Journal articles on the topic 'Inverted U-Curve Hypothesis'
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1
Kiliç, Cüneyt, and Feyza Balan. "Is there an environmental Kuznets inverted-U shaped curve?" Panoeconomicus 65, no. 1 (2018): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan150215006k.
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This study examines the relationship among carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, income, energy consumption, trade openness, financial development and institutional quality based on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in 151 countries for the period 1996-2010, using the pooled ordinary least squares methods. The results support cubic specification of the EKC hypothesis, which assumes a cubic polynomial inverted-U shaped relationship between income and environmental degradation. Other empirical results indicate that energy consumption, trade openness, financial development and institutional quality are significant variables in explaining CO2 emissions.
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Cahyadin, Malik, Vita Kartika Sari, and Aulia Hapsari Juwita. "New Evidence of Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Developing Countries." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 22, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v22i2.15794.
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New indexes of environment and institutions are constructed following principal component analysis (PCA), while non-linear panel regression is employed. This study attempts to estimate a non-linear impact of GDP per capita on the environment following the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis for 97 developing countries during 1991-2014. The study reveals that a traditional EKC shows a U-shaped relationship under static panels, with both quadratic and cubic regressions. Interestingly, the inverted U-shaped occurs when a traditional EKC is estimated by the dynamic panels, with both quadratic and cubic regressions. Moreover, the EKC model is inverted U-shaped following static and dynamic panels, with both quadratic and cubic regressions under institutions. Indeed, the institutions significantly contribute to express EKC in developing countries. Policymakers should formulate environmental policies following climate change mitigation in the environmental sustainability framework, improve the quality of institutions, and increase macroeconomic management to anticipate external shocks such as openness, globalization, and FDI inflows.
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Silvère Konan, Yao, and Kodjo Aklobessi. "Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from West Africa." Environmental Economics 12, no. 1 (May 6, 2021): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.12(1).2021.06.
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This paper analyzes the revenue-pollution relationship by revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for West African countries over the period of 1980–2014. The study approximates the income measurement by GDP per capita and uses carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (NO2), and methane emissions as various environmental quality measures. The paper uses parametric and non-parametric estimation techniques to test the EKC hypothesis. The results support the existence of the U-inverted relationship between income and methane emission, on one hand, and between income and nitrogen dioxide emission on the other. The estimates also show a mixed result for the U-inverted hypothesis between income and carbon dioxide emissions. Thus, the verification of the curve depends on the estimation techniques and the measurement of the pollutant used. The obtained results led to the conclusion that the EKC hypothesis is validated for West African countries.
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Galuh Nuansa, Citrasmara, and Wahyu Widodo. "Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Perspective of Sustainable Development in Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 09021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183109021.
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Sustainable development with three main pillars, namely environmental, economic, and social, is the concept of country’s development to achieve inclusive economic growth, good environmental quality, and improvement of people's welfare. However, the dominance of economic factors cause various environmental problem. This phenomenon occurs in most of developing countries, including in Indonesia. The relationship between economic activity and environmental quality has been widely discussed and empirically tested by scholars. This descriptive research analysed the hypothesis called Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) from a perspective of sustainable development in Indonesia. EKC hypothesis illustrates the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation forming an inverted U-curve, indicating that at the beginning of development, environmental quality will decrease along with increasing economic growth, and then reached a certain point the environmental quality will gradually improve. In this paper will be discussed how the relationship between environmental quality and economic growth in Indonesia was investigated. The preliminary results show that most of the empirical studies use the conventional approach, in which the CO2 emission used as the proxy of environmental degradation. The existence of inverted U-curve is also inconclusive. Therefore, the extension research on the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality in Indonesia using the EKC hypothesis is required.
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Shah, A. "The possible evidence for an epidemiological transition hypothesis for elderly suicides." International Psychogeriatrics 22, no. 2 (November 30, 2009): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104161020999130x.
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ABSTRACTBackground: An epidemiological transition hypothesis has been developed to explain simultaneously wide cross-national variations in elderly suicide rates, trends over time for elderly suicide rates and age-associated trends in suicides rates. This speculative hypothesis suggests that there is a curvilinear (inverted U-shaped curve) relationship between elderly suicide rates and socioeconomic status fitting the quadratic equation y = a + bx − cx2 (where y is the suicide rate, x is the socioeconomic status, and a, b and c are constants).Methods: The predicted curvilinear relationship between elderly suicide rates and gross national domestic product (GDP), a measure of socioeconomic status, fitting the above quadratic equation was examined with a curve estimation regression model using data from the World Health Organization.Results: The relationship between suicide rates in both sexes in the age-bands 65–74 and 75+ years and the GDP was curvilinear (inverted U-shaped curve) and fitted the above quadratic equation, and was statistically significant (at least p<0.05) in all four groups.Conclusions: Caution should be exercised in accepting this model of the epidemiological transition hypothesis for elderly suicide rates because it is generated from cross-sectional data using an ecological design. Ideally, this model requires rigorous testing by following selected countries of low socioeconomic status over time as they develop socioeconomically.
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Melikhova, Oksana, and Jakub Čížek. "Kuznets Inverted U-Curve Hypothesis Examined on Up-To Date Observations for 145 Countries." Prague Economic Papers 23, no. 3 (January 1, 2014): 388–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.490.
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Wu, Qianqian, and Rong Wang. "Do Environmental Regulation and Foreign Direct Investment Drive Regional Air Pollution in China?" Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 1567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021567.
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With economic development, air pollution is becoming increasingly serious, which affects the sustainable development of the global economy. In order to explore policy measures to curb air pollution, this paper selects data from 30 regions in China and explores their impact studies on air pollution from the perspectives of environmental regulation and foreign direct investment using a systematic GMM model. Then, the threshold effect model is selected to verify their nonlinear relationship. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Environmental regulation does not pass the significance test. There is no significant “U-shaped” or “inverted U-shaped” relationship between environmental regulation and air pollution. In the eastern region, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship, which is consistent with the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, and the effect in the central and western regions is higher than in the eastern region of China. (2) The entry of foreign direct investment (FDI) aggravates the environmental pollution problem in China, and the overall status quo is consistent with the pollution haven hypothesis, which shows an inverted U-shaped curve between FDI and air pollution. The eastern region does not have any U-shaped relationships. The other two regions show an inverted U-shaped curve between foreign direct investment and air pollution; these two regions are still in the left half of the curve, and the increase in foreign capital will lead to aggravation of the pollution status quo. (3) The industrial structure will aggravate air pollution in the whole country and the central and western regions; the eastern region shows a suppression effect, but this is not significant. Urbanization exacerbates air pollution in the central and western regions but has an insignificant effect in the eastern region. The level of economic development increases air pollution in all regions. The expansion of the population size brings a large amount of production and living pollution, which aggravates environmental pollution. The research in this paper can provide theoretical references for regional policies to control air pollution.
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Arnaut, Javier, and Johanna Lidman. "Environmental Sustainability and Economic Growth in Greenland: Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031228.
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The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis assumes there is an inverted U-shape relationship between pollution and income per capita, implying an improvement in environmental quality when a growing economy reaches a high level of economic development. This study evaluated empirically the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve in Greenland for the period 1970–2018. Using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach, the results show evidence of a U-shaped EKC in Greenland instead of the hypothesized inverted U-shape. The findings indicate that Greenland had initially experienced a decoupling transition during an early development stage associated with structural conditions of a small subsistence economy. However, once the country began to expand its industry, the trend began to reverse, creating a positive and significant relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP per capita that is potentially detrimental to the Arctic natural environment.
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Liu, Pei-Zhi, Seema Narayan, Yi-Shuai Ren, Yong Jiang, Konstantinos Baltas, and Basil Sharp. "Re-Examining the Income–CO2 Emissions Nexus Using the New Kink Regression Model: Does the Kuznets Curve Exist in G7 Countries?" Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 27, 2022): 3955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14073955.
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More countries have made carbon neutral or net zero emission commitments since 2019. Within this context, re-examining the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis plays an essential role in sizing up the global economic development situation and realizing the global carbon emission reduction target. A methodological challenge in testing the EKC hypothesis, which states that increasing income makes CO2 emissions begin to decline beyond a turning point, lies in determining if this benchmark point exists. The EKC hypothesis between income and CO2 emissions is reassessed by applying a new kink regression model for the G7 countries from 1890 to 2015. Results reveal the inverted U-shaped nexus does not exist for US, Germany, Italy, Canada and Japan. For these five countries, the EKC curve has a turning point, but the positive impact of incomes on CO2 emissions becomes significantly smaller after the turning point. We describe this relationship as a pseudo-EKC. K.U.K. and France are the only exceptions, fitting the EKC hypothesis. Further analysis indicates that the relationship between income and SO2 emissions presents an inverted U-shaped curve. Moreover, we observe that the turning point occurs at different points in time for the different G7 countries. Therefore, environmental policies targeting pollutant emission reduction should consider the different characteristics of different pollutants and regions.
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Wang, Jie Zhong, Li Yuan Yang, Yun Qian Wang, and Bing Hua Wang. "Research on the Relationship between Economic Growth and Heavy Metals Pollution of Lake Sediments in Nansi Lake Basin." Advanced Materials Research 1092-1093 (March 2015): 1017–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1092-1093.1017.
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The Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis was applied to explore the relationship between economic growth and heavy metal pollution of lake sediments in Nansi Lake basin. The indicator of economic growth (IEG) was extracted from ten important economic indexes by the method of principal component analysis based on the data from 1978 to 2007. Some representative heavy metals including Hg, Cu, Br and Mn were chosen to analyze the level of heavy metals pollution in Nansi Lake basin. According to the previous research results that the deposition rate of Nansi Lake sediments was 3.5 mm/a, Kriging interpolation method was used to segment the 10.5cm core into 30 parts. The coupling results show that there is an inverted U-shaped curve between IEG and the element Br, half of an inverted U-shaped curve between IEG and Hg and Mn, and a N-shaped curve between IEG and Cu.
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Bozkurt, Cuma, and İlyas Okumuş. "ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE HYPOTHESIS IN SELECTED EU COUNTRIES: KYOTO EFFECT." Balkans Journal of Emerging Trends in Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (2019): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/balkans.jetss.2019.2.2.134-139.
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The purposes of this study is to investigate the relationship between per capita CO2 emissions, per capita energy consumption, per capita real GDP, the squares of per capita real GDP, trade openness and Kyoto dummies in selected 20 EU countries over the periods from 1991 to 2013 in order to analyze the connection between environmental pollution and Kyoto Protocol using Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework. According to EKC hypothesis, there is an inverted-U shape relation between environmental pollution and economic growth. Generally, the relationship between environmental pollution, per capita GDP and energy consumption has been analyzed for testing EKC hypothesis. In this study, it is used dummy variable to analyze the effects of Kyoto protocol on environmental degradation in the context of EKC hypothesis model. The dummy variable indicates Kyoto Protocol agreement year 2005. The results show that there is long run cointegration relationship between CO2, energy consumption, GDP growth, and the squares of GDP growth, trade openness and Kyoto dummy variable. Energy consumption and GDP growth increase the level of CO2 emissions. On the contrary, Kyoto dummy variable decreases CO2 emissions in EU countries. In addition, the results reveal that the squares of per capita real GDP and trade openness rate are statistically insignificant. As a result of analysis, the inverted-U shape EKC hypothesis is invalid in these EU countries over the periods from 1991 to 2013.
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Moran, Timothy Patrick. "Kuznets’s Inverted U-Curve Hypothesis: The Rise, Demise, and Continued Relevance of a Socioeconomic Law." Sociological Forum 20, no. 2 (June 2005): 209–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11206-005-4098-y.
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Alin, Nessy Fameylan, Heriberta Heriberta, and Etik Umiyati. "Fakta empiris kurva U-terbalik Kuznets mengenai pertumbuhan ekonomi di Provinsi Jambi." Jurnal Paradigma Ekonomika 14, no. 1 (May 12, 2019): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/paradigma.v14i1.6788.
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The study aimed to analyze the development of the gini ratio and income per capita and to prove whether the hypothesis of Kuznets (U-inverted curve) applies in Jambi Province. To prove whether the Kuznets hypothesis applies in Jambi Province through an analysis of the relationship between per capita income and the gini ratio. The results of the study found that the growth of per capita income in Jambi Province was followed by the development of relatively fluctuating income inequality. Therefore, the Kuznets' hypothesis is not valid in Jambi Province.
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Sattar, Abdul, Temesgen Hordofa Tolassa, Muhammad Noshab Hussain, and Muhammad Ilyas. "Environmental Effects of China’s Overseas Direct Investment in South Asia." SAGE Open 12, no. 1 (January 2022): 215824402210783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221078301.
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This paper attempts to analyze the effects of China’s outward direct investment on environmental pollution in selected South Asian countries from 2004 to 2019 under framework of environmental Kuznet curve hypothesis. This empirical work is accomplished through fully modified ordinary least square. The findings of the full panel of fully modified ordinary least square indicates that China’s outward direct investment significantly spurs carbon emissions by (9.9%), which destroy the environment quality in the region. However, the estimated coefficients of the full panel of the fully modified ordinary least square indicates that (+) and (−) values of GDP and GDP square validate the environmental Kuznet curve hypothesis existence in the South Asia economies. Furthermore, when taking the individual countries, the environment consequences, individual characteristics of the countries and the GDP growth shows various temporal pattern of KEC hypothesis. Like in India there exist inverted U-shape curve, while Pakistan and Nepal manifest U-shape curve, whereas Bangladesh shows N-shape curve. Furthermore, this paper has identified bidirectional causality between economic growth, energy, financial development and carbon emissions. The empirical evidence implies that when governments consider foreign direct investment, they should priorities environmental protection mechanisms.
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Khan, Muhammad Zaheer. "Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Pakistan." Market Forces 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51153/mf.v16i1.446.
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A number of studies have already determined the existence of inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve in Pakistan however the role of structural breaks in determining the relationship is yet to be investigated. The objective of this study was to determine if the presence of possible structural breaks explain the existence of environmental Kuznets curve type relationship in Pakistan for the period 1980-2016 by using data of total energy consumption, Real GDP per capita, foreign direct investment and trade openness. For the analysis the study first used the conventional time series econometric methods to determine the order of integration and Cointegration in the model. Second; as it is evident from the literature that presence of structural break in the model can have a significant impact, so the study used the Zivot and Andrews unit root test with one structural break to determine the order of integration in the model and Gregory-Hansen -Cointegration method to determine the presence of structural break within Cointegration framework. The results of the study not only confirm the existence of environmental Kuznets curve in the model, it also confirms the presence of structural break in the model.
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Jain, Megha, Aishwarya Nagpal, and Abhay Jain. "Government Size and Economic Growth: An Empirical Examination of Selected Emerging Economies." South Asian Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance 10, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 7–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277978720979889.
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The current study attempts to examine the linkage between government (public) spending and economic growth in the broader framework of selected South Asian Nations (SANs), BRICS and other emerging nations by using two sets of empirical modelling over the period 2007–2016 by using inverted U-shaped hypothesis, propounded by Armey curve (1995). The first set has employed system GMM technique to explore the presence of the Armey curve hypothesis using the square term of government size, while the second set has used the threshold regression using system GMM panel modelling to investigate the subsequent reversals (tipping point). The key findings signify the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship for the selected data set of emerging nations and, therefore, support the Armey curve hypothesis. The projected threshold (tipping) levels (as a percentage of GDP) are 24.31% for the government total expenditures (GTotExp), 12.92% for consumption spending (GConExp) and 7.11% for investment spending (GInvExp). It has been observed that a rise in the public spending (size) resulted in a substantial increase (decrease) in the growth rate when the public spending was before (after) the optimal threshold level, indicating a non-monotonic association. The findings of the study also suggest a policy implication that public spending could only be a short-term measure to deal with crises in any nation, but not a long-term solution. JEL Classification: C23, C33, E60, E62, H00, H50, O40, O50
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Li, Yubo, Qingtao Xu, Biao Gao, and Shougang Yan. "Empirical Study on the Relationship between Economic Growth and Environmental Pollution Level in Jilin Province." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 2129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.2129.
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Based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis (EKC), the measurement models of various environmental pollution indicators with economic growth indicators were obtained by using the regression simulation of PASW Statistics 18.0 statistical software based on the data of environmental indicators and economic growth indicators in Jilin Province, and analyzed the characteristics of EKC. The result indicated that the EKC of environmental indicators did not completely accord with the “U” shape. The EKC of industrial wastewater discharge amount showed the “U + inverted U” shape, the inflection point appeared in 2009; The EKC of industrial waste gas emissions was in continuous growth without an inflection point; The EKC of industrial solid waste output showed the left half part of the “U” shape, the inflection point will appear in 2014. The EKC of industrial dust emissions was a shape of logarithmic function, being in a gradually decreasing trend without an inflection point; The EKC of industrial SO2 emissions showed the “U + inverted U” shape, the inflection point appeared in 2008; The EKC of COD discharge amount of industrial wastewater showed the unobvious “U + inverted U” shape, the inflection point appeared in 2009. The overall environmental pollution level in Jilin Province was in the stage of continuous improvement.
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Sutu, Adrian, El-Mehdi Meftah, and C. Elaine Chapman. "Physical determinants of the shape of the psychophysical curve relating tactile roughness to raised-dot spacing: implications for neuronal coding of roughness." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 5 (March 1, 2013): 1403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00717.2012.
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There are conflicting reports as to whether the shape of the psychometric relation between perceived roughness and tactile element spacing [spatial period (SP)] follows an inverted U-shape or a monotonic linear increase. This is a critical issue because the former result has been used to assess neuronal codes for roughness. We tested the hypothesis that the relation's shape is critically dependent on tactile element height (raised dots). Subjects rated the roughness of low (0.36 mm)- and high (1.8 mm)-raised-dot surfaces displaced under their fingertip. Inverted U-shaped curves were obtained as the SP of low-dot surfaces was increased (1.3–6.2 mm, tetragonal arrays); a monotonic increase was observed for high-dot surfaces. We hypothesized that roughness is not a single sensory continuum across the tested SPs of low-dot surfaces, predicting that roughness discrimination would show deviations from the invariant relation between threshold (ΔS) and the value of the standard (S) surface (Weber fraction, ΔS/S) expected for a single continuum. The results showed that Weber fractions were increased for SPs on the descending limb of the inverted U-shaped curve. There was also an increase in the Weber fraction for high-dot surfaces but only at the peak (3 mm), corresponding to the SP at which the slope of the psychometric function showed a modest decline. Together the results indicate that tactile roughness is not a continuum across low-dot SPs of 1.3–6.2 mm. These findings suggest that correlating the inverted U-shaped function with neuronal codes is of questionable validity. A simple intensive code may well contribute to tactile roughness.
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Gao, Lei, Taowu Pei, Jingran Zhang, and Yu Tian. "The “Pollution Halo” Effect of FDI: Evidence from the Chinese Sichuan–Chongqing Urban Agglomeration." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 11903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911903.
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In this paper, panel data from nineteen key cities in the Sichuan–Chongqing urban agglomeration from 2003 to 2016 were used as the study sample. Using the stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology (STIRPAT) model, the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution and its action mechanism in the Sichuan–Chongqing urban agglomeration were considered for both socioeconomic and natural factors. The results showed that the “pollution halo” hypothesis of FDI in the Sichuan–Chongqing urban agglomeration has been supported. There are significant positive spatial spillover effects of PM2.5 pollution in this urban agglomeration, and the introduction of FDI is conducive to alleviating PM2.5 pollution in the urban agglomeration. Similar to the “inverted U” curve proposed by the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, there was a significant “inverted U” curve relationship between PM2.5 pollution and economic growth in the Sichuan–Chongqing urban agglomeration. However, there was a significant “U”-type curve relationship between the urbanization degree and the PM2.5 concentration, which indicates that the current urbanization mode may aggravate the pollution degree of PM2.5 in the urban agglomeration in the long term. Furthermore, the two natural factors of annual average temperature and annual precipitation play an important role in PM2.5 pollution and spatial spillover effect in the Sichuan–Chongqing urban agglomeration. Economic development and rationalization of the industrial structure are the main ways by which FDI affects PM2.5 pollution in the urban agglomeration. The research conclusions of this study can be of great practical significance to optimize the regional industrial layout, control PM2.5 pollution, and establish a sustainable development policy system in the Sichuan–Chongqing urban agglomeration.
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Mitić, Petar, Milena Kresoja, and Jelena Minović. "A Literature Survey of the Environmental Kuznets Curve." Economic Analysis 52, no. 1 (June 24, 2019): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.28934/ea.19.52.12.pp109-127.
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Since the 1970s, the issue of environmental degradation has received considerable attention. Environmental Kuznets curve is one of the most well-known hypotheses that explains the relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution. It represents an important model that enables policymakers to deliver quality information-based decisions. In this paper we provide the theoretical framework of the Environmental Kuznets curve and examine existing literature on the EKC hypothesis. The systematic literary survey includes studies conducted for single countries as well as for group of countries. The most of the studies were testing empirically existence of inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions. Due to the chosen time period, set of independent variables and methodological framework, the results are inconclusive in nature, which is consistent with previous literature surveys on the same topic.
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Mahmood, Haider. "CO2 Emissions, Financial Development, Trade, and Income in North America: A Spatial Panel Data Approach." SAGE Open 10, no. 4 (October 2020): 215824402096808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020968085.
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The current study attempts to explore the determinants of CO2 emissions per capita considering spatial effects for a panel of 21 North American countries. The results corroborate the existence of spatial dependence in per capita carbon dioxide emissions and its determinants. Adverse environmental spillover effects are found for all hypothesized determinants while per capita income showed a positive impact. Furthermore, the existence of environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is proven with a turning point of 15,665 constant U.S. dollar per capita income, and 6 of the 21 investigated countries are found at the second stage of an inverted U-shaped relationship. An inverted U-shaped relationship between trade openness and carbon dioxide emissions per capita has also been found. Financial market development (foreign direct investment) seems to have monotonic positive (negative) effects.
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Sterpu, Mihaela, Georgeta Soava, and Anca Mehedintu. "Impact of Economic Growth and Energy Consumption on Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Testing Environmental Curves Hypotheses on EU Countries." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 3327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093327.
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This study analyses the relationship between per capita greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, gross domestic product, gross inland energy consumption, and renewable energy consumption for a panel of 28 countries of European Union in the period 1990–2016. Two theoretical models, a quadratic and a cubic one, are used to estimate the shape of the environmental curve and to test the Kuznets hypothesis. The panel cointegration approach proved the existence of long-run equilibrium relations among the four macroeconomic indicators. Empirical estimations, using panel data techniques, as well as heterogeneous regression for each individual country in the panel, show non-conclusive evidence for the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. The least square estimates, with the variables in log per capita form, reveal that the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis is verified for the panel and for 17 of the 28 EU countries. Estimates of the cubic model show that the environmental curve has an inverted N-shaped form. These results do not hold when the values are in non-logarithmic form. In addition, the estimations for all models show that an increase of gross energy consumption leads to an increase of GHGs, while an increase of renewable energy consumption leads to a reduction in GHG emissions.
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Mougenot, Benoit, Rosa Pamela Durand Santa MarÃa, and Claudia Lucia Koc Olcese. "Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: An Empirical Study for Peru." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11895.
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This research analyzes the Peruvian engagement against climate change through the impact of the per capita income on the environmental pollution in the national scenario during the annual period of 1980-2019. For this, the logic of the Environmental Kuznets Curve will be used, in which an "inverted U" curve shape affirms that the economic growth is favorable for the environment in the long term because an optimal income point is reached and pollution begins to decline. For this analysis, the national exports are included as a third variable, and also is considered a cubic regression equation to the original Kuznets model. Through the estimation by Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron unit root tests, Granger Causality Test, the Vector Autoregression Model (VAR) method and the Forecast Graphics, it is shown that, similar to other countries of the region, Peru is actually on the initial part of the curve, where income and pollution have a growing direct relation. Finally, the models that fitted the relationship of these variables were the original model and the model with exports included.
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Shah, Ajit. "Association of General Population Suicide Rates with Urbanisation." Psychological Reports 104, no. 2 (April 2009): 609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.104.2.609-612.
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There is mixed evidence of a relation for suicide rates in the general population with urbanisation. A cross-national study of 76 countries was undertaken examining the a priori hypothesis that the relation of the general population suicide rates with urbanisation, using data from the World Health Organization and United Nations, would be curvilinear and follow an inverted U-shaped curve, with a quadratic pattern. The predicted curvilinear relation was not found. This may have been due to major methodological limitations in cross-national studies, so this hypothesised curvilinear relationship may be better examined in longitudinal studies over time in individual countries undergoing urbanisation.
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BARBIER, EDWARD B. "Introduction to the environmental Kuznets curve special issue." Environment and Development Economics 2, no. 4 (November 1997): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x97000181.
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This special issue is concerned with environmental Kuznets curves (EKC) - the hypothesis that there is an ‘inverted-U’ relationship between various indicators of environmental degradation and levels of per capita income. Explanations as to why environmental degradation should first increase then decline with income have focused on a number of underlying relationships, including:the effects of structural economic change on the use of the environment for resource inputs and to assimilate waste;the link between the demand for environmental quality and income;types of environmental degradation and ecological processes.
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Siami-Namini, Sima. "Agriculture and Non-Agriculture Growth, Inflation and Income Inequality in Developed and Developing Countries." International Journal of Economics and Finance 11, no. 11 (October 20, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v11n11p43.
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The aim of this article is to examine how agriculture and non-agriculture growth and inflation affect income inequality. The multivariate panel data approach is used to examine the application of Kuznets hypothesis between income inequality and agriculture and non-agriculture growth and test the existence of nonlinear relationship between income inequality and inflation rate in a large sample of data collected for developed and developing countries. The Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter is used to separate the cyclical component from the trend component of inflation rate and agriculture and non-agriculture growth. The results demonstrate a significant negative nonlinear relationship between income inequality and the HP filtered inflation rate squared in developed countries. The findings confirm the application of a ‘U-shaped’ of Kuznets curve between income inequality and agriculture growth and between income inequality and non-agriculture growth in developed countries. In addition, the results show Kuznets inverted ‘U-shaped’ curve between agriculture growth and income inequality, and Kuznets ‘U-shaped’ curve between non-agriculture growth and income inequality in developing countries.
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Xu, Xian Hong. "The Research on Temporal and Spatial Econometric Analysis of Environmental Quality and Economic Growth." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 4398–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.4398.
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The traditional economic growth rapid growth of the gross national product, but also the natural resources are depleted, increasing environmental pollution, and the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality has caused a lot of controversy. Intuitive description of both the timing of changes in the law, in turn based on in-depth analysis of the dynamic pollution and income associated VAR model, found that there are long-run equilibrium and unilateral Granger causality, and then using the impulse response function analysis and analysis of variance, found that economic growth greater impact on the quality of the environment and the current quality of the environment is very small role in boosting economic growth, and this effect lag effect. Panel Data model to further explore the factors that affect the model, this paper found that the population density, the proportion of secondary industry and environmental governance investment on the quality of the environment has a significant impact, the majority of the pollution indicators are in line with the EKC inverted U-curve hypothesis, and a turning point in the inverted U-curve is also to make the calculation.
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Mahmood, Haider, Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb, Muhammad Tanveer, and Doaa H. I. Mahmoud. "Testing the Energy-Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in the Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Consumption Models in Egypt." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 7334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147334.
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The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) association between income and pollution emissions proxies has been extensively tested in the environmental literature. However, testing of the energy-EKC is scanty. This present research examined the energy–EKC in the cubic relationship of economic growth and different renewable and nonrenewable energy proxies in Egypt from 1965–2019. In the long run, we corroborate the N-shaped relationships in the case of primary energy, oil, and coal consumption models, and confirm the long run energy–EKC association in these energy proxies. Moreover, we find turning points of the N-curve for these energy sources in 1998, 2000, and 1979–2005, in primary energy, oil, and coal consumption models, respectively. Hence, economic growth is responsible for increasing nonrenewable energy consumption and has environmental consequences in Egypt. In the short run, we find N-shaped relationships in the case of primary energy, oil, and coal consumption. Further, we find an inverted U-shaped relationship in the case of natural gas consumption. In addition, we corroborate an inverted N-shaped relationship in the case of hydroelectricity consumption, a renewable energy source. Hence, we confirm the short-run energy–EKC relationship in all investigated renewable and nonrenewable energy proxies.
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Iskandar, Azwar. "ECONOMIC GROWTH AND CO2 EMISSIONS IN INDONESIA : INVESTIGATING THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE HYPOTHESIS EXISTENCE." Jurnal BPPK : Badan Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Keuangan 12, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.48108/jurnalbppk.v12i1.369.
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Peningkatan ancaman polusi udara dan pemanasan global telah dibahas secara luas dalam berbagai event internasional. Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) menjadi sebuah isu riset yang memotivasi banyak studi dalam mengklaim adanya hubungan antara pendapatan ekonomi dan emisi CO2 melalui pembuktian hipotesis inverted U-shaped, dimana hipotesis ini menjelaskan bahwa pada tahap awal pertumbuhan ekonomi, degragdasi lingkungan akan terjadi, tetapi pada tahap puncak pertumbuhannya justru akan mengurangi emisi CO2 bagi lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji keberadaan Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis dalam hubungan antara pertumbuhan ekonomi dan emisi karbondioksida di Indonesia selama periode tahun 194-2016. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) co-integration. Data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder yang berasal dari World Bank Development Indicators. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa hipotesis EKC tidak terdapat di Indonesia. Selain itu, permodelan jangka panjang menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi khususnya pada sektor electricity and heat production memberikan dampak positif dan signifikan terhadap emisi karbondioksida di Indonesia. Atas dasar temuan-temuan tersebut, penelitian ini mengisyaratkan adanya kebutuhan mendesak bagi Indonesia untuk menekankan perluasan service intensive economy daripada resource intensive, serta pengembangan sumber-sumber energi terbarukan dalam rangka memitigasi degradasi lingkungan seiring perkembangan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi.
The increasing threat of air pollution and global warming has been widely discussed in various international events. Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) become an independent research issue and motivated a bulky number of studies that claims an inverted U-shaped relationship between income and CO2 emission : at early stage of development, environmental degradation occurs, but at certain point the increase in economic development will decrease CO2 emission. This study aims to investigate the existing of EKC hypothesis and the dynamic relationship between CO2 emission and economic growth and in Indonesia case the period 1981-2016 using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) co-integration framework. Data were retrieved from World Bank Development Indicators. The findings reveal that EKC Hypothesis does not exist. In addition, the long run model show that economy growth appear to have significant positive impact on CO2 emission especially from electricity and heat production. These findings suggest a dire need for Indonesia to shift towards service intensive economy rather than resource intensive, and alternative renewable energy sources in order to mitigate environmental degradation as well as promote economic development.
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Kang, Hyunsoo. "Impacts of Income Inequality and Economic Growth on CO2 Emissions: Comparing the Gini Coefficient and the Top Income Share in OECD Countries." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 6954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15196954.
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This study investigates the nexus of income inequality, economic growth, and CO2 emissions based on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for 38 OECD countries during 1990–2015. The indices of income inequality include the Gini coefficient and the top income share. The main objective of this study is to re-examine the effects of income inequality and economic growth on CO2 emissions based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The panel analysis for OECD countries is examined using country fixed effects and Granger causality including pre-tests for unit root, cointegration, and stationarity. The main findings of this study are as follows. First, the effects of economic growth on CO2 emissions have an inverted U-shaped relationship, and the effects of income inequality on CO2 emission also have an inverted U-shaped relationship. Second, the Gini coefficient and the top income share represented by the income inequality index are well-defined tools for analyzing the relationship between income inequality and environmental degradation. Third, the increase in trade dependency and renewable energy consumption has contributed to the decrease in CO2 emissions, but the increase in energy use has led to an increase in CO2 emissions. Finally, economic growth and income inequality have Granger causality for CO2 emissions, and economic growth bi-directionally causes Granger causality for income inequality. Therefore, this study suggests that resolving income inequality is crucial and another important environmental policy that affects CO2 emissions.
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Hsiao, Chiu-Ming. "Economic Growth, CO2 Emissions Quota and Optimal Allocation under Uncertainty." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 16, 2022): 8706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148706.
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This study attempts to link greenhouse gas emissions and economic development, and under the premise of considering economic development, proposes an optimal quota of greenhouse gas emissions. Based on the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, the logarithmic value of greenhouse gas emissions is an inverted U-shaped function of the logarithmic value of GDP per capita. The empirical results showed that most countries in the world support the Kuznets curve hypothesis. Moreover, using data collected from Our World in Data, the optimal allocation of a greenhouse gas emissions quota can be found by minimizing the uncertainty risk subject to a prespecified global economic growth rate. For government policymakers, they may apply the framework in this study to determine an optimal allocation of greenhouse gas emissions for each sector that will ensure the intended level of domestic economic growth.
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Kudryavtseva, Olga, E. Ivanov, D. Kolesnik, E. Matveev, S. Pechenkin, and Yu Yakimova. "Assessment of the Impact of Environmental Pollution on Economic Growth." Scientific Research of Faculty of Economics. Electronic Journal 9, no. 3 (September 28, 2017): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/2078-3809-2017-9-3-68-80.
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The work is devoted to testing the hypothesis of the existence of an inverted U-shaped dependence of economic growth on the level of environmental pollution, which was based on the concept of the ecological curve of Kuznets. The authors, using econometric methods and data from the World Bank, show that the hypothesis is correct: there is a turning point between the positive and negative nature of the dependence of economic growth on the level of CO2 emissions. The hypothesis is confirmed for low- and middle-income countries, and the dependence is linear negative for countries with a high level of income. Based on the results, the authors formulate recommendations on environmental regulation in accordance with the level of the country's economic development.
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Ashibi Ushie, David, and Esther Ranmilowo Aderinto. "Energy consumption, economic development and environmental degradation nexus for Nigeria." Journal of Life Economics 8, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 463–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15637/jlecon.8.4.06.
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This study tests the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for Nigeria using two environmental indicators vis-à-vis ecological footprint and carbon dioxide emissions. Data was sourced from World Development Indicators (WDI) and the Global Footprint Network for the period spanning from 1981 to 2019.The Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method was employed. It was observed that short-run and long-run relationships exist among the variables. Findings revealed that in the short and long run, energy consumption has positive effects on CO2 emissions in Nigeria. However, for ecological footprint, only energy consumption in the three lagged period has a positive relationship with EFP in the short run without any significant effect being observed in the long run. Similarly, an inverted U-shaped environmental degradation-economic development relationship was established in the study which validated the EKC hypothesized inverted U-shape for CO2 emissions. However, for EFP, there was no evidence of the EKC. As such, the shape of the EKC curve is subject to the environmental indicators employed. The study therefore recommends an increase in the use of alternative sources of energy that are relatively free from pollutant emissions as an alternative and viable option for Nigeria.
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Zhang, Jun, and Youhai Lu. "Exploring the Effects of Tourism Development on Air Pollution: Evidence from the Panel Smooth Transition Regression Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14 (July 11, 2022): 8442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148442.
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Based on the theoretical framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), this study investigates whether tourism development can decrease air pollution. This study applies the panel smooth transition regression approach and panel data for 2005–2019 from 283 prefecture-level cities in China to examine the nonlinear effect of tourism development on PM2.5, emissions. Our results reveal that the effects of tourism on PM2.5, emissions vary according to the modes of tourist arrivals. At the national level, the effect of tourism on PM2.5 emissions exhibits an inverted-U shape. At the regional level, tourism exerts a U-shaped impact on PM2.5 emissions in eastern China, and tourism is nonlinearly negatively associated with PM2.5 emissions in central and western China. An important theoretical contribution of our study is the proposal and validation of the U-shaped tourism-induced EKC hypothesis.
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Latief, Rashid, Usman Sattar, Sohail Ahmad Javeed, Ammar Ali Gull, and Yingshun Pei. "The Environmental Effects of Urbanization, Education, and Green Innovation in the Union for Mediterranean Countries: Evidence from Quantile Regression Model." Energies 15, no. 15 (July 27, 2022): 5456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155456.
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This study aims to examine the environmental dynamics in the Union for Mediterranean (UFM) countries by considering education, urbanization, green innovation, and other key factors for the period 2001–2016. The data are divided based on the income level of UFM countries and analyzed with panel quantile regression, panel unit root tests, panel co-integration test, ordinary least squares method, and fixed effects model to evaluate the nexus between variables. A generalized method of moments (GMM) is employed to deal with the endogeneity issue in the panel data. The results of the study confirm that the urban population has an inverted U-shaped association with environmental degradation in the lower-middle and high-middle income countries. It further comes out that increased education levels decrease environmental degradation in the high-income countries. Hence, green innovation reduces environmental degradation in the upper-middle-income and high-middle-income countries. The study validates an inverted U-shaped relationship between GDP and environmental degradation in all income-based groups of countries, which supports the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis.
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Bykova, Anna. "The Impact of Industry’s Concentration on Innovation: Evidence from Russia." Journal of Corporate Finance Research / Корпоративные Финансы | ISSN: 2073-0438 11, no. 1 (June 9, 2017): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/j.jcfr.2073-0438.11.1.2017.37-49.
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In pursuit of economic growth and development, companies have tried to strike a balance between competition and monopoly power. This paper reviews evidence on industrial concentration and its economic consequences (notably firms’ performance as measured by innovation output) in the framework of emerging market conditions. Competition theory was built in developed countries under assumptions that do not necessarily fit emerging economies. Our main research question is whether the level of local market concentration influences (and if it does, in which way) innovation activity undertaken by companies operating on emerging markets. Apart from linear association, the empirical literature suggests that industrial concentration could exhibit an inverted U-relationship as far as its link to certain economic indicators of success, such as innovation output. We measure concentration by using the Herfindahl-Hirshman Index. This paper finds empirical evidence in support of the Schumpeterian hypothesis that more concentrated industries stimulate innovation and observe the inverted U-relationship curve. Further, the empirical model demonstrates the relative importance of technological leadership in concentration industries to enhance innovations. This suggests a role for recalibrating firm and industry policies.
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Konya, Sevilay. "Panel Estimation of the Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 Emissions and Ecological Footprint: Environmental Sustainability in Developing Countries." Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 22, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 123–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foli-2022-0022.
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Abstract Research background: The relationship between the economy and the environment is one of the most frequently encountered issues recently. Today the issue of environmental sustainability is one of the problems faced by countries. Purpose: This study, it is aimed at investigating the relationship between economic and environmental variables. Research methodology: The existence of the environmental Kuznets curve theory, in other words, the inverted U-connection between per capita carbon dioxide emissions, per capita ecological footprint, and per capita GDP in the examples of 10 developing countries is examined. We analyzed annual balanced panel data covering the period 1992–2014 for an inverted U-link between carbon dioxide emissions and ecological footprint and per capita GDP. Westerlund’s cointegration test was applied as a cointegration test. The Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG) and Augment Mean Group (AMG) estimator methods were applied for long-term parameter estimation. The Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality test was applied to determine the causal connections. Results: As a result of the study, a positive and significant effect of electricity consumption on carbon dioxide emission was determined in the long term in the model where the ecological footprint is the dependent variable. In the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, an inverted U-shaped relationship was determined. That is, the results confirming the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve have been determined. Finally, bidirectional causal links between carbon emissions and economic growth, between carbon dioxide emissions and the square of economic growth, and between carbon dioxide emissions and electricity consumption; It is observed between the ecological footprint and economic growth, between the ecological footprint and the square of economic growth, and between the ecological footprint and electricity consumption. It is expected that this article will make a significant contribution to the literature with the important results obtained by using both an ecological footprint and carbon dioxide emission as dependent variables. Novelty: In this study, unlike other studies, two models were created with both CO2 emissions and the ecological footprint data as environmental variables.
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Krishnan, T. S. "Global Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Emission in 2005: Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis and Implications for Policy." International Journal of Environment 5, no. 2 (May 26, 2016): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v5i2.15006.
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Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis provides support for public policies that emphasize economic growth at the expense of environmental degradation. This hypothesis postulates an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation with plausible explanations. We contribute to the discussion on EKC hypothesis by focusing on anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emission (a greenhouse gas) during an extreme year. In the year 2005, concentration of anthropogenic CO2 became higher than the natural range observed over the last 650,000 years. Using econometric modeling of data from 122 countries for the year 2005, we study the key question: Does EKC hypothesis hold for anthropogenic CO2 emission after controlling for energy consumption and environmental governance? We do not find statistical support for EKC hypothesis. But, we find that improvements in environmental governance reduces CO2 emission. This suggests support for environmental policies that specifically promote CO2 emission reduction and does not emphasize economic growth at the expense of environmental degradation.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTVolume-5, Issue-2, March-May 2016, Page: 48-60
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Tsiantikoudis, Zafeiriou, Kyriakopoulos, and Arabatzis. "Revising the Environmental Kuznets Curve for Deforestation: An Empirical Study for Bulgaria." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 12, 2019): 4364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164364.
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The evolution of human societies along with efforts to enhance economic welfare may well lead to the deterioration of the environment. Deforestation is a usual process throughout evolution that poses pressing and potentially irreversible environmental risks, despite the ecological and modernization processes that aim to limit those risks. The economic growth–environmental degradation relationship—namely, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis—is studied in alignment with the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. The novelty of the study is attributed to the use of the carbon emissions equivalent derived by deforestation as an index for environmental degradation in Bulgaria as a new entrant into the European Union (EU). In addition, we use the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita as a proxy for income, being determined as an independent variable. Research findings cannot validate the inverted U-shape of the EKC hypothesis; instead, an inverted N pattern is confirmed. The implementation of appropriate policies aiming at the protection of the environment through the diversification of economic activities is related to the use of forest land and other resources, or related sectors (agroforestry, ecotourism activities, and scientific research), rather than only the direct utilization of forested areas; the limitation of afforestation processes and their negative impacts on citizens’ welfare are also addressed.
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Ghazi Alajmi, Reema. "The Relationship between Economic Growth and Municipal Solid Waste & Testing the EKC Hypothesis: Analysis for Saudi Arabia." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS RESEARCH AND MARKETING 1, no. 5 (2016): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.15.3003.
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This paper empirically investigates two main points: application of the VECM test to examine the relationship between economic growth and municipal solid waste (MSW) generation using municipal services, GDP and population growth; and the application of the OLS regression to validate the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for MSW over the period of 1980-2012 in Saudi Arabia. The results show that there is a long-standing relationship between the variables under examination, and that the EKC hypothesis is not valid for MSW in Saudi Arabia. Even though there is an inverted U-shaped because the turning point is very high compared with GDP in that period. Saudi Arabia needs to implement new policies and adopt new technologies that help to reduce MSW generation in order to achieve sustainable development in future.
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Okon, Emmanuel O. "Nigeria: Is There an Environmental Kuznets Curve for Fluorinated Gases?" Open Economics 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openec-2020-0113.
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Abstract The environmental Kuznets curve is a relationship between various indicators of environmental degradation and income per capita. Empirical studies have produced mixed results concerning Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis given the different indicators of environmental degradation used. But there has not been any validation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for powerful greenhouse gases like fluorinated gases that have a global warming effect up to 23 000 times greater than carbon dioxide (CO2), and their emissions are rising strongly. This paper aimed to test the applicability of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Nigeria from 1970-2018 by deploying the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag methodology, the bounds test shows that there’s a long-run equilibrium relationship between Gross Domestic Product per capita, square of Gross Domestic Product per capita, alternative and nuclear energy, combustible renewable and waste, and adjusted savings: net forest depletion. Nonetheless, the results do not support the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis both in the short-run and long-run and inverted U-shaped relationship was not found between fluorinated greenhouse gas emissions and growth in Nigeria. However, adopting fluorinated gas recycling and destruction processes, optimizing production to minimize emissions, and replacing these gases with alternatives are suggested for industrial users.
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GABRIEL YAU, JIA-JUN, and SIOW-HOOI TAN. "The Kuznets Curve, Information and Communication Technology, and Income Inequality in Malaysia." International Journal of Economics and Management 16, no. 2 (August 20, 2022): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/ijeam_16.2.02.
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This study re-investigates the presence of the Kuznets curve in the context of Malaysia, by employing an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. We seek to examine the non-linear impacts of economic growth on income inequality by investigating the existence of a second turning point to the relationship. Furthermore, we also assess the impacts of information and communication technology (ICT) (through internet, mobile, and broadband usage) on income inequality, besides the determinants of income inequality which have been extensively studied within the framework. This endeavour leveraged a time series analysis whereby the data was employed from the time period of 1970–2018. Our estimation results support the S-curve hypothesis that relates economic growth to inequality starting from the back portion of the inverted U-shaped curve. Our results confirm that ICT can actually be part of an active economic policy aiming to reduce existing income inequalities.
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GABRIEL YAU, JIA-JUN, and SIOW-HOOI TAN. "The Kuznets Curve, Information and Communication Technology, and Income Inequality in Malaysia." International Journal of Economics and Management 16, no. 2 (August 20, 2022): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/ijeam.16.2.02.
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This study re-investigates the presence of the Kuznets curve in the context of Malaysia, by employing an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. We seek to examine the non-linear impacts of economic growth on income inequality by investigating the existence of a second turning point to the relationship. Furthermore, we also assess the impacts of information and communication technology (ICT) (through internet, mobile, and broadband usage) on income inequality, besides the determinants of income inequality which have been extensively studied within the framework. This endeavour leveraged a time series analysis whereby the data was employed from the time period of 1970–2018. Our estimation results support the S-curve hypothesis that relates economic growth to inequality starting from the back portion of the inverted U-shaped curve. Our results confirm that ICT can actually be part of an active economic policy aiming to reduce existing income inequalities.
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Liu, Yuncai, Nengsheng Luo, and Shusheng Wu. "Nonlinear Effects of Environmental Regulation on Environmental Pollution." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2019 (March 27, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6065396.
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This paper classifies environmental regulation into two types and constructs a theoretical framework to explore the influences of fee-based environmental regulation and invest-based environmental regulation on environmental pollution. It then establishes some dynamic spatial autoregressive nonlinear econometric models to test the theoretical hypothesis based on 30-area panel data from 2004 to 2016. The results illustrate that inverted “U” shape curve relationship exists between fee-based environmental regulation and environmental pollution, while a “U” shape curve relationship between invest-based environmental regulation and environmental pollution exists. In addition, the findings suggest that improving the proportion of secondary industry can directly promote the environmental quality while effectively control of foreign direct investment and fiscal decentralization is also indispensable. Thus, the government should make targeted research about the optimal intensity of fee-based environmental regulation and invest-based environmental regulation and make targeted enterprise policy for the environmental pollution reduce, which contains promoting the energy revolution and strengthening the depth and strength of opening-up step by step.
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EMIZET, KISANGANI N. F. "The Relationship Between the Liberal Ethos and Quality of Life." Comparative Political Studies 33, no. 8 (October 2000): 1049–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414000033008003.
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This research examines the positive influence of democracy and economic liberalism on citizens' quality of life (QOL). The statistical analysis relies on extreme-bounds analysis, the Tobit-maximum likelihood estimator, and robust two-stage least squares to test this hypothesis. The relationship between democracy and QOL is a parabolic inverted U-shaped curve, so that democracy first enhances QOL and over time it hampers it. On the other hand, QOL strengthens democracy. QOL suffers from a market economy in middle-income countries. Openness to trade enhances QOL everywhere but sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. A market economy consolidates democracy everywhere else but sub-Saharan Africa. Openness enhances democracy around the globe, except in Latin America and the Middle East. Economic development and QOL exhibit a reciprocal normal U-shaped curve, whereas democracy and economic development are linearly dependent. These contradictory results cast some doubt on the pursuit of both democracy and a liberal economy in fostering development. The current pursuit of the liberal ethos can be destructive, and it is time to modify our vision of the future.
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Bongers, Anelí. "The Environmental Kuznets Curve and the Energy Mix: A Structural Estimation." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 2641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102641.
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The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis establishes the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between income and environmental deterioration. This paper studies the relationship between the energy mix and pollutant emissions and uses an environmental dynamic general equilibrium model to carry out a structural estimation of the EKC hypothesis. The model considers a three-input production function, including energy. Energy is a composite of fossil fuels and renewable energy sources. The flow of pollutant emissions depends on fossil fuels’ consumption, which accumulates in a pollution stock, resulting in a negative externality that adversely impacts aggregate productivity. Simulations of the model support the existence of a steady-state EKC relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the stock of pollution, where the negative slope side of the curve is very flat. We find that (i) the EKC hypothesis is only fulfilled when the elasticity of substitution between fossil fuel and renewable energy is high enough; (ii) the higher the elasticity of the productivity to the stock of pollution, the lower the optimal stock of pollution as a function of output; and (iii) emissions efficiency has a positive impact on the environment in the short-run, but negative in the long-run.
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Meng, Yu, Baowen Li, Jingqiao Yang, Yong Wang, and Jianxun Niu. "Research on the Relationship Between Macroeconomic Indicators and Stock Market Value." Proceedings of Business and Economic Studies 5, no. 5 (October 26, 2022): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/pbes.v5i5.4243.
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The article first addresses the following questions: “Why does gross domestic product (GDP) rises, but the stock market value falls?”; “Among the macroeconomic factors, which factor has a greater impact on the promotion of investment value in the securities market?”. With these questions in mind, we put forward a hypothesis emphasizing on the impact of macroeconomic factors on the value of the stock market based on existing research and used the regression method to verify this hypothesis. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) variables that have a positive nonlinear relationship with stock market value include balance of payments surplus, rising GDP level, M1, the whole society’s fixed asset investment, and national per capita disposable income; (2) variables that have a negative nonlinear relationship with stock market value include deposit, loan interest rate, new RMB loan amount, consumer price index (CPI), and producer price index; (3) deposit reserve ratio has an S-shaped curve relationship with stock market value; (4) exchange rate has an inverted U-shaped curve relationship with stock market value.
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Twerefou, Daniel Kwabena, Frank Adusah-Poku, and William Bekoe. "An empirical examination of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for carbon dioxide emissions in Ghana: an ARDL approach." Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/environ-2016-0019.
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AbstractThe Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis postulates an inverted U-shaped relationship between different pollutants and economic growth. In Ghana, as in many other developing countries, there exist scanty studies that confirm or otherwise the EKC hypothesis with regards to CO2 emissions as well as the factors that drive CO2 emissions. This work aims to bridge this knowledge gap by addressing these two major questions using data from 1970 to 2010 and the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds Testing approach. The results rather suggest a U-shaped relationship between per capita GDP and CO2 emissions per capita indicating the non-existence of the EKC hypothesis for CO2 in Ghana. This implies that further increase in per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) will only be associated with increase in CO2 emissions as the income per capita turning point of about $624 at constant 2000 prices occurred between 1996 and 1997. Furthermore, our results reveal energy consumption and trade openness are positive long run drivers of CO2 emissions. It is therefore recommended that the enhancement of trade liberalization policies should ensure the use of cleaner technologies and products while investment in cleaner energy alternatives could help reduce CO2 emissions. We also recommend the implementation of the Low Carbon Development Strategy which integrates development and climate change mitigation actions.
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Zhang, Zhenbo, and Mengfan Yan. "Reexamining the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Chinese Cities: Does Intergovernmental Competition Matter?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 14989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214989.
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Since China’s central authority began enforcing the environmental target responsibility system and introduced environmental indicators to the official ranking tournament in 2007, an ecological transformation has emerged in the intergovernmental competition (IGC) among localities. Because the extant literature on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) remains unclear regarding how that ecological IGC transformation changes the EKC economy–pollution correlation, this research investigates the degree to which the transformed IGC changes the form of the EKC, and how that altered EKC varies for different pollutants (i.e., SO2 and CO2) and in different regions (i.e., the eastern, central, and western regions). The results demonstrate a consistently inverted U-shaped relationship between income and SO2 emissions in all three regions, whereas when CO2 emissions are taken as the pollution indicator, the EKC hypothesis holds only in the eastern and central cities, and a positive linear income–CO2 nexus is found in the western region. Spatial analysis reveals that whereas the IGC flattens the inverted U-shaped curves between income and SO2 emissions, it has led to a higher economic cost, corresponding to the turning point of the EKC for CO2 emissions. The findings indicate that the ecological transformation of the IGC has facilitated a positive up–down yardstick competition in the strategic interactions of sustainable development across local Chinese governments, which can lead to a kind of balance between centralization and decentralization by inspiring local officials’ adaptability and activity in reducing pollutant emissions and strengthening the officials’ responsiveness to performance rankings. This study elucidates the environmental impacts of IGC in China and provides an institutional explanation for the strategic interactions among local governments when they are tackling the environment–economy nexus under multitask conditions.
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Arat, Zuleyha, Adalet Hazar, and Senol Babuscu. "Relationship between Financial Development and Income Inequality for Turkey and Selected Countries with Similar." Journal of corporate governance, insurance and risk management 9, no. 1 (August 17, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51410/jcgirm.9.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: The study’s primary purpose is to investigate the validity of the Financial Kuznets Curve hypothesis for 15 selected upper and middle-income countries in terms of middle and upper-income group countries. In this context: Income inequality using annual data for the period 2002-2018 of 15 countries, including Turkey, Brazil, Belarus, Armenia, Ecuador, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Georgia, Mexico, Kazakhstan, Paraguay, Peru, Russian Federation and Thailand.Methodology: The relationship between income inequality and financial development was examined by panel data analysis. At the same time, as in similar studies in the literature, growth, inflation and foreign trade variables, which are among the main variables related to the subject, were also included in the research.Findings: As a result of the findings, results were obtained that support the inverted-U hypothesis between income inequality and financial development.