments from the countries of the Muslim world. Already today, Russia has friendly relations with the countries of the Muslim world, in addition, there are entire regions with a high density of Muslim population living on the territory of the Russian Federation. Thus, the Republic of Tatarstan, which is already one of the most investment-attractive regions of the Russian Federation and occupies the 3rd place in the list of regions of the Russian Federation most in demand among foreign investors, could play an important role in increasing the number of foreign direct investment.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Investments, Foreign – Economic aspects"
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Cloud, Mary Katherine. "The effect of the internet on foreign direct investment an impirical analysis." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28556.
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Nezhad, Mashaallah. "An Examination of the Economic and Legal Aspects of Foreign investments in the Iranian Oil and Gas Industry." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495932.
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For more than 35 years Iran has utilised the service contract and Buy-Back in its dealings with international oil companies to develop its upstream oil and gas industry. This form of contract has been used mainly because certain restrictions that regulate the manner of dealing between the Government and the companies are set down in the Oil Acts. In this thesis, deterministic and stochastic models, including Monte Carlo simulation, are applied to the Buy-Back contract. The results derived from data from Iranian oil fields highlight serious shortcomings of the Buy-Back contract. They show that there is an extremely small upside potential for international oil companies and a failure to achieve maximum economic recovery for the Government over the life of the oil fields that have been exploited. The results of our deterministic and stochastic PSC model show that PSC has flexible structure when key variables change; the government share of economic rent and the government and contractor upside potential are quite high, while at the same time the contractor and government downside risk is reasonable. Under such conditions there is a greater incentive for contractor to maximum production from each field because this in turn increases his share of the profit. There are significant formal differences between the Buy-Back contract and the Production Sharing contract. However, the thesis shows that the Expediency council has been prepared to import flexibility into the operation of legal principles if certain important social goals can thereby be better achieved. This thesis suggests that such flexibility is required in the approach of the Iranian legal system.
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Haque, Mohua. "An Empirical Analysis of U.S. Foreign Direct Investment and Exports of Processed Food Industries." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2006. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29869.
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This study examined the determinants of U.S. foreign direct investment (FDI) and exports of processed food. This study also examined the impact of U.S. FDI on U.S. exports on processed food. FDI and export models used for estimation in this study were based on the cost-minimizing production function. The analysis focused on ten countries for the period of 1989-2004. Four of them were Asian countries: India, Japan, South Korea, and Thailand. Six of them were European countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy,
Spain, and the United Kingdom. The model was estimated using the two-way error component three-stage least squares (EC3SLS) method. Results from this study show that U.S. FDI and U.S. exports of processed food are complements. Major factors affecting U.S. FDI in the processing industry are GDP, GDP per capita, exchange rate, tariff rate, labor compensation cost, interest rate, and distance. Major factors affecting U.S. exports in the processed food industry are GDP, distance, and GDP from the agri-sector.
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Fulton, Mark Hugh John. "Why has South Africa been relatively unsuccessful at attracting inward foreign direct investment since 1994?" Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013056.
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows into South Africa have been very low for several decades, and this research examines the reason(s) why this has been the case since 1994. There is a common belief amongst economists that there is a positive relationship between the amount of FDI received and economic growth, thus the desire to attract greater FDI inflows. A literature review was conducted to establish the determinants of FDI globally and then data were collected and assessed to test which causes are most important. The performance of developing nations in attracting FDI was first compared with that of the developed nations. Thereafter, a regional breakdown of FDI flows was presented, with a particular focus on the Southern African region. FDI inflows to South Africa since 1994 were compared against the identified determinants of FDI, as well as with FDI inflows into two other major mining economies, Chile and Botswana. The friendliness of the government towards business was identified as a significant determinant of FDI inflows and the importance of this factor in explaining FDI inflows into environment in South Africa was looked at in more depth. It was found that many investors perceive the South African government as hostile towards business and as corrupt and/or inefficient. The empirical results show that this negative perception helps explain the FDI inflows attracted by South Africa since 1994. Therefore, increased friendliness to business by the government should increase future inward FDI flows into South Africa.
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Kent, Avidan. "International trade, investment, and climate change : a tale of legal and institutional fragmentation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648583.
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Swana, Leonard Sandile. "Talent management by the East London IDZ to lever the competitive edge." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1015982.
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Talent in the field of attraction of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is scarce in South Africa, especially in the Eastern Cape, due to the history of exclusion of South Africa from world economic participation, prior to 1994. In order for the ELIDZ to achieve its mandate of FDI attraction, job creation and economic growth, talent management has to be a key aspect in the boardroom discussions and strategic planning sessions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effective use of talent management by the East London IDZ to leverage the competitive edge of the ELIDZ in the business of attracting Foreign Direct Investment into South Africa, and also of competing against the world’s Economic Processing Zones (EPZ’s) and Free Trade Zones (FTZ’s). According to Holbeche (2009:166), talent consists of those individuals who can make a difference to organisational performance, either through their immediate contribution, or, in the longer term, by demonstrating the highest level of potential. For the purpose of this study, talent management is defined as the systematic attraction, identification, development, engagement / retention and deployment of those individuals with high potential who are of particular value to an organisation. The literature reviewed pointed out very clearly that organisations that have properly developed, implemented and managed talent management strategies enjoy high levels of motivation, innovation and creativity, lesser levels of staff turn-over, high employee performance, superior productivity and mostly a competitive advantage in their league. The East London IDZ study response enjoyed a rate of 40 out of 54 employees who received questionnaires and returned them by the due date. The responses represented a total of 74.1 percent, and this level of response is attributed to the fact that by the end of May 2011, the ELIDZ had just undergone an Organisational Re-structuring. The current status quo of the ELIDZ, based on the views as reflected in this study ,is very compromising for an organisation that aims to compete in the global space for the attraction and retention of foreign direct investment (FDI’s), and the global competitiveness based on the talent available. The overall picture depicted by the empirical results suggests that there are critical gaps for which the ELIDZ Executive Management and Board need to craft solutions, if competitiveness is going to be taken seriously in the near and long-term future.
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Zhu, Yi. "Aspects of foreign direct investment and economic development : an analytical and empirical study." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494785.
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Matiza, Tafadzwa. "The influence of non-financial nation brand image dimensions on foreign direct investment inflows in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/8902.
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How a country is perceived by foreign investors is becoming increasingly significant to the ability of individual countries to attract foreign direct investment into their economies. In Africa, existing negative perceptions of the continent as an investment destination have been considered as an obstacle for foreign direct investment inflows to the continent in general. Although Zimbabwe offers foreign investors multiple lucrative investment opportunities, attracting foreign direct investment to the country presents a unique challenge due to the image of the country post the 1998-2008 economic crisis. Despite the vast research on the determinants of foreign direct inflows to particular countries, little is known about whether non-financial image-related factors influence the inflow of foreign direct investment to a particular country, especially a country with a unfavourable global image like Zimbabwe. The primary objective of this study was therefore to determine the perceived non-financial nation brand image factors considered to be influential for attracting specific foreign direct investment inflow opportunities in Zimbabwe. A comprehensive literature review resulted in the identification of nine independent variables (tourism, governance, people, culture and heritage, exports, investment and immigration, factor endowments, infrastructure, and legal and regulation frameworks), as well as four dependent variables (market-, resource-, efficiency- and strategic asset-seeking foreign direct investment inflow opportunities in Zimbabwe). A hypothesised model was developed in order to examine whether the independent variables have an influence on the dependent variables, and as a result nine hypotheses were formulated to test the relationships between the nine independent variables and each of the four dependent variables. A cross-sectional, quantitative deductive approach to research was employed in order to generate the data required for hypothesis testing. Purposive sampling techniques were employed to draw the sample frame for the study. A self-administered online survey was conducted, and generated empirical data from a final sample comprised of 305 investors who had applied to invest in Zimbabwe through the Zimbabwe Investment Authority between January 2009 and April 2015. Data was analysed using STATISTICA 12 software. Exploratory factor analysis was utilised to extract the constructs and validate the measuring instrument. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were calculated in order to test the reliability and internal consistency of the measuring instrument. As a result, a total of six valid and reliable independent variables, and four dependent variables were retained for further analysis. The results of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients revealed mostly moderate correlations. The Multi-Collinearity diagnostics test confirmed the absence of collinearity between the independent variables and dependent variables respectively. Subsequently, the results of the four sets of multiple regression analyses, disclosed thirteen statistically significant relationships between the six independent variables and the four categorical dependent variables. Tourism had significant relationships with market-, efficiency- and strategic asset-seeking FDI inflow opportunities. Government actions had significant relationships with resource- and strategic asset-seeking FDI inflow opportunities. People had significant relationships with resource- and efficiency- seeking FDI inflow opportunities. Export had significant relationships with market-, resource-, efficiency- and strategic asset-seeking FDI inflow opportunities. Regulatory framework had significant relationships with market- and resource-seeking FDI inflow opportunities. The results of the Analysis of Variance revealed that investor status can be used to predict which non-financial nation brand image determinants played a role in the ultimate decision for taking up foreign direct investment opportunities in Zimbabwe. Further analysis of the role that the demographic profiles of the investors played in predicting which non-financial nation brand image determinants are considered influential in taking up foreign direct investment opportunities in Zimbabwe was confirmed in the Multivariate Analysis of Variance with thirty-four statically significant relationships identified. Further analysis by means of post-hoc Scheffé testing and Cohen’s d-values calculations confirm that thirty-nine practically significant mean differences were evident. This study makes a novel contribution to the empirical body of nation branding, foreign direct investment and investment promotion research by developing and testing a hypothetical model that synthesises facets of the three fields of study. This study represents a new discourse in the identification of the determinants of FDI (that being non-financial determinants) and provides an explanatory framework for the non-financial nation brand image determinants influencing each type of FDI inflow opportunity sought in Zimbabwe. It is within this framework that recommendations, based on empirical evidence, are made for the Government of Zimbabwe and the Zimbabwe Investment Authority. Some of these recommendations could be implemented within the short-term, while others may be more strategic in the long term. Recommendations made include that the Government of Zimbabwe undertakes significant policy reviews, continues its engagement with key external stakeholders such as other governments, supra-national financial institutions, and foreign investors, as well as adhering to existing favourable FDI policies. It is also recommended that the Zimbabwe Investment Authority adopt an intermediary role, by linking the Government of Zimbabwe with potential foreign investors through investor targeting, as well as promoting Zimbabwe as an investment destination by engaging in image-building activities such as public diplomacy, investor relations, specialised advertising and hosting investor forums with multiple, distinct investor segments. These image-building activities should be centered on the non-financial nation brand image determinants that foreign investors consider to be influential to foreign direct investment in Zimbabwe, and should be geared towards improving and managing the perceived image of Zimbabwe as an investment destination.
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Rinaldi, Patrícia Nogueira. "Estados e Fundos Soberanos de Riqueza = instrumentos de retrocesso ou avanço da globalização financeira?" [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279371.
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Orientador: Sebastião Carlos Velasco e CruzDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T20:32:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rinaldi_PatriciaNogueira_M.pdf: 1872331 bytes, checksum: e9f436b9c10b0c7533d976906618d7d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: Essa dissertação se debruça sobre o fenômeno dos fundos soberanos de riqueza, definidos como veículos de aplicações financeiras estatais realizadas prioritariamente no exterior. O principal problema analisado refere-se aos impactos dessa intervenção estatal, uma vez que os Estados se configuram, por meio dos FSR, como verdadeiros players do sistema financeiro internacional, apresentando sérias implicações para o processo de globalização financeira, especialmente após, pelo menos, três décadas de promoção de princípios de redução do papel do Estado nos mercados. Busca-se entender se os FSR seriam instrumentos de retrocesso ou de avanço da globalização financeira em torno de três eixos de discussão: da análise das precondições para o surgimento dos FSR, que apontam para uma mudança na divisão internacional do trabalho; da análise dos motivos que levam os países a criarem FSR, que apontam para uma mudança na configuração da autoridade estatal no processo de globalização financeira; e da análise do processo regulatório dos FSR, que aponta para o controle de medidas protecionistas dos países receptores contra esses investimentos estatais. A discussão é embasada por uma categorização das principais características de trinta FSR selecionados
Abstract: This dissertation investigates the sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), which are vehicles for governments' financial investments, allocated priory in foreign financial assets. The main problem under concern refers to state intervention as long as states are truly players in the international financial system. It represents major repercussions for the financial globalization process, especially after the massive promotion of principles such as state retrenchment. Therefore, it is investigated if SWFs are stumbling blocks or stepping stones to financial globalization, in a three-basis discussion: analysis of the pre-conditions for SWFs development as a result of rearrangements in the international division of labor; analysis of the purposes for creating a SWF as a result of rearrangements in the states authorities in relation to financial globalization; and analysis of SWF regulation process against protectionism actions from recipient countries. The discussion is supported by a categorization of the main characteristics from thirty selected funds
Mestrado
Economia Política Internacional
Mestre em Ciência Política
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Tessema, Samuel Tilahun. "Competition to attract foreign direct investment through tax incentives as a threat for the realisation of socio-economics in Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/8064.
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The main objective of the study is to show how the use of tax incentives as
means of attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is threatening the realisation of socio-economic rights in
Africa.
Particular attention is given on how the granting of generous tax incentives can affect the proper and adequate provision of public services and infrastructures by highly reducing government revenue. The
research does not intend to analyse the impact of loss of revenue through tax
incentives on each and every socio-economic right. Rather the focus is on its
general impact on obligations of African states to respect, protect and fulfill socio-economic rights as derived from the major international, regional and national
human rights instrumentsThesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Mr Pramod Bissessur, Faculty of Law and Management, University of Mauritius
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
Books on the topic "Investments, Foreign – Economic aspects"
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Wacker, Konstantin M. Empirical aspects of foreign direct investment and economic development. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2013.
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Rojec, Matija. Foreign direct investment in Slovenia: Some aspects of foreign investors' considerations. Ljubljana: Republic of Slovenia, Ministry of Economic Relations and Development, 1994.
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Group, Public Interest Research, ed. The reality of foreign investments: German investments in India, 1991-1996. Delhi: Madhyam Books, 1997.
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S, Teufel Andrew, ed. Fisher investments on telecommunications. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011.
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John, Cantwell, ed. Foreign direct investment and technological change. Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar Pub., 1999.
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Spedding, Linda S. Trade and investment in India: Economic development and environmental issues. London: Cameron May, 1997.
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Germany), Bertelsmann Stiftung (Gütersloh. Shaping globalization: New trends in foreign direct investment. Gütersloh: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2012.
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Alesina, Alberto. Who gives foreign aid to whom and why? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.
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Takeover: Foreign investment and the Australian psyche. Collingwood, Vic: Black Inc., 2015.
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Higgins, Matthew. Asian demography and foreign capital dependence. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Investments, Foreign – Economic aspects"
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Mossig, Ivo, and Michael Lischka. "Globalisation, Economic Interdependencies and Economic Crises." In International Impacts on Social Policy, 289–304. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86645-7_23.
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AbstractSince the early 1990s, globalisation has become a core subject of social science research. By analysing long-term data on trade, economic growth and foreign direct investments (FDI), we identify three different waves of economic globalisation separated by episodes of deep economic crises like the Great Depression. We discuss the causes and specific manifestations of economic globalisation and economic crises in each phase and briefly outline their impact on the dynamics of social policy. This introduction to Part III “Globalization, Economic Interdependencies and Economic Crises” thus represents the background for the following eight chapters examining key aspects of the effects of global economic developments on the introduction and design of social policies.
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Dat, Luu Van. "Foreign Investment Law in Vietnam: Legal and Economic Aspects and Comparative Analysis." In Economic Development and Prospects in the ASEAN, 87–97. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25921-2_3.
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Beissel, Stefan. "Economic Aspects." In Cybersecurity Investments, 79–141. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30460-1_4.
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Hemmer, Hans-Rimbert, Ralf Krüger, and Jennifer Seith. "Foreign Direct Investment and Income Inequality revisited." In Aspekte der internationalen Ökonomie / Aspects of International Economics, 97–115. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-82092-1_7.
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Maswood, S. Javed. "Foreign Investments and the Multilateral Agreement on Investments." In The South in International Economic Regimes, 70–86. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230626270_3.
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Kostyunina, Galina M. "Foreign Direct Investments in the EAEU." In The Economic Dimension of Eurasian Integration, 67–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59886-0_3.
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Buckley, Peter J., and Robert D. Pearce. "UK Foreign Aid." In International Aspects of UK Economic Activities, 141–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6952-3_10.
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Jinji, Naoto, Xingyuan Zhang, and Shoji Haruna. "Which Aspect of Firm Performance is Important for the Choice of Globalization Mode?" In Advances in Japanese Business and Economics, 39–48. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5210-3_3.
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AbstractThe relationship between firm performance and the choice of globalization mode, such as exports, foreign direct investment (FDI), and foreign outsourcing (FO), has been extensively investigated. For example, Melitz (2003) theoretically predicts a premium in productivity for firms engaging in exporting goods, relative to those supplying goods only to their domestic markets.
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Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, and Matthew B. Adler. "The Rise of Emerging Market Multinationals: Economic and Business Challenges Ahead." In Foreign Direct Investments from Emerging Markets, 413–24. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230112025_21.
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Jones, David R. "Domestic and Economic Aspects of Gorbachev’s Foreign Policy." In Soviet Foreign Policy, 32–49. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11341-5_3.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Investments, Foreign – Economic aspects"
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Süt, Ali Talih, and Özge Yüksel. "The Effect of Foreign Direct Investments on Unemployment: The Case of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c14.02691.
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Many studies in the literature focus the positive contribution of foreign direct investments, especially in the economic growth process of developing countries' economies. However, there is no consensus on the effects of foreign direct investments on unemployment yet. Accordingly, in this study, the short and long-term relationships between foreign direct investment and unemployment in Turkey between the years 1988-2020 were examined. The findings of the study confirmed the views in the literature that "the effect of foreign direct investments on unemployment is positive", in other words, "direct foreign investments increase unemployment". In addition, according to the Granger causality analysis results, a one-way causality relationship from unemployment to foreign direct investments was observed. Considering the policies followed by Turkey after the January 24 decisions, foreign direct investments are not an element that can be easily abandoned for the country, as it increases the domestic production volume, implements technological innovations, and sets an example for domestic formations in many aspects. Additionally, it is thought to be at a very important point in terms of ensuring integration with the outside world. In this context, the study points out that in addition to encouraging foreign direct investments within the scope of stable growth, domestic investors should be supported in terms of the consistency of employment policies.
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Galetin, Milena, and Viktória Csizmadiáné Czuppon. "IMPACT OF FOREIGN INVESTMENTS IN VESZPRÉM COUNTY AND THE BALATON REGION: A DIFFERENT APPROACH." In XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujvcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.171g.
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The importance of foreign investment for both foreign investors and host states (i.e. the economic development of the country receiving capital) is without question. Among the motives for cross-border movement of capital are profit making, entering new markets and cheaper production1. In that sense foreign investments are suitable tools which allow companies to expand their cross-border operations and possibility to become key economic players, locally and globally. The authors deal with the impact of foreign investment on local companies/local producers in Veszprém County and the Balaton Region. The research aims to explore their attitude - advantages and obstacles they encounter due to the existence of foreign companies. There was a requirement to analyze investment disputes in which Hungary is a party, scrutinizing socio-legal aspects of foreign investment. This research consists of four parts. After the introduction, the results of the survey are shown in the second part and investment disputes in the third part. Although the survey was done just before the COVID 19 outbreak, in some parts of the paper it was necessary to address certain issues in this context. The combination of theoretical analysis and empirical research that is characteristic of social sciences is used. Finally, in the last part, concluding remarks along with recommendations are presented.
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Gazioğlu, Şaziye, and Fatoş Otcuoğlu. "The Central Asian Countries and the Energy Sector: Economics, Politics and Legal Aspects." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00434.
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This paper is written with aim of investigating the importance of the natural resources within the Central Asian energy sector. The geopolitics position of the Central Asian Countries place them in the centre of conflicting powers; that is to say, on the one hand they are providing energy to Europe and USA, and on the other hand they are next to China, which has the highest and growing demand for energy consumption. In political arena, China accordingly seeks to prevent the independence of East Turkistan, which has historical links to Turkistan (West) in Russia. In this regard, we examine the energy policies and trade between states, and we particularly focus on the gas and oil pipelines from said countries to Europe. We also examine the demand from Caucasian and the Central Asian Countries by European, and Pacific Countries and, as well as, the USA. Correspondingly, we discuss the political conflicts upon the energy investments, and mainly concentrate on the investments in Central Asian and Commonwealth of Independent States (“CIS”), and the political risks and legal disputes relating to foreign energy investment and stability implications in this regard.
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Khalitova, Madina Muratovna, and Saule Baltabekovna Toleubayeva. "FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN IMPROVING THE FINANCIAL LITERACY OF THE SOCIETY." In XV Международная научно-практическая конференция «Научные междисциплинарные исследования». KDU, Moscow, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31453/kdu.ru.978-5-7913-1194-8-2021-221-228.
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The global upheavals of recent years have had a serious impact on the personal well-being of citizens. It becomes important for a person to effectively manage the family budget, which requires increasing the level of knowledge about finance, economics, investments, etc. The purpose of the report is to study foreign experience and Kazakhstan's experience in improving financial literacy. Practice shows that the formation of financial literacy, instilling culture and reasonable, rational behavior is necessary for society and the economy as a whole. It is possible to achieve such results by changing a person's consciousness. The younger generation has a huge potential in this regard. Currently, only some aspects of economic thinking are addressed in the works of teachers. The methodology of the article is based on the study of the works of foreign authors on the problems of the impact of crises of various etymologies and origins on the change in financial literacy, including certain elements: levels, factors, policy, structure. The result of the study was to identify the features of financial literacy systems in different countries. The analysis showed that financial literacy is considered a well-developed element in the general model of economic consciousness formation. However, at the present stage, the problem of financial literacy and economic awareness is not given due attention in countries, including developed ones. The article was prepared within the framework of the project of grant financing of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan "transformation of the economic consciousness of society in the conditions of the pathology of the economy (on the example of the Republic of Kazakhstan)" (IRN AR09259332).
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Khalitova, Madina Muratovna, and Saule Baltabekovna Toleubayeva. "FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN IMPROVING THE FINANCIAL LITERACY OF THE SOCIETY." In XV Международная научно-практическая конференция «Научные междисциплинарные исследования». KDU, Moscow, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31453/kdu.ru.978-5-7913-1194-8-2021-221-228.
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The global upheavals of recent years have had a serious impact on the personal well-being of citizens. It becomes important for a person to effectively manage the family budget, which requires increasing the level of knowledge about finance, economics, investments, etc. The purpose of the report is to study foreign experience and Kazakhstan's experience in improving financial literacy. Practice shows that the formation of financial literacy, instilling culture and reasonable, rational behavior is necessary for society and the economy as a whole. It is possible to achieve such results by changing a person's consciousness. The younger generation has a huge potential in this regard. Currently, only some aspects of economic thinking are addressed in the works of teachers. The methodology of the article is based on the study of the works of foreign authors on the problems of the impact of crises of various etymologies and origins on the change in financial literacy, including certain elements: levels, factors, policy, structure. The result of the study was to identify the features of financial literacy systems in different countries. The analysis showed that financial literacy is considered a well-developed element in the general model of economic consciousness formation. However, at the present stage, the problem of financial literacy and economic awareness is not given due attention in countries, including developed ones. The article was prepared within the framework of the project of grant financing of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan "transformation of the economic consciousness of society in the conditions of the pathology of the economy (on the example of the Republic of Kazakhstan)" (IRN AR09259332).
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Gerni, Cevat, Selahattin Sarı, Ömer Selçuk Emsen, and Burhan Kabadayı. "Foreign Direct Investment in Transition Economies: Is It Related to Export Expansion or Import Substitution?" In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00968.
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It is propounded that there are two motivations behind foreign direct investments (FDI). One of them is to invest in foreign countries because of trade barrier to export. In this case foreign investors operate in import substitution industries (ISI). The second fact to invest in another country away from homeland is to get benefit from cost advantages such as cheap labor and inputs, positioning closed to developed countries. With this aspect foreign investors operate in export oriented sectors (EOS). The economic consequences were discussed lighting on study’s aim examining the FDI to Transitions Countries whether are ISI or EOS. The foreign direct investments to Transitions Countries were investigated by panel data analysis. First and second generation unit root tests and cross section dependency tests were applied. Long and short term regressions were realized. The data set were obtained from Word Bank Data Base and annually data were collected between 1993 and 2012. Theoretically and statistically expected coefficients and coefficient’s sign for explanatory variables have been obtained. It is as a result observed that the countries have higher internal market potential to take foreign direct investments to import substitution industries. The countries close to developed economies have been drawing foreign direct investments to export oriented sectors.
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Кузьмина, Ольга Юрьевна, and Владислав Александрович Елисеев. "INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF RUSSIAN BONDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC." In Исследование и практика в социально-экономической и гуманитарной сфере: сборник избранных статей Всероссийской (национальной) научно-практической конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Май 2022). Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/ipgs328.2022.50.47.003.
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В статье рассматриваются основные аспекты инвестиционной привлекательности российских облигаций в условиях нарастающей геополитической напряженности и внешнеэкономической определенности. Отдельно выделен анализ динамики роста объемов и количества дефолтов на российском рынке облигаций. В выводе представлены результаты интегральной оценки инвестиционной привлекательности российских облигаций. The article discusses the main aspects of the investment attractiveness of Russian bonds in the face of growing geopolitical tensions and foreign economic certainty. Separately, the analysis of the growth dynamics of volumes and the number of defaults in the Russian bond market is highlighted. The conclusion presents the results of an integral assessment of the investment attractiveness of Russian bonds.
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Hamah Saeed, Tahseen. "The normative role of the economic legal rule and the results of its application to the investment law in the Kurdistan region." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF DEFICIENCIES AND INFLATION ASPECTS IN LEGISLATION. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicdial.pp104-122.
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The reciprocal treatment between law and economics has become a fact in the real world. And that the influence and influence between them reached the point of putting the independence of each under question. The central role that the economy plays in the modern era, especially after the emergence of the phenomenon of globalization and the spread of transnational companies and the dominance of the liberal and capitalist intellectual current, caused the emergence of a special type of law and legal rules called economic legal rules that have characteristics that distinguish them from other legal rules. This is due to the special nature of the economy of change. Fast and complex. And it came to the point that some scholars claimed that the economy has become in the center and that the law lacks its independence and has no function but to regulate the affairs of the economy so that the latter performs its original and important function in modern societies. Although the opinion regarding the relativity of this independence differs among the jurists of the Latin school from the Anglo-Saxon school. The jurists of the Latin school in general recognize more independence of the law, while the Anglo-Saxon jurists go to the more influence of the economy on the law than the effect of the law on the economy. Especially in developing countries in need of development and development. That is why the researcher tries to apply the result of the structural role of the economic legal base on one of the economic laws in the afflicted Kurdistan region, which needs the most what it needs is change and development in both areas of law and economy. Especially with regard to investing and working with internal capital and attracting foreign investors, in order to remove some injustice from the oppressed people at a time when the reality was finally fair and gave them the opportunity to have their legitimate authority and enjoy the opportunity to rise and move to reach the level of progress of the world in the modern era and keep pace with what its brothers have reached in humanity from other peoples.
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Azgün, Sabri, Ziya Çağlar Yurttançıkmaz, Mine Gerni, and Selahattin Sarı. "Determination of the Level of Intra Industry Trade and Sectoral Competition Power between Turkey and Central Asian Turkic Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01521.
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In terms of Intra-industry trade, international investments, technology transfer and capital movements, has increased the interdependence of countries and increasingly have similar economic structures of countries. Intra-industry trade, is of goods and services with the same or similar factor intensity in production or, two-way trade of goods and services that are close substitutes for each other as the demand side. Intra-industry trade, is extremely important in terms of the determination of competitive aspects and of foreign exchange earnings of the country and industry. The aim of this study is to determine the level of intra-industry trade between Turkey and The Turkic Central Asian countries and productive product and sectors to be advantageous in Turkey's intra-industry trade. In this study, Using The Balassa and Grubel-Lloyd index of Intra-ındustry trade measurement methods will be analyzed the development of intra-industry trade between Turkey and The Turkic Central Asian countries for the period 1995-2013 and highly competitive industry and products will be determined on the basis of foreign trade data in STIC 9 digit.
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Plevokaitė, Jurgita, and Raimonda Martinkutė-Kaulienė. "Estimation of Investment Perspectives in the Baltic Stock Market." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. VGTU Technika, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibme.2015.01.
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Short analysis of stock market and stock indices of Baltic countries is presented in the article. Theoretical aspects of importance of fundamental economic analysis, presented by Lithuanian and foreign authors for investigation of investment market is analysed and presented in the research. Research of correlation analysis and stochastic dependence test between chosen stock indices and macroeconomic indicators of Baltic countries is fulfilled. After analysis of the 2004–2013 year period statistics, the relationship between macroeconomic indicators and stock indices in the long term is established. After evaluating the results of the research, macroeconomic indicators, mostly influencing the changes in Baltic stock markets are picked out and their influence on stock indices is described. Investment perspectives in the Baltic stock market are estimated in the near future using macroeconomic forecastings of every country.
Reports on the topic "Investments, Foreign – Economic aspects"
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Romero, Antonio. The Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement and relations between European Union and Cuba. Fundación Carolina, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dtff01en.
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This document makes an assessment of the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement (PDCA) between Cuba and the European Union (EU) in its four years of validity, and of the evolution of political and economic relations between both parties. The analysis is structured in five headings that address the background, determinants and significance of the PDCA between Cuba and the EU; the main elements discussed in the political dialogue —and in thematic dialogue— between the two parties since 2018, and the central aspects of trade, investment and cooperation relations between Cuba and the EU. The report concludes that, unlike the United States, the EU is able to support the complex process of economic and institutional transformations underway in Cuba, in four fundamental areas: i) technical assistance and advice for the design and implementation of public policies, macroeconomic management, decentralisation and local development; ii) cooperation to fight climate change and transform Cuba’s productive and technological structure; iii) the promotion and encouragement of foreign investment flows from Europe, targeting key productive sectors; and iv) the exploration of financial opportunities for Cuba through the European Investment Bank (EIB) under the current PDCA.
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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Foreign assistance investments contribute to U.S. economic growth and employment. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133435.
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Barrientos González, Cristian. Impacto de la Ley 20.780 impositiva de la reforma tributaria, implementada en Chile en 20214. Universidad Autónoma de Chile, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/12728/988820217.
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In the company that is just beginning its operations, the tax regime is one of the determining economic aspects when starting a project, it determines the conditions of each industry and the economy of each country. In Chile, Tax modifications are not common, they represent important milestones that mark a before and after in the country's economic development, either by the way it affects each institution, or by how the Chilean economic market is perceived and by Foreign investment. The main objective of this study is to measure the quantitative and qualitative impact of the new tax law of the Tax Reform Law 20,780, implemented in Chile in 2014. Affecting the growth of the Gross Domestic Product of Chile and the yields in the index of Selective prices of the Shares, as well as affecting some sectors of the industry and consequently generating a lower tax collection during the implementation of the aforementioned reform, being useful and important information to consider in the development and implementation of future projects related to the issue of tax policies in the country. Despite the above, the tax discussion is going to be an issue that will be discussed again, considering the effects of the pandemic by covid-19 that has affected the whole world and especially Chile, with the tax issue being a foundation pillar at the time of economic recovery in our country.
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Li, Yin, and William Lazonick. China’s Development Path: Government, Business, and Globalization in an Innovating Economy. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp190.
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We employ the “social conditions of innovative enterprise” framework to analyze the key determinants of China’s development path from the economic reforms of 1978 to the present. First, we focus on how government investments in human capabilities and physical infrastructure provided foundational support for the emergence of Chinese enterprises capable of technological learning. Second, we delve into the main modes by which Chinese firms engaged in technological learning from abroad—joint ventures with foreign multinationals, global value chains, and experienced high-tech returnees—that have contributed to industrial development in China. Third, we provide evidence on achievements in indigenous innovation—by which we mean improvements in national productive capabilities that build on learning from abroad and enable the innovating firms to engage in global competition—in the computer, automobile, communication-technology, and semiconductor-fabrication industries. Finally, we sketch out the implications of our approach for current debates on the role of innovation in China’s development path as it continues to unfold.
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Lenhardt, Amanda. Development Finance for Socioeconomic Programming in Response to Covid-19. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/cc.2021.009.
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The Covid-19 crisis led multilateral and bilateral donors to revise their funding strategies to respond to the crisis and to adapt existing programming to the new context it created. This resulted in changes to overall allocations, with some countries increasing aid commitments and institutions like the World Bank scaling up lending to low- and middle-income countries while others have cut aid budgets due to low economic growth and demands on domestic resources at home. Changes in aid volumes and disbursal mechanisms are anticipated to have significant impacts on low- and middle-income countries’ abilities to cope with the crisis in the short term, and the targeting of these investments are likely to have a lingering effect on recoveries for years to come. Although aid makes up a small proportion of countries’ available finance to tackle the Covid-19 crisis, “other financing options such as foreign direct investment, workers’ remittances, and taxes – have fallen and are slow to recover” (Prizzon, 2021). Aid finance will therefore be critical to many countries’ short-term responses to Covid-19 and capacities to abate longer-term negative impacts on social and economic outcomes as countries begin to recover. This report gives a broad overview of trends in bilateral, multilateral, and private foundations’ funding strategies over the course of the pandemic to highlight observable shifts in practice. The review is based on a rapid search of funding announcements from a selection of bilateral donors, a selection of multilateral institutions, and overall trends reported by foundations. The report also includes evidence reported by secondary literature on finance for development over the course of the Covid-19 crisis.
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Boustati, Alma. The Advantages and Disadvantage of Double Taxation Agreements for Developing Countries. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.143.
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When a developing and a developed country sign Double Taxation Agreements (DTAs), its generally the case that the developing country is the one that forgoes some of its tax revenues (Braun & Fuentes, 2016). Nevertheless, developing countries enter these agreements on the assumption that this will have enough economic benefits to offset these losses (Neumayer, 2007). Besides alleviating the burden of double taxation, DTAs also have the added value of improving exchange of information, which helps combat tax evasion and avoidance (Barthel et al., 2009). One of the incentives for signing DTAs for developing countries is the increase in Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) (Neumayer, 2007). The evidence from the literature on the link between signing DTAs and increasing FDIs is very mixed, with some finding a positive impact and others finding no impact (Quak & Timmis, 2018). However, the literature points to some clear factors that drive the relationship between FDIs and DTAs. There are also studies that attempt to quantify the tax revenue loss of developing countries when they enter DTAs. All the studies find substantial negative loss, although most do not account for the potential benefit of increased FDIs (ActionAid, 2016; IMF, 2014; Janský & Šedivý, 2018; McGauran, 2013; Van de Poel, 2016). There are also other reasons for why developing countries may still commit to negotiate and enter DTAs even when the benefits are not guaranteed. This includes increasing diplomatic ties with the treaty partner and the incentive of receiving foreign aid (Braun and Zagler, 2017). The other is a prisoner’s dilemma situation. The two most prevalent DTA conventions are the OECD Model and the UN Model. The UN Model tends to be more advantageous for developing countries compared to the OECD Model (Eyitayo-Oyesode, 2020). There are many issues over which the UN Committee’s expert members from developed and developing countries disagree but developed country member are better at influencing decisions. Finally, the OECD Model is updated more frequently, resulting in the UN one being comparatively out of date (Hearson, 2015; Quak & Timmis, 2018). Generally, the literature on the impact of DTAs on developing countries’ economies is extensive. This is especially the case for the impact of DTAs on FDIs as well as on tax revenue loss. However, because of the complexity of these issues, many of the empirical studies inevitably suffer from methodological issues that make conclusive claims very difficult. Notably missing from the literature is the impact of DTAs on international trade.
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Financial Stability Report - September 2015. Banco de la República, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2015.
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From this edition, the Financial Stability Report will have fewer pages with some changes in its structure. The purpose of this change is to present the most relevant facts of the financial system and their implications on the financial stability. This allows displaying the analysis more concisely and clearly, as it will focus on describing the evolution of the variables that have the greatest impact on the performance of the financial system, for estimating then the effect of a possible materialization of these risks on the financial health of the institutions. The changing dynamics of the risks faced by the financial system implies that the content of the Report adopts this new structure; therefore, some analyses and series that were regularly included will not necessarily be in each issue. However, the statistical annex that accompanies the publication of the Report will continue to present the series that were traditionally included, regardless of whether or not they are part of the content of the Report. In this way we expect to contribute in a more comprehensive way to the study and analysis of the stability of the Colombian financial system. Executive Summary During the first half of 2015, the main advanced economies showed a slow recovery on their growth, while emerging economies continued with their slowdown trend. Domestic demand in the United States allowed for stabilization on its average growth for the first half of the year, while other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and Japan showed a more gradual recovery. On the other hand, the Chinese economy exhibited the lowest growth rate in five years, which has resulted in lower global dynamism. This has led to a fall in prices of the main export goods of some Latin American economies, especially oil, whose price has also responded to a larger global supply. The decrease in the terms of trade of the Latin American economies has had an impact on national income, domestic demand, and growth. This scenario has been reflected in increases in sovereign risk spreads, devaluations of stock indices, and depreciation of the exchange rates of most countries in the region. For Colombia, the fall in oil prices has also led to a decline in the terms of trade, resulting in pressure on the dynamics of national income. Additionally, the lower demand for exports helped to widen the current account deficit. This affected the prospects and economic growth of the country during the first half of 2015. This economic context could have an impact on the payment capacity of debtors and on the valuation of investments, affecting the soundness of the financial system. However, the results of the analysis featured in this edition of the Report show that, facing an adverse scenario, the vulnerability of the financial system in terms of solvency and liquidity is low. The analysis of the current situation of credit institutions (CI) shows that growth of the gross loan portfolio remained relatively stable, as well as the loan portfolio quality indicators, except for microcredit, which showed a decrease in these indicators. Regarding liabilities, traditional sources of funding have lost market share versus non-traditional ones (bonds, money market operations and in the interbank market), but still represent more than 70%. Moreover, the solvency indicator remained relatively stable. As for non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the slowdown observed during the first six months of 2015 in the real annual growth of the assets total, both in the proprietary and third party position, stands out. The analysis of the main debtors of the financial system shows that indebtedness of the private corporate sector has increased in the last year, mostly driven by an increase in the debt balance with domestic and foreign financial institutions. However, the increase in this latter source of funding has been influenced by the depreciation of the Colombian peso vis-à-vis the US dollar since mid-2014. The financial indicators reflected a favorable behavior with respect to the historical average, except for the profitability indicators; although they were below the average, they have shown improvement in the last year. By economic sector, it is noted that the firms focused on farming, mining and transportation activities recorded the highest levels of risk perception by credit institutions, and the largest increases in default levels with respect to those observed in December 2014. Meanwhile, households have shown an increase in the financial burden, mainly due to growth in the consumer loan portfolio, in which the modalities of credit card, payroll deductible loan, revolving and vehicle loan are those that have reported greater increases in risk indicators. On the side of investments that could be affected by the devaluation in the portfolio of credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the largest share of public debt securities, variable-yield securities and domestic private debt securities is highlighted. The value of these portfolios fell between February and August 2015, driven by the devaluation in the market of these investments throughout the year. Furthermore, the analysis of the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) shows that all intermediaries showed adequate levels and exhibit a stable behavior. Likewise, the fragility analysis of the financial system associated with the increase in the use of non-traditional funding sources does not evidence a greater exposure to liquidity risk. Stress tests assess the impact of the possible joint materialization of credit and market risks, and reveal that neither the aggregate solvency indicator, nor the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) of the system would be below the established legal limits. The entities that result more individually affected have a low share in the total assets of the credit institutions; therefore, a risk to the financial system as a whole is not observed. José Darío Uribe Governor