Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Investissements – Environnement'
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Aubin, Yann. "Investissements industriels et droit de l'environnement." Paris 10, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA100037.
Full textBitemo, Ndiwulu Xavier. "Comportement d’investissement en environnement incertain et sous contrainte de financement." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DENS0016.
Full textIn recent years, there has been a growing interest on the analysis of plant fixed investment under uncertainty. However, this work on capital accumulation in a risky environment ignores the role of imperfect markets and so the role of financing constraints. This study aims to fill this gap by analyzing the incidence of uncertainty on investment when the financing constraint is binding. For this purpose, we propose firstly a theoretical model of the decision to invest taking into account both demand uncertainty and credit rationing due to problems of information. Secondly, the conclusions of this model are econometrically tested using firm level data, a probit model of the decision to invest and a flexible accelerator model of investment spending. The results of our study are the following. On one hand, uncertainty has an important negative effect on irreversible investment and, on the other hand, financing constraints act as an amplifying mechanism of the negative impact of uncertainty on investment. The policy implication of these results is that stabilization policies and especially their credibility are essential to promote corporate investment by reducing uncertainty and financing constraints
Dinetan, Lee. "Ruine et investissement en environnement markovien." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30141/document.
Full textThis thesis aims at modelling and optimize an agent's (called "he") investment strategies when subjected to a Markovian environment, and to a liquidity risk happening when he runs out of liquid assets during an expense. Throughout this work, we deem that he aims at avoiding default; for this purpose, investment opportunities are available to him, allowing to increase his future expected incomes at the price of an immediate expense, therefore risking premature bankruptcy since investment is deemed illiquid: our goal is to find conditions under which incurring such liquidity risks is more advisable than declining a permanent income
Robert-Cuendet, Sabrina. "Protection de l'environnement et investissement étranger : les règles applicables à la dépossession du fait de la réglementation environnementale." Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010277.
Full textVallee, Lou-Salomé. "Essays on sustainable finance." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 10, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PA100023.
Full textThis doctoral thesis focuses on the theme of sustainable finance, more specifically on ESG investments in the debt market. This research aims to develop a formal framework for incorporating Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) criteria into risk management and investment decisions involving sovereign bonds. Indeed, the integration of sustainability considerations into the decision-making process for investments, as measured by ESG indicators is becoming mainstream but is not systematic into sovereign bond investment analysis and investment decision-making due to a lack of understanding among investors of how to integrate ESG issues into sovereign debt analysis and a lack of consistency in defining and measuring material ESG factors. The absence of a coherent investment framework for such integration is consistent with the relative scarcity of available academic research on the subject, which has focused more on ESG investing in equity markets and corporate bonds. The first part of this thesis investigates the impact of ESG criteria on the risk and return of sovereign bonds, from an investor's perspective. The second part of this thesis analyses ESG integration in sovereign bond portfolios and its implications in terms of risk management and investment decisions
Chan, Narith. "Institution et investissement : impact de l’environnement institutionnel sur l’entrée d’IDE au Cambodge." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO22005/document.
Full textAs part of the New Institutional Economics, Douglass C. North, has developed a theory of institutions as a new approach to the economic development study in which institutions play a key role. According to this theory, the presence of a strong institutional environment accelerates the development process; among the explanation, the determinant role of the institutional environment for FDI. Taking Cambodia as field of study, this dissertation tends to provide more evidence of this institution-FDI relation by showing that the relatively weak institutional environment in Cambodia discourage foreign investors. With its advantages, the kingdom is perceived by foreign firms as an attractive option for investment, but the investment risks resulting from the country’s legal and regulatory framework perceived by foreign firms, are among the concerns. Thus, the institutional reforms are not only used to give to society the public order, the adequate and effective public services with rule of law but also to promote foreign direct investments whose role in development has already confirmed
Loher-Delalune, Carol-Anne. "Trois essais sur l’engagement actionnarial : contribution à la compréhension des origines, des pratiques et des acteurs dans le contexte français." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lorient, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORIL651.
Full textFor more than thirty years, we have been witnessing a change in the financial system, especially with the rise of socially responsible investment and sustainable finance. Among socially responsible investment strategies, shareholder engagement consists in the use of the shareholders' rights in order to influence the strategy of the company in which they hold a share of capital towards an approach that is more respectful of environmental, social and governance criteria. It seems that shareholders are increasingly using this strategy. The thesis contributes, on the basis of an exploratory approach, to the understanding of the phenomenon of shareholder engagement in the French context through three essays. The first essay recounts the origins and emergence of shareholder engagement in France. The second essay presents the complexity of the ecosystem of shareholder engagement and identifies the obstacles to and levers for this practice in the French context. The third essay focuses on the complex role of non- governmental organizations and their contributions to the process of shareholder engagement
Zerbib, Olivier David. "Asset pricing and impact investing with pro-environmental preferences." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE1207.
Full textThis thesis addresses the effects of investors’ pro-environmental preferences on asset pricing and impact investing. The first chapter shows how sustainable investing, through the joint practice of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) integration and exclusionary screening, affects asset returns. The effect of these two practices translates into two taste premia and two exclusion premia that induce cross-effects between excluded and non-excluded assets. By using the holdings of 453 green funds investing in U.S. stocks between 2007 and 2019 to proxy for sustainable investors' tastes, I estimate the model applied to green investing and sin stock exclusion. The annual taste effect ranges from -1.12% to +0.14% for the different industries and the average exclusion effect is 1.43%. In the second chapter, I use green bonds as an instrument to identify the effect of non-pecuniary motives, specifically pro-environmental preferences, on bond market prices. I perform a matching method, followed by a two-step regression procedure, to estimate the yield differential between a green bond and a counterfactual conventional bond from July 2013 to December 2017. The results suggest a small negative premium: the yield of a green bond is lower than that of a conventional bond. On average, the premium is -2 basis points for the entire sample and for euro and USD bonds separately. I show that this negative premium is more pronounced for financial and low-rated bonds. The results emphasize the low impact of investors' pro-environmental preferences on bond prices, which does not represent, at this stage, a disincentive for investors to support the expansion of the green bond market. Finally, the third chapter shows how green investing spurs companies to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by raising their cost of capital. Companies' emissions decrease when the proportion of green investors and their environmental stringency increase. However, heightened uncertainty regarding future environmental impacts alleviates the pressure on the cost of capital for the most carbon-intensive companies and pushes them to increase their emissions. I provide empirical evidence supporting the theoretical results by focusing on U.S. stocks and using green fund holdings to proxy for green investors' beliefs. When the fraction of assets managed by green investors doubles, companies’ carbon intensity drops by 5% per year
Bouchonneau, Déborah. "Analyse du potentiel de développement des ressources d’hydrocarbure non conventionnelles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10053.
Full textInternational energy outlook emphasizes an increasing energy demand over the next decades. Crude oil should represent about 35% of primary energy supply by 2030 according to the IEA. Among supply sources, non conventional crude oil should contribute significantly to the supply of petroleum products, being strategic in terms of reserves and energy independence. This thesis aims to evaluate the development potential of non conventional crude oil using different scenarios regarding the economic and environmental context. Oil sands, essentially located in Canada, constitute our application. The first part of this thesis highlights two development phases: the first one, from 1980 to 2005, corresponding to the emergence of the oil sands sector through regulatory, economic and geographical levers; the second one, started in 2005 with the deterioration of the economic climate, during which oil sands development slowed down significantly. The second part of this thesis focuses on the prospective analysis of the horizon 2050. Firstly, the development of a supply model based on linear programming allowed us to quantify non conventional oil trend supply under deterministic price and environmental regulation scenarios. In particular, investment decision is significantly affected by the establishment of a CO2 tax. Secondly, the development of another supply model based on dynamic programming allowed us to evaluate future non conventional crude oil supply under uncertainties. A negative impact of price uncertainty and volatility on investment decision is highlighted, under or without environmental regulation. This negative impact is strengthened by the introduction of a supplementary uncertainty in environmental legal framework
Lebreton, Arnaud. "Les evolutions du principe de souverainete permanente sur les ressources naturelles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0088.
Full textForged since 1952, an impetus notably from certain Latin American states and reaffirmed by the numerous resolutions of the United Nations, permanent sovereignty over natural resources has developed into, under a slow evolution, a well-established principle of contemporary international law where the customary character was recently confirmed by the International Court of Justice. In clarifying the progressively restraining limits that international law can impose on states in regards to economic foreign interests, its formulation has principally had the interest of showing the complex relationship between sovereignty and the exploitation of resources above and below the ground. In fact, since developing countries accessed their independence through inherited economic structures from the colonial era and its avatars, they noticed early on the existing gap between their somewhat recognized intangible sovereignty and their inability to control their national economy that is still dominated by foreign companies and their former metropolitan powers concerned with protecting their supply of raw materials. Given that this situation lends itself to the perpetuation of dependent economic relationships, the newly independent states thus undertake, a revision of the concept of sovereignty, classically defined solely by political elements destined to eliminate: first, the legacy of colonial rule, and secondly, all forms of exploitation that oppose the real hold of the state over a range of activities related to natural resources situated on their territory. It is therefore understandable, that the numerous controversies raised by the interpretation of the terms and conditions of exercising the principle whose content risks causing a revision of the procedures of classic international law, particularly the subject of nationalization but also the calling into question of treaties and other concession contracts that are deemed contrary to equity. If it has become common to analyze the principle under a strictly historical angle, the purpose of this study will attempt to demonstrate that it is not wise to consider it as obsolete. Permanent sovereignty over natural resources remains a fundamental principle of international law, but not without undergoing changes. Two major tendencies must be specifically analyzed from a double dialectic angle. One tends to apprehend the relationship between people and the state in matters of a free disposal of the natural resources, the other intends to question the articulation between permanent sovereignty over natural resources and the demands tied to interdependency, in the economic sphere as well as in the environmental sphere
Balma, Lacina. "Essais sur les Investissements Publiques, Mécanismes de Financement et Croissance dans les Pays en Développement : Interactions et Rôle des Facteurs Structurels." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0113/document.
Full textThis dissertation seeks to study the public investment-financing-growth linkages whileeliciting the role of structural economic conditions. First, through an alternative scenario ofimproved structural economic conditions (efficiency and absorptive capacity) and comparing witha baseline scenario, we find that the growth potential is higher than the baseline. Consequently,stabilizing debt does not require painful fiscal consolidation. Second, through an aggressiveinvestment scaling-up scenario that builds on commercial borrowing in anticipation of future oilrevenue, we find that the economy is subject to absorptive capacity constraints and ultimately toDutch disease effects that affect negatively the non-oil GDP growth in the short run. Moreover,we find that structural reforms that address absorptive capacity constraints and inefficienciestranslate into sizable and sustainable increase in public capital. This in turn has a positive spillovereffect in terms of additional growth in the non-resource GDP. Third, we find that implementationdelays can offset the standard negative wealth effect from an increase in government investmentspending in the long run. Also, high-yielding public investment can substantially create positivewealth effect in the long run, raise output and enable private consumption and investment to fallless. Finally, we simulate a 40-percent across-the-board increase in public spending for primaryeducation, financed by an increase in taxes on household income and indirect taxes. We find thatthe two financing mechanisms, not only leads to an increase in the welfare but also to a decline inthe incidence of poverty for all household types. However, the indirect tax-based financing leadsto smaller outcomes compared to the income tax-based financing
Vu, Hong van. "La relation de clientèle banque-entreprise et la structure du pool bancaire dans un environnement corrompu : trois essais." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2D020/document.
Full textThis thesis consists of three research on the firms’ bank financing. The first essay focuses the influences of bank–firm relationships and political connections on firms’ access to credit. It uses a manually collected data set of Vietnamese medium-sized enterprises to show that bank–firm relationships (length of relationship with main bank and number of banks) and political connections have complementary effects on maximizing firms’ availability of credit. This research has policy implications for emerging economies characterized by local government corruption; it suggests that policymakers should prefer transactional banking systems to relationship banking systems, and it exposes the dark side of bank–firm relationships. The second essay investigates the effects of political connections and local corruption on the structures of firms’ bank pools. Using the same data set with our first essay, it finds that politically connected firms tend to establish their main bank relationships with connected banks. It also finds that connected firms reduce their numbers of banks and their diversity of bank ownership types in their bank pools when they achieve main bank relationships with connected banks; such firms maintain these bank pool structures when corruption is prevalent in their home provinces. Results demonstrate that local corruption is associated positively with number of banks and diversification of bank ownership types. The last essay explores the structure of firms’ bank pools in emerging economies characterized by corruption. In the proposed theoretical model, firm managers maximize an expected utility function that depends on both firm value and personal consumption. According to the weight they assign to each component, managers choose among three bank pool structures to combine some number of banks and the choice of a main bank that is more or less corrupt. The test of this model relies on the same rich data set with our first essay. The results confirm that firms and banks match, in terms of their levels of integrity. Moreover, firms tend to increase the number of banks in the bank pool when they cannot achieve a relationship with a desirable main bank
Benjelloun, Anas. "Les déterminants des IDE polluants : application aux IDE espagnols en Amérique latine et en Europe." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32052.
Full textWe have plotted a complex link between Economy and Environment, consequently we could determined the main objective of this thesis which was on one hand to highlight various papers and studies about the theory of contamination havens and about others competitive theories, and on another hand, to propose an empirical contribution to these theories. Thus, by evaluating the attractiveness of Latin America and Europe for Spanish manufacturing corporations involved in sectors known as contaminated, we focused on the fact that the determinants of this attract to both regions don’t follow the same way. In order to fulfill this specific study, we have used a gravity model developed using econometric panel data. Indeed, we have built our four main chapters of the thesis around these major points. The results obtained can argue that effects of contamination havens effectively exist in Latin America, strengthening conclusions put out by the defenders of this theory. Moreover, the place where are located Spanish contaminating manufacturing in thisregion are determined by the existence of agglomeration economies, skilled labor market, a weak engagement in environment issues united to a high level of corruption governmental institutions.In consequence, we can add that the Spanish government in this zone feels less concerned by the quality of way of life and liberty of citizens than by levels of taxes and size of domestic market. Concerning the Spanish implementation of strategies in these Europeans countries, the most relevant are horizontal strategies which seem to dominate internationalization process in Spanish contaminating manufacturing. These ones seem to pay attention to the quality of skilled labor forces, strength of infrastructure, agglomeration economies and access to the market more than the control of environmental local policies
Matchuendem, Domguia Borelle. "Environnement économique et investissement agricole : effet de la gestion de l'offre." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69821.
Full textSupply management (SM) in the agricultural sector creates a relatively stabilized environment for producers since this type of market regulation sets an equilibrium between agricultural supply and demand at the National level (National Level), SM determines the price received in production based on production costs and import control. Economists identify investment as a very important factor for economic growth, productivity, and market efficiency. For a long time, the relationship between SM and investment has generated a debate among experts. However, to our knowledge,no scientific analysis has specifically emphasized this relationship in recent years. This study aims to make tangible contributions to this debate by analyzing the relationship between the sectors under SM (milk, egg, chicken), the sectors that are not under SM (pork, beef, grains, and oilseeds) and investment. To achieve this, a mixed research approach has been adopted based on the exploitation of secondary data and the collection of primary data through an online survey of management and funding advisors. The results of the study showed that producers under supply management would make higher investments and in a wide range of assets than producers who are not. They would invest in "offensive" investments such as technology, land purchase, construction of buildings, modernization of equipment, machinery, and new equipment. On the other hand, producers without supply management invest in “defensive” investments such as replacement investments and investments to comply with existing standards. Other results obtained from the survey of advisors show that factors associated with the economic environment which influences agricultural investments in descending order are income stability, price stability, investment opportunities, asset availability and profit margin. Producers under SM would therefore operate in an environment that stabilizes prices and incomes, which would generate a higher profit marginand boosts investment. It equally offers guarantees to financial institutions and increases there payment capacity of the operation. These results allow us to suggest that the economic environment (with or without SM) in whicha gricultural holdings operate influences their types of investments.
Bell, Mbea. "Three essays in the economics of greenhouse gas emissions' mitigation in the electricity sector." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28367.
Full textClimate change is one of the biggest challenges that the world is facing. In order to limit global warming, each political jurisdiction must implement a drastic climate policy to mitigate anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs). In this challenge, the electricity generation sector has a central role to play. On the one hand, it is a major contributor to the total GHG emissions, and on the other hand, this sector offers several alternatives for generating electricity without emissions, such as renewable sources or fossil fuel generators equipped with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) capacity. In three essays, this thesis examines cost-efficient solutions to reducing GHG emissions and promoting climate-friendly technologies in the electricity sector. The first essay compares an emissions tax and a clean energy standard using a calibrated general equilibrium model of electricity generation. The structure of electricity production features two plants: one that generates its output based on renewable sources and the other based on fossil source emitting CO2. The model is calibrated to match selected macroeconomic aggregates of the economy of British Columbia. The calibrated model is then used to conduct conceptual experiments that pit the overall cost of achieving the optimal emissions reduction target with a given policy instrument against the counterfactual cost of achieving the same target with an alternative policy instrument. The experiments lead to the conclusion that an emissions tax is more environmentally effective as well as more cost-effective than a clean energy standard. The second essay extends the comparison between a clean electricity standard and a carbon tax on cost-effectiveness grounds by adding innovation and market power. In our model, a two-stage competition in the electricity sector between a clean plant and its "dirty" rival anchors a two-sector general equilibrium model of climate change intervention. The dirty plant can innovate to reduce its emissions, and the clean plant can innovate to reduce its pre-existing cost-disadvantage. The model is calibrated to selected US macroeconomics aggregates. Results in this essay overturn those obtained in the first, where perfect competition was the feature of the electricity industry. The second essay thus shows cost-effective choice of climate policy instruments depends on the industrial organization of the electricity sector, as well as on the mechanisms plants use to respond to climate policy. Whereas the first two essays are only concerned with abatement incentives the third, by contrast, considers a climate policy action aimed, not only at incentivizing abatement, but also at promoting clean electricity solutions to climate change. These solutions have two competing sources. On the one hand, there are climate change solutions consisting of technological innovations that mitigate the intermittency and variability problems associated with renewable sources of electricity. Such solutions, when adequate, reduce the cost-disadvantage of renewable sources at reaching large-scale deployment. On the other hand, there are climate change solutions consisting of carbon abatement technologies that mitigate the trade-off between abatement effort and electricity output among fossil fuel generators. CCS technologies are an essential component of these fossil fuel-based climate change solutions. The main contribution of this essay is to show that, in countries with an abundant supply of fossil fuels, subsidizing fossil fuel-based climate change solutions can be an integral part of a cost-effective climate policy action aimed at achieving ambitious emissions reductions.
Harscoet, Erwan. "Développement d'une comptabilité environnementale orientée vers la création de valeur : l'application à un investissement de prévention des pollutions." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003071.
Full textKanouni, Hassani Rams, and Hassani Rams Kanouni. "Impact de l'incertitude sur la gestion de l'environnement et des ressources naturelles : une analyse en temps continu par la programmation dynamique et les options réelles." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18709.
Full textCette thèse utilise la mathématique et la théorie de l'économie financière pour étudier la gestion de la pollution, la valeur d'une centrale électrique thermique et le prix d'une ressource naturelle non renouvelable. Elle est composée de trois essais. Le premier essai analyse la décision d'investir afin de réduire les émissions d'un polluant de type stock sous deux types d'incertitude : économique (ce qui rend les émissions stochastiques car elles sont une conséquence de l’activité économique) et environnementale (ce qui affecte directement le stock de polluant). La littérature économique récente semble indiquer qu'en présence d'incertitude et de coûts irréversibles, l'action d’investir devrait être retardée. Nous utilisons des concepts de la théorie des options réelles et formulons ce problème de planificateur central comme un problème d'arrêt optimal en temps continu. Nous dérivons la règle d'arrêt correspondante et montrons que lorsque l'incertitude environnementale ou économique est suffisamment élevée, il est optimal d'investir immédiatement pour réduire les émissions. Ces résultats ont des implications sur la gestion des stocks de polluant stock, notamment pour la gestion des gaz à effet de serre. Le second essai s’appuie sur la théorie des options réelles pour évaluer la valeur d’une centrale électrique dans un marché déréglementé. Ce travail est motivé par la vague de déréglementation qui a sévi récemment dans le secteur de l'électricité. La littérature existante cherche plutôt à trouver la valeur d'option de vente d'une certaine quantité d'électricité à un moment donné dans le futur ou modélise la décision d'opérer une centrale électrique par simulation. Notre formulation considère qu'une usine de production d'électricité peut être dans deux états (à l'arrêt ou en fonctionnement); dans chaque état, la firme possède une option « call américaine » sur l'autre état et le passage d'un état à l'autre est coûteux. Nous supposons que le « spark spread » suit un processus de retour à la moyenne avec changements de régime et nous utilisons des données du marché californien pour notre application empirique. Nous montrons qu'avec la prise en compte des coûts de suspension et de génération d'électricité, il y a un effet d'hystérésis: les seuils de spark spread pour les décisions de produire et d'arrêter la production diffèrent. Nous utilisons ensuite ces règles de fonctionnement à court terme dans une méthodologie basée sur des simulations Monte Carlo pour estimer la valeur de la centrale. Le troisième essai rend plus générale la formulation du modèle de Gaudet et Khadr (1991) en considérant une fonction d'utilité non espérée afin de dériver une généralisation de la règle d'Hotelling. Alors que dans le cadre de l'utilité espérée la différence entre le taux de rendement espéré de l'actif risqué (la ressource non renouvelable) et celui d'un actif certain égale une prime de risque qui ne dépend que du coefficient d'aversion relative au risque et de la covariance entre la consommation et le rendement de l'actif risqué, cela n'est plus vrai avec notre fonction d'utilité plus générale. Nous montrons que la prime de risque dépend alors aussi de l'élasticité de substitution intertemporelle (qui n'est plus nécessairement égale à l'inverse du coefficient d'aversion relative au risque), de l'incertitude de l'utilité indirecte et de l'incertitude de l'utilité marginale de la richesse. La prise en compte de ces paramètres additionnels peut avoir des conséquences importantes. Supposons en effet que l'élasticité de substitution intertemporelle soit suffisamment élevée et que l'incertitude de l'utilité indirecte soit suffisamment faible relativement à celle de l'utilité marginale de la richesse. Alors, même si le consommateur est riscophobe et si la covariance entre la consommation et le rendement de la ressource non renouvelable est positive, il est possible que le consommateur exige une prime pour détenir l'actif risqué. Le taux de rendement espéré de ce dernier est inférieur au taux de rendement certain. Ce résultat est bien entendu exclu dans le cas de l'utilité espérée.
Using tools from mathematical finance and economic theory, this thesis studies the impact of uncertainty and irreversibility on decision-making related to the management of pollution, energy production, and the extraction of a non-renewable resource. It consists of three essays. The first essay analyzes the decision to invest to reduce the emissions of a stock pollutant under two types of uncertainty: economic (emissions are stochastic because of changes in economic activity) and environmental (which affects directly the stock of pollutant). A number of recent papers find that the decision to invest to reduce the emissions of a stock pollutant should be delayed in the presence of sunk costs and uncertainty. Using concepts from the theory of Real Options, we formulate a social planning problem in continuous time, derive the corresponding optimal stopping rule, and show that when economic or environmental uncertainty is large enough, it is optimal to invest immediately to reduce emissions. These results have implications for the management of stock pollutants and particularly for global warming. The second essay is concerned with the valuation of energy generating assets in a deregulated electricity market. The recent wave of deregulation initiatives in the electricity industry has created the need to value energy-generating assets in an uncertain environment in order to facilitate their sale. However, a number of authors have noted discrepancies between valuations predicted by a conventional cost-benefit approach and observed transactions. In this chapter, I analyze the importance of explicitly accounting for technological constraints in the generation process by modeling the decision to start and stop the production of electricity by a gas-powered plant. With the inclusion of these constraints, the generator may be in two different states, idle or generating electricity. In either state its operator has a call option to switch to the other state. These options depend on the spark spread (the difference between the price of electricity and the price of the fuel used to generate it, adjusted for equivalent units), which is assumed to follow a mean reverting process with regime changes. I use data from the California deregulated market to estimate the thresholds for starting and stopping production. These results are entered in a simple simulation framework to estimate the value of the electricity-generating asset in a competitive market. I find significant differences between a standard cost-benefit analysis and this Real Options approach. In my third essay, I derive a testable form of the price dynamics of a non-renewable natural resource in the context of a general equilibrium portfolio choice model where the representative agent has a non-expected utility function. The non-renewable nature of the resource introduces an element of irreversibility in the portfolio choice. An analog of Hotelling's rule is derived. In an expected utility framework, the difference between the rate of return of the risky asset (the non-renewable resource) and that of the riskless one equals a risk premium that depends only on the coefficient of relative risk aversion and the covariance between consumption and the return of the risky asset. I show that with this more general specification of the utility function, the risk premium depends also on the instantaneous elasticity of substitution (IES, which is not necessarily equal to the inverse of the coefficient of relative risk aversion), the uncertainty of the indirect utility function and the uncertainty of the marginal utility of wealth. These results have important consequences. If the IES is large enough and if the uncertainty of the indirect utility function is small enough, a risk-averse consumer may be willing to pay a premium to hold the risky asset even though the covariance between its return and consumption is positive. This case is of course excluded in the expected utility framework.
Using tools from mathematical finance and economic theory, this thesis studies the impact of uncertainty and irreversibility on decision-making related to the management of pollution, energy production, and the extraction of a non-renewable resource. It consists of three essays. The first essay analyzes the decision to invest to reduce the emissions of a stock pollutant under two types of uncertainty: economic (emissions are stochastic because of changes in economic activity) and environmental (which affects directly the stock of pollutant). A number of recent papers find that the decision to invest to reduce the emissions of a stock pollutant should be delayed in the presence of sunk costs and uncertainty. Using concepts from the theory of Real Options, we formulate a social planning problem in continuous time, derive the corresponding optimal stopping rule, and show that when economic or environmental uncertainty is large enough, it is optimal to invest immediately to reduce emissions. These results have implications for the management of stock pollutants and particularly for global warming. The second essay is concerned with the valuation of energy generating assets in a deregulated electricity market. The recent wave of deregulation initiatives in the electricity industry has created the need to value energy-generating assets in an uncertain environment in order to facilitate their sale. However, a number of authors have noted discrepancies between valuations predicted by a conventional cost-benefit approach and observed transactions. In this chapter, I analyze the importance of explicitly accounting for technological constraints in the generation process by modeling the decision to start and stop the production of electricity by a gas-powered plant. With the inclusion of these constraints, the generator may be in two different states, idle or generating electricity. In either state its operator has a call option to switch to the other state. These options depend on the spark spread (the difference between the price of electricity and the price of the fuel used to generate it, adjusted for equivalent units), which is assumed to follow a mean reverting process with regime changes. I use data from the California deregulated market to estimate the thresholds for starting and stopping production. These results are entered in a simple simulation framework to estimate the value of the electricity-generating asset in a competitive market. I find significant differences between a standard cost-benefit analysis and this Real Options approach. In my third essay, I derive a testable form of the price dynamics of a non-renewable natural resource in the context of a general equilibrium portfolio choice model where the representative agent has a non-expected utility function. The non-renewable nature of the resource introduces an element of irreversibility in the portfolio choice. An analog of Hotelling's rule is derived. In an expected utility framework, the difference between the rate of return of the risky asset (the non-renewable resource) and that of the riskless one equals a risk premium that depends only on the coefficient of relative risk aversion and the covariance between consumption and the return of the risky asset. I show that with this more general specification of the utility function, the risk premium depends also on the instantaneous elasticity of substitution (IES, which is not necessarily equal to the inverse of the coefficient of relative risk aversion), the uncertainty of the indirect utility function and the uncertainty of the marginal utility of wealth. These results have important consequences. If the IES is large enough and if the uncertainty of the indirect utility function is small enough, a risk-averse consumer may be willing to pay a premium to hold the risky asset even though the covariance between its return and consumption is positive. This case is of course excluded in the expected utility framework.
Boyer-Allirol, Béatrice. "Information environnementale : utilité pour l'investisseur et impact de la réglementation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM2019.
Full textUsing disclosure scores to assess the level of environmental information provided by 121 randomly selected European listed companies, this research has two major goals. First, it examines whether environmental information is useful to investors. Second, it analyzes whether it is worth regulating environmental disclosures. Results reveal that the usefulness of environmental disclosures for investors is not uniform. It varies among firms, increasing with (i) exposure to environmental risks; (ii) ownership dispersion; (iii) the level of financial opacity. Furthermore, results also reveal that regulation has a direct and induced favorable impact on corporate environmental disclosure. After controlling for the usual determinants of environmental disclosures, we show that firms subject to a law that regulates environmental reporting disclose more than those domiciled in countries that have developed guidelines only. Finally, in a context where environmental information is mainly voluntary, we show that firms reserve their environmental communication for their preferred stakeholders
Koumbou, Jean. "Le droit international de l'environnement et le système juridique angolais." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080101.
Full textThis study, devoted to the international law of the environment within the Angolan legal system, is interested in the development, the introduction, as well as the conditions of application of the international law of the environment into the Angolan legal order. After reviewing both the terms and the obstacles facing the opening of Angola to conventional international law of the environment, the study questions the effectiveness and the relevance of international and national features implemented to ensure the international environmental law enforcement in this country and to set an appropriate liability regime, in order to ensure the repair of damage to the environment
Chrétien, Samuel. "La performance environnementale des entreprises et le risque de réputation : une approche axée sur le comportement." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9771.
Full textStrakodonskaya, Liudmila. "Pitfalls and Prospects of Sustainability Risk Management under the Modern Investors’ Fiduciary Duty." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020005.
Full textThe compatibility of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) risks management with the investment management requirements under the investors` fiduciary duties (FD) figures among the key questions in today`s context of a rapid growth of sustainable investment strategies. This question is thus the subject of the ongoing regulatory developments in Europe and the object of recent lawsuits in the US federal jurisdiction. Despite these current legal developments, investors still have no clear answer to this issue, what leaves them inert in the face of these new and unconventional types of risk.In our research, we explore the recent advancements in the EU and the US legal practice aiming to determine to what extent the FD requires ESG risks consideration by investors in their investment management decisions. We identify ESG risks materiality and the effectiveness of risk hedging actions as fundamental elements for the definition of ESG risks management obligations of investors under the FD rule. We design a theoretical representation of ESG risks materiality under the FD law and identify that within the FD legal framework ESG risks are assimilated to financial risks; thus, their management is required only if they are financially material for investments. We also reveal that the FD law requires management of long-term ESG risks, which are sufficiently material considering the applied discount rate, and formulate a FD-compliant discounting principle. Then, through the Case Study of the recent US ERISA ESOP lawsuit, we establish that risk-aversion in the qualification of the effectiveness of ESG risk hedging actions could impede efficient risk management by incentivising investors not to hedge a material ESG risk
Zugravu-Soilita, Natalia. "Croissance, commerce, IDE et leur impact sur l'environnement : cas de l'Europe centrale et orientale et de la Communauté des États indépendants." Paris 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450676.
Full textKoumbou, Jean. "Le droit international de l'environnement et le système juridique angolais." Thesis, Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080101.
Full textThis study, devoted to the international law of the environment within the Angolan legal system, is interested in the development, the introduction, as well as the conditions of application of the international law of the environment into the Angolan legal order. After reviewing both the terms and the obstacles facing the opening of Angola to conventional international law of the environment, the study questions the effectiveness and the relevance of international and national features implemented to ensure the international environmental law enforcement in this country and to set an appropriate liability regime, in order to ensure the repair of damage to the environment
Reiche-De, Vigan Stéphanie. "Le droit et l'espace souterrain. Enjeux de propriété et de souveraineté en droit international et comparé." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3044.
Full textUntil today, there has been little interest of international Law concerning the earth’s subsurface, as the space that extends from the surface of the soil or of the seabed to the center of the earth. On the one hand, there is no rule of international law that regulates the use Sovereign States have of their territorial subsurface. It is currently understood that subsburface activities and property law that regulates them, are within domestic jurisdiction only and do not come under international law scrutinity as they waive the exercice of an absolute independance of States. On the other hand, the existing rules of international law that regulates extraterritorial subsurface, notably the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond national jurisdiction and the Antarctic, consider the earth’s subsurface mostly in terms of use and exploitation of mineral resources. Faced with the evergrowing uses of the subsurface that are solely used for extraction or for injection and storing, and regarding the impacts of some underground activities on the environment and on human rights, International Law must play a role by regulating the content and extent of rights that are exercised over the earth’s subsurface inside and outside territorial jurisdiction for development and protection purposes
Zugravu, Natalia. "Croissance, Commerce, IDE et leur impact sur l'Environnement : cas de l'Europe Centrale et Orientale et de la Communauté des Etats Indépendants." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450676.
Full textBenjelloun, Anas. "Les déterminants des IDE polluants : application aux IDE espagnols en Amérique latine et en Europe." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32052.
Full textWe have plotted a complex link between Economy and Environment, consequently we could determined the main objective of this thesis which was on one hand to highlight various papers and studies about the theory of contamination havens and about others competitive theories, and on another hand, to propose an empirical contribution to these theories. Thus, by evaluating the attractiveness of Latin America and Europe for Spanish manufacturing corporations involved in sectors known as contaminated, we focused on the fact that the determinants of this attract to both regions don’t follow the same way. In order to fulfill this specific study, we have used a gravity model developed using econometric panel data. Indeed, we have built our four main chapters of the thesis around these major points. The results obtained can argue that effects of contamination havens effectively exist in Latin America, strengthening conclusions put out by the defenders of this theory. Moreover, the place where are located Spanish contaminating manufacturing in thisregion are determined by the existence of agglomeration economies, skilled labor market, a weak engagement in environment issues united to a high level of corruption governmental institutions.In consequence, we can add that the Spanish government in this zone feels less concerned by the quality of way of life and liberty of citizens than by levels of taxes and size of domestic market. Concerning the Spanish implementation of strategies in these Europeans countries, the most relevant are horizontal strategies which seem to dominate internationalization process in Spanish contaminating manufacturing. These ones seem to pay attention to the quality of skilled labor forces, strength of infrastructure, agglomeration economies and access to the market more than the control of environmental local policies
Kooli, Chokri. "Transformation du système éducatif Omanais, quarante ans de formation de capital humain : évolution et performance." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0028.
Full textThe economic prosperity of many countries depends primarily on revenues of oil resources and derivatives. Since this type of resource is exhaustible, the question of protecting the economy of certain countries from the fluctuations of oil prices may raise. These countries need too, to ensure the prosperity of their local economy based on sustainable resources. The Sultanate of Oman has launched the challenges of the diversification of its economy. To achieve this, the political authorities have understood the usefulness of the development of human capital throughout the increase of the level of instruction and education of the population. Being aware that such investment in education is more productive than any other one, our goal consists to study and analyze the effectiveness of public decision to invest in education and its impact on the quality of human capital. Through the Omani model, we seek to measure the impact and contribution of forty years of massive investments in the education system and on the development of human capital of the Sultanate. Our research, aims to analyze how to balance between the utility of education as a development model and the effectiveness of investment in the education system? We will see how public decision to invest in human capital must take into account the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the educational process. The consequences of such investment model need to be examined through the Omani case
Caspary, Georg. "Institutional incoherence in development policy ? : the case of environmental and social safeguard systems in OECD-country public financing for large dams in developing countries." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007IEPP0025.
Full textPublic Financial Institutions (PFIs, author’s acronym) provide vital public investment investment for developing countries, while acting as an important ‘catalyst’ for private investment. This in turn contributes to broader growth and poverty reduction goals. Lack of coherence in actions of these PFIs could hamper these objectives. This thesis hopes to contribute to the coherence debate by comparing the stringency of safeguards applied by two different types of public financing institutions (PFIs, author’s acronym) in the building of large dams in developing countries. These are multilateral PFIs on the one hand; and OECD-country bilateral PFIs, consisting of Export Credit Agencies and national development financing institutions, on the other hand. The thesis compares the safeguards stringency of these two types of PFI firstly at the institutional level, by comparing the safeguards in place in a range of PFIs of each type; and secondly at the project level, by comparing the application of safeguards in dam projects financed by a range of PFIs of each type. The thesis finds substantive evidence that multilateral PFIs have more stringent safeguard policies on dams in place than bilateral PFIs. The final part of the thesis thus attempts to provide explanations for this finding. It argues that the most important among these are the more highly developed co-ordination mechanisms among multilateral PFIs compared to bilateral PFIs; diverging interest group pressure on both types of PFIs; and the different mandates of multilateral versus bilateral PFIs. Key points for the research agenda following from this thesis include to develop concrete steps to remedy this polic
Bouchonneau, Déborah. "Analyse du potentiel de développement des ressources d’hydrocarbure non conventionnelles." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10053/document.
Full textInternational energy outlook emphasizes an increasing energy demand over the next decades. Crude oil should represent about 35% of primary energy supply by 2030 according to the IEA. Among supply sources, non conventional crude oil should contribute significantly to the supply of petroleum products, being strategic in terms of reserves and energy independence. This thesis aims to evaluate the development potential of non conventional crude oil using different scenarios regarding the economic and environmental context. Oil sands, essentially located in Canada, constitute our application. The first part of this thesis highlights two development phases: the first one, from 1980 to 2005, corresponding to the emergence of the oil sands sector through regulatory, economic and geographical levers; the second one, started in 2005 with the deterioration of the economic climate, during which oil sands development slowed down significantly. The second part of this thesis focuses on the prospective analysis of the horizon 2050. Firstly, the development of a supply model based on linear programming allowed us to quantify non conventional oil trend supply under deterministic price and environmental regulation scenarios. In particular, investment decision is significantly affected by the establishment of a CO2 tax. Secondly, the development of another supply model based on dynamic programming allowed us to evaluate future non conventional crude oil supply under uncertainties. A negative impact of price uncertainty and volatility on investment decision is highlighted, under or without environmental regulation. This negative impact is strengthened by the introduction of a supplementary uncertainty in environmental legal framework
Niama, Ange. "Analyse du capital social : expériences des personnes vivant avec le VIH." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5009.
Full textThe analysis of the experiences of people living HIV provides a better understanding of the way of living of the weight of the disease affecting at the same time the dimensions physical, emotional, social and economic of the persons directly or indirectly concerned.The loss of social utility because of the stigma, the exclusions and suffering due to the effects of the treatments or disease is a cost which the effects on the trajectories of disease result in a regression of the quality of life of people living with HIV. HIV, marker of the vulnerability of the capital health, social capital and economic capital, involves management efforts by individuals, constraints of resources to deal with the difficulties associated with the disease. In this situation, social capital is required as an alternative investment to improve the quality of life with HIV.The objective of this work is therefore to study through the analysis of the cases of HIV-positive people to HIV, their investment in the share capital to meet the requirements imposed by a life with a chronic illness, stigma, precarisante and communicable.The methodology used is a series of two surveys (one year interval between June 2010 and December 2011) by extensive interviews with thirty HIV-positive people, who live in the city of Marseille and who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study.The definition of social capital is that of the theory of Pierre Bourdieu practices general economy that explains the actions and interests of individuals. All this, without excluding the analytical scope of this concept in public health in its three forms namely the bonding, the bridging and linking respectively for social support, support or community participation and institutional intervention. The conceptual framework chosen, is the most likely to be in line with the chosen definition. That is the theory of functionnings and capabilities of Amartya SEN that shows conditions analysis and optimization of well-being from the functional autonomy of the patient and the freedom of the latter to choose its modes of life to gain its social usefulness.The results of this research show the original features of the individual experience with HIV. They verify the hypothesis that the shock of the announcement of seropositivity was experienced as death in conditional release in question any idea to build a project for the future for those infected before the 1996 because of the lack of effective therapies.In addition, this work supports social inequalities and the difficulties experienced by the HIV-positive are partly due to the reproduction of from insecure factors of the living environment in childhood. Second, investment in social capital as strategy implementation to live normally with HIV, although depending on the resources, is an effective option of access to care, education and prevention, while contributing to the improvement of the quality of life of infected people