Academic literature on the topic 'Inverted U-Curve Hypothesis'
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Journal articles on the topic "Inverted U-Curve Hypothesis"
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Kiliç, Cüneyt, and Feyza Balan. "Is there an environmental Kuznets inverted-U shaped curve?" Panoeconomicus 65, no. 1 (2018): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan150215006k.
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This study examines the relationship among carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, income, energy consumption, trade openness, financial development and institutional quality based on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in 151 countries for the period 1996-2010, using the pooled ordinary least squares methods. The results support cubic specification of the EKC hypothesis, which assumes a cubic polynomial inverted-U shaped relationship between income and environmental degradation. Other empirical results indicate that energy consumption, trade openness, financial development and institutional quality are significant variables in explaining CO2 emissions.
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Cahyadin, Malik, Vita Kartika Sari, and Aulia Hapsari Juwita. "New Evidence of Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Developing Countries." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 22, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v22i2.15794.
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New indexes of environment and institutions are constructed following principal component analysis (PCA), while non-linear panel regression is employed. This study attempts to estimate a non-linear impact of GDP per capita on the environment following the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis for 97 developing countries during 1991-2014. The study reveals that a traditional EKC shows a U-shaped relationship under static panels, with both quadratic and cubic regressions. Interestingly, the inverted U-shaped occurs when a traditional EKC is estimated by the dynamic panels, with both quadratic and cubic regressions. Moreover, the EKC model is inverted U-shaped following static and dynamic panels, with both quadratic and cubic regressions under institutions. Indeed, the institutions significantly contribute to express EKC in developing countries. Policymakers should formulate environmental policies following climate change mitigation in the environmental sustainability framework, improve the quality of institutions, and increase macroeconomic management to anticipate external shocks such as openness, globalization, and FDI inflows.
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Silvère Konan, Yao, and Kodjo Aklobessi. "Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from West Africa." Environmental Economics 12, no. 1 (May 6, 2021): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.12(1).2021.06.
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This paper analyzes the revenue-pollution relationship by revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for West African countries over the period of 1980–2014. The study approximates the income measurement by GDP per capita and uses carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (NO2), and methane emissions as various environmental quality measures. The paper uses parametric and non-parametric estimation techniques to test the EKC hypothesis. The results support the existence of the U-inverted relationship between income and methane emission, on one hand, and between income and nitrogen dioxide emission on the other. The estimates also show a mixed result for the U-inverted hypothesis between income and carbon dioxide emissions. Thus, the verification of the curve depends on the estimation techniques and the measurement of the pollutant used. The obtained results led to the conclusion that the EKC hypothesis is validated for West African countries.
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Galuh Nuansa, Citrasmara, and Wahyu Widodo. "Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Perspective of Sustainable Development in Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 09021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183109021.
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Sustainable development with three main pillars, namely environmental, economic, and social, is the concept of country’s development to achieve inclusive economic growth, good environmental quality, and improvement of people's welfare. However, the dominance of economic factors cause various environmental problem. This phenomenon occurs in most of developing countries, including in Indonesia. The relationship between economic activity and environmental quality has been widely discussed and empirically tested by scholars. This descriptive research analysed the hypothesis called Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) from a perspective of sustainable development in Indonesia. EKC hypothesis illustrates the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation forming an inverted U-curve, indicating that at the beginning of development, environmental quality will decrease along with increasing economic growth, and then reached a certain point the environmental quality will gradually improve. In this paper will be discussed how the relationship between environmental quality and economic growth in Indonesia was investigated. The preliminary results show that most of the empirical studies use the conventional approach, in which the CO2 emission used as the proxy of environmental degradation. The existence of inverted U-curve is also inconclusive. Therefore, the extension research on the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality in Indonesia using the EKC hypothesis is required.
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Shah, A. "The possible evidence for an epidemiological transition hypothesis for elderly suicides." International Psychogeriatrics 22, no. 2 (November 30, 2009): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104161020999130x.
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ABSTRACTBackground: An epidemiological transition hypothesis has been developed to explain simultaneously wide cross-national variations in elderly suicide rates, trends over time for elderly suicide rates and age-associated trends in suicides rates. This speculative hypothesis suggests that there is a curvilinear (inverted U-shaped curve) relationship between elderly suicide rates and socioeconomic status fitting the quadratic equation y = a + bx − cx2 (where y is the suicide rate, x is the socioeconomic status, and a, b and c are constants).Methods: The predicted curvilinear relationship between elderly suicide rates and gross national domestic product (GDP), a measure of socioeconomic status, fitting the above quadratic equation was examined with a curve estimation regression model using data from the World Health Organization.Results: The relationship between suicide rates in both sexes in the age-bands 65–74 and 75+ years and the GDP was curvilinear (inverted U-shaped curve) and fitted the above quadratic equation, and was statistically significant (at least p<0.05) in all four groups.Conclusions: Caution should be exercised in accepting this model of the epidemiological transition hypothesis for elderly suicide rates because it is generated from cross-sectional data using an ecological design. Ideally, this model requires rigorous testing by following selected countries of low socioeconomic status over time as they develop socioeconomically.
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Melikhova, Oksana, and Jakub Čížek. "Kuznets Inverted U-Curve Hypothesis Examined on Up-To Date Observations for 145 Countries." Prague Economic Papers 23, no. 3 (January 1, 2014): 388–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.490.
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Wu, Qianqian, and Rong Wang. "Do Environmental Regulation and Foreign Direct Investment Drive Regional Air Pollution in China?" Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 1567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021567.
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With economic development, air pollution is becoming increasingly serious, which affects the sustainable development of the global economy. In order to explore policy measures to curb air pollution, this paper selects data from 30 regions in China and explores their impact studies on air pollution from the perspectives of environmental regulation and foreign direct investment using a systematic GMM model. Then, the threshold effect model is selected to verify their nonlinear relationship. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Environmental regulation does not pass the significance test. There is no significant “U-shaped” or “inverted U-shaped” relationship between environmental regulation and air pollution. In the eastern region, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship, which is consistent with the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, and the effect in the central and western regions is higher than in the eastern region of China. (2) The entry of foreign direct investment (FDI) aggravates the environmental pollution problem in China, and the overall status quo is consistent with the pollution haven hypothesis, which shows an inverted U-shaped curve between FDI and air pollution. The eastern region does not have any U-shaped relationships. The other two regions show an inverted U-shaped curve between foreign direct investment and air pollution; these two regions are still in the left half of the curve, and the increase in foreign capital will lead to aggravation of the pollution status quo. (3) The industrial structure will aggravate air pollution in the whole country and the central and western regions; the eastern region shows a suppression effect, but this is not significant. Urbanization exacerbates air pollution in the central and western regions but has an insignificant effect in the eastern region. The level of economic development increases air pollution in all regions. The expansion of the population size brings a large amount of production and living pollution, which aggravates environmental pollution. The research in this paper can provide theoretical references for regional policies to control air pollution.
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Arnaut, Javier, and Johanna Lidman. "Environmental Sustainability and Economic Growth in Greenland: Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031228.
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The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis assumes there is an inverted U-shape relationship between pollution and income per capita, implying an improvement in environmental quality when a growing economy reaches a high level of economic development. This study evaluated empirically the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve in Greenland for the period 1970–2018. Using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach, the results show evidence of a U-shaped EKC in Greenland instead of the hypothesized inverted U-shape. The findings indicate that Greenland had initially experienced a decoupling transition during an early development stage associated with structural conditions of a small subsistence economy. However, once the country began to expand its industry, the trend began to reverse, creating a positive and significant relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP per capita that is potentially detrimental to the Arctic natural environment.
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Liu, Pei-Zhi, Seema Narayan, Yi-Shuai Ren, Yong Jiang, Konstantinos Baltas, and Basil Sharp. "Re-Examining the Income–CO2 Emissions Nexus Using the New Kink Regression Model: Does the Kuznets Curve Exist in G7 Countries?" Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 27, 2022): 3955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14073955.
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More countries have made carbon neutral or net zero emission commitments since 2019. Within this context, re-examining the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis plays an essential role in sizing up the global economic development situation and realizing the global carbon emission reduction target. A methodological challenge in testing the EKC hypothesis, which states that increasing income makes CO2 emissions begin to decline beyond a turning point, lies in determining if this benchmark point exists. The EKC hypothesis between income and CO2 emissions is reassessed by applying a new kink regression model for the G7 countries from 1890 to 2015. Results reveal the inverted U-shaped nexus does not exist for US, Germany, Italy, Canada and Japan. For these five countries, the EKC curve has a turning point, but the positive impact of incomes on CO2 emissions becomes significantly smaller after the turning point. We describe this relationship as a pseudo-EKC. K.U.K. and France are the only exceptions, fitting the EKC hypothesis. Further analysis indicates that the relationship between income and SO2 emissions presents an inverted U-shaped curve. Moreover, we observe that the turning point occurs at different points in time for the different G7 countries. Therefore, environmental policies targeting pollutant emission reduction should consider the different characteristics of different pollutants and regions.
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Wang, Jie Zhong, Li Yuan Yang, Yun Qian Wang, and Bing Hua Wang. "Research on the Relationship between Economic Growth and Heavy Metals Pollution of Lake Sediments in Nansi Lake Basin." Advanced Materials Research 1092-1093 (March 2015): 1017–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1092-1093.1017.
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The Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis was applied to explore the relationship between economic growth and heavy metal pollution of lake sediments in Nansi Lake basin. The indicator of economic growth (IEG) was extracted from ten important economic indexes by the method of principal component analysis based on the data from 1978 to 2007. Some representative heavy metals including Hg, Cu, Br and Mn were chosen to analyze the level of heavy metals pollution in Nansi Lake basin. According to the previous research results that the deposition rate of Nansi Lake sediments was 3.5 mm/a, Kriging interpolation method was used to segment the 10.5cm core into 30 parts. The coupling results show that there is an inverted U-shaped curve between IEG and the element Br, half of an inverted U-shaped curve between IEG and Hg and Mn, and a N-shaped curve between IEG and Cu.
Book chapters on the topic "Inverted U-Curve Hypothesis"
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Zahirah Mohd Sidek, Noor, and Jamilah Laidin. "Inequality and the Environment: Impact and Way Forward." In Business, Management and Economics. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107246.
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Economic and financial crisis thwarts the process of global economic growth, development, integration, and efforts to promote a sustainable environment. The onset of the recent crisis aggravates the problem of inequality and more resources need to be channeled for economic recovery. This study attempts to examine the impact of income inequality on environmental pollution in a sample of an unbalanced panel of 120 countries which consist of 42 high-income, 35 upper-middle-income, and 43 lower-middle- and low-income countries. The sample period runs from 1985 to 2019. The empirical results are quantitatively robust to a different alternative of proxy. Results affirmed an inverted U-shaped relationship between income inequality and environmental pollution for lower-middle- and low-income countries. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is present in the case of upper-middle, lower-middle- and low-income countries but not for high-income countries. The policy implication based on these findings is policies must be coordinated to cushion the impact of income inequality to enable more allocation for environmental protection such as measures to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Despite the crisis and economic slowdown, countries should take the opportunity to review their recovery plans by incorporating environmental concerns.
Conference papers on the topic "Inverted U-Curve Hypothesis"
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Aytun, Cengiz, Cemil Serhat Akın, and Neşe Algan. "The Nexus between Environmental Degradation, Income and Energy Consumption in Emerging Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01679.
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Today, especially in developing countries, environmental pollution threatens human life. Environmental quality is one of the most important sources of human welfare. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the relationship between environmental degradation, income and energy consumption. The aim of this study is to investigate the nature of relationships among the carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth and energy consumption for emerging economies. For this purpose, Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis have been tested for 10 emerging economies for the years from 1980 to 2010. Data were brought together from the World Bank development indicators database. In order to test of Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis IPS panel unit root, Pedroni panel cointegration and FMOLS estimation methods are used. Results indicate that energy consumption has a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Results indicate that energy consumption has a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. The findings also show that per capita GDP follows an inverted U-shape pattern associated with the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. This situation validates the policies which assert that environmental pollution decreases with income growth.
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Yüksel, Özge. "Interrelationships Among Carbon Emission, Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and Foreign Direct Investment in Eurasian Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02519.
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The main aim of this study is to empirically investigate the impact of energy consumption and foreign direct investments on carbon emissions and the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in Eurasian countries over the period of 1993-2013. In this context, firstly cross-section dependency and homogeneity tests were applied for the the panel. The existence of unit root was investigated by one of the second-generation unit root test CIPS. The cointegration relationship between the variables was investigated with the Gengenbach, Urbain ve Westerlund panel cointegration test and finally, the causality relationship was examined using the Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality test. Empirical results indicate that there is no cointegraion between carbon dioxide emission representing environmental pollution and other variables. Also, it was concluded that the inverted U-shaped Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is not valid. There is a bidirectional causality between carbon emission and GDP, the square of GDP, energy consumption and foreign direct investment.
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Dülger, Fikret, Salih Gencer, and Almıla Burgaç. "Intensity of Metal (Steel) Use Hypothesis: A Test for Turkish Economy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00992.
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The quantity of steel consumed can be considered as an indicator of industrial development as nations move to higher stages of industrialization, since the steel consumption has been thought to be closely linked to the rate of economic growth, which influences the level of activity in steel intensive sectors (Huh, 2011). After the World War II, the worldwide metal consumption increased rapidly and, this led to a concern about the supply of metals and a fear of early depletion (Wårell, 2014). As part of a broader effort to develop simple but accurate techniques for forecasting the future demand for metals, the International Iron and Steel Institute (1972) and Malenbaum (1973) suggested the intensity of use hypothesis during the 1970s. This hypothesis maintains that the intensity of metal use is a function of economic development as measured by real GDP (Guzmán et al. 2005). Intensity of use curve rises, peaks, and then decline as per capita income increases. For this hypothesis the intensity of metal use depends on the economic development in a country and changes over the development stages of the economy. Therefore the relationship between intensity of metal use and economic development exhibits an inverted U-shaped pattern. The main purpose of this study is to test the intensity of (steel) use hypothesis for Turkey during the period 1955-2012 using the cointegration technique with structural break. Given the dataset and time series techniques used, results indicate that the steel consumption and real GDP have the long-run relationship.
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Berrada, Marwane S., and John C. Bischof. "Evaluation of Freezing Effects on Human Microvascular-Endothelial Cells (hMEC)." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/htd-24432.
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Abstract There is mounting evidence that the endothelium may play an important role in traditional cryosurgical treatments by acting to locally foster thrombi in the microvasculature of various tissues after freezing. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate, at the cellular level in human microvascular endothelial cells (hMEC), the various biophysical changes that occur during freezing and compare them with post-freeze viability. The hMECs were loaded on a cryomicroscope stage and freezing experiments at 5, 10, 15, 25, 100 and 130°C/min were performed to experimentally evaluate dehydration (water transport) as well as intracellular ice formation (IIF) within this cell system. The dehydration kinetics were found to be governed by a membrane permeability Lpg and activation energy ELp of 0.05 (μm/min.atm) and 14.8 (kcal/mole) respectively [R2 = 0.94]. These parameters were then tested for predictive ability against the experimentally measured behavior at 15°C/min with a good agreement [R2 = 0.98]. Intracellular Ice Formation (IIF) was found to occur at lower temperatures than many cell types (i.e. TIIF 50% ∼ −18°C) and at cooling rates greater than or equal to 25°C/min. At cooling rates above 50°C/min, two types of IIF, cell darkening and twitching, were both observed and quantified and were assumed to be governed by Surface Catalyzed Nucleation (SCN). IIF parameters Ωo, and κo were found to be 6.8 × 10−8 (m2.s)−1 and 8.3 × 10−9 (K5) [R2 = 0.94] respectively. Viability results suggest an inverted U-shape curve between 1 and 50°C/min (with a maximum at 10°C/min). But viability appears to increase again at cooling rates > 50°C/min (i.e. it does not continue to drop) which suggests that the traditional two factor hypothesis may not completely describe viability in this system. Additional cellular destruction was found by lowering the end-temperature to −30°C or below. At this temperature the majority of the cell population was destroyed regardless of the cooling rate.