Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Inversions de température'
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Chardard, Dominique. "Séquences homologues au gène sry et activité de l'aromatase lors de la différenciation du sexe des gonades et de leurs inversions sexuelles par la température ou par les hormones stéroïdes chez pleurodèles Waltl (Amphibien Urodèle)." Nancy 1, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1996_0118_CHARDARD.pdf.
Full textMaillard, Julia. "Boundary layer processes impacting the surface energy balance in the Arctic." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS515.pdf.
Full textThe Arctic is warming at two to three times as fast as the rest of the Earth, and it is therefore a crucial area of study for atmospheric scientists. This thesis aimed to gain insight on two characteristics of the Arctic boundary-layer (clouds and surface based temperature inversions) and to determine their impact on the surface energy balance through a combination of novel measurements and modelling. First, a novel statistic of cloud frequency and characteristics over the Arctic sea-ice was derived from a set of 1777 lidar profiles obtained during the 5-year Ice, Atmosphere, Ocean Observation Systems (IAOOS) campaign. Clouds were found to occur more than 85% of the time from May to October and single cloud layers were optically and geometrically thickest in October. Total cloud radiative forcing over a typical summer cycle was estimated to be negative for optically thin clouds, but positive for optically thick clouds. Second, the impact of wind speeds on the development of surface-based temperature inversions (SBIs) in the continental Arctic was investigated. The analysis of measurements from the pre-ALPACA winter 2019 campaign that took place in Fairbanks, Alaska, showed that a local, likely topographically driven flow developed under anticyclonic conditions. This flow inhibited the development of strong SBIs by sustaining significant turbulence even under very strong radiative cooling. The modelling of clear-sky surface layer temperature inversions and their dependence on wind speed was then studied, with a focus on forest areas. A 2-layer analytical model of the vegetated surface layer was developed. This model exhibited a slower decrease of the SBI strength with wind speed compared to a 1-layer model, which was shown to be coherent with observations at an Ameriflux site close to Fairbanks. These models were then compared to two WRF surface layer schemes, which were found to place excessive limits on the turbulence, preventing the development of large temperature gradients
Szaniawski, Rafał. "Paléomagnétisme et tectogénése des variscides du Nord de la France et du Sud de la Belgique." Lille 1, 2004. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/9a73e9a1-132a-4ee4-9978-bc538d619607.
Full textSandu, Leontina. "Inversion de modèles paramétriques : application aux mesures indirectes de températures." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112343.
Full textThe general context of this work is the non-linear reconstruction of a mesurand or so-called the non-linear inverse problem with a very small data set. We are concerned with an inverse problem of heat conduction that deals with the determination of the internaI temperature from measured temperatures outside a heat conducting body. Ln order to solve this measurement problem, we propose different modelling techniques: analytical, numerical and the tehnique using external parametric models. Good existing results obtained from parametric estimation of temperature profiles lead us to study more deeply the external parametric models. Previous work has also demonstrated the interest of parametric functions as forward model for other applications. Those functions are simple to implement and result in good pelformance of the inversion process. We study the problem of construction of some candidates for parametric models. The discrimination between candidates is studied. Some theoretical notions for construction of parametric functions are advanced. We demonstrate that the choice of the parametric function depends on the significant quantity to estimate. This quantity could be the parameter vector, the model function in some points "inaccessible" to observation or an other parametric function. The proposed criteria choose the "best" function with respect to the inversion goal using the information gained in the experiment. The best model will be specific to the measurement goal and must be "sufficiently" close to real observations. Instruments for temperature measurement or other physical quantities measurement could include this type of model
Fouet, Caroline. "Caractérisation de quelques phénotypes liés à l'aridité et à la température chez Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Giles, 1902)." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20155/document.
Full textThanks to progress in sequencing, the genomes of many organisms are known and available. Thus, functional genomics, the elucidation of gene function in sequenced genome, is currently booming. However, there is a gap between our growing knowledge in genetic and the current sparse information on phentoypic data ( "phenotype gap"). All organisms whose genome has been sequenced are facing this problem, including Anopheles gambiae.Anopheles gambiae sensu lato is a complex of sibling species, indistinguishable from a morphological point of view, present on almost the entire African continent. A. gambiae demonstrates an extreme environmental ubiquity and the characterization of phenotypes associated with adaptation to varying environments as well as the identification of genes involved in this adaptation is one of the main research axes in the post-genome area of this major malaria vector.We have studied some phenotypes associated with aridity and temperature in the nominal species of the A. gambiae complex. These two parameters are discriminent in the distribution of molecular forms and chromosomal inversions that characterize this species and may be involved in ecological divergence and speciation. We first measured desiccation resistance of adult mosquitoes of A. gambiae s.s. and we then studied the preferred temperatures of larvae in a choice device set-up (the shuttlebox). We compared the thermoregulation behavior and thermal preferences of a laboratory strain with field larvae of A. gambiae s.s. We also presented preliminary data on the preferred temperatures measured in field larvae of the S and M molecular forms.From a technical point of view, we improved an existing device for testing the survival of mosquitoes in highly desiccated conditions by coupling it with a video surveillance system, which help to increase the accuracy in determining the survival time, to avoid disturbing the system during the experiment and allow to test relatively large numbers of individuals. This study revealed a significant association between the 2La chromosomal inversion and resistance to desiccation in A. gambiae and highlighted the role of body size in the survival of this mosquito in dry environments.We also adapted a new device to study experimentally the thermopreference of A. gambiae s.s. larvae. The results showed that laboratory larvae and field M molecular form larvae had similar thermal preferences, consistent with the values of temperature usually found in natural breeding sites. In addition, the S molecular form larvae from southern Cameroon had preferences similar to those of northern Cameroon, regardless of karyotypes related to chromosomal inversions. In addition, the comparison of data for the M and S molecular forms larvae revealed that there was no significant difference in thermal preferences or in thermoregulatory behavior.Our results have contributed to the development of two experimental devices to study two phenotypes that are of major interest in understanding the adaptation of A. gambiae s.s. to its environment. The differences in desiccation resistance between the different karyotypes associated with the 2La chromosomal inversion and between the M and S molecular forms offer interesting new possibilities for the identification of genetic factors involved in their ecological divergence
Cheheb, Zied. "Mesure des propriétés thermiques des mélanges à base de caoutchouc dans les conditions de mise en oeuvre." Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NANT2006.
Full textIn rubber compounds processing, mastery of parts vulcanisation is of great importance in order to ensure dimensional and mechanical qualities of the parts and to reducing the cycle time. Studies dealing with the rubber vulcanisation show that a good prediction of the thermokinetic phenomena requires accurate thermal properties measurements of the rubbers compounds. The aim of the present work is the development of a thermal properties measurement tool under industrial processing conditions in pressure and temperature. Following the state of art presented in chapter 1, we present, in chapter 2, a thermal and kinetic characterization of the studied rubber compound with laboratory devices. Chapter 3 deals with the design and the manufacturing of the experimental device with a detailed presentation of the temperature and pressures regulation systems. Thermal measurements are performed with an original instrumentation detailed in chapter 4. Measurements issued from the experimental device and the results of the thermal parameters estimation are presented and discussed in chapter 5
Le, Dû Thurian. "Observations multi-instrumentales pour l’étude de la dynamique atmosphérique dans la haute atmosphère." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASJ003.
Full textThe upper atmosphere, and more specifically the region called MLT (Mesosphere Lower Thermosphere) which is situatedbetween 60 and 110 km in altitude, is the seat of various processes (chemical, radiative, dynamic) whose studyis crucial for the understanding of climate and the development of future climate models. This regionis characterized, among other things, by the nocturnal emission of radiation from atoms and molecules (radiationnightglow) and allowing, thanks to observation at ground level or from satellite platforms,to obtain information on these processes. There is therefore a great interest in the study of nightglow radiation : the observation of the phenomenaimpacting radiation in the MLT with the goal of understanding climate.The purpose of the thesis is to study the various dynamic phenomena involved in the variabilityof the radiation emitted in the MLT by the OH species, which is one of the tracers of the local dynamics.A measurement campaign was carried out in collaboration with Latmos (Laboratory of Atmospheres, Environments, Observations, etc.).and IMCCE (Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides) at the Haute-Provence observatoryduring the night of December 12 to 13, 2017 corresponding to the peak of activity of the Geminides.(meteor shower). An InGaAs SWIR (Short-Wave InfRared) camera imaged the radiation emitted by theOH molecule at an altitude of 87 km. A Rayleigh lidar measured the temperature profile as a function of altitude and time and an array of microbarometers measured fluctuations in ground pressure.The work is focused on the detection and propagation of infrasound in the lower thermosphere produced at the surface and the propagation of gravity waves through the disturbed mesosphere during a mesospheric inversion.The work undertaken has shown the important impact of the inversion on the vertical propagation of gravity waves and on the infrasound activity
Kohn, Jacqueline. "Inversion des observations spatiales micro-ondes pour la détermination de la température du sol en présence de neige." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2812.
Full textKarbou, Fatima. "Inversion des mesures radiométriques haute-fréquence au-dessus des surfaces continentales." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00524882.
Full textMariaccia, Alexis. "Interaction ondes-écoulement moyen et impact sur la variabilité de la moyenne atmosphère." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ025.
Full textThe middle atmosphere spans from 10 to 90 km and comprises the stratosphere (10 to 50 km) and the mesosphere (50 to 90 km). The equilibrium in the middle atmosphere results from the vertical propagation of small- and large-scale atmospheric waves redistributing the angular momentum across the atmosphere. These waves notably perturb the mean flow when they break, depositing their momentum and energy impacting the general circulation. Moreover, this wave-mean flow interaction is responsible for phenomena governing the observed variability in the middle atmosphere. Notably, the two most dramatic are the sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) and the mesospheric inversion layers (MILs). Specifically, SSWs manifest in winter by increasing the polar cap temperature (40 to 60 K) and weakening the polar vortex, which can reverse the westerly winds for the most extreme cases. A perturbed polar vortex can then impact the tropospheric weather in the following months by generating, for instance, severe cold air outbreaks. MILs represent an unexpected increase in temperature (10 to 50 K) occurring in the mesosphere, lasting several days and spanning thousands of kilometers. Moreover, MILs can represent significant issues for the safe reentry of rockets, space shuttles, or missiles into the atmosphere, sparking more interest in this phenomenon. For many years, the scientific community has investigated these two phenomena to understand their mechanism of occurrence and their effects on the atmosphere. The emergence of LiDAR technology and improved reanalysis products archiving the past climate has made their study more accessible.In this thesis, the objective is to make advancements in the understanding and the description of SSW and MIL phenomena with new LiDAR observations acquired at the Observatoire of Haute-Provence (44°N, 6°E) and the last generation of reanalysis product, ERA5, lasting from 1940 until the present. To commence our study of these phenomena through ERA5 data, we initially evaluated the capability of ERA5 in replicating the variability in the middle atmosphere by comparing it with LiDAR observations. We found that the observed stratospheric variability during wintertime, including the one generated by SSWs, is accurately reproduced in ERA5 reanalysis. However, the model cannot replicate this accuracy in the summer stratosphere and mesosphere, regardless the season, due to either the absence or imprecise simulation of MIL events. Additionally, we present new co-located temperature-wind observations during MIL events and assess how ERA5 simulates wind in the presence of MIL. A deceleration in wind occurs in the same altitude range as the temperature enhancement, supporting the role of gravity waves in the apparition of this phenomenon. In light of these findings, the ERA5 reanalysis in the stratosphere and the troposphere was solely used to study the main winter stratosphere unfoldings modulated by the timing of SSWs and their vertical links throughout winter months. Interestingly, we discovered that during wintertime in the northern hemisphere, the stratosphere follows four separate scenarios with distinct stratosphere-troposphere couplings. We found notable surface precursors associated with these scenarios that could potentially have applications for seasonal prediction
Guillot, Laurent. "Apports de l'anisotropie sismique à la connaissance de la minéralogie du manteau supérieur." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GLOB0013.
Full textQuestions relatives to the mineralogical composition of the Earth's upper mantle are tackled using its elastic properties. First we determine the elastic stiffnesses of periclase and forsterite at simultaneous high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, taking benefit of their intrinsic temperature dependence. A simple statistical model is then presented to describe the dependence. A simple statistical model is then presented to describe the effective elastic stiffnesses of upper mantle aggregates ; a compact formulation is obtained thanks to the use of canonical and tensor spherical harmonics bases. This then leads to quick calculations. Finally, synthetic tests are performed to determine the sensitivity of some seismological data to changes in composition and orientation parameters. An incomplete inverse problem shows that taking the anisotropy into account may help to discriminate between petrological models
Landier, Lucas. "Modélisation 3D du bilan radiatif des milieux urbains par inversion d'images satellites en cartes de réflectance et de température des matériaux urbains." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30139/document.
Full textOptical remote-sensing imagery provide a unique and very needed information, but still a partial one, because only in the observation configuration of the satellite sensor (i.e. viewing direction and spectral bands), whereas Q* is an integrated quantity over all the directions and over the whole shortwave (Qsw*) and longwave (Qlw*) spectral domain. These integrations applied to satellite images are very complicated because of the complexity of the urban tri-dimensional (3D) architecture, and because of the urban materials temperature and optical properties spatial heterogeneity. Over the course of this PhD, an innovative approach has been conceived in order to achieve those integrations and thus obtain temporal series of Q* maps at the spatial resolution of the used satellite sensors (i.e. Sentinel-2, Landsat-8, etc.). This approach is using solely a 3D radiative transfer model, satellite images, and a geometrical urban database including the topology, the urban constructions (i.e. buildings, roads, etc.) and the vegetation (i.e. trees, gardens, etc.). Schematically speaking, the radiative transfer model DART (www.cesbio.ups-tlse/dart), developed at CESBIO, is used in inverse mode in order to transform satellite images into urban materials optical properties and temperature maps, and then in direct mode in order to compute radiative budget Q*Δλ maps for each spectral band of the used satellite sensor. Then, the spectral integral of those Q*Δλ maps leads to the desired Q* maps. Each temporal series of Qsw* maps is then generated efficiently from direct albedo maps (i.e. black sky albedo) and diffuse (i.e. white sky albedo) pre-computed using DART from the geometrical urban database of the considered city and optical properties derived from the closest satellite image. These maps are complemented by external thermal data for the computation of the temporal series. This method has been conceived and refined using 3 cities with very varying geometries and optical properties: London (United- Kingdom), Basel (Switzerland), and Heraklion (Greece). The H2020 project URBANFLUXES of the European Community used the simulated Q* maps in order to estimate the urban anthropogenic heat fluxes using the derivation of urban energy budget computed from satellite imagery. The precision of the developed method has been estimated using the relative error ER between the radiance images simulated by DART and measured by satellite sensors (ER<2% for any spectral band) and the relative error EQ* between Q* simulated and measured by flux towers. For the year 2016, |EQ*|< 4.5% for 321 Q* maps over Basel, and |EQ*|< 4.4% for 278 London Q* maps. This capacity of deriving from satellite imagery precis Q* maps is really promising in light of the always increasing availability of urban geometrical databases, of high resolution temporal series of satellite images, and of the improvement of 3D radiative transfer modeling
Wang, Wei-Min. "Estimation of component temperatures of vegetative canopy with Vis/NIR and TIR multiple-angular data through inversion of vegetative canopy radiative transfer model." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6027.
Full textThe separation of component temperature is the basic step for the application of two-source algorithm. Multi-angular thermal infrared measurements provide a chance for the estimation of component temperatures (namely, soil and vegetation temperatures) with remotely-sensed data. The objective of this study is to explore the factors that affect the estimation of component temperatures and propose new algorithm for inverting the canopy radiative transfer models to compute component temperatures. The objectives of this dissertation include: (1) finding an appropriate candidate leaf angle distribution functions for modeling and inversion, (2) evaluating the scaling behavior of Beer's law and its effect on the estimation of component temperatures, (3) proposing an analytical model for directional brightness temperature at top of canopy, (4) retrieving component temperatures with neural network and simplex algorithms. The effects of leaf angle distribution function on extinction coefficient, which is a key parameter for simulating the radiative transfer through vegetative canopy, is explored to improve the radiative transfer modeling. These contributions will enhance our understanding of the basic problems existing in thermal IR remote sensing and improve the simulation of land surface energy balance. Further work can be conducted to continue the enhancement and application of proposed algorithm to remote sensing images
Vincensini, Anaïs. "Contribution de IASI à l’estimation des paramètres des surfaces continentales pour la prévision numérique du temps." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0127/document.
Full textThe Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), on-board the EUMETSAT Polar System Metop satellite, is developed by CNES in the framework of a co-operation agreement with EUMETSAT. IASI enables, amongst other, infrared soundings of temperature, moisture and retrievals of surface parameters. However in the numerical weather prediction context, these observations are not as intensively used over land as they are over sea because of larger uncertainties about land emissivity and land surface temperature (LST). These uncertainties have an impact on the quality of radiative transfer simulation and hinder the use of these measurements in numerical weather prediction models. Only channels that are not sensitive to the surface are currently assimilated in operations, which limits the potential of sounding instruments to the highest atmospheric layers. This PhD aims to improve the description of land surface parameters in the ARPEGE global model of Météo-France to assimilate IASI data over land. First of all, we tried to improve the surface modelling (surface emissivity and LST) over land in the ARPEGE model. To this end, two emissivity atlases were integrated in this model. The first one is the emissivity climatology computed from the IASI Level-2 products from EUMETSAT and the second one is the global high spectral resolution infrared land surface emissivity database (called UWIREMIS) developed by the Space Science and Engineering Center at University of Wisconsin. Hence, the LST was retrieved from IASI surface channels using these atlases as input parameters in the radiative transfer model. These LSTs were compared to land LST products: the MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) products from the NASA and the IASI Level-2 products from EUMETSAT. These comparisons enabled us to choose the IASI channel combination that provided the best LST estimates. The use of a realistic surface modelling contributed to improve the quality of radiative transfer simulations for surface sensitive channels. Then, surface sensitive IASI radiances were assimilated over land in ARPEGE in clear sky conditions using the surface parameters as previously defined. The impact on analysis and forecast quality was studied. The use of good estimates of surface emissivity and LST significantly increased the number of assimilated observations. The main improvements are for geopotential and temperature forecasts for pressure levels lower than 400~hPa (except in the tropics and in the stratosphere). Finally, from a climatological point of view and within the more specific framework of the Concordiasi campaign, we assessed and validated the use of IASI data in Antarctica. The temperature and humidity retrieved in this particular study proved of better quality than the model profiles, as assessed against the sonde measurements. The improvement is particularly striking for surface temperature. In this framework, the LST retrieved in this PhD were compared with in situ measurements at Concordia and at South Pole station. These estimates are of a great accuracy at Concordia
Chen, Hong-Bin. "Simulation d'observations satellitaires passives en micro-onde : influence de la nébulosité et des précipitations sur les températures de brillance : inversion de paramètres nuageux à partir des mesures du sondeur micro-onde Météosat." Lille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL10029.
Full textDrilleau, Mélanie. "Une approche bayésienne pour estimer les propriétés physiques dans la zone de transition à partir des ondes de surface." Nantes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NANT2014.
Full textThe new tomographic methods involving 3-D kernel computations often use, as reference models, 3-D large wavelength VP , VS models obtained by linearized inversions. These models are based on small perturbations of 1-D global models and are secondly used to derive temperature and composition distributions. From a seismological point of view, the degree of heterogeneity in the transition zone (350- 1000 km depth), due to phase transitions and convective motions, can be strong enough that the concept of a 1-D reference seismic model might be addressed. A Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm was implemented. This directly determines the statistical thermal state and anisotropic structure of the mantle from the dispersion data of Love and Rayleigh surface waves. Polynomial Bézier curves are chosen for the parameterization and are able to explore both smoothly varying models and first-order discontinuities. The solution is described in probabilistic terms, allowing uncertainties to be fully accounted for. The method is illustrated with both synthetic data and real dispersion curves. The results indicate a complex temperature distribution in the mid-transition zone beneath the Pacific Ocean. The retrieved anisotropy structure agrees with previous studies indicating positive uppermost mantle anisotropy. Considering few a priori conditions, the transition zone appears to be isotropic, along the investigated path
Maouhoub, Essaadia. "CONTRIBUTION A L'ETUDE DE L'INFLUENCE DE LA MOLECULE DE CO2 SUR UN PLASMA DE MELANGE Ar-CO2,ETUDE EXPERIMENTALE DE LA REPARTITION RADIALE DESTEMPERATURES DANS UN PLASMA Ar-CO2." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00174390.
Full textLa partie expérimentale constitue la partie principale et essentielle de ce travail. Nous avons mis au point la chambre à arc stabilisé par parois (type Maecker modifié) afin de disposer d'un arc stable dans le temps. Les méthodes de diagnostic du plasma sont basées sur la spectroscopie d'émission. Deux méthodes d'interpolation (polynôme, spline) pour le lissage des points expérimentaux sont comparées. Les profils de températures d'excitation sont détermines à partir des raies atomiques (argon, carbone, oxygène) et les profils de température de rotation à partir des spectres moléculaires observés, système de Swan C2(0,0) et système violet de CN(0,0).
Les principaux résultats expérimentaux obtenus montrent que :
-la composition locale du plasma n'est pas celte injectée,
- la température augmente en fonction du courant,
-le gradient de température diminue quand le courant augmente,
-les formes des profils des températures d'excitation sont modifiées pour le plasma du mélange Ar-CO2
-le gradient de température diminue quand on augmente te pourcentage de CO2,
- la formation d'un noyau à température élevée sur l'axe de la décharge et d'un début de palier entre 7 000k et 8 500 K,
- les températures de rotations sont vraisemblablement celtes de la périphérie.
Sergeant, Amandine. "Analyse et modélisation des ondes sismiques générées lors des séismes glaciaires induits par le vêlage d'icebergs." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC194/document.
Full textGlacial earthquakes have magnitudes Mw~5 and associated to the calving of large-scale (km3) unstable icebergs. In order to characterize the force at the origin of long-period seismic signals (10-100~s), we develop a source inversion scheme and a numerical modeling of iceberg capsize. Thanks to detailed analysis of the inverted force histories, we reveal the existence of several phenomena responsible for the seismic signal generation, being (1) an ice-avalanche triggered by the detachment of a first iceberg, (2) the calving and capsize of icebergs which apply a horizontal force normal to the glacial terminus, and (3) the ice-melange acceleration in the fjord. This shows that the interpretation to the event magnitudes is not straightforward as they represent the energy that is released by distinct mechanisms. With mechanical numerical modeling of the phenomenon, we show that the force amplitude does not linearly scales with the iceberg volume but also depends on various parameters that control capsize dynamics. This implies that the calving-induced mass loss cannot be estimated from the glacial earthquake magnitude only. Nevertheless, by comparing between seismic inverted forces and the modeling results, we are able to reproduce seismic signals and access the event dynamics. Informations that are contained in the force histories enable to invert each model parameter and thus estimate the iceberg dimensions and then volume
Charantonis, Anastase Alexandre. "Méthodologie d'inversion de données océaniques de surface pour la reconstitution de profils verticaux en utilisant des chaînes de Markov cachées et des cartes auto-organisatrices." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066761.
Full textSatellite observations provide us with the values of different biogeochemical parameters at the surface layer of the ocean. These observations are highly correlated with the underlying vertical profiles of different oceanic parameters, such as the Chlorophyll-A concentration, the salinity and temperature of the water column… The sea-surface data and the vertical profiles of the oceanic parameters constitute multi-dimensional vectors. Due to their multi-dimensionality and the high complexity of the dynamics connecting these data sets, their links cannot be modeled linearly. In this thesis we present a methodology to statistically invert sea-surface observations in order to retrieve these vertical profiles. The developed methodology, named PROFHMM, makes use of Self Organizing Maps in order to render the inversion problem compatible with the Hidden Markov Model formalism. PROFHMM makes full use of the topological aspect of the Self Organizing Maps in order not only to generate the topology and states of the Hidden Markov Model, but also improve the estimation of the probabilities essential to the accuracy of the model. The use of the Self Organizing maps was essential in obtaining the results for the geophysical applications of PROFHMM presented in this manuscript. The manuscript was structured in three chapters, each consisting of an article. In the first one, the general methodology of PROFHMM is developed, then tested for the retrieval of vertical profiles of Chlorophyll-A by inverting sea-surface observations. This application demonstrated the ability to synchronize sea-surface data with the output data of numerical models. The second article presents the application of PROFHMM on the inversion of sea-surface data obtained from the AVISO and NOAA projects, in order to retrieve the vertical profiles of temperature over the rail of the ARAMIS mission. The performances obtained demonstrate the ability of PROFHMM to synchronize sea-surface data with in-situ measurements. Finally, in the third article, we present a modification to the Viterbi Algorithm in order to take into account an à priori knowledge of the quality of the observations when performing reconstructions. The proposed methodology, named PROFHMM_UNC, was applied for the reconstruction of the temporal evolution of sea-surface data, by taking into account the quality of the satellite observations used. The validity of the method was proven by performing a twin experiment on the outputs of a numerical model