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Journal articles on the topic 'Invertebrate populations'
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1
Downing, John A., and Hélène Cyr. "Quantitative Estimation of Epiphytic Invertebrate Populations." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 1570–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-197.
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Quantitative comparisons were made of the relative accuracy, precision, and cost of various population estimation techniques for epiphytic invertebrates. Quadrat clipping was often more accurate than the Gerking, Macan, Minto, or KUG samplers, yielding population estimates an average of sevenfold greater where differences were found. All quadrat sizes (112 cm2 to 1 m2) usually yielded equal estimates of epiphytic invertebrate populations. The spatial variance of replicate epiphytic invertebrate samples increased with population density and decreased with the size of sampler employed (R2 = 0.94; n = 497). All samplers yielded equivalent levels of sampling precision. A method providing provisional estimates of the requisite number of replicate samples for a given level of precision is presented. Greater replication is required at low invertebrate population density or when small samplers are used. The most cost effective sampler size for the phytofauna is about 500 cm2. Improved sampling design can result in up to fivefold reductions in sampling effort. Taxa examined include Acari, Amphipoda, Chironomidae, Cladocera, Copepoda, Gastropoda, Hirudinea, Lepidoptera, Nematoda, Oligochaeta, Ostracoda, Trichoptera, and Turbellaria.
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Plante, Céline, and John A. Downing. "Production of Freshwater Invertebrate Populations in Lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no. 9 (September 1, 1989): 1489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-191.
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This research draws together data on the secondary production of 164 invertebrate populations in 51 lakes to test the hypothesis that the annual production of aquatic invertebrate populations is significantly correlated with the mean annual population biomass, individual body mass, and ambient temperature. Further analyses examine the effects of water chemistry, trophic status, and lake morphometry. Mean annual biomass, individual body mass, and the mean annual water temperature accounted for 79% of the variance in the logarithm of annual secondary production. In contrast to the findings of previous studies, the ratio of mean annual production to mean annual biomass [Formula: see text] varied systematically with population biomass. No significant difference was found between the secondary production of littoral and open water invertebrate populations. Analyses also suggest that zoobenthic and zooplanktonic populations of similar biomass, body mass, and temperature have similar rates of secondary productivity. Analyses demonstrate that the total phosphorus concentration in the water column, and other trophic indicators were positively correlated with secondary production. The pH, lake depth, thermocline depth, drainage area, and the water turnover rate were also found to be correlated with the secondary productivity of natural populations of lentic invertebrates.
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Munsch, Stuart H., Julie S. Barber, Jeffery R. Cordell, Peter M. Kiffney, Beth L. Sanderson, and Jason D. Toft. "Small invertebrates in bivalve-cultivated and unmodified habitats of nearshore ecosystems." Hydrobiologia 848, no. 6 (February 22, 2021): 1249–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-021-04520-1.
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AbstractMany nearshore ecosystems are modified by aquaculture, including bivalve culture to produce food and restore extirpated populations. Small invertebrates in nearshore ecosystems support fundamental ecological processes, but the effects of bivalve culture on invertebrates are incompletely understood. Here, we compared invertebrate assemblages from multiple studies of bivalve-cultivated and unmodified nearshore habitats along the US west coast. In general, unmodified eelgrass and nearby off-bottom culture habitats with eelgrass present were inhabited by a greater abundance, richness, and diversity of epibenthic invertebrates than bottom culture and bare (mud, sand) habitats that both lacked eelgrass. Findings of individual studies suggested: minor differences in epibenthic invertebrate assemblages associated with various aquaculture practices; restoring native oysters to mudflats did not detectably alter epibenthic invertebrate abundances; epibenthic invertebrates were more abundant on shell hash introduced to mudflats than unmodified mudflats; and benthic invertebrates were less abundant, rich, and diverse in habitats cultured on bottom by Manila clams. Considering the range of these patterns, there appears to be potential for coastal communities to restore extirpated bivalve populations or develop bivalve culture practices that meet objectives to grow food while maintaining nearshore ecosystems’ fundamental processes supported by robust invertebrate assemblages.
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Lee, Nicole S. M., Gopalasamy R. Clements, Adeline S. Y. Ting, Zhi H. Wong, and Sze H. Yek. "Persistent mosquito fogging can be detrimental to non-target invertebrates in an urban tropical forest." PeerJ 8 (October 1, 2020): e10033. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10033.
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Background Human population growth has led to biodiversity declines in tropical cities. While habitat loss and fragmentation have been the main drivers of urban biodiversity loss, man-made interventions to reduce health risks have also emerged as an unintentional threat. For instance, insecticide fogging to control mosquito populations has become the most common method of preventing the expansion of mosquito-borne diseases such as Dengue. However, the effectiveness of fogging in killing mosquitoes has been called into question. One concern is the unintended effect of insecticide fogging on non-target invertebrates that are crucial for the maintenance of urban ecosystems. Here, we investigate the impacts of fogging on: (1) target invertebrate taxon (Diptera, including mosquitoes); (2) non-target invertebrate taxa; and (3) the foraging behavior of an invertebrate pollinator taxon (Lepidoptera) within an urban tropical forest. Methods We carried out fogging with Pyrethroid insecticide (Detral 2.5 EC) at 10 different sites in a forest situated in the state of Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia. Across the sites, we counted the numbers of knocked-down invertebrates and identified them based on morphology to different taxa. We constructed Bayesian hierarchical Poisson regression models to investigate the effects of fogging on: (1) a target invertebrate taxon (Diptera) 3-h post-fogging; (2) selected non-target invertebrate taxa 3-h post-fogging; and (3) an invertebrate pollinator taxon (Lepidoptera) 24-h post-fogging. Results A total of 1,874 invertebrates from 19 invertebrate orders were knocked down by the fogging treatment across the 10 sites. Furthermore, 72.7% of the invertebrates counted 3-h post-fogging was considered dead. Our regression models showed that given the data and prior information, the probability that fogging had a negative effect on invertebrate taxa 3-h post-fogging was 100%, with reductions to 11% of the pre-fogging count of live individuals for the target invertebrate taxon (Diptera), and between 5% and 58% of the pre-fogging count of live individuals for non-target invertebrate taxa. For the invertebrate pollinator, the probability that fogging had a negative effect 24-h post-fogging was also 100%, with reductions to 53% of the pre-fogging count of live individuals. Discussion Our Bayesian models unequivocally demonstrate that fogging has detrimental effects on one pollinator order and non-target invertebrate orders, especially taxa that have comparatively lower levels of chitinisation. While fogging is effective in killing the target order (Diptera), no mosquitos were found dead in our experiment. In order to maintain urban biodiversity, we recommend that health authorities and the private sector move away from persistent insecticide fogging and to explore alternative measures to control adult mosquito populations.
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Morin, Antoine, and Nathalie Bourassa. "Modèles empiriques de la production annuelle et du rapport P/B d'invertébrés benthiques d'eau courante." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 532–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-063.
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Published data on secondary production of running water invertebrates are analyzed by multiple regression to quantify the relationship between productivity (P, in grams dry mass per square metre per year) and biomass (B, in grams dry mass per square metre), mean individual mass (M, in grams dry mass), and annual mean water temperature (T, in degrees Celsius) to compare productivity of major taxonomic groups and to compare to invertebrate populations from other aquatic ecosystems. The equation P = 0.18 B1.01M−0.34 100.037T explains 87% of the variability in log P in the 291 lotic invertebrate populations analyzed. Significant differences were detected among major taxonomic groups, but these differences account for only about 4% of the variability in log P. Once the effect of biomass, mean individual mass and water temperature are taken into account, productivity of lake and stream invertebrate populations is quite similar, although productivity is a linear function of biomass in streams and not in lakes. Comparison of models for running waters, lake and marine ecosystems suggests that marine invertebrates are less productive than freshwater populations.
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Naman, Sean M., Jordan S. Rosenfeld, and John S. Richardson. "Causes and consequences of invertebrate drift in running waters: from individuals to populations and trophic fluxes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 8 (August 2016): 1292–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0363.
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Invertebrate drift, the downstream transport of aquatic invertebrates, is a fundamental ecological process in streams with important management implications for drift-feeding fishes. Despite long-standing interest, many aspects of drift remain poorly understood mechanistically, thereby limiting broader food web applications (e.g., bioenergetics-based habitat models for fish). Here, we review and synthesize drift-related processes, focusing on their underlying causes, consequences for invertebrate populations and broader trophic dynamics, and recent advances in predictive modelling of drift. Improving predictive models requires further resolving the environmental contexts where drift is driven by hydraulics (passive drift) versus behaviour (active drift). We posit this can be qualitatively inferred by hydraulic conditions, diurnal periodicity, and taxa-specific traits. For invertebrate populations, while the paradox of population persistence in the context of downstream loss has been generally resolved with theory, there are still many unanswered questions surrounding the consequences of drift for population dynamics. In a food web context, there is a need to better understand drift-foraging consumer–resource dynamics and to improve modelling of drift fluxes to more realistically assess habitat capacity for drift-feeding fishes.
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KRAGTEN, S., W. L. M. TAMIS, E. GERTENAAR, S. M. MIDCAP RAMIRO, R. J. VAN DER POLL, J. WANG, and G. R. DE SNOO. "Abundance of invertebrate prey for birds on organic and conventional arable farms in the Netherlands." Bird Conservation International 21, no. 1 (January 27, 2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270910000079.
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SummaryAs a result of agricultural intensification, populations of farmland birds have been in steep decline for several decades. Reduction in food abundance has been mentioned as one factor behind these declines. Extensive farm management, such as use of organic methods, is expected to provide more food for birds. In this study we compared invertebrate prey abundance for birds during the breeding season between organic and conventional arable farms. We made comparisons for three different groups of birds: (1) birds feeding on soil-living invertebrates (earthworms), (2) birds feeding on ground-dwelling invertebrates and (3) birds feeding on aerial invertebrates. Invertebrate abundance was compared between organic and conventional farms, crop and non-crop habitats, and between crop and non-crop habitats under the same farm management. On organic sites, earthworm abundance was 2–4 times higher than on conventional sites, but no differences were found between crop types. Total abundance of ground-dwelling invertebrates did not differ between organic and conventional sites, but positive effects were found for several individual taxonomic groups, such as carabid beetles and spiders. On organic farms, invertebrate abundance was higher in carrots, cereals and onions compared to other crops; on conventional farms this was true for onions. When compared with most crops, ground-dwelling invertebrate abundance was low in uncropped field margins and on ditch banks. On organic farms, aerial invertebrate abundance was approximately 70% higher than on conventional farms. On cereal fields, aerial invertebrates were especially abundant.
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Carpio, A. J., J. Castro–López, J. Guerrero–Casado, L. Ruiz–Aizpurua, J. Vicente, and F. S. Tortosa. "Effect of wild ungulate density on invertebrates in a Mediterranean ecosystem." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 37, no. 2 (December 2014): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2014.37.0115.
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In recent decades, the abundance and distribution of certain big game species, particularly red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa), have increased in south central Spain as a result of hunting management strategies. The high density of these ungulate species may affect the abundance of epigeous invertebrates. We tested the relationships between big game abundance and biodiversity, taxon richness, the biomass of invertebrates and their frequency on nine hunting estates and in comparison to ungulate exclusion areas. Ungulate exclusion itself affected invertebrate richness, since lower values were found in the open plots, whereas the highest differences in invertebrate diversity between fenced and open plots was found in areas with high wild boar density. Where wild boar densities were high, the number of invertebrates decreased, while where they were low, red deer had a positive effect on invertebrate abundance. Fenced plots thus seemed to provide refuge for invertebrates, particularly where wild boar were abundant. This study supports the idea that the structure of fauna communities is damaged by high density populations of ungulates, probably due to decreased food availability owing to overgrazing, modified conditions of ecological microniches and direct predation. However, the effects depended on the group of invertebrates, since saprophytic species could benefit from high ungulate abundance. Our findings reflect the need to control ungulate population density under Mediterranean conditions in south–western Europe and to implement ungulate exclusion plots.
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Nasmith, Leslie E., William M. Tonn, Cynthia A. Paszkowski, and Garry J. Scrimgeour. "Limited effects of stocked trout on littoral invertebrates in boreal foothills lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69, no. 1 (January 2012): 178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-145.
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Stocking lakes with trout for the purposes of recreational angling is a management strategy that introduces a new predator into these systems and thus deserves careful scrutiny. To assess the impact of non-native trout on littoral invertebrates in naturally fish-bearing lakes in the boreal foothills of Alberta, Canada, we compared their community composition, abundance, and size structure in stocked (n = 5) and unstocked (n = 6) lakes over a 2-year period. We detected no clear negative effects of introduced trout on invertebrate community composition and only few taxa-specific examples of decreased or increased invertebrate abundance. Furthermore, predation by trout had inconsistent direct effects on the size structure of invertebrate populations. Indirect effects were suggested by increased abundances and sizes of some invertebrate taxa in stocked lakes and might also contribute to the limited overall differences that we observed. We propose that net effects of stocked trout on littoral invertebrates are influenced by key characteristics of receiving ecosystems. In our boreal foothills lakes, dense macrophyte cover in warm littoral zones, high productivity, abundant forage fish, and limited densities of trout all likely combine to allow littoral invertebrate communities to withstand the impact of introduced trout with minimal effects.
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Woodcock, B. A., S. G. Potts, S. R. Mortimer, C. S. Lawson, A. J.Ramsay, V. K. Brown, and J. R. Tallowin. "The manipulation of vegetation field and field margin vegetation structure in intensively managed UK cattle grazed pasture systems: Implications for invertebrate biodiversity." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620001142x.
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Changing management in UK lowland pasture systems has lead to larger fertiliser inputs, increased intensity and frequency of cutting and a movement towards silage rather than hay based systems. This has lead to changes in both floral diversity and the seasonal characteristics of sward architectural complexity, which include the loss of key vegetation structures at critical times of the year. e.g., seed heads. This has had large impacts on invertebrate communities in pasture systems and is thought to be the cause of large-scale declines in both the abundances and diversity of invertebrates (Duffey et al., 1974). This decline in invertebrate abundance has also been linked to a concomitant decline in farmland bird populations reliant on invertebrates as a food sources (Vickery et al., 2001). By manipulating cattle grazing, cutting and fertiliser regimes in intensively managed pasture systems the role of vegetation structure for a variety of invertebrate communities has been investigated.
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Cummins, Kenneth W., and Margaret A. Wilzbach. "Do pathogens regulate stream invertebrate populations?" SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 23, no. 2 (August 1988): 1232–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1987.11899797.
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Epperson, Deborah M., Craig R. Allen, and Katharine F. E. Hogan. "Red Imported Fire Ants Reduce Invertebrate Abundance, Richness, and Diversity in Gopher Tortoise Burrows." Diversity 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13010007.
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Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) burrows support diverse commensal invertebrate communities that may be of special conservation interest. We investigated the impact of red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) on the invertebrate burrow community at 10 study sites in southern Mississippi, sampling burrows (1998–2000) before and after bait treatments to reduce fire ant populations. We sampled invertebrates using an ant bait attractant for ants and burrow vacuums for the broader invertebrate community and calculated fire ant abundance, invertebrate abundance, species richness, and species diversity. Fire ant abundance in gopher tortoise burrows was reduced by >98% in treated sites. There was a positive treatment effect on invertebrate abundance, diversity, and species richness from burrow vacuum sampling which was not observed in ant sampling from burrow baits. Management of fire ants around burrows may benefit both threatened gopher tortoises by reducing potential fire ant predation on hatchlings, as well as the diverse burrow invertebrate community. Fire-ant management may also benefit other species utilizing tortoise burrows, such as the endangered Dusky Gopher Frog and Schaus swallowtail butterfly. This has implications for more effective biodiversity conservation via targeted control of the invasive fire ant at gopher tortoise burrows.
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Silva, Elvis Almeida Pereira. "PREDATION ON Scinax fuscovarius (ANURA, HYLIDAE) BY Scolopendra sp. (CHILOPODA: SCHOLOPENDRIDAE) IN THE STATE OF TOCANTINS, CENTRAL BRAZIL." Revista Latinoamericana de Herpetología 2, no. 1 (May 27, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fc.25942158e.2019.1.43.
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Some arthropods groups produce substantial mortality in some vertebrate populations and have complex ecological interspecific interactions with vertebrates. Amphibians are preyed by invertebrates at all life stages, however no invertebrate species is recognized as specialist predator of this group. This short communication reports the predation of anuran by a centipede.
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Wong, Allan HK, Donald J. McQueen, D. Dudley Williams, and Eric Demers. "Transfer of mercury from benthic invertebrates to fishes in lakes with contrasting fish community structures." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 1320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-035.
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We examined the flow of mercury (Hg) from benthic invertebrates to fishes in lakes with contrasting fish community structure. The study was carried out in two whole lakes in southcentral Ontario in 1992. Both were remote from direct sources of contamination and were chosen because of their physical and chemical similarities. Although the fish communities in the two lakes were qualitatively similar, the total number of fishes in Ranger Lake was an order of magnitude smaller than that in Mouse Lake. As a result of the lower net predation from benthivorous fishes, documented in earlier studies, Ranger Lake benthic invertebrate populations were significantly higher. However, benthic invertebrate taxa in Mouse Lake were generally larger and had higher Hg concentrations. This was partly attributed to the stunted growth of Mouse Lake fishes, which did not allow them to prey on larger benthos as a result of gape limitations. Despite the lower Hg concentrations in Ranger Lake benthos, total benthic invertebrate Hg pools were higher in this lake as a result of its higher total benthic invertebrate biomass. However, the transfer of total Hg from benthic invertebrates to fishes was higher in Mouse Lake due to the higher consumption rates of benthivorous fishes.
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Lopez, Jose V., Bishoy Kamel, Mónica Medina, Timothy Collins, and Iliana B. Baums. "Multiple Facets of Marine Invertebrate Conservation Genomics." Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 7, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 473–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115034.
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Conservation genomics aims to preserve the viability of populations and the biodiversity of living organisms. Invertebrate organisms represent 95% of animal biodiversity; however, few genomic resources currently exist for the group. The subset of marine invertebrates includes the most ancient metazoan lineages and possesses codes for unique gene products and possible keys to adaptation. The benefits of supporting invertebrate conservation genomics research (e.g., likely discovery of novel genes, protein regulatory mechanisms, genomic innovations, and transposable elements) outweigh the various hurdles (rare, small, or polymorphic starting materials). Here we review best conservation genomics practices in the laboratory and in silico when applied to marine invertebrates and also showcase unique features in several case studies of acroporid corals, crown-of-thorns starfish, apple snails, and abalone. Marine conservation genomics should also address how diversity can lead to unique marine innovations, the impact of deleterious variation, and how genomic monitoring and profiling could positively affect broader conservation goals (e.g., value of baseline data for in situ/ex situ genomic stocks).
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Harris, I. W. E., C. F. Drury, R. R. Simard, and T. Q. Zhang. "Density and Richness of Benthic Invertebrate Populations in the North Sydenham River of Southwestern Ontario (1996-2000) Compared with Those of the St. Clair River (1990-1995)." Canadian Field-Naturalist 117, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v117i2.706.
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Richness (the number of invertebrate families/sample site) and density (the number of invertebrates/sq m) of benthic populations in the North Sydenham River were measured and compared with similar estimates for the St. Clair River. Seventeen sample sites were examined from May to October over five consecutive years. At each sample site, particle size distribution of the sediment, sediment temperature, total phosphorous, total nitrogen, total carbon, and water flow rate were measured. Physical and chemical characteristics of the North Sydenham system over the 100 km run examined were less variable than those of the St. Clair. Statistically significant but weak multiple linear correlations were found for richness and density with several of the measured variables. Invertebrate populations in the North Sydenham River were less rich and less dense than those in the downstream reach of the St. Clair and exhibited a different distribution of abundance among the orders of organisms. As in the St. Clair River, some evidence of long term cycling of abundance in several families of invertebrates was found in the North Sydenham.
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Chapman, Lauren J., William C. Mackay, and Craig W. Wilkinson. "Feeding Flexibility in Northern Pike (Esox lucius): Fish versus Invertebrate Prey." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 666–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-085.
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We describe the frequency of occurrence of fish and invertebrates in the stomach contents of northern pike (Esox lucius) from eight populations in Alberta and the Northwest Territories. Lakes were sampled one to eight times between 1979 and 1985, and a total of 899 pike were examined (mean standard length = 44 ± 8 cm, SD). Although northern pike are widely considered to be top aquatic piscivores, we found that the frequency of occurrence of invertebrates was high, at least on a seasonal basis, in some systems. In all of the lakes considered, the frequency of occurrence of fish (expressed as a percentage of non-empty stomachs) was 88% or greater in one or more of the sample periods. However, diets where the frequency of occurrence of invertebrates was greater than 90% occurred in three of the populations in one or more of the sample periods. The frequency of occurrence of invertebrates was negatively correlated with the percentage of empty stomachs, while the frequency of occurrence of fish was positively related to the percentage of empty stomachs. Invertebrate feeding was not limited exclusively to smaller pike; invertebrates were found in the stomachs of pike 24 to 60 cm long (standard length).
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Roger, PA, I. Simpson, R. Oficial, S. Ardales, and R. Jimenez. "Effects of pesticides on soil and water microflora and mesofauna in wetland ricefields: a summary of current knowledge and extrapolation to temperate environments." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 7 (1994): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9941057.
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This review summarises information on the behaviour of pesticides and their impacts on microorganisms and non-target invertebrates that was collected in, or is applicable to, temperate wetland ricefields. An extensive bibliographic survey shows that current knowledge is fragmentary and partly outdated. Pesticides applied on soil at recommended levels rarely had a detrimental effect on microbial populations or their activities. They had more effect on invertebrate populations, inducing the blooming of individual species of floodwater zooplankton and reducing populations of aquatic oligochaetes in soil. Available information raises concerns regarding the long-term effects of pesticides on (i) microorganisms, primary producers, and invertebrates of importance to soil fertility, (ii) predators of rice pests and vectors, and (iii) microbial metabolism of pesticides.
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Morley, N. J. "Symbiotic bacteria of helminths: what role may they play in ecosystems under anthropogenic stress?" Journal of Helminthology 90, no. 6 (January 12, 2016): 647–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x15001066.
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AbstractSymbiotic bacteria are a common feature of many animals, particularly invertebrates, from both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. These bacteria have increasingly been recognized as performing an important role in maintaining invertebrate health. Both ecto- and endoparasitic helminths have also been found to harbour a range of bacterial species which provide a similar function. The part symbiotic bacteria play in sustaining homeostasis of free-living invertebrates exposed to anthropogenic pressure (climate change, pollution), and the consequences to invertebrate populations when their symbionts succumb to poor environmental conditions, are increasingly important areas of research. Helminths are also susceptible to environmental stress and their symbiotic bacteria may be a key aspect of their responses to deteriorating conditions. This article summarizes the ecophysiological relationship helminths have with symbiotic bacteria and the role they play in maintaining a healthy parasite and the relevance of specific changes that occur in free-living invertebrate–bacteria interactions under anthropogenic pressure to helminths and their bacterial communities. It also discusses the importance of understanding the mechanistic sensitivity of helminth–bacteria relationships to environmental stress for comprehending the responses of parasites to challenging conditions.
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Dong, Hao Yan, Guang Yi Lu, Xing Yao Zhong, and Xiao Jun Yang. "Winter diet and food selection of the Black-necked CraneGrus nigricollisin Dashanbao, Yunnan, China." PeerJ 4 (April 21, 2016): e1968. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1968.
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The Black-necked CraneGrus nigricollisis a globally vulnerable species whose food is the factor determining its long-term survival. Understanding dietary habits, food preferences, and related factors will facilitate the development of effective conservation plans for the protection of this vulnerable species. For this purpose, we used video recordings and sampling of food availability to examine the dietary composition and temporal variation in food selection of Black-necked Cranes wintering in the Dashanbao National Nature Reserve, China. The Black-necked Crane’s diet consists primarily of domestic food crops such as grains (74%) and potatoes (8%), in addition to invertebrates (14%). A much smaller proportion of the diet was comprised of turnips and wild herbaceous plants and tubers. There was monthly variation in food selection, partially related to food availability. Grains were most available in November and decreased through the winter, whereas invertebrates were more available in November and February than in December and January. Grain consumption was lowest in November but higher from December through February. Invertebrate consumption was highest in November and February. The cranes preferred to eat grains throughout winter months, while they mainly selected invertebrates in November and February. We suggested invertebrate populations sharply declined in December and January due to the low temperature. In addition, grain consumption was negatively associated with invertebrate availability. In November, when invertebrates were most abundant, and despite a concomitant peak in grain abundance, we suggested cranes exhibited a preference for invertebrates over grains. We recommend that the protection administration provide appropriate supplemental foods for cranes during freezing weather.
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Perry, Kayla, and Daniel Herms. "Dynamic Responses of Ground-Dwelling Invertebrate Communities to Disturbance in Forest Ecosystems." Insects 10, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10030061.
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In forest ecosystems, natural and anthropogenic disturbances alter canopy structure, understory vegetation, amount of woody debris, and the properties of litter and soil layers. The magnitude of these environmental changes is context-dependent and determined by the properties of the disturbance, such as the frequency, intensity, duration, and extent. Therefore, disturbances can dynamically impact forest communities over time, including populations of ground-dwelling invertebrates that regulate key ecosystem processes. We propose conceptual models that describe the dynamic temporal effects of canopy gap formation and coarse woody debris accumulation following disturbances caused by invasive insects, wind, and salvage logging, and their impacts on ground-dwelling invertebrate communities. Within this framework, predictions are generated, literature on ground-dwelling invertebrate communities is synthesized, and pertinent knowledge gaps identified.
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Croft, Peter, Nick Reid, and John T. Hunter. "The bark of eucalypt trees: habitat quality for arthropods and impact of fire." Pacific Conservation Biology 18, no. 3 (2012): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc130186.
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The bark of eucalypt trees is a significant habitat attribute of forests and woodlands, with different bark types supporting varying populations of invertebrate and vertebrate fauna. Bark also contributes to fuel load in wildfires and hazard reduction burning, with a concomitant loss of habitat and modification of habitat resources. We compared the composition and abundance of tree trunk invertebrates inhabiting four eucalypt bark types and determined the impact of burning the bark on population abundance and community composition. Trees of four bark types (gum, box, stringybark, ironbark) were selected at three sites and arthropod traps placed on burnt and unburnt trees of each type. Traps were left in place for 12 days and arthropod preferences for the four bark types (burnt and unburnt) were analysed. The total number of arthropods differed between bark types, with stringybark and ironbark supporting the largest numbers of invertebrates and the most diverse communities. Burnt stringybark and gum bark had reduced arthropod abundance compared to unburnt bark. The study highlights an ecological consequence of fire on an aspect of invertebrate habitat, with flow-on effects for vertebrates, that should be considered in fire management, as greater areas of land are subject to frequent hazard reduction burning in eastern Australia.
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Palkovacs, Eric P., Michael C. Marshall, Brad A. Lamphere, Benjamin R. Lynch, Dylan J. Weese, Douglas F. Fraser, David N. Reznick, Catherine M. Pringle, and Michael T. Kinnison. "Experimental evaluation of evolution and coevolution as agents of ecosystem change in Trinidadian streams." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1523 (June 12, 2009): 1617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0016.
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Evolution has been shown to be a critical determinant of ecological processes in some systems, but its importance relative to traditional ecological effects is not well known. In addition, almost nothing is known about the role of coevolution in shaping ecosystem function. Here, we experimentally evaluated the relative effects of species invasion (a traditional ecological effect), evolution and coevolution on ecosystem processes in Trinidadian streams. We manipulated the presence and population-of-origin of two common fish species, the guppy ( Poecilia reticulata ) and the killifish ( Rivulus hartii ). We measured epilithic algal biomass and accrual, aquatic invertebrate biomass, and detrital decomposition. Our results show that, for some ecosystem responses, the effects of evolution and coevolution were larger than the effects of species invasion. Guppy evolution in response to alternative predation regimes significantly influenced algal biomass and accrual rates. Guppies from a high-predation site caused an increase in algae relative to guppies from a low-predation site; algae effects were probably shaped by observed divergence in rates of nutrient excretion and algae consumption. Rivulus –guppy coevolution significantly influenced the biomass of aquatic invertebrates. Locally coevolved populations reduced invertebrate biomass relative to non-coevolved populations. These results challenge the general assumption that intraspecific diversity is a less critical determinant of ecosystem function than is interspecific diversity. Given existing evidence for contemporary evolution in these fish species, our findings suggest considerable potential for eco-evolutionary feedbacks to operate as populations adapt to natural or anthropogenic perturbations.
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Thomson, L. J., P. J. Neville, and A. A. Hoffmann. "Effective trapping methods for assessing invertebrates in vineyards." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 9 (2004): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03219.
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There is increasing interest in developing environmental management systems to ensure that agricultural industries are sustainable; invertebrate indicators provide one potential tool for monitoring sustainable production. As a first step in developing invertebrate indicators for viticulture, we compare the efficiency of 3 common trapping methods in assessing populations of relevant orders of invertebrates. Yellow sticky traps were more effective in trapping Hymenoptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Araneae and Coleoptera; transparent sticky traps were best for Lepidoptera and Neuroptera; and pitfall traps for Collembola and the family Formicidae. Numbers collected differed among months and December was the best month, overall, for trapping. Preliminary guidelines are developed for assessing key orders. While several methods are required for assessing invertebrate biodiversity, most orders can be sampled with a single method, particularly the yellow sticky trap. Our results indicate that changes in numbers of beneficial orders, due to changes in management practices, can be detected. Power analyses suggest a relatively small number of yellow sticky traps would be sufficient to detect changes of around 30%, or greater.
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Le Goff-Vitry, Marie C., Sandrine Jacquelin, and Thierry Comtet. "Towards tracking marine larvae with in situ hybridization." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, no. 5 (October 2007): 1077–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315407057025.
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Marine invertebrate larvae represent a transitory, but nonetheless important component of planktonic communities. Assessing their contribution to plankton diversity has been hindered by numerous methodological difficulties, notably at the identification step. For many sessile invertebrates, planktonic larvae also play a crucial role, as they are their sole dispersal vectors. Understanding connectivity patterns among marine populations is fundamental for managing coastal ecosystems and their associated resources. Indirect approaches, relying on population genetics models, have widely contributed to elucidate population structure and gene flow patterns, but show, in some cases, conflicting results with larval dispersal potential. In an attempt to facilitate surveys of larval distributions and abundances, an in situ hybridization on whole larvae method was tested over a range of marine invertebrate larvae collected from environmental plankton samples. Ribosomal RNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes were used for hybridization, followed by a colorimetric reaction allowing signal detection at the light microscope. Promising results were obtained, showing an unambiguous positive hybridization signal with a eukaryotic (positive) probe, but no signal with a negative probe. Using species-specific probes, the method could be applied to resolve key current questions in marine ecology, addressing both wide and fine scales.
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Becker, B. J., L. A. Levin, F. J. Fodrie, and P. A. McMillan. "Complex larval connectivity patterns among marine invertebrate populations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 9 (February 20, 2007): 3267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611651104.
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SUCHANEK, THOMAS H. "Oil Impacts on Marine Invertebrate Populations and Communities." American Zoologist 33, no. 6 (December 1993): 510–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/33.6.510.
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Ceccarelli, Daniela M., Maria Beger, Marie C. Kospartov, Zoe T. Richards, and Chico L. Birrell. "Population trends of remote invertebrate resources in a marine reserve: trochus and holothurians at Ashmore Reef." Pacific Conservation Biology 17, no. 2 (2011): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110132.
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Marine protected areas (MPAs) have a high capacity to protect fish and invertebrate resources, given adequate surveillance and enforcement. Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve (Ashmore Reef) was closed to commercial fishing and harvesting of invertebrates such as trochus (Trochus niloticus) and holothurians in 1983. We evaluate population trends in trochus and holothurians during eight years of monitoring, focusing largely on the differences between their populations before and after a lapse of surveillance. The trochus population increased in density from 1998 to 2005, followed by a slight decline in all surveyed habitats in 2006. This decline followed approximately five consecutive months without surveillance. Amongst populations of 18 species of holothurians, densities declined in five, and remained relatively stable in the others. Densities of commercially valuable holothurians (primarily Holothuria whitmaei and H. fuscogilva) were too low to allow the detection of trends. Continuous enforcement of the fishing closure is important to ensure successful conservation of Ashmore Reef, as are standardized monitoring techniques to enable temporal trends to be detected with confidence.
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Flemming, Scott A., Paul A. Smith, Lisa V. Kennedy, Alexandra M. Anderson, and Erica Nol. "Habitat alteration and fecal deposition by geese alter tundra invertebrate communities: Implications for diets of sympatric birds." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): e0269938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269938.
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Over the last 60 years, Arctic goose populations have increased while many sympatric tundra nesting bird populations have declined. Hyperabundant geese have well-documented effects on tundra habitats, which can alter habitat use by sympatric bird species. These habitat changes may also alter invertebrate communities and abundances, with potentially important, but as of yet, undocumented effects on insectivorous birds such as shorebirds. Here, we determined the effects of goose-induced habitat alteration on invertebrate communities and relate the observed changes to shorebird diet. At sites and habitat types representing a gradient of goose influence, we identified goose-related changes in ground cover and linked these factors to variation in invertebrate communities. We then used DNA metabarcoding to characterize the diet of six shorebird species across sites and identify inter-site variation in abundance, biomass, and timing of emergence of dominant shorebird prey items. Invertebrate diversity and richness did not vary either among sites or habitat types. However, for prey items identified as part of the shorebird diet, we found significantly higher abundances and biomasses at a moderately goose-influenced site than at either low or high goose-influenced sites. Biomass of Tipulidae, the dominant prey taxon for shorebirds at the study sites, was 7.5 times higher at the moderately goose-influenced site compared to the site where goose influence was minor. We attribute this enhancement of prey biomass to both the fertilizing effect of goose fecal pellets and the moderate grazing pressure. Many studies have documented adverse effects of overabundant geese, but here we show that a moderate degree of goose grazing can lead to enhanced biomass of invertebrates, with the potential for improved shorebird foraging success and chick growth. These benefits, however, might be outweighed by negative effects of goose-induced habitat alteration and predation pressure.
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Brunetti, Claudia, Henk Siepel, Peter Convey, Pietro Paolo Fanciulli, Francesco Nardi, and Antonio Carapelli. "Overlooked Species Diversity and Distribution in the Antarctic Mite Genus Stereotydeus." Diversity 13, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13100506.
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In the harsh Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems, invertebrates are currently confined to sparse and restricted ice free areas, where they have survived on multi-million-year timescales in refugia. The limited dispersal abilities of these invertebrate species, their specific habitat requirements, and the presence of geographical barriers can drastically reduce gene flow between populations, resulting in high genetic differentiation. On continental Antarctica, mites are one of the most diverse invertebrate groups. Recently, two new species of the free living prostigmatid mite genus Stereotydeus Berlese, 1901 were discovered, bringing the number of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic species of this genus up to 15, of which 7 occur along the coast of Victoria Land and in the Transantarctic Mountains. To examine the biodiversity of Stereotydeus spp., the present study combines phylogenetic, morphological and population genetic data of specimens collected from nine localities in Victoria Land. Genetically distinct intraspecific groups are spatially isolated in northern Victoria Land, while, for other species, the genetic haplogroups more often occur sympatrically in southern Victoria Land. We provide a new distribution map for the Stereotydeus species of Victoria Land, which will assist future decisions in matters of the protection and conservation of the unique Antarctic terrestrial fauna.
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Addison, J. A., and M. W. Hart. "Spawning, copulation and inbreeding coefficients in marine invertebrates." Biology Letters 1, no. 4 (August 5, 2005): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0353.
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Patterns of population genetic variation have frequently been understood as consequences of life history covariates such as dispersal ability and breeding systems (e.g. selfing). For example, marine invertebrates show enormous variation in life history traits that are correlated with the extent of gene flow between populations and the magnitude of differentiation among populations at neutral genetic markers ( F ST ). Here we document an unexpected correlation between marine invertebrate life histories and deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (non-zero values of F IS , the inbreeding coefficient). F IS values were significantly higher in studies of species with free-spawned planktonic sperm than in studies of species that copulate or have some form of direct sperm transfer to females or benthic egg masses. This result was robust to several different analytical approaches. We note several mechanisms that might contribute to this pattern, and appeal for more studies and ideas that might help to explain our observations.
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Amaral, Valter, Henrique N. Cabral, and Melanie J. Bishop. "Resistance among wild invertebrate populations to recurrent estuarine acidification." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 93, no. 4 (July 2011): 460–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.05.024.
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Horiguchi, Toshihiro, and Keita Kodama. "What Caused Declines in Intertidal Invertebrate Populations around Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, Tsunami, and Nuclear Disaster?" Toxics 10, no. 5 (April 24, 2022): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050214.
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We discuss possible causal factors for the decline in intertidal invertebrate populations around Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent tsunami and nuclear disaster on the basis of existing knowledge about the effects of radionuclides and ionizing radiation on aquatic organisms. We found a gap between effects observed in the laboratory and those observed in natural aquatic environments, and discuss possible reasons why. Considering the complexity of the environment, we conclude that it is critical to evaluate the effects of ionizing radiation combined with other biotic and abiotic environmental factors, together with the life-history traits of the species examined, for realistic assessment of population-level effects. Finally, we present possible causal factors for strange or abnormal phenomena observed in intertidal biota near FDNPP, namely declines in population densities and number of species of invertebrates, delayed recovery from these declines, and continuous sexual maturation in the rock shell population.
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Horiguchi, Toshihiro, and Keita Kodama. "What Caused Declines in Intertidal Invertebrate Populations around Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, Tsunami, and Nuclear Disaster?" Toxics 10, no. 5 (April 24, 2022): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050214.
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We discuss possible causal factors for the decline in intertidal invertebrate populations around Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent tsunami and nuclear disaster on the basis of existing knowledge about the effects of radionuclides and ionizing radiation on aquatic organisms. We found a gap between effects observed in the laboratory and those observed in natural aquatic environments, and discuss possible reasons why. Considering the complexity of the environment, we conclude that it is critical to evaluate the effects of ionizing radiation combined with other biotic and abiotic environmental factors, together with the life-history traits of the species examined, for realistic assessment of population-level effects. Finally, we present possible causal factors for strange or abnormal phenomena observed in intertidal biota near FDNPP, namely declines in population densities and number of species of invertebrates, delayed recovery from these declines, and continuous sexual maturation in the rock shell population.
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Gee, J. H. R., and B. D. Smith. "Benthic invertebrates in the headwaters of the Wye and Severn: effects of forestry and clear-felling." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 1, no. 3 (September 30, 1997): 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-1-549-1997.
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Abstract. Invertebrate communities were recorded in three surveys between 1974 and 1994 of headwaters of the Wye and Severn at Plynlimon: the Afon Gwy (unforested), the Afon Hore (initially forested) and the Afon Hafren (forested throughout). The data cover periods before and after the clear-felling of a large area of coniferous forest in the catchment of the Hore. All three streams contained invertebrates characteristic of acidic, upland conditions and had similar species richness. Differences in assemblage composition within streams between surveys could be related to differences in method or timing of sampling. All assemblages were dominated by Insecta, particularly Plecoptera and Diptera, whereas Ephemeroptera, Moilusca, Crustacca and some families of Trichoptera (notably Hydropsychidae and Philopotamidae) were poorly represented. The forested streams (Hafren and Hore) contained similar assemblages which differed from those in the unforested stream (Gwy) in containing lower densities of Ephemeroptera and Oligochacta and much higher densities of nemourid and leuctrid Plecoptera. Clear-felling of the Hore catchment resulted in changes in physical and chemical conditions (including a reduction of stream pH, and increases in dissolved aluminium concentration and summer water temperature) but no related change in the invertebrate assemblage. The apparent failure of invertebrates to respond as expected to substantial changes in local environmental conditions may reflect either a lack of understanding of causal links between invertebrates and environmental factors, or the over-riding influence of the dynamics of recruitment to populations.
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Yamazaki, Daishi, Tomoki Aota, and Satoshi Chiba. "The genetic structure of the marine flatworm Stylochoplana pusilla (Rhabditophora: Polycladida) and its use of intertidal snails." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 100, no. 5 (July 15, 2020): 713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315420000570.
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AbstractAlthough marine phylogeographers have accumulated knowledge of the evolutionary history of various invertebrates, there is a large bias among the taxa regarding genetic data. The order Polycladida is a typical example for which little genetic information at population level is available. Here, we focused on the polyclad flatworm Stylochoplana pusilla, distributed in the Japanese Pacific coastal area. Stylochoplana pusilla is known to have commensal relationships with certain intertidal snails, using snails (mainly Monodonta confusa) as a refugee house. During low tide, S. pusilla hides in the mantle cavity of snails to protect themselves from desiccation and predation. Here, we investigated the genetic structure of S. pusilla using a mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I marker and the species diversity of snails used by it. We found that S. pusilla has high genetic diversity of its populations. While S. pusilla showed a significant genetic differentiation among populations, it was relatively low. In addition, we also showed that S. pusilla used several intertidal snail species which inhabit various coastal environments. The present study suggests S. pusilla has sufficient dispersal ability to connect among its local populations. Also, the range of available snails for S. pusilla may help the connectivity among local populations. We provide important knowledge about this invertebrate taxon with a unique ecology, which has been insufficiently studied.
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Lumpkin, Will P., Kincade R. Stirek, and Lee A. Dyer. "Macrophyte Diversity and Complexity Reduce Larval Mosquito Abundance." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 4 (February 1, 2020): 1041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa012.
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Abstract The role of aquatic arthropod diversity and community interactions of larval mosquitoes are important for understanding mosquito population dynamics. We tested the effects of aquatic macrophyte diversity and habitat structural complexity in shaping the predator and competitor invertebrate communities associated with mosquito larvae. Experimental mesocosms were planted with live aquatic macrophytes and allowed to be naturally colonized by local invertebrates. Results indicated a positive effect of macrophyte diversity on competitor diversity and a negative effect on predator diversity. In turn, predator diversity negatively impacted mosquito abundance through a direct effect, while competitor diversity showed an indirect negative effect on mosquito larval abundance through its positive effect on predator diversity. The enhancement of aquatic macrophyte diversity and structural complexity has practical applications for the reduction of mosquito populations in managed systems where complete source elimination is not possible.
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De los Rios-Escalante, P. R., P. Jara, A. Contreras, M. Latsague, and G. Lara. "Invertebrate Communities Associated to Parastacus pugnax (Decapoda, Parastacidae) Northern Patagonian Populations (38°S, Araucania, Chile): a First Exploratory Analysis." Zoodiversity 56, no. 6 (2022): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/zoo2022.06.485.
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The burrowing crayfish Parastacus pugnax (Poeppig, 1835) inhabits the flooded plains in the central part of Chile (32–38°S), where it coexists with another representaives of invertebrate fauna. The aim of this study was to give the first description based on exploratory data of invertebrates associated to P. pugnax habitats in the Araucanía region, Chile. For comparison, published data on two similar habitats without P. pugnax populations were considered as outgroups. The obtained results revealed marked differences in species composition among sites with presence of P. pugnax, and without this species. A small number of species (1–5) was identified in the studied sites; Cladocera Simocephalus expinosus group was the most numerous and inhabited five of seven sites. Ecological and biogeographical topics were discussed.
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Roper, Clyde F. E. "Southern Ocean cephalopods: life cycles and populations." Antarctic Science 6, no. 2 (June 1994): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102094000209.
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Try to imagine a lecture hall in King's College filled with zoologists discussing the lives and ways of cephalopods of the Southern Ocean. A few years ago such a dedicated gathering would have been unimaginable for any Southern Ocean invertebrate save for the ubiquitous euphausid, Euphausia superba. How things have changed under the influences of a major international squid fishery and international collaborative research programmes.
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Neely, Karen L., Tracy A. Ziegler, Margaret Peloso, Mark Hooper, Chesson O’Briant, Maria Wise, and Daniel Rittschof. "Enhancing artificial reef fish populations by providing invertebrate prey refugia." Fisheries Research 241 (September 2021): 106003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2021.106003.
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Costa, Dalila, Martijn J. T. N. Timmermans, José Paulo Sousa, Rui Ribeiro, Dick Roelofs, and Nico M. Van Straalen. "Genetic structure of soil invertebrate populations: Collembolans, earthworms and isopods." Applied Soil Ecology 68 (June 2013): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.03.003.
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Weese, D. A., and S. R. Santos. "Genetic identification of source populations for an aquarium-traded invertebrate." Animal Conservation 12, no. 1 (February 2009): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00215.x.
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DOWNING, JOHN A. "A regression technique for the estimation of epiphytic invertebrate populations*." Freshwater Biology 16, no. 2 (April 1986): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1986.tb00961.x.
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ANDERSON, T. K., and M. V. K. SUKHDEO. "Abiotic versus biotic hierarchies in the assembly of parasite populations." Parasitology 137, no. 4 (December 22, 2009): 743–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009991430.
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SUMMARYThe presence or absence of parasites within host populations is the result of a complex of factors, both biotic and abiotic. This study uses a non-parametric classification tree approach to evaluate the relative importance of key abiotic and biotic drivers controlling the presence/absence of parasites with complex life cycles in a sentinel, the common killifish Fundulus heteroclitus. Parasite communities were classified from 480 individuals representing 15 fish from 4 distinct marsh sites in each of 4 consecutive seasons between 2006 and 2007. Abiotic parameters were recorded at continuous water monitoring stations located at each of the 4 sites. Classification trees identified the presence of benthic invertebrate species (Gammarus sp. and Littorina sp.) as the most important variables in determining parasite presence: secondary splitters were dominated by abiotic variables including conductance, pH and temperature. Seventy percent of hosts were successfully classified into the correct category (infected/uninfected) based on only these criteria. The presence of competent definitive hosts was not considered to be an important explanatory variable. These data suggest that the most important determinant of the presence of these parasite populations in the common killifish is the availability of diverse communities of benthic invertebrates.
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Varigin, Alexander. "Features of development of the zoobenthos in Shagany and Burnas Lagoons (Northern Black Sea)." Biolohichni systemy 11, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2019.01.046.
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The qualitative composition and features of the quantitative development of zoobenthos of the salt Shagany and Burnas lagoons in the summer season of 2018 were determined. For comparison, the zoobenthos of the freshwater Maly Sasyk lagoon, connected by a channel to the Shagany lagoon, was studied. These reservoirs belong to the Tuzlovskaya group of lagoons, located in the Northern Black Sea region in the middle part of the Danube-Dniester interfluve. The depth in the sampling areas was 0,3–0,5m. It was noted that the water temperature in these reservoirs during the study period was about 30°C. Salinity in the Shagany and Burnas lagoons ranged from 24,55 to 32,56‰, and in the Maly Sasyk lagoon – from 4,79 to 7,06‰. As a part of the benthic community of lagoons, 21 species of invertebrates belonging to 9 taxes were found. The species composition of the zoobenthos of Shagany and Burnas lagoons did not differ much in view of the fact that these reservoirs are interconnected by wide straits passing through the Alibey lagoon. The largest number of species found belonged to Polychaeta worms, Amphipoda and Bivalve. One hundred percent occurrence was characteristic of eight invertebrate species. These species under conditions of shallow lagoons reached the greatest quantitative development. It was shown that a small species diversity of the bottom community of these lagoons was accompanied by high abundance and biomass of several invertebrate species. The mass invertebrate species was gastropod mollusks Hydrobia acuta, the abundance of which ranged from 1450 to 3675 ind.m-2. Most of the species found belonged to eurybiotic invertebrates, able to survive in a wide range of fluctuations of abiotic environmental factors. The nature of bottom sediments influenced not only quantitative development parameters, but also the size structure of bivalve mollusk populations living in the Shagany and Burnas lagoons.
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Smith, Geoffrey R., Jessica E. Rettig, Mallory Smyk, Maggie Jones, Genevieve Eng-Surowiec, Davit Mirshavili, and Jeremy Hollis. "Consumption of the eggs, hatchlings, and tadpoles of Green Frogs (Lithobates clamitans) by native and non-native predators." Amphibia-Reptilia 40, no. 3 (2019): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20181071.
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Abstract Predation by native and non-native predators on the eggs, embryos, and early stage tadpoles can affect the recruitment of offspring into a population. We examined the effects of native (Little Brown Mudbugs, Cambarus thomai; overwintered Rana tadpoles; Common Green Darner, Anax junius, larvae) and non-native (Western Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis) potential predators on the eggs, hatchlings, and early tadpoles of the Green Frog (Lithobates clamitans). The predators had no effect on survivorship or hatching of L. clamitans eggs. However, tadpole survivorship was significantly reduced by dragonfly larvae and crayfish, but not G. affinis or the overwintered ranid tadpoles. Our observation that invertebrates consumed Green Frog tadpoles while vertebrates did not is consistent with palatability contributing to the tadpoles’ susceptibility to different predators. Our results therefore suggest Green Frog tadpoles, but not eggs or embryos, from some populations may be subject to differential predation by invertebrate and vertebrate predators.
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Grigorovich, Igor A., Hugh J. MacIsaac, Nikolai V. Shadrin, and Edward L. Mills. "Patterns and mechanisms of aquatic invertebrate introductions in the Ponto-Caspian region." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 1189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-088.
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The Black, Azov, and Caspian sea drainages (i.e., Ponto-Caspian region) have an extensive and long history of species introductions. Here we review patterns and mechanisms of introductions of aquatic invertebrate species into these ecosystems. Since the late 1800s, 136 free-living and 27 parasitic invertebrate species have been introduced outside their native ranges and have established reproducing populations in the Ponto-Caspian region. The bulk of these introductions are represented by crustaceans (53%), flatworms (15%), and molluscs (13%). Most of the introduced species are native to other areas within the Ponto-Caspian region (37%), with other sizable contributions from the AtlanticMediterranean (15%) and boreal EuropeanSiberian (14%) geographic regions. Mechanisms of introductions were dominated by deliberate releases (29%) and shipping activities (22%), with the former occurring principally in freshwater habitats and the latter in marine and estuarine ones. Other introductions resulted from unintentional release (21%) and hydrotechnical development (14%), notably the construction of reservoirs and canals. Global and regional trade, particularly that mediated by commercial ships, provides dispersal opportunities for nonindigenous invertebrates to and within the Ponto-Caspian region, rapidly changing the composition of its endemic fauna.
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Wilson, Natasha J., Jamie E. Seymour, and Craig R. Williams. "Predation of two common native frog species (Litoria ewingi and Crinia signifera) by freshwater invertebrates." Australian Journal of Zoology 62, no. 6 (2014): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo14026.
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The primary aim of this study was to identify aquatic invertebrate predators of amphibian eggs and tadpoles in an area of South Australia. The presence and abundance of aquatic invertebrates was monitored at four field sites for a period of 5–6 months; this revealed notonectids, freshwater crayfish and odonates to be amongst the most common invertebrate predator types. The ability of these predators to consume eggs and tadpoles of the native Australian frogs Litoria ewingi and Crinia signifera was then investigated. Freshwater crayfish (Cherax destructor) were the most prolific consumers of frog eggs and tadpoles. The notonectid Enithares woodwardi significantly impacted tadpole survivorship for both species while Anisops sp. was less successful at capturing and consuming these tadpoles. Caddisfly nymphs (Lectrides varians and Leptorussa darlingtoni) reduced egg survivorship but not to the same extent as C. destructor. Unlike some predators, which prey upon particular life stages, freshwater crayfish are large, polytrophic omnivores that can act as important predators of both anuran eggs and tadpoles. Given that predation is a key source of mortality in juveniles, identification of likely common predators is useful for understanding the regulation of amphibian populations.
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MAQTAN, ABRAR S., HISHAMUDDIN OMAR, MUSKHAZLI MUSTAFA, and NUR AIN IZZATI MOHD ZAINUDIN. "ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION OF SOIL INVERTEBRATES AND RELATIONSHIPS OF SOIL PROPERTIES FROM DIFFERENT AGRICULTURE FIELD IN UNIVERSITY CAMPUS AND PRIVATE FARM IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA." Malaysian Applied Biology 50, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v50i3.1990.
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The invertebrate species play different roles above and below ground in a soil ecosystem. They are also responsible for a complex interaction, which is manifested in soils as self-organized systems of different sizes and functions. These invertebrates are sensitive to any changes in land management activities and soil physio-chemical properties. Therefore, the current study aims to examine the ecosystem functions of soil invertebrates from different agriculture fields and establish the relationships of soil physio-chemical properties. Soil samples were collected from four different fields: three are from the main campus, namely Universiti Putra Malaysia (Center of Environmental and Forensic Studies (CEFS), papaya and organic farm), and one is from Nilai, Negeri Sembilan. The soil physical properties, such as moisture, temperature, particle size, bulk density, and soil porosity, were recorded. Soil chemical properties (EC, pH, total C&N, C/N ratio, organic matter, extractable P, Ca, Mg, K, and Na, CEC) were also determined. Pitfall traps and Berlese funnel were used as sampling methods. The invertebrates were stored in 70% ethanol and identified using soil invertebrate morphological classification, which was classified based on body size and biological functional groups. Macrofauna composition in the papaya farm was abundant from other sites at 80.44%, and ecosystem engineers comprised 39.56%. By contrast, mesofauna was abundant with 43.22% in organic farms, and litter transformers were abundant in CEFS at 54.05%. Meanwhile, microfauna was high in organic farms at 2.85%. Predatory populations were also high in Nilai farm at 49.29%. The CCA analysis showed that the physical and chemical properties of soil influence soil fauna density and diversity. The present finding concludes that the activities of ecosystem functions of soil invertebrates were considerably affected by agricultural and management activities
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O'Dwyer, James E., and Nicholas P. Murphy. "Long term environmental stability drives reduced stress tolerance in salt lake invertebrates." Rethinking Ecology 6 (February 26, 2021): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/rethinkingecology.6.58899.
Full textAbstract:
The capacity of species to tolerate physical stressors is critical in a world of increasing environmental instability, however, past selective environments should dramatically impact on future stress tolerance, particularly in isolated populations. Through stabilising selection, long-term environmental stasis may reduce physiological tolerance, creating an evolutionary legacy where populations are less fit if environments change. Few empirical studies have investigated this evolutionary legacy of past selection, and of particular interest whether stabilising selection in a benign environment reduces stress tolerance in natural systems. Here we use multiple populations of salt-lake invertebrates (Coxiella striata, Austrochiltonia subtenuis) with either stable or fluctuating environmental histories to investigate the relationship between stabilising selection and environmental stress resistance. Tolerance to both salinity and temperature stress were examined in invertebrate populations from lakes with long-term (decadal) stable environments and compared with populations from lakes with extreme salinity variations. Individuals from stable environments demonstrated significantly lower survival under both increasing salinity and temperature stresses when compared with environmentally unstable populations. Our results support the hypothesis that the evolutionary legacy from stabilising selection in constant environments leads to reduced stress tolerance. This finding demonstrates that under an increasingly variable climate, the evolutionary legacies of populations will be critical for future survival and adaptation.