Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Investissement durable'
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Bentaleb, Nadia. "Energie rurale pour le développement : mesure des impacts d'un investissement énergétique à l'aide de la modélisation multi-sectorielle et des NTICs." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002VERS014S.
Full textThis dissertation examines the impacts of energetic investments. This first part of the dissertation situates the role that rural energy plays for development from the standpoint of offer. The energetic situation of Southern countries is examined through rural needs and in the context of growing environmental awareness. Then, the different actors in the energy sector are presented. Finally, the object of this study is investigated through what can be learned from informal economics. In the second part, we examine the advantages and disadvantages of using multisectoral models for the subject of evaluating energetic investments. The sectoral representation is specified in a social accounting matrix. In addition, the IRIS software is presented, which has been developed in the framework of this thesis. Finally, the results of surveys realised in Burkina Faso and Morocco are presented and discussed
Savall, Amandine. "Les facteurs endogènes de performance durable de l’internationalisation de l’entreprise familiale : cas longitudinal de recherche-intervention." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2015CNAM0974.
Full textWe study family businesses’ strategic management methods that promote sustainable and efficient internationalization. Based on four theoretical frameworks, sustainable economic value creation, strategic base, Uppsala’s sequential model, and organizational learning, we have ventured the following research hypothesis: the internationalization strategy boosts sustainable performance if family businesses’ strategic management methods rely on social and economic endogenous variables. Through a longitudinal intervention-research case, we have identified and measured its internationalization sustainable performance endogenous factors. Two main performance factors and two main sustainability factors provide competitive advantage for it: steering and controlling practices with three incremental functions (management, organization, and information), regular negotiation on “how to live together organizational agreement”, measurement of intangible and endogenous factors, and organization of experience-based learning
Zerbib, Olivier David. "Asset pricing and impact investing with pro-environmental preferences." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE1207.
Full textThis thesis addresses the effects of investors’ pro-environmental preferences on asset pricing and impact investing. The first chapter shows how sustainable investing, through the joint practice of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) integration and exclusionary screening, affects asset returns. The effect of these two practices translates into two taste premia and two exclusion premia that induce cross-effects between excluded and non-excluded assets. By using the holdings of 453 green funds investing in U.S. stocks between 2007 and 2019 to proxy for sustainable investors' tastes, I estimate the model applied to green investing and sin stock exclusion. The annual taste effect ranges from -1.12% to +0.14% for the different industries and the average exclusion effect is 1.43%. In the second chapter, I use green bonds as an instrument to identify the effect of non-pecuniary motives, specifically pro-environmental preferences, on bond market prices. I perform a matching method, followed by a two-step regression procedure, to estimate the yield differential between a green bond and a counterfactual conventional bond from July 2013 to December 2017. The results suggest a small negative premium: the yield of a green bond is lower than that of a conventional bond. On average, the premium is -2 basis points for the entire sample and for euro and USD bonds separately. I show that this negative premium is more pronounced for financial and low-rated bonds. The results emphasize the low impact of investors' pro-environmental preferences on bond prices, which does not represent, at this stage, a disincentive for investors to support the expansion of the green bond market. Finally, the third chapter shows how green investing spurs companies to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by raising their cost of capital. Companies' emissions decrease when the proportion of green investors and their environmental stringency increase. However, heightened uncertainty regarding future environmental impacts alleviates the pressure on the cost of capital for the most carbon-intensive companies and pushes them to increase their emissions. I provide empirical evidence supporting the theoretical results by focusing on U.S. stocks and using green fund holdings to proxy for green investors' beliefs. When the fraction of assets managed by green investors doubles, companies’ carbon intensity drops by 5% per year
Acosta, Raphael. "Développement durable et marchés émergents : le cas de l'ISR en Afrique du Sud, au Brésil et en Inde." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD013/document.
Full textAccording to traditional financial theory, markets are deemed efficient and investors rational. They base the choice of their portfolios on well-defined financial parameters, following their own risk aversion. With the development of socially responsible investments (SRIs) in the middle of the 90s, a vast domain of research became available when selectingone’s portfolio. Indeed, investors integrate new elements which are out of the financial scope to their strategy of portfolio management, thus diverging from the traditional financial theory. The birth and development of this new type of investments has triggered the scientific community’s enthusiasm with more and more academic publications being written on the matter. Research has mostly tackled SRIs related to the main western marketplaces withdiverging results. The objective of this thesis is to deepen the analysis of the financial behavior of these funds and socially responsible indicators from three emerging markets – South-Africa, Brazil and India – while taking into consideration the risks specific to thesemarketplaces and funds, and to appreciate their interest in terms of internationaldiversification of portfolios.This thesis is divided into four independent sections which follow a certain logic in writing and composition in order to answer our questions in the best way possible. The two first sections will introduce the subject and domain of this research. They will mostly deal with the theoretical aspect in order to conceptualize the research’s subject and put it into context. The two following sections will focus on empirical analysis. SRIs will be analyzed as pure financial performances, but also as vectors of diversification for portfolios which is, to our knowledge, relatively absent from academic publications. Moreover, two scales were used for space and time, dividing the research according to the different phases of the 2008financial crisis and by analyzing performances following local and international dimensions. On the theoretical aspect, this study brings new elements concerning the comprehension of SRIs in a cross-cultural context, by questioning ethical perception, resulting financial strategies, and their economic impact. The empirical results have shown the financial interest for SRIs in these three markets in terms of performance and diversification of portfolios, from both a domestic and an international point of view
Na teoria financeira clássica, os mercados são supostamente eficientes e osinvestidores supostamente racionais. Esses últimos selecionam suas carteiras de açõesbaseando-se em parâmetros financeiros definidos em função do seu sentimento de aversão aorisco. Com o desenvolvimento do Investimento Socialmente Responsável (ISR), meados dosanos 90, abriu-se um vasto campo de pesquisa em seleção de carteiras de ações. De fato, osinvestidores integram dados extra-financeiros na elaboração de suas estratégias de gestão dascarteiras de ações, rompendo, assim, com a teoria financeira clássica. O desenvolvimento desse novo tipo de investimento entusiasmou a comunidadecientífica e multiplicaram-se as publicações acadêmicas. As pesquisas concentraram-se nasperformances dos ISR nos grandes mercados financeiros ocidentais, obtendo-se entretantoresultados divergentes. O objetivo dessa tese é aprofundar a análise do comportamentofinanceiro dos fundos e índices SR nos mercados emergentes – África do Sul, Brasil e Índia –levando em conta seus riscos específicos e apreciar o seu interesse no que concerne adiversificação internacional das carteiras de ações.Nossa tese compõe-se de quatro capítulos independentes seguindo uma lógica deredação e composição afim de responder da melhor forma possível as questões da pesquisa.Os dois primeiros capítulos introduzem o objeto do campo de pesquisa. Eles apresentam uminteresse essencialmente teórico para conceituar o objeto da pesquisa e contextualizar o seucampo de aplicação. Os dois últimos capítulos são consagrados as análises empíricas. Os ISR sãoanalisados como objetos de performances financeiras puras e também como vetores dediversificação das carteiras de ações, o que, a nosso conhecimento, ainda é relativamenteausente das publicações acadêmicas. Por outro lado, duas escalas de tempo e espaço foramcruzadas dividindo a pesquisa segundo as diferentes fases da crise financeira de 2008 eanalisando as performances a nível local e internacional.No campo teórico esse estudo traz novos elementos para a compreensão dos ISRdentro de uma visão intercultural, questionando a percepção da ética, as estratégiasfinanceiras resultantes e seus impactos econômicos. Os resultados das análises empíricasdemonstraram o interesse financeiro dos ISR nos três mercados em termos de performances ede diversificação tanto no nível nacional que internacional
Kamelgarn, Yona. "Valorisation des critères de durabilité des actifs immobiliers tertiaires." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090036/document.
Full textIn relations with the rising concerns on sustainable development and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), sustainability-related topics have become a key trend in the real estate sector. This dissertation examines sustainable real estate, and investigates more particularly the value it holds for various stakeholders. Each of the five chapters focuses on different market players to analyse how sustainability-related topics are perceived, and the extent to which these perceptions shape practices. Chapter 1 questions the notion of value associated with sustainability-related features at a building level. Chapter 2 examines the value creation strategies associated with sustainability-related topics at corporate level. Chapters 3 and 4 focus respectively on the diffusion of sustainability certification schemes, and occupiers’ perceptions of their brand value. Chapter 5 explores the impacts of sustainability-related trends on the long term management of the building stock
Bagnis, Hinano. "La promotion des investissements en Polynésie française : Approches nationale, communautaire, internationale." Nice, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NICE0047.
Full textIn order to compensate its significant structural handicaps, various public measures have been implemented in order to attract private investments in French Polynesia. However, today, the optimal use of these investment promotion measures constitutes a prowess considering the diversity of the actors involved, the plurality of the advantages offered and the imbrications of local, national and European regulations that reduce the visibility and the efficiency of such provisions. The aim of this study is to analyze the current French Polynesia investment promotion provisions based on the exam of the interaction and the friction points, which result from the coexistence of various independent measures and the combination of multiple decisional levels. The analysis, through case studies, of the consequences of these investment incentive measures on the sustainable economic and social development of French Polynesia, points up incidentally the necessary elaboration of a genuine private investment promotion strategy in French Polynesia
Rozenberg, Julie. "Eléments sur la robustesse des politiques climatiques." Paris, EHESS, 2014. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01832194.
Full textThis thesis looks for robustness in climate change mitigation policies assessment and implementation. Exploring the uncertainties surrounding future technologies, fossil fuel resources, policy instruments, consumption preferences, population and economie growth with an Integrated Assessment model, it disentangles the future drivers of future carbon emissions and of mitigation costs. Such methodologies improve the understanding of models, filter out the issues that do not really matter, help policymakers focus on critical factors and develop consensus about where the focus should be. The thesis also proposes to focus on instruments that are robust to political constraints thanks to their lower short-term impacts. Such instruments include performance standards or financial instruments that redirect the bulk of investments towards clean capital without affecting the owners of existing polluting capital
Monebhurrun, Nitish. "La fonction du développement dans le droit international des investissements." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010300.
Full textThis study, based on a normative study of development and not on an economic study of law, shows that the concept of development sometimes influences the interpretation and the enforcement of international investment law. The concept of development used in this study threefolds : it combines economic development, the level of development of States and sustainable development. Under these forms, its influences is perceive at two levels: that of the identification and of the protection of international investments. Indeed, the contribution of an activity to the economic development of the host State is used to identify an investment. The concept is also used when determining the scope of protection due to foreign investments. Here is the level of development and the concept of sustainable development which are used to assess the protection due to international investment. Protection is considered here in a broad sense: it also includes the financia1 protection of investments. The thesis argues that the use of the concept is highly questionable to identify an investment, while its influence is noteworthy in the enforcement of the investment protection principles. In this vein, the thesis explains that the concept produces more tangible effects on international investment law when its use is grounded on certain legal principles or techniques. In the work's background pattern lurks some critics of the method used by jurists in the study of development
Koula, Bablésson Mardochée Désiré. "Le développement durable dans les traités régionaux africains d'investissement : cas de la CEDEAO et de la SADC." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0351.
Full textThe understanding of the tandem of sustainable development and investment treaty has long been seen in terms of contradiction. Indeed, although there is a consensus on the importance of investments as a vehicle for Sustainable Development, the only international instruments specifically dedicated to them [investment treaties] generally pay little or no attention to this objective; they are designed with the sole aim of ensuring high protection for investors and their investments. Over the past decade, however, new models of investment treaties have emerged in African regional organizations with the sole aim of promoting investments that support sustainable development. However, this paradigm shift, which now advocates the compatibility of the legal regime of transnational investment with social and environmental requirements, raises some questions. Among these is the question of how the commitment to sustainable development is concretely reflected in these regional treaties. The issue is crucial, especially when one considers the difficulties surrounding the analysis of Sustainable Development, a concept and objective that is both multidimensional and evolving. In that regard, the study of ECOWAS and SADC instruments reflected the consideration of Sustainable Development at two levels. First, adaptation, through the amendment of the traditional clauses of investment treaties (Part I). Secondly, innovation, through the introduction of provisions which had not previously existed in Treaty practice (Part II)
Nizari, Zainaliambidina. "Le financement du développement durable par les systèmes financiers informels et la microfinance dont le microcrédit." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU10076.
Full textToday, microcredit and microfinance are authentic mechanisms for a sustainable development. Indeed, more than 150 million people in the world are customers of Microfinance Institutions (IMF in French). The development of this financial system had allowed many poor people to go away to this poverty because they managed to create theirs proper society which give them prosperity, dignity and salary and moneys. This young and recent financial system is an efficient mechanism against poverty and social exclusion. After the economics and financial crisis that the world has known, provoked by classical bank and classical financial system, the microcredit system is a perfect answer to the sustainable development. Therefore, all actors of development and political personalities have to encourage and support this new younger financial system because it is an excellent mechanism and the best tool to finance sustainable development. This will be demonstrated in my thesis
Nguyen, Binh Duong. "Stratégie industrielle des pays asiatiques en transition : le cas du Vietnam." Paris 13, 2010. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/secure/ederasme_th_2010_nguyen.pdf.
Full textThis thesis examines the key issues in choosing strategies for industrialization of Vietnam in the new global economy. It is organized into three main parts. The first part reviews the pros and cons of import- substitution industrialization (“ISI”) and the export-oriented industrialization (“EOI”) strategies in Asian countries. It also reviews the different theoretical views of the subject, identifying achievements and limitations of the Asian model of industrialization, and lessons for Vietnam. The second part analyzes the investment policies of Vietnam, the impact of foreign direct investment (“FDI”) and international integration on trades as well as causality linkage between investment and import-export for Vietnam. The part also reports key findings using empirical study, specifically analysis of the time-series and a gravity model for trade. The third part discusses about international competitiveness of Vietnam and competition of Chinese products in both international and Vietnamese domestic markets
Diouf, Dominique. "La mesure des performances de développement durable et l'investissement socialement responsable : perceptions des parties prenantes et stratégies de légitimation." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27420.
Full textInterest in measurement of sustainability performance has increased considerably in recent years. In this context, a wide range of actors and organizations emerged to manage the measurement, disclosure, auditing and reporting of sustainability performance. In the specific field of socially responsible investment (SRI), the importance attached to the measurement of sustainability performance was reinforced by the growth of sustainability funds. Taking advantage of this trend, a large body of academic research has been devoted to the measurement of sustainability performance. However, social and institutional processes through which the measurement of sustainability performance is constructed are still understudied. This research aims to analyze the measurement of corporate sustainability performance (CSP) in the context of SRI by highlighting the perceptions and discourses of actors as well as their legitimation strategies. Using a qualitative approach, this study is based on a series of semi-structured interviews with SRI professionals and data collected from the websites of organizations, official documents and newspaper articles. Impression management, institutional theory, sociology of quantification and rhetoric have especially been mobilized to analyze the results of this research. The first paper sheds light on the perceptions of stakeholders - involved in the field of SRI- of the quality of GRI reports. It shows the reflexivity of practitioners vis-à-vis the information published by the companies, the lack of application of some principles of the GRI and the impression management strategies underlying the disclosure of information in this area. The second paper explores the discursive strategies used by SRI professionals to justify the selection of controversial companies in the portfolios of some SRI funds. This paper highlights three modes of justification (rationalization, authorization and identification) deployed by SRI professionals to deal with controversies and build their legitimacy. These three modes of justification are underpinned by three types of discourses (strategic, expertise and dialectic) through which actors within the SRI field attempt to maintain the status quo, build their expertise and credibility and seek new forms of legitimacy. The third article examines the mechanisms through which the measurement of CSP shapes the SRI field. It shows that the institutionalization of SRI practices, including the assessment of CSP, plays a crucial role in the social construction of the SRI field. Overall, this research sheds light on both processes of questioning and legitimizing the measurement of CSP. Keywords: Socially responsible investment; measurement of corporate sustainability performance; GRI; legitimacy, rhetoric, controversy.
Giamporcaro, Stéphanie. "L'investissement socialement responsable entre l'offre et la demande : analyse et enjeux de la construction sociale d'une épargne politique." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00357511.
Full textFeindouno, Sosso. "Structural vulnerability and fragility : an assessment based on composite indicators." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAD014.
Full textVulnerability and fragility are at the heart of the global debate arising from the definition and implementation of the sustainable development goals. This PhD dissertation offers enhanced tools to assess structural vulnerability and fragility from various aspects: economic, social, and environmental. The proposed approach for apprehending these concepts is based on the construction and refinement of composite indicators. It is divided into four chapters.In Chapter 1, we build the retrospective series of the economic vulnerability index (EVI), proposed by the United Nations’ Committee for Development Policy (CDP). Some choices and measures are discussed, such as the methodology used to calculate the instabilities of exports and agricultural production. From our analyses, it appears that the structural economic vulnerability of LDCs is still higher compared to non-LDCs. As well, focusing on the African context, we show that fragile African states are economically more vulnerable than non-fragile African states, and the difference between the two groups of countries seems to come from the difference in the magnitude of shocks. Finally, employing a stochastic dominance approach and using a five-year testing horizon to assess the evolution of the EVI and its main components over time, we observe that there is no real decline of the EVI and its main components at the first order sense. But, an overall decrease can be concluded at the second order sense of dominance.The second chapter focuses on the issue of structural resilience through the Human Assets Index (HAI), another index designed by the UN-CDP for identification of LDCs. We start with a presentation of retrospective series of the HAI and its components, for which, to a limited extend, we have used econometric tools to consistently impute missing data. Secondly, we analyze the HAI’s dynamics by assessing the contributions of each component to this. Finally, we debate about the choice of equal weighting for the four components in the HAI. Taking into account the fact that the correlation between indicators is closely linked to the issue, we propose a new scheme pattern based on the correlation ratio and linearity (or nonlinearity) dependence between components. The third chapter is devoted to the climate change vulnerability. We design a composite indicator called “Physical Vulnerability to Climate Change (PVCCI)”. This indicator based only on the physical characteristics of climate change is independent of present and future country policy, and aims to be used for international allocation of resources. After explaining the specific methodology used to build the PVCCI and presenting the results for developing countries, we investigate the relationship between civil conflict and vulnerability to climate change measured here by the PVCCI. The starting point of the fourth chapter is that African countries are still lagging behind when it comes to attracting Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). We suspect the structural economic vulnerability, measured by the Economic Vulnerability Index (EVI), in part, responsible for the relative lack of interest of foreign investors towards Africa. We estimate a spatial error correction model during the time period from 1980 to 2010 to assess the dynamic relationships between FDI and its determinants. Our finding reveals that in the long run, there is a significant negative relationship between FDI and EVI. The results also suggest that a high EVI in neighboring countries negatively affects the amount of FDI into a host country. Later on, we also observe that structural economic vulnerability plays an important role in explaining the FDI gap between African Low-Income Countries and African Middle-Income Countries. The share of agriculture, forestry and fishery in GDP appears as the strongest contributing factor to this difference
Bangoura, Haïda. "Le droit minier en Guinée au regard des meilleures pratiques internationales (1995-2013)." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05D017.
Full textIn the context of a general liberalisation of the economy, the majority of developing countries have since the years 1980-1990 reformed their mining legislation in order to attract foreign capital. Guinea, with its potential mineral resources estimated at more than 45 billion tons, is considered to be one of the African countries with the richest subsoil. Conscious of such potential for the development of the country, the legislature in Guinea adopted, in 1995, a new Mining Code in order to make the Guinean territory more attractive to foreign private investors. However, with the arrival of the concept of sustainable development as one of the new global challenges, numerous mining regulations have been progressively modified in order to adapt. Guinea, once again, did not escape this trend and adopted a new Mining Code in 2011. This code is the consequence of a social mobilization without precedent in the country, which started in the first half of the 2000s. Its goal was to denounce the absence of economic and financial repercussions born from the mining sector on the Government and the population. Nevertheless, not long after its promulgation, this new legislation was the subject of harsh criticism from mining companies. The government, taking into account its recommendations, undertook the process of amending certain dispositions of the Mining Code of 2011, which resulted in the passage of a new Mining Law in April of 2013. Consequently, this work will analyze how mining regulation in Guinea (of 2011 and 2013) takes into account current international best practice in terms of attractiveness and sustainable development. In order to do so, comparisons will be made with the Mining Code of 1995 in order to give an evolutionary dimension to this study, as well as with Mining Regulations from other countries in the world
Mbuyu, Kabwe Tracy. "La responsabilité sociétale des entreprises selon les nouveaux codes miniers africains." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020084.
Full textThe contribution of the mining industry to the sustainable development of African States is a key issue of the mining codes new strategy of reform. Indeed, African states are looking for a new model of regulation of the mining sector that serves their interests. Although mining investments contributed significantly to the economic growth of many African States, they did not give impetus to their sustainable development. Faced with a mining regulation system considered mostly profitable for mining companies and unprofitable for the States, the need to reform the mining regulation system became a priority and gave birth to a new reform movement of the African mining codes. In addition to economic interests, ancillary interests such as the rights of local communities, the protection of the environment and human rights are at the heart of the current reform movement and seem to find remedy in the corporate social responsibility provisions of the mining codes of the new generation. The present thesis exploits both the contours, the content, and the legal effects of these provisions. It examines whether they are truly binding on mining companies and lead to an effective inclusion of sustainable development objectives in the African mining industry. With regard to the regulatory issues of transnational companies and considering the various points of weaknesses in the social responsibility regimes of the companies studied, this thesis proposes the international law as a tool to reinforce the internal systems of regulation in place. The internationalisation of African mining codes, the constant influence of international soft law on corporate social responsibility, and the possible advent of a transnational system of hard law regulation relating to corporate social responsibility, lead us to export the issue at the heart of the present thesis beyond the national borders of African States
Bisore, Simon. "Mécanisme pour un développement propre (MDP) du protocole de Kyoto: barrières et opportunités pour les pays moins avancés d'Afrique :cas du Burundi." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209646.
Full textParmi les problèmes posés par ce mécanisme de compensation, il y a des disparités observées dans la répartition géographique de sa mise en œuvre, alors qu’il est censé contribuer au développement de nombreux pays non-Annexe I. Parmi ceux-ci, les Pays les Moins Avancés (PMA) en général et ceux d’Afrique en particulier restent largement sous-représentés. Pourtant, le MDP a été adopté à la fois comme une contribution innovatrice à l’atténuation des changements climatiques et comme un moteur de promotion du développement durable dans les pays en développement.
Dans ce contexte, l’objectif général de cette thèse est triple. Primo, elle vise à étudier en profondeur cet instrument en dégageant ses principales caractéristiques, y compris les disparités d’implantation d’activités de projets qui lui sont liées. Secundo, elle en examine les causes par une analyse des barrières ou freins à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP dans ces PMA d’Afrique en général et au Burundi en particulier. Tertio, elle révèle les opportunités (avantages/bénéfices) potentielles qui restent toujours non valorisées par l’implémentation d’activités de projets éligibles au titre du MDP.
L’analyse menée montre que les disparités susmentionnées jouent essentiellement en faveur des grands pays émergents d’Asie et d’Amérique latine, ce qui va à l’encontre du principe d’équité. En effet, en décembre 2011, le Brésil, la Chine et l’Inde détenaient 72,7 % de toutes les activités de projets du MDP et 75,8 % de crédits-carbone attendus en 2012. A l’opposé, les PMA ne disposaient dans le même temps que de 1,3 % de toutes les activités de projets du MDP et 1,2 % de leurs crédits attendus d’ici 2012. Les PMA d’Afrique ne restent qu’avec des parts de l’ordre de 0,8 % et 0,9 % respectivement. Cette situation reste si drastiquement critique qu’il importe d’en déceler les raisons.
Des caractéristiques de l’instrument, des expériences menées jusqu’ici et de la situation dans des pays hôtes, il ressort que les barrières sont de deux types. D’une part, les barrières endogènes, c'est-à-dire les barrières liées à l’organisation interne des pays. D’autre part, les barrières exogènes qui sont liées essentiellement à l’organisation générale du processus du MDP. L’étude a permis ainsi de montrer que les barrières endogènes constituent le nœud du problème en termes de visibilité des pays hôtes dans le marché du MDP. Celle-ci reste largement limitée dans ce marché international du carbone.
Les barrières identifiées dans ce travail, en particulier les barrières endogènes, risquent de se révéler difficiles à lever, car elles exigent des réformes structurelles au sein de l’organisation politique, institutionnelle, économique, et juridique du pays hôte. En outre, l’intégration de ces barrières dans un système unique d’interrelations constitue un des points originaux du travail. Ces interrelations ne sont pas négligeables et complexifient l’application du mécanisme, car, dans la plupart des cas, une action amorcée pour lever une barrière peut s’avérer inefficace si d’autres barrières associées ne sont pas prises en compte.
L’étude s’est également attachée à évaluer les retombées potentielles liées à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP au Burundi. Les principales opportunités perdues jusqu’ici se situent dans quelques secteurs socioéconomiques du pays, essentiellement dans la gestion des déchets et l’énergie. L’étude en a ainsi retenu des options technologiques susceptibles de contribuer à des solutions à la problématique de la gestion des déchets et de l’approvisionnement énergétique au Burundi, tout en favorisant la stabilisation d’émissions de GES. Il s’agit de technologies adaptées de compostage et de bio-méthanisation dans le secteur de la gestion des déchets et les technologies de production d’énergies à partir de sources renouvelables (hydro, solaire, biogaz) et d’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de la biomasse (foyers améliorés, carbonisation) dans le secteur de l’énergie.
Ces opportunités ont également été analysées suivant des critères et indicateurs de durabilité (matrice de développement durable du Gold Standard). Les résultats montrent que ces options technologiques peuvent apporter une contribution au développement durable du pays. En effet, les opportunités se rencontrent à la fois dans le développement social (création d’emplois, moyens de subsistance des pauvres, accès aux énergies propres, renforcement des capacités), le développement écologique (réduction des émissions de GES, amélioration de la qualité de l’air, de l’eau et du sol, sauvegarde de la biodiversité), et le développement économique et technologique (rémunération d’emplois créés, augmentation des investissements, transfert et autonomie technologiques).
Afin de faire bénéficier le pays des retombées des activités de projets du MDP, il est proposé des solutions qui peuvent contribuer à une levée/atténuation de ces barrières. Ces propositions forment une combinaison d’actions à mener au niveau international, régional et surtout local/national. Au niveau international, des organes habilités devraient apporter des réformes profondes au MDP. Au niveau régional, le renforcement des capacités par des actions de coopération pourrait favoriser l’échange d’expériences en la matière. Au niveau local/national, l’adoption des réformes profondes aux niveaux institutionnel, législatif et juridique, dans une logique d’améliorer les politiques de planification du développement socioéconomique et environnemental, rendrait le pays naturellement plus attractif. En particulier, la mise en place et la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie nationale du MDP pourrait contribuer à relever le défi.
Les propositions de solutions pour réduire les barrières à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP sont susceptibles de stimuler l’investissement en général. Ainsi, toute stratégie adoptée dans cette logique peut contribuer non seulement à la participation du pays au processus du MDP, mais aussi à favoriser la mise en œuvre d’autres projets conventionnels de développement au niveau national. Finalement, la considération de ces différentes opportunités associées à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP au niveau du pays par des instances habilitées (décideurs politiques, acteurs institutionnels et économiques) conduirait à faire de ce mécanisme une contribution utile au développement du pays/The Kyoto Protocol has established a series of targets for reducing GHG emissions. The fulfilment of these objectives may result in heavy costs for the economies of developed countries engaged in the fight against climate change. To minimize the costs imposed by these targets, economic instruments were developed, notably with the creation of carbon markets. The three flexible mechanisms of Kyoto Protocol are involved in this, one of which being the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
Among the problems posed by this offset mechanism, disparities can be observed in regional distribution after it has been implemented, when it ought to be contributing towards the development of a number of Non-Annex I countries. Among these countries, the least developed ones (LDCs) in general and Africa ones in particular are largely under-represented. However, the CDM was adopted both as an innovative solution to mitigate climate change and as an engine to promote sustainable development in developing countries.
Within this context, the overall objective of this thesis is threefold. First of all, it aims to study this instrument in depth, by picking out its main characteristics, including the disparities in project activities implementation related to it. Secondly, it examines the causes for these disparities by analyzing the barriers or restrictions preventing implementation of CDM project activities in these African LDCs in general and in Burundi in particular. Its third purpose is to reveal the potential opportunities (advantages/benefits) which have yet to be developed by setting up eligible CDM project activities.
The analysis carried out shows that the aforementioned disparities come out in favor of the large emerging countries in Asia and Latin America primarily, which goes against the principle of equity. In fact, in December 2011, Brazil, China and India held 72.7% of all CDM project activities and 75.8% of carbon emission credits expected in 2012. On the contrary, for the same time period, the LDCs had only 1.3% of all CDM project activities and 1.2% of their carbon emission credits expected up until 2012. The African LDCs are left only with shares of 0.8% and 0.9% respectively. This situation is extremely critical. It is crucial to discover the reasons for it.
The instrument’s features, experiments carried out so far and the situation in host countries all reveal that the barriers fall into two categories. On the one hand, there are endogenous barriers, i.e. barriers related to the internal organization of countries. On the other hand, exogenous barriers are related to the general running of the CDM process especially. The study has thus revealed that the endogenous barriers are the crux of the problem where the presence of host countries is concerned in the CDM market. The visibility of host countries is rather limited in this international carbon market.
The barriers identified in this thesis, particularly endogenous ones, may be difficult to remove because they demand structural reforms in the political, institutional, economical and legal organization of the host country. In addition, the integration of these barriers into a single system of interrelationships is one of the original points of this thesis. These interrelationships are not insignificant and complicate the mechanism’s application, because in most cases, initiating an action to remove a barrier may be ineffective if other associated barriers are not taken into account.
The study has also focused on evaluating the potential impacts linked to the implementation of CDM project activities in Burundi. The main opportunities lost up to date are in some socioeconomic sectors in the country, particularly in the waste management and energy sectors. The study has therefore identified technological options that are likely to bring solutions to the question of waste management and energy supply in Burundi, while at the same time contributing to the stabilization of greenhouse gas emissions. These options are notably composting and anaerobic digestion technologies in the area of waste management, and energy generation technologies from renewable sources (hydro, solar, biogas) and improved energy efficiency of biomass (better households, carbonization) in the energy sector.
These opportunities were also analyzed in accordance with sustainability criteria and indicators (Gold Standard sustainable development matrix). The results show that these technological options may contribute to sustainable development in the country. Indeed, the opportunities can be seen at the same time in social development (job creation, means of subsistence for the poor, clean energy access, capacity building); ecological development (reducing GHG emissions, improvement in quality of air, water and soil, preservation of biodiversity) and economic & technological development (better pay for jobs created, increased investment, technology transfer and technological autonomy).
In order to allow the country to take advantage of these opportunities through CDM project activities, it has been proposed solutions that can help raise/mitigate these barriers. These proposals are a combination of actions to be taken at international and regional levels and above all at a local/ national level. In the international arena, authorized bodies should make major reforms to the CDM. At a regional level, capacity building through joint actions could encourage the exchange of expertise in the field. Locally/nationally, adopting major reforms at institutional, legislative and legal levels, with a view to improving planning policies in socioeconomic and environmental development, would make the country naturally more attractive. In particular, establishing and implementing a national CDM strategy could also contribute towards taking up the challenge.
Proposals of solutions for mitigating barriers to implement CDM project activities are likely to stimulate investment in general. Thus, any strategy adopted along these lines can contribute not only to the country’s participation in the CDM process, but also to favoring implementation of other conventional projects for development at national level. Finally, considering these different opportunities associated with implementing CDM project activities in the country via authorized bodies (policymakers, institutional and economic actors) would lead to this mechanism being a useful contribution towards national development.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Bohbot, Reine. "De l’accaparement des terres aux investissements agricoles internationaux responsables : la construction de l’acceptabilité sociale." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19277.
Full textJune 25, 2011, Kofi Annan, said « the problem of climate change, global food and nutrition security is the challenge of our time. » As forecasts estimate the world population will achieve nine billion in 2050, the question of how the world is to be fed is thrust into startling focus. In this context, the emerging phenomenon of international agricultural transactions is on the spot. While the World Bank encourages agribusiness in developing countries, social movements denounce "land grabbing", with a total area of land that changed hands, estimated between 48.9 and 63.1 million hectares. The agricultural world is in crisis, and the subject of land grabbing has become a must in the media. This interdisciplinary research is intended to be exploratory and aims at identifying how the construction of the social acceptability of the agricultural industry at international level could be started, based on the representations of the actors of what is “unacceptable”. Having identified the main issues of the agricultural world, the central question of the legitimacy of public decisions, that is to say decisions having a public scope, whether taken by private or public actors, will be addressed. Subsequently, a parallel will be drawn with the mining sector, which has been confronted for several years with the notion of "social risk", focusing in particular on hybrid regulatory instruments, which emerged in response to the crisis of legitimacy of the sector. The research will therefore concentrate on the process of homogenization of the judgment of social acceptability within the agricultural industry, analyzing the media coverage of the phenomenon, and reinforcing the analysis by semistructured interviews with different actors working in international NGOs, international organizations (such as the World Bank or the International Finance Corporation), a large multinational involved in mining, or responsible investment groups.