Journal articles: 'Invertebrate immunity'

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Kloc, Malgorzata, Marta Halasa, Jacek Z. Kubiak, and Rafik M. Ghobrial. "Invertebrate Immunity, Natural Transplantation Immunity, Somatic and Germ Cell Parasitism, and Transposon Defense." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 2 (January 16, 2024): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021072.

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While the vertebrate immune system consists of innate and adaptive branches, invertebrates only have innate immunity. This feature makes them an ideal model system for studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms of innate immunity sensu stricto without reciprocal interferences from adaptive immunity. Although invertebrate immunity is evolutionarily older and a precursor of vertebrate immunity, it is far from simple. Despite lacking lymphocytes and functional immunoglobulin, the invertebrate immune system has many sophisticated mechanisms and features, such as long-term immune memory, which, for decades, have been exclusively attributed to adaptive immunity. In this review, we describe the cellular and molecular aspects of invertebrate immunity, including the epigenetic foundation of innate memory, the transgenerational inheritance of immunity, genetic immunity against invading transposons, the mechanisms of self-recognition, natural transplantation, and germ/somatic cell parasitism.

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Cooper, Edwin L., Baruch Rinkevich, Gerhard Uhlenbruck, and Pierre Valembois. "Invertebrate Immunity: Another Viewpoint." Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 35, no. 3 (March 1992): 247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb02857.x.

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Reboul, Jerome, and Jonathan J. Ewbank. "GPCRs in invertebrate innate immunity." Biochemical Pharmacology 114 (August 2016): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2016.05.015.

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Sadd, Ben M., Yvonne Kleinlogel, Regula Schmid-Hempel, and Paul Schmid-Hempel. "Trans-generational immune priming in a social insect." Biology Letters 1, no. 4 (September 2005): 386–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0369.

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Detecting functional homology between invertebrate and vertebrate immunity is of interest in terms of understanding the dynamics and evolution of immune systems. Trans-generational effects on immunity are well known from vertebrates, but their existence in invertebrates remains controversial. Earlier work on invertebrates has interpreted increased offspring resistance to pathogens as trans-generational immune priming. However, interpretation of these earlier studies involves some caveats and thus full evidence for a direct effect of maternal immune experience on offspring immunity is still lacking in invertebrates. Here we show that induced levels of antibacterial activity are higher in the worker offspring of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris L., when their mother queen received a corresponding immune challenge prior to colony founding. This shows trans-generational immune priming in an insect, with ramifications for the evolution of sociality.

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Yan, Jinyuan, Ninghui Zhao, Zhongshan Yang, Yuhong Li, Hua Bai, Wei Zou, Keqin Zhang, and Xiaowei Huang. "A trade-off switch of two immunological memories in Caenorhabditis elegans reinfected by bacterial pathogens." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 50 (October 13, 2020): 17323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra120.013923.

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Recent studies have suggested that innate immune responses exhibit characteristics associated with memory linked to modulations in both vertebrates and invertebrates. However, the diverse evolutionary paths taken, particularly within the invertebrate taxa, should lead to similarly diverse innate immunity memory processes. Our understanding of innate immune memory in invertebrates primarily comes from studies of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the generality of which is unclear. Caenorhabditis elegans typically inhabits soil harboring a variety of fatal microbial pathogens; for this invertebrate, the innate immune system and aversive behavior are the major defensive strategies against microbial infection. However, their characteristics of immunological memory remains infantile. Here we discovered an immunological memory that promoted avoidance and suppressed innate immunity during reinfection with bacteria, which we revealed to be specific to the previously exposed pathogens. During this trade-off switch of avoidance and innate immunity, the chemosensory neurons AWB and ADF modulated production of serotonin and dopamine, which in turn decreased expression of the innate immunity-associated genes and led to enhanced avoidance via the downstream insulin-like pathway. Therefore, our current study profiles the immune memories during C. elegans reinfected by pathogenic bacteria and further reveals that the chemosensory neurons, the neurotransmitter(s), and their associated molecular signaling pathways are responsible for a trade-off switch between the two immunological memories.

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Pigeault, R., R. Garnier, A. Rivero, and S. Gandon. "Evolution of transgenerational immunity in invertebrates." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1839 (September 28, 2016): 20161136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1136.

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Over a decade ago, the discovery of transgenerational immunity in invertebrates shifted existing paradigms on the lack of sophistication of their immune system. Nonetheless, the prevalence of this trait and the ecological factors driving its evolution in invertebrates remain poorly understood. Here, we develop a theoretical host–parasite model and predict that long lifespan and low dispersal should promote the evolution of transgenerational immunity. We also predict that in species that produce both philopatric and dispersing individuals, it may pay to have a plastic allocation strategy with a higher transgenerational immunity investment in philopatric offspring because they are more likely to encounter locally adapted pathogens. We review all experimental studies published to date, comprising 21 invertebrate species in nine different orders, and we show that, as expected, longevity and dispersal correlate with the transfer of immunity to offspring. The validity of our prediction regarding the plasticity of investment in transgenerational immunity remains to be tested in invertebrates, but also in vertebrate species. We discuss the implications of our work for the study of the evolution of immunity, and we suggest further avenues of research to expand our knowledge of the impact of transgenerational immune protection in host–parasite interactions.

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Kurtz, Joachim, and Karoline Franz. "Evidence for memory in invertebrate immunity." Nature 425, no. 6953 (September 2003): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/425037a.

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Johansson, Mats W. "Cell adhesion molecules in invertebrate immunity." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 23, no. 4-5 (June 1999): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0145-305x(99)00013-0.

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Rakuša, Mateja, and Lidija Kocbek. "Invertebrates as a study model of anaerobic infections." Acta Biologica Slovenica 60, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/abs.60.1.15667.

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Experiments with invertebrates have recently gained increased attention as a practicable substitute to traditional mammalian models in the study of host-bacterial interactions. Using an invertebrate study model has a number of advantages overtraditional mammalian model including simple growth condition, short life-time, can be easily maintained, infected without anesthesia and with a smaller extent of ethical limitations. From a microbiological viewpoint, importance of anaerobic bacteria asagents for various diseases remains an interesting field for research. The study of the interaction between invertebrate model host and anaerobic bacteria therefore provides insights into the mechanisms underlying pathogen virulence and host immunity andcomplements or even compensates the use of mammalian model in assay for infectious disease. This review offers to consider about the appropriate invertebrate model select for the study of particular aspects of anaerobic bacterial pathogenesis.

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Lambrechts, Louis, Elsa Quillery, Valérie Noël, Jason H. Richardson, Richard G. Jarman, Thomas W. Scott, and Christine Chevillon. "Specificity of resistance to dengue virus isolates is associated with genotypes of the mosquito antiviral gene Dicer-2." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1751 (January 22, 2013): 20122437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2437.

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In contrast to the prevailing view that invertebrate immunity relies on broad-spectrum recognition and effector mechanisms, intrinsic genetic compatibility between invertebrate hosts and their pathogens is often highly specific in nature. Solving this puzzle requires a better understanding of the molecular basis underlying observed patterns of invertebrate host–pathogen genetic specificity, broadly referred to as genotype-by-genotype interactions. Here, we identify an invertebrate immune gene in which natural polymorphism is associated with isolate-specific resistance to an RNA virus. Dicer-2 ( dcr2 ) encodes a key protein upstream of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, a major antiviral component of innate immunity in invertebrates. We surveyed allelic polymorphism at the dcr2 locus in a wild-type outbred population and in three derived isofemale families of the mosquito Aedes aegypti that were experimentally exposed to several, genetically distinct isolates of dengue virus. We found that dcr2 genotype was associated with resistance to dengue virus in a virus isolate-specific manner. By contrast, no such association was found for genotypes at two control loci flanking dcr2 , making it likely that dcr2 contains the yet-unidentified causal polymorphism(s). This result supports the idea that host–pathogen compatibility in this system depends, in part, on a genotype-by-genotype interaction between dcr2 and the viral genome, and points to the RNAi pathway as a potentially important determinant of intrinsic insect-virus genetic specificity.

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Song, Linsheng. "Introduction to special issue on invertebrate immunity." Fish & Shellfish Immunology 107 (December 2020): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.010.

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Goodman, Cynthia L., David S. Kang, and David Stanley. "Cell Line Platforms Support Research into Arthropod Immunity." Insects 12, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080738.

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Innate immune responses are essential to maintaining insect and tick health and are the primary defense against pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Cell line research is a powerful method for understanding how invertebrates mount defenses against pathogenic organisms and testing hypotheses on how these responses occur. In particular, immortal arthropod cell lines are valuable tools, providing a tractable, high-throughput, cost-effective, and consistent platform to investigate the mechanisms underpinning insect and tick immune responses. The research results inform the controls of medically and agriculturally important insects and ticks. This review presents several examples of how cell lines have facilitated research into multiple aspects of the invertebrate immune response to pathogens and other foreign agents, as well as comments on possible future research directions in these robust systems.

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Guryanova, Svetlana V., and Tatiana V. Ovchinnikova. "Innate Immunity Mechanisms in Marine Multicellular Organisms." Marine Drugs 20, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20090549.

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The innate immune system provides an adequate response to stress factors and pathogens through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), located on the surface of cell membranes and in the cytoplasm. Generally, the structures of PRRs are formed by several domains that are evolutionarily conserved, with a fairly high degree of homology in representatives of different species. The orthologs of TLRs, NLRs, RLRs and CLRs are widely represented, not only in marine chordates, but also in invertebrates. Study of the interactions of the most ancient marine multicellular organisms with microorganisms gives us an idea of the evolution of molecular mechanisms of protection against pathogens and reveals new functions of already known proteins in ensuring the body’s homeostasis. The review discusses innate immunity mechanisms of protection of marine invertebrate organisms against infections, using the examples of ancient multicellular hydroids, tunicates, echinoderms, and marine worms in the context of searching for analogies with vertebrate innate immunity. Due to the fact that mucous membranes first arose in marine invertebrates that have existed for several hundred million years, study of their innate immune system is both of fundamental importance in terms of understanding molecular mechanisms of host defense, and of practical application, including the search of new antimicrobial agents for subsequent use in medicine, veterinary and biotechnology.

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A.W., De Tomaso, Nyholm S.V., Palmeri K.J., Ishizuka K.J., Ludington W.B., Mitchel K., and Weissman I.L. "MHC-Independent Allorecognition of Invertebrates—A Link between Invertebrate Histocompatibility and Vertebrate Adaptive Immunity?" Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 17, no. 3 (March 2006): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/01.asn.0000926784.72431.9d.

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Auguste, Manon, Teresa Balbi, Caterina Ciacci, and Laura Canesi. "Conservation of Cell Communication Systems in Invertebrate Host–Defence Mechanisms: Possible Role in Immunity and Disease." Biology 9, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology9080234.

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Innate immunity is continuously revealing multiple and highly conserved host–defence mechanisms. Studies on mammalian immunocytes are showing different communication systems that may play a role in coordinating innate immune responses also in invertebrates. Extracellular traps (ETs) are an immune response by which cells release net-like material, including DNA, histones and proteins. ETs are thought to immobilise and kill microorganisms, but are also involved in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Immune cells are also known to communicate through extracellular vesicles secreted in the extracellular environment or exosomes, which can carry a variety of different signalling molecules. Tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs) represent a direct cell-to-cell communication over a long distance, that allow for bi- or uni-directional transfer of cellular components between cells. Their functional role in a number of physio-pathological processes, including immune responses and pathogen transfer, has been underlined. Although ETs, exosomes, and TNTs have been described in invertebrate species, their possible role in immune responses is not fully understood. In this work, available data on these communication systems are summarised, in an attempt to provide basic information for further studies on their relevance in invertebrate immunity and disease.

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Pees, Barbara, Wentao Yang, Alejandra Zárate-Potes, Hinrich Schulenburg, and Katja Dierking. "High Innate Immune Specificity through Diversified C-Type Lectin-Like Domain Proteins in Invertebrates." Journal of Innate Immunity 8, no. 2 (November 19, 2015): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000441475.

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A key question in current immunity research is how the innate immune system can generate high levels of specificity. Evidence is accumulating that invertebrates, which exclusively rely on innate defense mechanisms, can differentiate between pathogens on the species and even strain level. In this review, we identify and discuss the particular potential of C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD) proteins to generate high immune specificity. Whilst several CTLD proteins are known to act as pattern recognition receptors in the vertebrate innate immune system, the exact role of CTLD proteins in invertebrate immunity is much less understood. We show that CTLD genes are highly abundant in most metazoan genomes and summarize the current state of knowledge on CTLD protein function in insect, crustacean and nematode immune systems. We then demonstrate extreme CTLD gene diversification in the genomes of Caenorhabditis nematodes and provide an update of data from CTLD gene function studies in C. elegans, which indicate that the diversity of CTLD genes could contribute to immune specificity. In spite of recent achievements, the exact functions of the diversified invertebrate CTLD genes are still largely unknown. Our review therefore specifically discusses promising research approaches to rectify this knowledge gap.

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Palmer, C. V., and N. Traylor-Knowles. "Towards an integrated network of coral immune mechanisms." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1745 (August 15, 2012): 4106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1477.

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Reef-building corals form bio-diverse marine ecosystems of high societal and economic value, but are in significant decline globally due, in part, to rapid climatic changes. As immunity is a predictor of coral disease and thermal stress susceptibility, a comprehensive understanding of this new field will likely provide a mechanistic explanation for ecological-scale trends in reef declines. Recently, several strides within coral immunology document defence mechanisms that are consistent with those of both invertebrates and vertebrates, and which span the recognition, signalling and effector response phases of innate immunity. However, many of these studies remain discrete and unincorporated into the wider fields of invertebrate immunology or coral biology. To encourage the rapid development of coral immunology, we comprehensively synthesize the current understanding of the field in the context of general invertebrate immunology, and highlight fundamental gaps in our knowledge. We propose a framework for future research that we hope will stimulate directional studies in this emerging field and lead to the elucidation of an integrated network of coral immune mechanisms. Once established, we are optimistic that coral immunology can be effectively applied to pertinent ecological questions, improve current prediction tools and aid conservation efforts.

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Traylor-Knowles, Nikki, Lauren E. Vandepas, and William E. Browne. "Still Enigmatic: Innate Immunity in the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi." Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 4 (August 7, 2019): 811–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz116.

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Abstract Innate immunity is an ancient physiological response critical for protecting metazoans from invading pathogens. It is the primary pathogen defense mechanism among invertebrates. While innate immunity has been studied extensively in diverse invertebrate taxa, including mollusks, crustaceans, and cnidarians, this system has not been well characterized in ctenophores. The ctenophores comprise an exclusively marine, non-bilaterian lineage that diverged early during metazoan diversification. The phylogenetic position of ctenophore lineage suggests that characterization of the ctenophore innate immune system will reveal important features associated with the early evolution of the metazoan innate immune system. Here, we review current understanding of the ctenophore immune repertoire and identify innate immunity genes recovered from three ctenophore species. We also isolate and characterize Mnemiopsis leidyi cells that display macrophage-like behavior when challenged with bacteria. Our results indicate that ctenophores possess cells capable of phagocytosing microbes and that two distantly related ctenophores, M. leidyi and Hormiphora californiensis, possess many candidate innate immunity proteins.

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Poirier, Aurore C., Paulina Schmitt, Rafael D. Rosa, Audrey S. Vanhove, Sylvie Kieffer-Jaquinod, Tristan P. Rubio, Guillaume M. Charrière, and Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón. "Antimicrobial Histones and DNA Traps in Invertebrate Immunity." Journal of Biological Chemistry 289, no. 36 (July 17, 2014): 24821–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m114.576546.

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ffrench-Constant, Richard H., Ioannis Eleftherianos, and Stuart E. Reynolds. "A nematode symbiont sheds light on invertebrate immunity." Trends in Parasitology 23, no. 11 (November 2007): 514–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2007.08.021.

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Cerenius, Lage, Shun-ichiro Kawabata, Bok Luel Lee, Masaru Nonaka, and Kenneth Söderhäll. "Proteolytic cascades and their involvement in invertebrate immunity." Trends in Biochemical Sciences 35, no. 10 (October 2010): 575–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2010.04.006.

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Ratcliffe, N. A. "Invertebrate immunity — A primer for the non-specialist." Immunology Letters 10, no. 5 (January 1985): 253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2478(85)90100-2.

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Little, Tom J., Dan Hultmark, and Andrew F. Read. "Invertebrate immunity and the limits of mechanistic immunology." Nature Immunology 6, no. 7 (June 21, 2005): 651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni1219.

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CHENG, T. C. "Invertebrate Immunology: Hemocytic and Humoral Immunity in Arthropods." Science 236, no. 4809 (June 26, 1987): 1684–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.236.4809.1684-a.

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Best, Alex, Hannah Tidbury, Andy White, and Mike Boots. "The evolutionary dynamics of within-generation immune priming in invertebrate hosts." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 80 (March 6, 2013): 20120887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0887.

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While invertebrates lack the machinery necessary for ‘acquired immunity’, there is increasing empirical evidence that exposure to low levels of disease may ‘prime’ an invertebrate's immune response, increasing its defence to subsequent exposure. Despite this increasing empirical data, there has been little theoretical attention paid to immune priming. Here, we investigate the evolution of immune priming, focusing on the role of the unique feedbacks generated by a newly developed susceptible–primed–infected epidemiological model. Contrasting our results with previous models on the evolution of acquired immunity, we highlight that there are important implications to the evolution of immunity through priming owing to these different epidemiological feedbacks. In particular, we find that in contrast to acquired immunity, priming is strongly selected for at high as well as intermediate pathogen virulence. We also find that priming may be greatest at either intermediate or high host lifespans depending on the severity of disease. Furthermore, hosts faced with more severe pathogens are more likely to evolve diversity in priming. Finally, we show when the evolution of priming leads to the exclusion of the pathogens or hosts experiencing population cycles. Overall the model acts as a baseline for understanding the evolution of priming in host–pathogen systems.

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Vizioli, Jacopo, Tiziano Verri, and Patrizia Pagliara. "Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 in Metazoans: Focus on Invertebrates." Biology 9, no. 11 (October 24, 2020): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology9110355.

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Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) is a calcium-binding scaffold/adaptor protein often associated with inflammatory diseases. Originally cloned from active macrophages in humans and rats, this gene has also been identified in other vertebrates and in several invertebrate species. Among metazoans, AIF-1 protein sequences remain relatively highly conserved. Generally, the highest expression levels of AIF-1 are observed in immunocytes, suggesting that it plays a key role in immunity. In mammals, the expression of AIF-1 has been reported in different cell types such as activated macrophages, microglial cells, and dendritic cells. Its main immunomodulatory role during the inflammatory response has been highlighted. Among invertebrates, AIF-1 is involved in innate immunity, being in many cases upregulated in response to biotic and physical challenges. AIF-1 transcripts result ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues from invertebrates, suggesting its participation in a variety of biological processes, but its role remains largely unknown. This review aims to present current knowledge on the role and modulation of AIF-1 and to highlight its function along the evolutionary scale.

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Iwanaga, Sadaaki, and Bok-Luel Lee. "Recent Advances in the Innate Immunity of Invertebrate Animals." BMB Reports 38, no. 2 (March 31, 2005): 128–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5483/bmbrep.2005.38.2.128.

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La Corte, Claudia, Nicolò Baranzini, Annalisa Grimaldi, and Maria Giovanna Parisi. "Invertebrate Models in Innate Immunity and Tissue Remodeling Research." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12 (June 20, 2022): 6843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126843.

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Ben-Ami, Ronen. "Innate Immunity Against Moulds: Lessons Learned from Invertebrate Models." Immunological Investigations 40, no. 7-8 (January 1, 2011): 676–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08820139.2011.587218.

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Kuo, Cheng-Ju, Malene Hansen, and Emily Troemel. "Autophagy and innate immunity: Insights from invertebrate model organisms." Autophagy 14, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2017.1389824.

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Little, Tom J., Benjamin O'Connor, Nick Colegrave, Kathryn Watt, and Andrew F. Read. "Maternal Transfer of Strain-Specific Immunity in an Invertebrate." Current Biology 13, no. 6 (March 2003): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00163-5.

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Söderhäll, Kenneth, and Lage Cerenius. "Role of the prophenoloxidase-activating system in invertebrate immunity." Current Opinion in Immunology 10, no. 1 (February 1998): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(98)80026-5.

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Sørensen, Karen Kristine, Peter McCourt, Trond Berg, Clive Crossley, David Le Couteur, Kenjiro Wake, and Bård Smedsrød. "The scavenger endothelial cell: a new player in homeostasis and immunity." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 303, no. 12 (December 15, 2012): R1217—R1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00686.2011.

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To maintain homeostasis, the animal body is equipped with a powerful system to remove circulating waste. 1 This review presents evidence that the scavenger endothelial cell (SEC) is responsible for the clearance of blood-borne waste macromolecules in vertebrates. SECs express pattern-recognition endocytosis receptors (mannose and scavenger receptors), and in mammals, the endocytic Fc gamma-receptor IIb2. This cell type has an endocytic machinery capable of super-efficient uptake and degradation of physiological and foreign waste material, including all major classes of biological macromolecules. In terrestrial vertebrates, most SECs line the wall of the liver sinusoid. In phylogenetically older vertebrates, SECs reside instead in heart, kidney, or gills. SECs, thus, by virtue of their efficient nonphagocytic elimination of physiological and microbial substances, play a critical role in the innate immunity of vertebrates. In major invertebrate phyla, including insects, the same function is carried out by nephrocytes. The concept of a dual-cell principle of waste clearance is introduced to emphasize that professional phagocytes (macrophages in vertebrates; hemocytes in invertebrates) eliminate larger particles (>0.5 μm) by phagocytosis, whereas soluble macromolecules and smaller particles are eliminated efficiently and preferentially by clathrin-mediated endocytosis in nonphagocytic SECs in vertebrates or nephrocytes in invertebrates. Including these cells as important players in immunology and physiology provides an additional basis for understanding host defense and tissue homeostasis.

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LEFEBVRE, Christophe, Claude COCQUERELLE, Franck VANDENBULCKE, David HOT, Ludovic HUOT, Yves LEMOINE, and Michel SALZET. "Transcriptomic analysis in the leech Theromyzon tessulatum: involvement of cystatin B in innate immunity." Biochemical Journal 380, no. 3 (June 15, 2004): 617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20040478.

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At the present time, there is little information on mechanisms of innate immunity in invertebrate groups other than insects, especially annelids. In the present study, we have performed a transcriptomic study of the immune response in the leech Theromyzon tessulatum after bacterial challenge, by a combination of differential display RT (reverse transcriptase)–PCR and cDNA microarrays. The results show relevant modulations concerning several known and unknown genes. Indeed, threonine deaminase, malate dehydrogenase, cystatin B, polyadenylate-binding protein and α-tubulin-like genes are up-regulated after immunostimulation. We focused on cystatin B (stefin B), which is an inhibitor of cysteine proteinases involved in the vertebrate immune response. We have cloned the full-length cDNA and named the T. tessulatum gene as Tt-cysb. Main structural features of cystatins were identified in the derived amino acid sequence of Tt-cysb cDNA; namely, a glycine residue in the N-terminus and a consensus sequence of Gln-Xaa-Val-Xaa-Gly (QXVXG) corresponding to the catalytic site. Moreover, Tt-cysb is the first cystatin B gene characterized in invertebrates. We have determined by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry that Tt-cysb is only expressed in large coelomic cells. In addition, this analysis confirmed that Tt-cysb is up-regulated after bacterial challenge, and that increased expression occurs only in coelomic cells. These data demonstrate that the innate immune response in the leech involves a cysteine proteinase inhibitor that is not found in ecdysozoan models, such as Drosophila melanogaster or Caenorhabditis elegans, and so underlines the great need for information about innate immunity mechanisms in different invertebrate groups.

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Nyholm, Spencer V., and Joerg Graf. "Knowing your friends: invertebrate innate immunity fosters beneficial bacterial symbioses." Nature Reviews Microbiology 10, no. 12 (November 13, 2012): 815–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2894.

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Malagoli, D., and E. Ottaviani. "Helical Cytokines and Invertebrate Immunity: A New Field of Research." Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 66, no. 4 (October 2007): 484–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01997.x.

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Salzet, Michel. "Vertebrate innate immunity resembles a mosaic of invertebrate immune responses." Trends in Immunology 22, no. 6 (June 2001): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4906(01)01895-6.

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Guryanova, Svetlana V., Sergey V. Balandin, Oksana Yu Belogurova-Ovchinnikova, and Tatiana V. Ovchinnikova. "Marine Invertebrate Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Potential as Novel Peptide Antibiotics." Marine Drugs 21, no. 10 (September 23, 2023): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md21100503.

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Marine invertebrates constantly interact with a wide range of microorganisms in their aquatic environment and possess an effective defense system that has enabled their existence for millions of years. Their lack of acquired immunity sets marine invertebrates apart from other marine animals. Invertebrates could rely on their innate immunity, providing the first line of defense, survival, and thriving. The innate immune system of marine invertebrates includes various biologically active compounds, and specifically, antimicrobial peptides. Nowadays, there is a revive of interest in these peptides due to the urgent need to discover novel drugs against antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, a pressing global concern in modern healthcare. Modern technologies offer extensive possibilities for the development of innovative drugs based on these compounds, which can act against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. This review focuses on structural peculiarities, biological functions, gene expression, biosynthesis, mechanisms of antimicrobial action, regulatory activities, and prospects for the therapeutic use of antimicrobial peptides derived from marine invertebrates.

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Robalino, Javier, Craig L. Browdy, Sarah Prior, Adrienne Metz, Pamela Parnell, Paul Gross, and Gregory Warr. "Induction of Antiviral Immunity by Double-Stranded RNA in a Marine Invertebrate." Journal of Virology 78, no. 19 (October 1, 2004): 10442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.19.10442-10448.2004.

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ABSTRACT Vertebrates mount a strong innate immune response against viruses, largely by activating the interferon system. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a common intermediate formed during the life cycle of many viruses, is a potent trigger of this response. In contrast, no general inducible antiviral defense mechanism has been reported in any invertebrate. Here we show that dsRNA induces antiviral protection in the marine crustacean Litopenaeus vannamei. When treated with dsRNA, shrimp showed increased resistance to infection by two unrelated viruses, white spot syndrome virus and Taura syndrome virus. Induction of this antiviral state is independent of the sequence of the dsRNA used and therefore distinct from the sequence-specific dsRNA-mediated genetic interference phenomenon. This demonstrates for the first time that an invertebrate immune system, like its vertebrate counterparts, can recognize dsRNA as a virus-associated molecular pattern, resulting in the activation of an innate antiviral response.

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Rast, Jonathan P., and Cynthia Messier-Solek. "Marine Invertebrate Genome Sequences and Our Evolving Understanding of Animal Immunity." Biological Bulletin 214, no. 3 (June 2008): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25470669.

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Humphreys, Tom, and Ellis L. Reinherz. "Invertebrate immune recognition, natural immunity and the evolution of positive selection." Immunology Today 15, no. 7 (July 1994): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5699(94)90079-5.

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Adema, Coen M., and Julián F. Hillyer. "Immunity in invertebrate disease vectors: Editorial introduction to the special issue." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 108 (July 2020): 103684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2020.103684.

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Andersson, Ulf, and Kevin J. Tracey. "Neural reflexes in inflammation and immunity." Journal of Experimental Medicine 209, no. 6 (June 4, 2012): 1057–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20120571.

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The mammalian immune system and the nervous system coevolved under the influence of infection and sterile injury. Knowledge of homeostatic mechanisms by which the nervous system controls organ function was originally applied to the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and other body systems. Development of advanced neurophysiological and immunological techniques recently enabled the study of reflex neural circuits that maintain immunological homeostasis, and are essential for health in mammals. Such reflexes are evolutionarily ancient, dating back to invertebrate nematode worms that possess primitive immune and nervous systems. Failure of these reflex mechanisms in mammals contributes to nonresolving inflammation and disease. It is also possible to target these neural pathways using electrical nerve stimulators and pharmacological agents to hasten the resolution of inflammation and provide therapeutic benefit.

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Destoumieux-Garzón, Delphine, Rafael Diego Rosa, Paulina Schmitt, Cairé Barreto, Jeremie Vidal-Dupiol, Guillaume Mitta, Yannick Gueguen, and Evelyne Bachère. "Antimicrobial peptides in marine invertebrate health and disease." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1695 (May 26, 2016): 20150300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0300.

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Aquaculture contributes more than one-third of the animal protein from marine sources worldwide. A significant proportion of aquaculture products are derived from marine protostomes that are commonly referred to as ‘marine invertebrates’. Among them, penaeid shrimp (Ecdysozosoa, Arthropoda) and bivalve molluscs (Lophotrochozoa, Mollusca) are economically important. Mass rearing of arthropods and molluscs causes problems with pathogens in aquatic ecosystems that are exploited by humans. Remarkably, species of corals (Cnidaria) living in non-exploited ecosystems also suffer from devastating infectious diseases that display intriguing similarities with those affecting farmed animals. Infectious diseases affecting wild and farmed animals that are present in marine environments are predicted to increase in the future. This paper summarizes the role of the main pathogens and their interaction with host immunity, with a specific focus on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and pathogen resistance against AMPs. We provide a detailed review of penaeid shrimp AMPs and their role at the interface between the host and its resident/pathogenic microbiota. We also briefly describe the relevance of marine invertebrate AMPs in an applied context. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides’.

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Bistolas, Kalia S. I., Lars G. Rudstam, and Ian Hewson. "Gene expression of benthic amphipods (genus: Diporeia) in relation to a circular ssDNA virus across two Laurentian Great Lakes." PeerJ 5 (September 26, 2017): e3810. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3810.

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Circular rep-encoding ssDNA (CRESS-DNA) viruses are common constituents of invertebrate viral consortia. Despite their ubiquity and sequence diversity, the effects of CRESS-DNA viruses on invertebrate biology and ecology remain largely unknown. This study assessed the relationship between the transcriptional profile of benthic amphipods of genus Diporeia and the presence of the CRESS-DNA virus, LM29173, in the Laurentian Great Lakes to provide potential insight into the influence of these viruses on invertebrate gene expression. Twelve transcriptomes derived from Diporeia were compared, representing organisms from two amphipod haplotype clades (Great Lakes Michigan and Superior, defined by COI barcode sequencing) with varying viral loads (up to 3 × 106 genome copies organism−1). Read recruitment to de novo assembled transcripts revealed 2,208 significantly over or underexpressed contigs in transcriptomes with above average LM29173 load. Of these contigs, 31.5% were assigned a putative function. The greatest proportion of annotated, differentially expressed transcripts were associated with functions including: (1) replication, recombination, and repair, (2) cell structure/biogenesis, and (3) post-translational modification, protein turnover, and chaperones. Contigs putatively associated with innate immunity displayed no consistent pattern of expression, though several transcripts were significantly overexpressed in amphipods with high viral load. Quantitation (RT-qPCR) of target transcripts, non-muscular myosin heavy chain, β-actin, and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, corroborated transcriptome analysis and indicated that Lake Michigan and Lake Superior amphipods with high LM29173 load exhibit lake-specific trends in gene expression. While this investigation provides the first comparative survey of the transcriptional profile of invertebrates of variable CRESS-DNA viral load, additional inquiry is required to define the scope of host-specific responses to potential infection.

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Xu, Xiaocui, Guoqiang Li, Congru Li, Jing Zhang, Qiang Wang, David K. Simmons, Xuepeng Chen, et al. "Evolutionary transition between invertebrates and vertebrates via methylation reprogramming in embryogenesis." National Science Review 6, no. 5 (May 24, 2019): 993–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz064.

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ABSTRACT Major evolutionary transitions are enigmas, and the most notable enigma is between invertebrates and vertebrates, with numerous spectacular innovations. To search for the molecular connections involved, we asked whether global epigenetic changes may offer a clue by surveying the inheritance and reprogramming of parental DNA methylation across metazoans. We focused on gametes and early embryos, where the methylomes are known to evolve divergently between fish and mammals. Here, we find that methylome reprogramming during embryogenesis occurs neither in pre-bilaterians such as cnidarians nor in protostomes such as insects, but clearly presents in deuterostomes such as echinoderms and invertebrate chordates, and then becomes more evident in vertebrates. Functional association analysis suggests that DNA methylation reprogramming is associated with development, reproduction and adaptive immunity for vertebrates, but not for invertebrates. Interestingly, the single HOX cluster of invertebrates maintains unmethylated status in all stages examined. In contrast, the multiple HOX clusters show dramatic dynamics of DNA methylation during vertebrate embryogenesis. Notably, the methylation dynamics of HOX clusters are associated with their spatiotemporal expression in mammals. Our study reveals that DNA methylation reprogramming has evolved dramatically during animal evolution, especially after the evolutionary transitions from invertebrates to vertebrates, and then to mammals.

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Tidbury, Hannah J., Alex Best, and Mike Boots. "The epidemiological consequences of immune priming." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1746 (September 12, 2012): 4505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1841.

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Exposure to low doses of pathogens that do not result in the host becoming infectious may ‘prime’ the immune response and increase protection to subsequent challenge. There is increasing evidence that such immune priming is a widespread and important feature of invertebrate host–pathogen interactions. Immune priming clearly has implications for individual hosts but will also have population-level implications. We present a susceptible–primed–infectious model—in contrast to the classic susceptible–infectious–recovered framework—to investigate the impacts of immune priming on pathogen persistence and population stability. We describe impacts of immune priming on the epidemiology of the disease in both constant and seasonal environments. A key result is that immune priming may act to destabilize population dynamics. In particular, when the proportion of individuals becoming primed rather than infected is high, but this priming does not confer full immunity, the population may be strongly destabilized through the generation of limit cycles. We discuss the implications of our model both in the context of invertebrate immunity and more widely.

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Cornet, Stéphane, Clotilde Biard, and Yannick Moret. "Is there a role for antioxidant carotenoids in limiting self-harming immune response in invertebrates?" Biology Letters 3, no. 3 (March 20, 2007): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0003.

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Innate immunity relies on effectors, which produce cytotoxic molecules that have not only the advantage of killing pathogens but also the disadvantage of harming host tissues and organs. Although the role of dietary antioxidants in invertebrate immunity is still unknown, it has been shown in vertebrates that carotenoids scavenge cytotoxic radicals generated during the immune response. Carotenoids may consequently decrease the self-harming cost of immunity. A positive relationship between the levels of innate immune defence and circulating carotenoid might therefore be expected. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show that the maintenance and use of the prophenoloxidase system strongly correlate with carotenoid concentration in haemolymph within and among natural populations of the crustacean Gammarus pule x.

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Raddi, Gianmarco, Ana Beatriz F. Barletta, Mirjana Efremova, Jose Luis Ramirez, Rafael Cantera, Sarah A. Teichmann, Carolina Barillas-Mury, and Oliver Billker. "Mosquito cellular immunity at single-cell resolution." Science 369, no. 6507 (August 27, 2020): 1128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abc0322.

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Hemocytes limit the capacity of mosquitoes to transmit human pathogens. Here we profile the transcriptomes of 8506 hemocytes of Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti mosquito vectors. Our data reveal the functional diversity of hemocytes, with different subtypes of granulocytes expressing distinct and evolutionarily conserved subsets of effector genes. A previously unidentified cell type in An. gambiae, which we term “megacyte,” is defined by a specific transmembrane protein marker (TM7318) and high expression of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor–α transcription factor 3 (LL3). Knockdown experiments indicate that LL3 mediates hemocyte differentiation during immune priming. We identify and validate two main hemocyte lineages and find evidence of proliferating granulocyte populations. This atlas of medically relevant invertebrate immune cells at single-cell resolution identifies cellular events that underpin mosquito immunity to malaria infection.

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Lin, Xionghui, and Irene Söderhäll. "Crustacean hematopoiesis and the astakine cytokines." Blood 117, no. 24 (June 16, 2011): 6417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-11-320614.

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Abstract Major contributions to research in hematopoiesis in invertebrate animals have come from studies in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, and the freshwater crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus. These animals lack oxygen-carrying erythrocytes and blood cells of the lymphoid lineage, which participate in adaptive immune defense, thus making them suitable model animals to study the regulation of blood cells of the innate immune system. This review presents an overview of crustacean blood cell formation, the role of these cells in innate immunity, and how their synthesis is regulated by the astakine cytokines. Astakines are among the first invertebrate cytokines shown to be involved in hematopoiesis, and they can stimulate the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of hematopoietic tissue cells. The astakines and their vertebrate homologues, prokineticins, share similar functions in hematopoiesis; thus, studies of astakine-induced hematopoiesis in crustaceans may not only advance our understanding of the regulation of invertebrate hematopoiesis but may also provide new evolutionary perspectives about this process.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Invertebrate immunity'

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