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Journal articles on the topic 'Inverted face'
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1
Brown, Valerie, Dale Huey, and John M. Findlay. "Face Detection in Peripheral Vision: Do Faces Pop Out?" Perception 26, no. 12 (December 1997): 1555–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p261555.
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We examined whether faces can produce a ‘pop-out’ effect in visual search tasks. In the first experiment, subjects' eye movements and search latencies were measured while they viewed a display containing a target face amidst distractors. Targets were upright or inverted faces presented with seven others of the opposite polarity as an ‘around-the-clock’ display. Face images were either photographic or ‘feature only’, with the outline removed. Naive subjects were poor at locating an upright face from an array of inverted faces, but performance improved with practice. In the second experiment, we investigated systematically how training improved performance. Prior to testing, subjects were practised on locating either upright or inverted faces. All subjects benefited from training. Subjects practised on upright faces were faster and more accurate at locating upright target faces than inverted. Subjects practised on inverted faces showed no difference between upright and inverted targets. In the third experiment, faces with ‘jumbled’ features were used as distractors, and this resulted in the same pattern of findings. We conclude that there is no direct rapid ‘pop-out’ effect for faces. However, the findings demonstrate that, in peripheral vision, upright faces show a processing advantage over inverted faces.
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Murphy, Jennifer, Katie L. H. Gray, and Richard Cook. "Inverted faces benefit from whole-face processing." Cognition 194 (January 2020): 104105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104105.
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Campbell, Alison, and James W. Tanaka. "Inversion Impairs Expert Budgerigar Identity Recognition: A Face-Like Effect for a Nonface Object of Expertise." Perception 47, no. 6 (April 24, 2018): 647–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006618771806.
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The face-inversion effect is the finding that picture-plane inversion disproportionately impairs face recognition compared to object recognition and is now attributed to greater orientation-sensitivity of holistic processing for faces but not common objects. Yet, expert dog judges have showed similar recognition deficits for inverted dogs and inverted faces, suggesting that holistic processing is not specific to faces but to the expert recognition of perceptually similar objects. Although processing changes in expert object recognition have since been extensively documented, no other studies have observed the distinct recognition deficits for inverted objects-of-expertise that people as face experts show for faces. However, few studies have examined experts who recognize individual objects similar to how people recognize individual faces. Here we tested experts who recognize individual budgerigar birds. The effect of inversion on viewpoint-invariant budgerigar and face recognition was compared for experts and novices. Consistent with the face-inversion effect, novices showed recognition deficits for inverted faces but not for inverted budgerigars. By contrast, experts showed equal recognition deficits for inverted faces and budgerigars. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that processes underlying the face-inversion effect are specific to the expert individuation of perceptually similar objects.
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Carbon, Claus-Christian, and Helmut Leder. "When Feature Information Comes First! Early Processing of Inverted Faces." Perception 34, no. 9 (September 2005): 1117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5192.
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We investigated the early stages of face recognition and the role of featural and holistic face information. We exploited the fact that, on inversion, the alienating disorientation of the eyes and mouth in thatcherised faces is hardly detectable. This effect allows featural and holistic information to be dissociated and was used to test specific face-processing hypotheses. In inverted thatcherised faces, the cardinal features are already correctly oriented, whereas in undistorted faces, the whole Gestalt is coherent but all information is disoriented. Experiment 1 and experiment 3 revealed that, for inverted faces, featural information processing precedes holistic information. Moreover, the processing of contextual information is necessary to process local featural information within a short presentation time (26 ms). Furthermore, for upright faces, holistic information seems to be available faster than for inverted faces (experiment 2). These differences in processing inverted and upright faces presumably cause the differential importance of featural and holistic information for inverted and upright faces.
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Rakover, Sam S., Rani Amit Bar-On, and Anna Gliklich. "Comparing Inverted Faces to Upright Faces Using Similarity or Mental Rotation." American Journal of Psychology 135, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/19398298.135.2.03.
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Abstract A major interest of research in face recognition lies in explaining the face inversion effect, in which the recognition of an inverted face is less successful than that of an upright face. However, prior research has devoted little effort to examining how the cognitive system handles comparison between inverted and upright faces. The results of a preparatory experiment and two following experiments support the conclusion that the comparison is based more on visual similarity than on a mental rotation of the inverted face to an upright face. Visual similarity is based on certain elements mutual to the two faces, which resist the transformation of inversion. These elements are symmetric or salient components of the face, such as round eyes or thick lips.
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BOOKHEIMER, SUSAN Y., A. TING WANG, ASHLEY SCOTT, MARIAN SIGMAN, and MIRELLA DAPRETTO. "Frontal contributions to face processing differences in autism: Evidence from fMRI of inverted face processing." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 14, no. 6 (October 27, 2008): 922–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561770808140x.
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AbstractFunctional neuroimaging studies of face processing deficits in autism have typically focused on visual processing regions, such as the fusiform face area (FFA), which have shown reduced activity in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), though inconsistently. We recently reported reduced activity in the inferior frontal region in ASD, implicating impaired mirror-neuron systems during face processing. In the present study, we used fMRI during a face processing task in which subjects had to match faces presented in the upright versus inverted position. Typically developing (TD) children showed a classic behavioral inversion effect, increased reaction time for inverted faces, while this effect was significantly reduced in ASD subjects. The fMRI data showed similar responses in the fusiform face area for ASD and TD children, with both groups demonstrating increased activation for inverted faces. However, the groups did differ in several brain regions implicated in social cognition, particularly prefrontal cortex and amygdala. These data suggest that the behavioral differences in processing upright versus inverted faces for TD children are related not to visual information processing but to the social significance of the stimuli. Our results are consistent with other recent studies implicating frontal and limbic dysfunction during face processing in autism. (JINS, 2008, 14, 922–932.)
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Haggbloom, Steven J., and Jason E. Warnick. "Practice and Incentive Motivation in Recognition of Inverted Faces." Perceptual and Motor Skills 96, no. 2 (April 2003): 578–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.96.2.578.
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In each of three experiments, participants received successive daily practice sessions on the task of recognizing inverted faces. In all practice sessions, an initial study series of 25 inverted faces was followed immediately by a test series of 17 pairs of inverted faces. Each test pair comprised a face from the study series and a new face. Completely new sets of faces were used in each session. Recognition of inverted faces did not improve across sessions in Exp. 1 but did improve in Exps. 2 and 3. Unlike Exp. 1, Exps. 2 and 3 employed an explicit incentive for improved performance. These results show that sufficiently motivated participants can become quite proficient at recognizing inverted faces. Implications of the results for the role of expertise at recognition in producing the inversion effect are discussed.
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Allen-Davidian, Yasmin, Manuela Russo, Naohide Yamamoto, Jordy Kaufman, Alan J. Pegna, and Patrick Johnston. "Turning the Face Inversion Effect on Its Head: Violated Expectations of Orientation, Lighting, and Gravity Enhance N170 Amplitudes." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 33, no. 2 (February 2021): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01656.
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Face inversion effects occur for both behavioral and electrophysiological responses when people view faces. In EEG, inverted faces are often reported to evoke an enhanced amplitude and delayed latency of the N170 ERP. This response has been attributed to the indexing of specialized face processing mechanisms within the brain. However, inspection of the literature revealed that, although N170 is consistently delayed to a variety of face representations, only photographed faces invoke enhanced N170 amplitudes upon inversion. This suggests that the increased N170 amplitudes to inverted faces may have other origins than the inversion of the face's structure. We hypothesize that the unique N170 amplitude response to inverted photographed faces stems from multiple expectation violations, over and above structural inversion. For instance, rotating an image of a face upside–down not only violates the expectation that faces appear upright but also lifelong priors about illumination and gravity. We recorded EEG while participants viewed face stimuli (upright vs. inverted), where the faces were illuminated from above versus below, and where the models were photographed upright versus hanging upside–down. The N170 amplitudes were found to be modulated by a complex interaction between orientation, lighting, and gravity factors, with the amplitudes largest when faces consistently violated all three expectations. These results confirm our hypothesis that face inversion effects on N170 amplitudes are driven by a violation of the viewer's expectations across several parameters that characterize faces, rather than a disruption in the configurational disposition of its features.
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Zhang, Hong, Yaoru Sun, and Lun Zhao. "Face Context Influences Local Part Processing: An ERP Study." Perception 46, no. 9 (February 2, 2017): 1090–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006617691293.
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Perception of face parts on the basis of features is thought to be different from perception of whole faces, which is more based on configural information. Face context is also suggested to play an important role in face processing. To investigate how face context influences the early-stage perception of facial local parts, we used an oddball paradigm that tested perceptual stages of face processing rather than recognition. We recorded the event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by whole faces and face parts presented in four conditions (upright-normal, upright-thatcherised, inverted-normal and inverted-thatcherised), as well as the ERPs elicited by non-face objects (whole houses and house parts) with corresponding conditions. The results showed that face context significantly affected the N170 with increased amplitudes and earlier peak latency for upright normal faces. Removing face context delayed the P1 latency but did not affect the P1 amplitude prominently for both upright and inverted normal faces. Across all conditions, neither the N170 nor the P1 was modulated by house context. The significant changes on the N170 and P1 components revealed that face context influences local part processing at the early stage of face processing and this context effect might be specific for face perception. We further suggested that perceptions of whole faces and face parts are functionally distinguished.
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Colombatto, Clara, and Gregory McCarthy. "The Effects of Face Inversion and Face Race on the P100 ERP." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 29, no. 4 (April 2017): 664–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01079.
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Research about the neural basis of face recognition has investigated the timing and anatomical substrates of different stages of face processing. Scalp-recorded ERP studies of face processing have focused on the N170, an ERP with a peak latency of ∼170 msec that has long been associated with the initial structural encoding of faces. However, several studies have reported earlier ERP differences related to faces, suggesting that face-specific processes might occur before N170. Here, we examined the influence of face inversion and face race on the timing of face-sensitive scalp-recorded ERPs by examining neural responses to upright and inverted line-drawn and luminance-matched white and black faces in a sample of white participants. We found that the P100 ERP evoked by inverted faces was significantly larger than that evoked by upright faces. Although this inversion effect was statistically significant at 100 msec, the inverted-upright ERP difference peaked at 138 msec, suggesting that it might represent an activity in neural sources that overlap with P100. Inverse modeling of the inversion effect difference waveform suggested possible neural sources in pericalcarine extrastriate visual cortex and lateral occipito-temporal cortex. We also found that the inversion effect difference wave was larger for white faces. These results are consistent with behavioral evidence that individuals process the faces of their own races more configurally than faces of other races. Taken together, the inversion and race effects observed in the current study suggest that configuration influences face processing by at least 100 msec.
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Linkenkaer-Hansen, K., M. Sams, J. K. Hietanen, and R. J. Ilmoniemi. "Differential Activation to Faces, Degraded Faces, and Their Inverted Counterparts." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970351.
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We investigated electrophysiological correlates of activation to faces, pointillised faces (degraded to a degree still allowing face perception), and their inverted counterparts. Evoked magnetic fields to the four stimulus categories were recorded by 122-channel magnetoencephalography (MEG) in six subjects. Simultaneously recorded 64-channel EEG provided visual evoked potentials in four subjects. Analysis of the onset, peak latencies, and the signal strength of the face enhanced N170 response indicated the following. (1) In general, the MEG and EEG recordings supported each other. (2) Degrading the images delayed both the onset and peak latencies. Degrading the upright faces increased activity in some subjects, but activity to the degraded inverted faces was lower in all subjects. (3) Inversion delayed the onset latency of both the original and degraded faces by 4 – 10 ms on average. A similar shift was found for the peak latency of the inverted original face images. However, their pointillised counterparts peaked on average 26 ms later when inverted. The signal amplitude also reflected a differential effect of inverting original vs degraded faces; whereas original faces evoked larger responses in all six subjects, the signal to inverted degraded faces decreased in four subjects. The findings suggest that the analysis of both the onset (100 – 120 ms) and peak activity (150 – 170 ms) is important for understanding face processing. The effect of inversion on the evoked responses was found to be different for the original and pointillised faces.
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Latinus, Marianne, and Margot J. Taylor. "Holistic Processing of Faces: Learning Effects with Mooney Faces." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 8 (August 2005): 1316–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929055002490.
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The specialness of faces is seen in the face inversion effect, which disrupts the configural, but not the analytic, processing of faces. Mooney faces, which are processed holistically, allowed us to determine the contribution of holistic processing to the face inversion effect. As inverted Mooney faces are difficult to recognize as faces, we also included an intermediary training period for Mooney face recognition for half of the subjects. Early face-sensitive ERPs (N170 and P1) and P2 were measured. Behavioral data showed an increase in correct responses to inverted and upright Mooney faces after the learning phase for the experimental group. No effects were seen on P1. N170 latency did not vary with stimulus type before the intermediary phase, however, N170 amplitude was consistently larger for upright than inverted Mooney faces. After the intermediary exercise, N170 was delayed for inverted compared to upright Mooney faces. In contrast, for both groups of subjects P2 amplitude was larger for nonface stimuli, and P2 amplitude decreased after the intermediate task only for the subjects trained to recognize Mooney faces. As the usual inversion effect seen with photographic faces (delayed and larger N170) was not seen with Mooney faces, these data suggest that this effect on N170 is due to the recruitment of analytic processing. P2 reflected learning and a deeper processing of the stimuli that were not identifiable as faces.
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Freire, Alejo, Kang Lee, and Lawrence A. Symons. "The Face-Inversion Effect as a Deficit in the Encoding of Configural Information: Direct Evidence." Perception 29, no. 2 (February 2000): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3012.
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We report four experiments leading to conclusions that: (i) the face-inversion effect is mainly due to the deficits in processing of configural information from inverted faces; and (ii) this effect occurs primarily at the encoding stage of face processing, rather than at the storage stage. In experiment 1, participants discriminated upright faces differing primarily in configuration with 81% accuracy. Participants viewing the same faces presented upside down scored only 55%. In experiment 2, the corresponding discrimination rates for faces differing mainly in featural information were 91% (upright) and 90% (inverted). In experiments 3 and 4, the same faces were used in a memory paradigm. In experiment 3, a delayed matching-to-sample task was used, in which upright-face pairs differed either in configuration or features. Recognition rates were comparable to those for the corresponding upright faces in the discrimination tasks in experiments 1 and 2. However, there was no effect of delay (1 s, 5 s, or 10 s). In experiment 4, we repeated experiment 3, this time with inverted faces. Results were comparable to those of inverted conditions in experiments 1 and 2, and again there was no effect of delay. Together these results suggest that an ‘encoding bottleneck’ for configural information may be responsible for the face-inversion effect in particular, and memory for faces in general.
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Moses, Yael, Shimon Ullman, and Shimon Edelman. "Generalization to Novel Images in Upright and Inverted Faces." Perception 25, no. 4 (April 1996): 443–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p250443.
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An image of a face depends not only on its shape, but also on the viewpoint, illumination conditions, and facial expression. A face recognition system must overcome the changes in face appearance induced by these factors. Two related questions were investigated: the capacity of the human visual system to generalize the recognition of faces to novel images, and the level at which this generalization occurs. This problem was approached by comparing the identification and generalization capacity for upright and inverted faces. For upright faces, remarkably good generalization to novel conditions was found. For inverted faces, the generalization to novel views was significantly worse for both new illumination and viewpoint, although the performance on the training images was similar to that on the upright condition. The results indicate that at least some of the processes that support generalization across viewpoint and illumination are neither universal (because subjects did not generalize as easily for inverted faces as for upright ones) nor strictly object specific (because in upright faces nearly perfect generalization was possible from a single view, by itself insufficient for building a complete object-specific model). It is proposed that generalization in face recognition occurs at an intermediate level that is applicable to a class of objects, and that at this level upright and inverted faces initially constitute distinct object classes.
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Boutsen, Luc, and Glyn W. Humphreys. "The Effect of Inversion on the Encoding of Normal and “Thatcherized” Faces." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 56, no. 6 (August 2003): 955–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980244000774.
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In the “Thatcher illusion” a face, in which the eyes and mouth are inverted relative to the rest of the face, looks grotesque when shown upright but not when inverted. In four experiments we investigated the contribution of local and global processing to this illusion in normal observers. We examined inversion effects (i.e., better performance for upright than for inverted faces) in a task requiring discrimination of whether faces were or were not “thatcherized”. Observers made same/different judgements to isolated face parts (Experiments 1–2) and to whole faces (Experiments 3–4). Face pairs had the same or different identity, allowing for different processing strategies using feature-based or configural information, respectively. In Experiment 1, feature-based matching of same-person face parts yielded only a small inversion effect for normal face parts. However, when feature-based matching was prevented by using the face parts of different people on all trials (Experiment 2) an inversion effect occurred for normal but not for thatcherized parts. In Experiments 3 and 4, inversion effects occurred with normal but not with thatcherized whole faces, on both same- and different-person matching tasks. This suggests that a common configural strategy was used with whole (normal) faces. Face context facilitated attention to misoriented parts in same-person but not in different-person matching. The results indicate that (1) face inversion disrupts local configural processing, but not the processing of image features, and (2) thatcherization disrupts local configural processing in upright faces.
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Taubert, Jessica, Goedele Van Belle, Wim Vanduffel, Bruno Rossion, and Rufin Vogels. "The effect of face inversion for neurons inside and outside fMRI-defined face-selective cortical regions." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 5 (March 1, 2015): 1644–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00700.2014.
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It is widely believed that face processing in the primate brain occurs in a network of category-selective cortical regions. Combined functional MRI (fMRI)-single-cell recording studies in macaques have identified high concentrations of neurons that respond more to faces than objects within face-selective patches. However, cells with a preference for faces over objects are also found scattered throughout inferior temporal (IT) cortex, raising the question whether face-selective cells inside and outside of the face patches differ functionally. Here, we compare the properties of face-selective cells inside and outside of face-selective patches in the IT cortex by means of an image manipulation that reliably disrupts behavior toward face processing: inversion. We recorded IT neurons from two fMRI-defined face-patches (ML and AL) and a region outside of the face patches (herein labeled OUT) during upright and inverted face stimulation. Overall, turning faces upside down reduced the firing rate of face-selective cells. However, there were differences among the recording regions. First, the reduced neuronal response for inverted faces was independent of stimulus position, relative to fixation, in the face-selective patches (ML and AL) only. Additionally, the effect of inversion for face-selective cells in ML, but not those in AL or OUT, was impervious to whether the neurons were initially searched for using upright or inverted stimuli. Collectively, these results show that face-selective cells differ in their functional characteristics depending on their anatomicofunctional location, suggesting that upright faces are preferably coded by face-selective cells inside but not outside of the fMRI-defined face-selective regions of the posterior IT cortex.
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Anaki, David, Elena I. Nica, and Morris Moscovitch. "Automatic Aspects in Face Perception." Experimental Psychology 58, no. 1 (May 1, 2011): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000061.
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We examined the perceptual dependency of local facial information on the whole facial context. In Experiment 1 participants matched a predetermined facial feature that appeared in two sequentially presented faces judging whether it is identical or not, while ignoring an irrelevant dimension in the faces. This irrelevant dimension was either (a) compatible or incompatible with the target’s response and (b) same or different in either featural characteristics or metric distance between facial features in the two faces. A compatibility effect was observed for upright but not inverted faces, regardless of the type of change that differentiated between the faces in the irrelevant dimension. Even when the target was presented upright in the inverted faces, to attenuate perceptual load, no compatibility effect was found (Experiment 2). Finally, no compatibility effects were found for either upright or inverted houses (Experiment 3). These findings suggest that holistic face perception is mandatory.
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Heron-Delaney, Michelle, Fabrice Damon, Paul C. Quinn, David Méary, Naiqi G. Xiao, Kang Lee, and Olivier Pascalis. "An adult face bias in infants that is modulated by face race." International Journal of Behavioral Development 41, no. 5 (June 6, 2016): 581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025416651735.
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The visual preferences of infants for adult versus infant faces were investigated. Caucasian 3.5- and 6-month-olds were presented with Caucasian adult vs. infant face pairs and Asian adult vs. infant face pairs, in both upright and inverted orientations. Both age groups showed a visual preference for upright adult over infant faces when the faces were Caucasian, but not when they were Asian. The preference is unlikely to have arisen because of low-level perceptual features because: (1) no preference was observed for the inverted stimuli, (2) no differences were observed in adult similarity ratings of the upright infant–adult face pairs from the two races, and (3) no differences between the infant and adult faces were observed across races in an image-based analysis of salience. The findings are discussed in terms of the social attributes of faces that are learned from experience and what this implies for developmental accounts of a recognition advantage for adult faces in particular and models of face processing more generally.
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Mills, Debra L., Twyla D. Alvarez, Marie St. George, Lawrence G. Appelbaum, Ursula Bellugi, and Helen Neville. "III. Electrophysiological Studies of Face Processing in Williams Syndrome." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, supplement 1 (March 2000): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892900561977.
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Williams Syndrome (WMS) is a genetically based disorder characterized by pronounced variability in performance across different domains of cognitive functioning. This study examined brain activity linked to face-processing abilities, which are typically spared in individuals with WMS. Subjects watched photographic pairs of upright or inverted faces and indicated if the second face matched or did not match the first face. Results from a previous study with normal adults showed dramatic differences in the timing and distribution of ERP effects linked to recognition of upright and inverted faces. In normal adults, upright faces elicited ERP differences to matched vs. mismatched faces at approximately 320 msec (N320) after the onset of the second stimulus. This “N320” effect was largest over anterior regions of the right hemisphere. In contrast, the mismatch/match effect for inverted faces consisted of a large positive component between 400 and 1000 msec (P500) that was largest over parietal regions and was symmetrical. In contrast to normal adults, WMS subjects showed an N320-mismatch effect for both upright and inverted faces. Additionally, the WMS subjects did not display the N320 right-hemisphere asymmetry observed in the normal adults. WMS subjects also displayed an abnormally small negativity at 100 msec (N100) and an abnormally large negativity at 200 msec (N200) to both upright and inverted faces. This ERP pattern was observed in all subjects with WMS but was not observed in the normal controls. These results may be linked to increased attention to faces in subjects with WMS and might be specific to the disorder. These results were consistent with our ERP studies of language processing in WMS, which suggested abnormal cerebral specialization for spared cognitive functions in individuals with WMS.
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James, Melissa S., Stuart J. Johnstone, and William G. Hayward. "Event-Related Potentials, Configural Encoding, and Feature-Based Encoding in Face Recognition." Journal of Psychophysiology 15, no. 4 (October 2001): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.15.4.275.
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Abstract The effects of manipulating configural and feature information on the face recognition process were investigated by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) from five electrode sites (Fz, Cz, Pz, T5, T6), while 17 European subjects performed an own-race and other-race face recognition task. A series of upright faces were presented in a study phase, followed by a test phase where subjects indicated whether inverted and upright faces were studied or novel via a button press response. An inversion effect, illustrating the disruption of upright configural information, was reflected in accuracy measures and in greater lateral N2 amplitude to inverted faces, suggesting that structural encoding is harder for inverted faces. An own-race advantage was found, which may reflect the use of configural encoding for the more frequently experienced own-race faces, and feature-based encoding for the less familiar other-race faces, and was reflected in accuracy measures and ERP effects. The midline N2 was larger to configurally encoded faces (i. e., own-race and upright), possibly suggesting configural encoding involves more complex processing than feature-based encoding. An N400-like component was sensitive to feature manipulations, with greater amplitude to other-race than own-race faces and to inverted than upright faces. This effect was interpreted as reflecting increased activation of incompatible representations activated by a feature-based strategy used in processing of other-race and inverted faces. The late positive complex was sensitive to configural manipulation with larger amplitude to other-race than own-race faces, and was interpreted as reflecting the updating of an own-race norm used in face recognition, to incorporate other-race information.
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Rossion, B., I. Gauthier, V. Goffaux, M. J. Tarr, and M. Crommelinck. "Expertise Training with Novel Objects Leads to Left-Lateralized Facelike Electrophysiological Responses." Psychological Science 13, no. 3 (May 2002): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00446.
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Scalp event-related potentials (ERPs) in humans indicate that face and object processing differ approximately 170 ms following stimulus presentation, at the point of the N170 occipitotemporal component. The N170 is delayed and enhanced to inverted faces but not to inverted objects. We tested whether this inversion effect reflects early mechanisms exclusive to faces or whether it generalizes to other stimuli as a function of visual expertise. ERPs to upright and inverted faces and novel objects (Greebles) were recorded in 10 participants before and after 2 weeks of expertise training with Greebles. The N170 component was observed for both faces and Greebles. The results are consistent with previous reports in that the N170 was delayed and enhanced for inverted faces at recording sites in both hemispheres. For Greebles, the same effect of inversion was observed only for experts, primarily in the left hemisphere. These results suggest that the mechanisms underlying the electrophysiological face-inversion effect extend to visually homogeneous nonface object categories, at least in the left hemisphere, but only when such mechanisms are recruited by expertise.
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Rakover and Lurie. "Why Is an Inverted Car Identified Much Better Than an Inverted Face?" American Journal of Psychology 133, no. 1 (2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.133.1.0043.
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Rock, Irvin. "On Thompson's Inverted-Face Phenomenon (Research Note)." Perception 17, no. 6 (December 1988): 815–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p170815.
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Feusner, Jamie D., Hayley Moller, Lily Altstein, Catherine Sugar, Susan Bookheimer, Joanne Yoon, and Emily Hembacher. "Inverted face processing in body dysmorphic disorder." Journal of Psychiatric Research 44, no. 15 (November 2010): 1088–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.03.015.
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Luniakova, Elizaveta G., and Alexandra I. Kurenkova. "PERCEPTION OF FACIAL SYMMETRY IN UPRIGHT AND INVERTED FACES." Moscow University Psychology Bulletin, no. 1 (2023): 54–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11621/vsp.2023.01.03.
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Background. X e uniqueness of human face perception mechanisms and their variability has become a subject for extensive investigation and wide discussion in the recent decades. While now the concept that human face is perceived as a whole is taken as a fact, the same cannot be said about the structure and methods to measure holistic processing. In the present study the factor of symmetry is investigated as one of the possible aspects of conW gural processing of facial perception. Objective. X e aim of the study was to apply the inversion method to the investigation of how distortion of facial conW guration perception impacts the rating of its symmetry/asymmetry Sample. 54 participants (24 female and 30 male) aged 18 to 68 (mean age 26) took part in the study. Method. An intra-individual experimental design was used. Participants rated asymmetry of normally oriented and inverted face-stimuli on a W ve-point scale. To set the symmetry level, leY eye and/or mouth regions were rotated around their W ducial points, there were three rotation angles for each feature region. Zero asymmetry faces were created by blending halves of normal and mirror images of the sample face-stimulus. X e mean asymmetry subjective ratings were submitted to repeated measures analysis of variance and paired samples t-test. Results. X e study revealed signiW cant diZ erences in the asymmetry ratings of upright and inverted faces: normal upright faces with rotated features were rated as more asymmetric compared to inverted. X us, we may conclude that symmetry perception is aZ ected by inversion. It was also revealed, that the eZ ect of the eye region and the lips region rotation were not equivalent: the higher the level rotation of the eye area was the more signiW cant the diZ erence between the rates of upright and inverted faces was, while rotation of the lips area did not result in higher diZ erence between the rates. Conclusion.X e observed face-inversion eZ ect in the perception of symmetry in facial stimuli suggests that (a)symmetry is a component of holistic (conW gurative) processing of human face perception. At the same time, the contributions of individual features to the overall facial conW guration may diZ er.
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Devue, Christel, Cédric Laloyaux, Dorothée Feyers, Jan Theeuwes, and Serge Brédart. "Do Pictures of Faces, and Which Ones, Capture Attention in the Inattentional-Blindness Paradigm?" Perception 38, no. 4 (January 1, 2009): 552–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p6049.
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Faces and self-referential material (eg one's own name) are more likely to capture attention in the inattentional-blindness (IB) paradigm than other stimuli. This effect is presumably due to the meaning of these stimuli rather than to their familiarity [Mack and Rock, 1998 Inattentional Blindness (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press)]. In previous work, IB has been investigated mostly with schematic stimuli. In the present study, the generalisability of this finding was tested with photographic stimuli. In support of the view that faces constitute a special category of stimuli, pictures of faces were found to resist more to IB than pictures of common objects (experiment 1) or than pictures of inverted faces (experiment 2). In a third experiment, the influence of face familiarity and identity (the participant's own face, a friend's face, and an unknown face) on IB rates was evaluated. Unexpectedly, no differential resistence to blindness across these three kinds of faces was found. In conclusion, pictures of faces attracted attention more than pictures of objects or inverted faces in the IB paradigm. However, this effect was not dependent on face familiarity or identity.
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Yamanaka, Nanako, So Kanazawa, and Masami K. Yamaguchi. "Infants’ brain activity to cartoon face using functional near-infrared spectroscopy." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): e0262679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262679.
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In this study, to investigate whether infants showed face-specific brain activity to a cartoon human face, we conducted a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) experiment and a behavioral experiment. In the fNIRS experiment, we measured the hemodynamic responses of 5- and 6-month-old infants to cartoon female and cartoon character faces using fNIRS. The results showed that the concentration of oxy-Hb increased for cartoon female faces but not for cartoon character faces. This indicates that face-specific brain activity occurred for cartoon female faces but not cartoon character faces, despite the fact that both are faces. In the behavioral experiment, we examined whether the 5- and 6-month-old infants preferred cartoon female faces to cartoon character faces in the upright and inverted conditions. The results showed a preference for cartoon female faces in the upright but not in the inverted condition. This indicates that 5- and 6-month-old infants can perceive cartoon female faces, but not cartoon character faces, as faces. The results of the two experiments indicated that face-specific brain activity occurred for cartoon female faces. This indicates that infants can perceive cartoon female faces as faces.
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Riby, Deborah M., Leigh M. Riby, and Jonathon L. Reay. "Differential Sensitivity to Rotations of Facial Features in the Thatcher Illusion." Psychological Reports 105, no. 3 (December 2009): 721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.105.3.721-726.
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A developmental study is presented in which participants must detect the Thatcher illusion in order to match unfamiliar faces on identity. 114 participants between 6 and 67 years of age completed a matching task whereby face pairs were presented upright or under inversion. At all ages, participants were more accurate matching upright than inverted faces. In an altered version of the Thatcher task, where only the eyes or mouth were inverted, all participants were more accurate and faster to detect eye manipulations than mouth manipulations. The results are discussed in terms of the developmental significance of face inversion, the Thatcher illusion, and the salience for protection from the Thatcher illusion.
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Menshikova, G. Ya, and A. O. Pichugina. "Holistic Face Processing: the Eye Tracking Data." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 13, no. 4 (2020): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2020130405.
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In modern literature, the question of holistic and analytic processing of facial perception and facial expressions is actively debated. Various experimental paradigms have been developed for their study, one of which was based on the face inversion effect. In a number of works to study the role of eye movements in holistic and analytic processing, the procedure of presenting upright and inverted faces was followed by recording eye movements. The results were contradictory: some works revealed significant changes in the characteristics of eye movements in the inversion effect, but the others have not found the changes. The aim of our work was to study individual eye movement strategies in the task of assessing the attractiveness of upright and inverted faces. The participants were 57 students. The results showed that a decrease in the role of holistic processing in the face inversion effect led to a significant change in fixation durations and saccade amplitudes, as well as to a change in the distribution of the dwell time on four areas of interest (eyes, nose, nose bridge and mouth). Two groups of participants with individual types of eye movement strategies (static and dynamic) were identified. Comparing eye movement strategies for upright and inverted faces showed that the dwell time distribution on areas of interest varied significantly depending on the group. These data showed the importance of incorporating the individual eye movement strategies when studying holistic and analytic face processing.
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Lewis, Michael B., and Robert A. Johnston. "The Thatcher Illusion as a Test of Configural Disruption." Perception 26, no. 2 (February 1997): 225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p260225.
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Bartlett and Searcy's recent account for the Thatcher illusion suggests that inversion impairs holistic facial information. This illusion is used to compare the effects of inverting and negating faces. Subjects made a speeded response to whether just the mouth and the eyes of a face have been inverted. Performance was found to be slower when faces were inverted rather than upright. Presenting faces in photographic negative also hindered performance implying that this transformation also disrupts holistic facial information.
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Moscovitch, Morris, Gordon Winocur, and Marlene Behrmann. "What Is Special about Face Recognition? Nineteen Experiments on a Person with Visual Object Agnosia and Dyslexia but Normal Face Recognition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9, no. 5 (October 1997): 555–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.5.555.
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In order to study face recognition in relative isolation from visual processes that may also contribute to object recognition and reading, we investigated CK, a man with normal face recognition but with object agnosia and dyslexia caused by a closed-head injury. We administered recognition tests of up right faces, of family resemblance, of age-transformed faces, of caricatures, of cartoons, of inverted faces, and of face features, of disguised faces, of perceptually degraded faces, of fractured faces, of faces parts, and of faces whose parts were made of objects. We compared CK's performance with that of at least 12 control participants. We found that CK performed as well as controls as long as the face was upright and retained the configurational integrity among the internal facial features, the eyes, nose, and mouth. This held regardless of whether the face was disguised or degraded and whether the face was represented as a photo, a caricature, a cartoon, or a face composed of objects. In the last case, CK perceived the face but, unlike controls, was rarely aware that it was composed of objects. When the face, or just the internal features, were inverted or when the configurational gestalt was broken by fracturing the face or misaligning the top and bottom halves, CK's performance suffered far more than that of controls. We conclude that face recognition normally depends on two systems: (1) a holistic, face-specific system that is dependent on orientationspecific coding of second-order relational features (internal), which is intact in CK and (2) a part-based object-recognition system, which is damaged in CK and which contributes to face recognition when the face stimulus does not satisfy the domain-specific conditions needed to activate the face system.
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Kitaoka, Akiyoshi. "Left bias of gaze perception in a cartoon face." Psihologija 47, no. 3 (2014): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1403315k.
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Comparing a cartoon face drawn by the author with its mirror image, asymmetry of gaze perception or a left bias was revealed, whereas the inverted faces showed no bias. This novel finding is discussed.
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Wright, Anthony A., and William A. Roberts. "Monkey and Human Face Perception: Inversion Effects for Human Faces But Not for Monkey Faces or Scenes." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 8, no. 3 (July 1996): 278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1996.8.3.278.
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Three rhesus monkeys and two groups of 10 human subjects judged upright or inverted pictures as same or different. The pictures were black and white pairs of human faces, monkey faces, or scenes. The monkeys were trained with sets of 50 pictures and were tested with other sets of 36 pictures from each category. The groups of 10 human subjects were tested with the same pictures used to test monkeys. Both monkeys and humans showed large performance decrements to inverted human faces relative to upright human faces but neither species showed inversion effects for monkey faces or scenes. A second test with both monkeys and humans showed the same pattern of results with a different set of human-face pictures that varied more in sex (female as well as male), facial hair, eyeglasses, haircut, view angle, and background than those of the first test. The results indicate similar face-processing mechanisms in monkeys and humans despite experiential and evolutionary differences.
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Mišić, Bratislav, Travis Mills, Vasily A. Vakorin, Margot J. Taylor, and Anthony R. McIntosh. "Developmental Trajectory of Face Processing Revealed by Integrative Dynamics." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 10 (October 2014): 2416–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00640.
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Given their unique connectivity, a primary function of brain networks must be to transfer and integrate information. Therefore, the way in which information is integrated by individual nodes of the network may be an informative aspect of cognitive processing. Here we present a method inspired by telecommunications research that utilizes time–frequency fluctuations of neural activity to infer how information is integrated by individual nodes of the network. We use a queueing theoretical model to interpret empirical data in terms of information processing and integration. In particular, we demonstrate, in participants aged from 6 to 41 years, that the well-known face inversion phenomenon may be explained in terms of information integration. Our model suggests that inverted faces may be associated with shorter and more frequent neural integrative stages, indicating fractured processing and consistent with the notion that inverted faces are perceived by parts. Conversely, our model suggests that upright faces may be associated with a smaller number of sustained episodes of integration, indicating more involved processing, akin to holistic and configural processing. These differences in how upright and inverted faces are processed became more pronounced during development, indicating a gradual specialization for face perception. These effects were robustly expressed in the right fusiform gyrus (all groups), as well as right parahippocampal gyrus (children and adolescents only) and left inferior temporal cortex (adults only).
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Parr, Lisa A., Tara Dove, and William D. Hopkins. "Why Faces May Be Special: Evidence of the Inversion Effect in Chimpanzees." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10, no. 5 (September 1998): 615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892998563013.
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Five chimpanzees were tested on their ability to discriminate faces and automobiles presented in both their upright and inverted orientations. The face stimuli consisted of 30 black and white photographs, 10 each of unfamiliar chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), brown capuchins (Cebus apella), and humans (Homo sapiens). Ten black and white photographs of automobiles were also used. The stimuli were presented in a sequential matching-to-sample (SMTS) format using a computerized joystick-testing apparatus. Subjects performed better on upright than inverted stimuli in all classes. Performance was significantly better on upright than inverted presentations of chimpanzee and human faces but not on capuchin monkey faces or automobiles. These data support previous studies in humans that suggest the inversion effect occurs for stimuli for which subjects have developed an expertise. Alternative explanations for the inversion effect based on the type of spatial frequency contained in the stimuli are also discussed. These data are the first to provide evidence for the inversion effect using several classes of face stimuli in a great ape species.
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Gajewski, Patrick D., and Petra Stoerig. "N170 – An Index of Categorical Face Perception?" Journal of Psychophysiology 25, no. 4 (January 2011): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000057.
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The N170 ERP component is larger for human faces than objects and sensitive to their orientation and race. To learn how it reflects the processing of faces of different species, we recorded event-related potentials in response to upright or inverted unfamiliar faces of human beings, monkeys, and dogs of different races as well as objects. Upright and inverted faces were presented in a between-subject design and elicited a reliable N170. It decreased from human to monkey to dog faces, and inversion enhanced and delayed it for all categories. We suggest that the results favor categorical over prototypical processing.
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Kirilov, Kiril. "Inverted Sparse Discriminant Preserving Projection for Face Recognition." Journal of information and organizational sciences 45, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 495–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.31341/jios.45.2.8.
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Image classification and face recognition has been a popular subject matter for the last several decades. Images are usually handled as transformed as vectors which makes their classification a dimensionality reduction task. Some of the well-known algorithms in the area, such as the Sparsity Preserving Projection (SPP), create new theoretical concepts families, while other successfully modify or combine useful properties of the former ones. Compiled algorithms like Sparse Discriminant Preserving Projections (SDPP) employ the properties of the Sparse Representation (SR) as in their objective functions they include a supervised modification of the sparse weight matrix that considers the intra-class relations. By examining the construction of the SDPP algorithm and by providing some arguments on the supervised SR, in this paper we propose a new subspace learning algorithm, called Inverted Sparse Discriminant Preserving Projection (ISDPP). Likewise SDPP, ISDPP integrates supervised SR with the Fisher’s criterion. In contrast to SDPP, ISDPP incorporates a between-class SR with the Fischer’s within-class scatter matrix. A preliminary round of experiments support the initiative and provide an expectation for possible superior performance of the proposed ISDPP that is confirmed in the next round of empirical examinations.
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Reed, Catherine L., Cindy M. Bukach, Matthew Garber, and Daniel N. McIntosh. "It’s Not All About the Face: Variability Reveals Asymmetric Obligatory Processing of Faces and Bodies in Whole-Body Contexts." Perception 47, no. 6 (April 18, 2018): 626–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006618771270.
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Researchers have sought to understand the specialized processing of faces and bodies in isolation, but recently they have considered how face and body information interact within the context of the whole body. Although studies suggest that face and body information can be integrated, it remains an open question whether this integration is obligatory and whether contributions of face and body information are symmetrical. In a selective attention task with whole-body stimuli, we focused attention on either the face or body and tested whether variation in the irrelevant part could be ignored. We manipulated orientation to determine the extent to which inversion disrupted obligatory face and body processing. Obligatory processing was evidenced as performance changes in discrimination that depended on stimulus orientation when the irrelevant region varied. For upright but not inverted face discrimination, participants could not ignore body posture variation, even when it was not diagnostic to the task. However, participants could ignore face variation for upright body posture discrimination but not for inverted posture discrimination. The extent to which face and body information necessarily influence each other in whole-body contexts appears to depend on both domain-general attentional and face- or body-specific holistic processing mechanisms.
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Kim, Ga-Hyun, and Min-Lyoung Choi. "Analysis of the Association between Image by Face Shape and Personal Color Type." Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology 28, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 1084–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.52660/jksc.2022.28.5.1084.
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We analysed 504 women in their 20s in order to find out an association between personal color types and images by face shape. The findings of this study showed that images by face shape may work as one of variables in personal color diagnosis. First, ‘spring’ personal color saw round- or egg-shaped face be the most frequent in its distribution. This means ‘cheerful’, ‘youthful’, ‘young-looking’, ‘pretty’ images a round-shaped face invokes and ‘innocent’ image an oval face creates may be a meaningful standard in diagnosing ‘spring’ personal color. Second, among those the most frequently distributed in ‘summer’ personal color were a round-shaped face, an oval face, an inverted triangle-shaped face and a diamond- shaped face. This show ‘friendly’, and ‘gentil’ images of a round-shape face and ‘soft’, ‘natural’, ‘friendly’, ‘warm’ or ‘gentle’ images of an oval face may be a meaningful criterion in ‘summer’ personal color diagnosis; and a ‘trustworthy’ or ‘faithful’ images of square-shaped face and ‘intellectual’ image of an inverted triangle-shaped face may be also a significant standard in ‘summer’ personal color diagnosis. Third, a diamond-shaped face and a long- shaped face were the most often distributed in ‘autumn’ personal color. This shows ‘mature’ image of a diamond-shaped face and ‘mature’, ‘composed’, ‘adult’, calm’, ‘intellectual’, ‘classic’, ‘feminine’ or ‘lofty’ images of a long-shaped face may be a meaningful measurement in ‘autumn’ personal color diagnosis. Fourth, ‘winter’ personal color saw square-shaped face, a diamond-shaped face and an inverted triangle-shaped face the most frequently distributed in it. This means ‘confident’ or ‘active’ images of a square-shaped face, ‘cool’ image of a diamond-shaped face and ‘cool’ or ‘sharp’ images of an inverted triangle-shaped face may be a meaningful criterion in diagnosing ‘winter’ personal color. In conclusion, an important implication is that images of face shape might be a new standard in personal color diagnosis, further stimulating a variety of beauty service based on face perception consumers can enjoy by using smart phone or smart mirror.
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Susilo, T., E. McKone, and M. Edwards. "Face adaptation aftereffects reveal norm-based coding for upright and inverted face shape." Journal of Vision 8, no. 6 (March 19, 2010): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/8.6.150.
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Hills, Peter J., Mila Mileva, Catherine Thompson, and J. Michael Pake. "Carryover of scanning behaviour affects upright face recognition differently to inverted face recognition." Visual Cognition 24, no. 9-10 (November 25, 2016): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2017.1314399.
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Leder, Helmut, and Vicki Bruce. "Local and Relational Aspects of Face Distinctiveness." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 51, no. 3 (August 1998): 449–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713755777.
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Distinctiveness contributes strongly to the recognition and rejection of faces in memory tasks. In four experiments we examine the role played by local and relational information in the distinctiveness of upright and inverted faces. In all experiments subjects saw one of three versions of a face: original faces, which had been rated as average in distinctiveness in a previous study (Hancock, Burton, & Bruce, 1996), a more distinctive version in which local features had been changed ( D-local), and a more distinctive version in which relational features had been changed ( D-rel). An increase in distinctiveness was found for D-local and D-rel faces in Experiment 1 (complete faces) and 3 and 4 (face internals only) when the faces had to be rated in upright presentation, but the distinctiveness of the D-rel faces was reduced much more than that of the D-local versions when the ratings were given to the faces presented upside-down (Experiments 1 and 3). Recognition performance showed a similar pattern: presented upright, both D-local and D-rel revealed higher performance compared to the originals, but in upside-down presentation the D-local versions showed a much stronger distinctiveness advantage. When only internal features of faces were used (Experiments 3 and 4), the D-rel faces lost their advantage over the Original versions in inverted presentation. The results suggest that at least two dimensions of facial information contribute to a face's apparent distinctiveness, but that these sources of information are differentially affected by turning the face upside-down. These findings are in accordance with a face processing model in which face inversion effects occur because a specific type of information processing is disrupted, rather than because of a general disruption of performance.
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Leder, Helmut, and Vicki Bruce. "When Inverted Faces are Recognized: The Role of Configural Information in Face Recognition." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 53, no. 2 (May 2000): 513–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713755889.
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Fang, Fang, Kumiko Ijichi, and Sheng He. "Transfer of the face viewpoint aftereffect from adaptation to different and inverted faces." Journal of Vision 7, no. 13 (October 19, 2007): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/7.13.6.
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Dormal, G., R. Laguesse, A. Biervoye, D. Kuefner, and B. Rossion. "Reduction of the face inversion effect in adulthood following training with inverted faces." Journal of Vision 13, no. 9 (July 25, 2013): 980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/13.9.980.
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de Heering, Adélaïde, Bruno Rossion, and Daphne Maurer. "Developmental changes in face recognition during childhood: Evidence from upright and inverted faces." Cognitive Development 27, no. 1 (January 2012): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2011.07.001.
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McCotter, Maxine V., and Timothy R. Jordan. "The Role of Facial Colour and Luminance in Visual and Audiovisual Speech Perception." Perception 32, no. 8 (August 2003): 921–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3316.
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We conducted four experiments to investigate the role of colour and luminance information in visual and audiovisual speech perception. In experiments la (stimuli presented in quiet conditions) and 1b (stimuli presented in auditory noise), face display types comprised naturalistic colour (NC), grey-scale (GS), and luminance inverted (LI) faces. In experiments 2a (quiet) and 2b (noise), face display types comprised NC, colour inverted (CI), LI, and colour and luminance inverted (CLI) faces. Six syllables and twenty-two words were used to produce auditory and visual speech stimuli. Auditory and visual signals were combined to produce congruent and incongruent audiovisual speech stimuli. Experiments 1a and 1b showed that perception of visual speech, and its influence on identifying the auditory components of congruent and incongruent audiovisual speech, was less for LI than for either NC or GS faces, which produced identical results. Experiments 2a and 2b showed that perception of visual speech, and influences on perception of incongruent auditory speech, was less for LI and CLI faces than for NC and CI faces (which produced identical patterns of performance). Our findings for NC and CI faces suggest that colour is not critical for perception of visual and audiovisual speech. The effect of luminance inversion on performance accuracy was relatively small (5%), which suggests that the luminance information preserved in LI faces is important for the processing of visual and audiovisual speech.
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Haan, Michelle de, Olivier Pascalis, and Mark H. Johnson. "Specialization of Neural Mechanisms Underlying Face Recognition in Human Infants." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892902317236849.
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Newborn infants respond preferentially to simple face-like patterns, raising the possibility that the face-specific regions identified in the adult cortex are functioning from birth. We sought to evaluate this hypothesis by characterizing the specificity of infants' electrocortical responses to faces in two ways: (1) comparing responses to faces of humans with those to faces of nonhuman primates; and 2) comparing responses to upright and inverted faces. Adults' face-responsive N170 event-related potential (ERP) component showed specificity to upright human faces that was not observable at any point in the ERPs of infants. A putative “infant N170” did show sensitivity to the species of the face, but the orientation of the face did not influence processing until a later stage. These findings suggest a process of gradual specialization of cortical face processing systems during postnatal development.
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Bi, Xuejing, Min Guo, Jianqin Cao, and Yanhua Hao. "The Study of Face Processing in Social Anxiety Disorder Based on Face-Specific N170 Component." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2022 (January 7, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6003973.
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Although previous studies showed that social anxiety disorder (SAD) exhibits the attentional bias for angry faces, few studies investigated effective face recognition combined with event-related potential (ERP) technique in SAD patients, especially the treatment effect. This study examines the differences in face processing in SAD patients before and after treatment and healthy control people (H-group). High-density EEG scans were registered in response to emotional schematic faces, particularly interested in the face processing N170 component. Analysis of N170 amplitude revealed a larger N170 for P-group-pre in response to inverted and upright stimuli than H-group in the right hemisphere. The result of the intragroup t-test showed that N170 was delayed for inverted relative to upright faces only in P-group-post and H-group but not in P-group-pre. Remarkably, the results of ANOVAs manifested that emotional expression cannot modulate N170 for SAD patients. Besides, the N170-based asymmetry index (AI) was introduced to analyze the left- and right-hemisphere dominance of N170 for three groups. It was found that, with the improvement of patients’ treatment, the value of A I N 170 − b a s e d presented a decreasing trend. These results together suggested that there was no inversion effect observed for patients with SAD. The change in the value of A I N 170 − b a s e d can be used as potential electrophysiological markers for the diagnosis and treatment effects on patients with SAD.
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Chen Quan-Sheng, Liu Yao-Ping, Chen Wei, Zhao Yan, Wu Jun-Tao, Wang Yan, and Du Xiao-Long. "Different silicon crystal face index of inverted pyramid structure." Acta Physica Sinica 67, no. 22 (2018): 226801. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.67.20181275.
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