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Academic literature on the topic 'Inversion de température mésosphérique'
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Journal articles on the topic "Inversion de température mésosphérique"
Crétat, Julien, Yves Richard, Olivier Planchon, Justin Emery, Melissa Poupelin, Mario Rega, Julien Pergaud, et al. "Impact de la topographie et de la circulation atmosphérique sur l’îlot de chaleur urbain en situation de canicule (Dijon, France)." Climatologie 20 (2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/climat/202320010.
Full textTapsoba, Abdoul Aziz, Guiguigbaza-Kossigan Dayo, Saidou Santi, Rokyatou Sissao, Aboubacar Sourabie, Estele Pelagie Sanou, Alfred Ouedraogo, and Aboubacar Toguyeni. "Influence de la température sur la spermatogénèse chez le tilapia du Nil, <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) : une synthèse." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 17, no. 7 (February 22, 2024): 2925–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v17i7.25.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Inversion de température mésosphérique"
Mariaccia, Alexis. "Interaction ondes-écoulement moyen et impact sur la variabilité de la moyenne atmosphère." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ025.
Full textThe middle atmosphere spans from 10 to 90 km and comprises the stratosphere (10 to 50 km) and the mesosphere (50 to 90 km). The equilibrium in the middle atmosphere results from the vertical propagation of small- and large-scale atmospheric waves redistributing the angular momentum across the atmosphere. These waves notably perturb the mean flow when they break, depositing their momentum and energy impacting the general circulation. Moreover, this wave-mean flow interaction is responsible for phenomena governing the observed variability in the middle atmosphere. Notably, the two most dramatic are the sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) and the mesospheric inversion layers (MILs). Specifically, SSWs manifest in winter by increasing the polar cap temperature (40 to 60 K) and weakening the polar vortex, which can reverse the westerly winds for the most extreme cases. A perturbed polar vortex can then impact the tropospheric weather in the following months by generating, for instance, severe cold air outbreaks. MILs represent an unexpected increase in temperature (10 to 50 K) occurring in the mesosphere, lasting several days and spanning thousands of kilometers. Moreover, MILs can represent significant issues for the safe reentry of rockets, space shuttles, or missiles into the atmosphere, sparking more interest in this phenomenon. For many years, the scientific community has investigated these two phenomena to understand their mechanism of occurrence and their effects on the atmosphere. The emergence of LiDAR technology and improved reanalysis products archiving the past climate has made their study more accessible.In this thesis, the objective is to make advancements in the understanding and the description of SSW and MIL phenomena with new LiDAR observations acquired at the Observatoire of Haute-Provence (44°N, 6°E) and the last generation of reanalysis product, ERA5, lasting from 1940 until the present. To commence our study of these phenomena through ERA5 data, we initially evaluated the capability of ERA5 in replicating the variability in the middle atmosphere by comparing it with LiDAR observations. We found that the observed stratospheric variability during wintertime, including the one generated by SSWs, is accurately reproduced in ERA5 reanalysis. However, the model cannot replicate this accuracy in the summer stratosphere and mesosphere, regardless the season, due to either the absence or imprecise simulation of MIL events. Additionally, we present new co-located temperature-wind observations during MIL events and assess how ERA5 simulates wind in the presence of MIL. A deceleration in wind occurs in the same altitude range as the temperature enhancement, supporting the role of gravity waves in the apparition of this phenomenon. In light of these findings, the ERA5 reanalysis in the stratosphere and the troposphere was solely used to study the main winter stratosphere unfoldings modulated by the timing of SSWs and their vertical links throughout winter months. Interestingly, we discovered that during wintertime in the northern hemisphere, the stratosphere follows four separate scenarios with distinct stratosphere-troposphere couplings. We found notable surface precursors associated with these scenarios that could potentially have applications for seasonal prediction
Fouet, Caroline. "Caractérisation de quelques phénotypes liés à l'aridité et à la température chez Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Giles, 1902)." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20155/document.
Full textThanks to progress in sequencing, the genomes of many organisms are known and available. Thus, functional genomics, the elucidation of gene function in sequenced genome, is currently booming. However, there is a gap between our growing knowledge in genetic and the current sparse information on phentoypic data ( "phenotype gap"). All organisms whose genome has been sequenced are facing this problem, including Anopheles gambiae.Anopheles gambiae sensu lato is a complex of sibling species, indistinguishable from a morphological point of view, present on almost the entire African continent. A. gambiae demonstrates an extreme environmental ubiquity and the characterization of phenotypes associated with adaptation to varying environments as well as the identification of genes involved in this adaptation is one of the main research axes in the post-genome area of this major malaria vector.We have studied some phenotypes associated with aridity and temperature in the nominal species of the A. gambiae complex. These two parameters are discriminent in the distribution of molecular forms and chromosomal inversions that characterize this species and may be involved in ecological divergence and speciation. We first measured desiccation resistance of adult mosquitoes of A. gambiae s.s. and we then studied the preferred temperatures of larvae in a choice device set-up (the shuttlebox). We compared the thermoregulation behavior and thermal preferences of a laboratory strain with field larvae of A. gambiae s.s. We also presented preliminary data on the preferred temperatures measured in field larvae of the S and M molecular forms.From a technical point of view, we improved an existing device for testing the survival of mosquitoes in highly desiccated conditions by coupling it with a video surveillance system, which help to increase the accuracy in determining the survival time, to avoid disturbing the system during the experiment and allow to test relatively large numbers of individuals. This study revealed a significant association between the 2La chromosomal inversion and resistance to desiccation in A. gambiae and highlighted the role of body size in the survival of this mosquito in dry environments.We also adapted a new device to study experimentally the thermopreference of A. gambiae s.s. larvae. The results showed that laboratory larvae and field M molecular form larvae had similar thermal preferences, consistent with the values of temperature usually found in natural breeding sites. In addition, the S molecular form larvae from southern Cameroon had preferences similar to those of northern Cameroon, regardless of karyotypes related to chromosomal inversions. In addition, the comparison of data for the M and S molecular forms larvae revealed that there was no significant difference in thermal preferences or in thermoregulatory behavior.Our results have contributed to the development of two experimental devices to study two phenotypes that are of major interest in understanding the adaptation of A. gambiae s.s. to its environment. The differences in desiccation resistance between the different karyotypes associated with the 2La chromosomal inversion and between the M and S molecular forms offer interesting new possibilities for the identification of genetic factors involved in their ecological divergence
Cheheb, Zied. "Mesure des propriétés thermiques des mélanges à base de caoutchouc dans les conditions de mise en oeuvre." Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NANT2006.
Full textIn rubber compounds processing, mastery of parts vulcanisation is of great importance in order to ensure dimensional and mechanical qualities of the parts and to reducing the cycle time. Studies dealing with the rubber vulcanisation show that a good prediction of the thermokinetic phenomena requires accurate thermal properties measurements of the rubbers compounds. The aim of the present work is the development of a thermal properties measurement tool under industrial processing conditions in pressure and temperature. Following the state of art presented in chapter 1, we present, in chapter 2, a thermal and kinetic characterization of the studied rubber compound with laboratory devices. Chapter 3 deals with the design and the manufacturing of the experimental device with a detailed presentation of the temperature and pressures regulation systems. Thermal measurements are performed with an original instrumentation detailed in chapter 4. Measurements issued from the experimental device and the results of the thermal parameters estimation are presented and discussed in chapter 5
Sandu, Leontina. "Inversion de modèles paramétriques : application aux mesures indirectes de températures." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112343.
Full textThe general context of this work is the non-linear reconstruction of a mesurand or so-called the non-linear inverse problem with a very small data set. We are concerned with an inverse problem of heat conduction that deals with the determination of the internaI temperature from measured temperatures outside a heat conducting body. Ln order to solve this measurement problem, we propose different modelling techniques: analytical, numerical and the tehnique using external parametric models. Good existing results obtained from parametric estimation of temperature profiles lead us to study more deeply the external parametric models. Previous work has also demonstrated the interest of parametric functions as forward model for other applications. Those functions are simple to implement and result in good pelformance of the inversion process. We study the problem of construction of some candidates for parametric models. The discrimination between candidates is studied. Some theoretical notions for construction of parametric functions are advanced. We demonstrate that the choice of the parametric function depends on the significant quantity to estimate. This quantity could be the parameter vector, the model function in some points "inaccessible" to observation or an other parametric function. The proposed criteria choose the "best" function with respect to the inversion goal using the information gained in the experiment. The best model will be specific to the measurement goal and must be "sufficiently" close to real observations. Instruments for temperature measurement or other physical quantities measurement could include this type of model
Le, Dû Thurian. "Observations multi-instrumentales pour l’étude de la dynamique atmosphérique dans la haute atmosphère." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASJ003.
Full textThe upper atmosphere, and more specifically the region called MLT (Mesosphere Lower Thermosphere) which is situatedbetween 60 and 110 km in altitude, is the seat of various processes (chemical, radiative, dynamic) whose studyis crucial for the understanding of climate and the development of future climate models. This regionis characterized, among other things, by the nocturnal emission of radiation from atoms and molecules (radiationnightglow) and allowing, thanks to observation at ground level or from satellite platforms,to obtain information on these processes. There is therefore a great interest in the study of nightglow radiation : the observation of the phenomenaimpacting radiation in the MLT with the goal of understanding climate.The purpose of the thesis is to study the various dynamic phenomena involved in the variabilityof the radiation emitted in the MLT by the OH species, which is one of the tracers of the local dynamics.A measurement campaign was carried out in collaboration with Latmos (Laboratory of Atmospheres, Environments, Observations, etc.).and IMCCE (Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides) at the Haute-Provence observatoryduring the night of December 12 to 13, 2017 corresponding to the peak of activity of the Geminides.(meteor shower). An InGaAs SWIR (Short-Wave InfRared) camera imaged the radiation emitted by theOH molecule at an altitude of 87 km. A Rayleigh lidar measured the temperature profile as a function of altitude and time and an array of microbarometers measured fluctuations in ground pressure.The work is focused on the detection and propagation of infrasound in the lower thermosphere produced at the surface and the propagation of gravity waves through the disturbed mesosphere during a mesospheric inversion.The work undertaken has shown the important impact of the inversion on the vertical propagation of gravity waves and on the infrasound activity
Kohn, Jacqueline. "Inversion des observations spatiales micro-ondes pour la détermination de la température du sol en présence de neige." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2812.
Full textKarbou, Fatima. "Inversion des mesures radiométriques haute-fréquence au-dessus des surfaces continentales." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00524882.
Full textLandier, Lucas. "Modélisation 3D du bilan radiatif des milieux urbains par inversion d'images satellites en cartes de réflectance et de température des matériaux urbains." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30139/document.
Full textOptical remote-sensing imagery provide a unique and very needed information, but still a partial one, because only in the observation configuration of the satellite sensor (i.e. viewing direction and spectral bands), whereas Q* is an integrated quantity over all the directions and over the whole shortwave (Qsw*) and longwave (Qlw*) spectral domain. These integrations applied to satellite images are very complicated because of the complexity of the urban tri-dimensional (3D) architecture, and because of the urban materials temperature and optical properties spatial heterogeneity. Over the course of this PhD, an innovative approach has been conceived in order to achieve those integrations and thus obtain temporal series of Q* maps at the spatial resolution of the used satellite sensors (i.e. Sentinel-2, Landsat-8, etc.). This approach is using solely a 3D radiative transfer model, satellite images, and a geometrical urban database including the topology, the urban constructions (i.e. buildings, roads, etc.) and the vegetation (i.e. trees, gardens, etc.). Schematically speaking, the radiative transfer model DART (www.cesbio.ups-tlse/dart), developed at CESBIO, is used in inverse mode in order to transform satellite images into urban materials optical properties and temperature maps, and then in direct mode in order to compute radiative budget Q*Δλ maps for each spectral band of the used satellite sensor. Then, the spectral integral of those Q*Δλ maps leads to the desired Q* maps. Each temporal series of Qsw* maps is then generated efficiently from direct albedo maps (i.e. black sky albedo) and diffuse (i.e. white sky albedo) pre-computed using DART from the geometrical urban database of the considered city and optical properties derived from the closest satellite image. These maps are complemented by external thermal data for the computation of the temporal series. This method has been conceived and refined using 3 cities with very varying geometries and optical properties: London (United- Kingdom), Basel (Switzerland), and Heraklion (Greece). The H2020 project URBANFLUXES of the European Community used the simulated Q* maps in order to estimate the urban anthropogenic heat fluxes using the derivation of urban energy budget computed from satellite imagery. The precision of the developed method has been estimated using the relative error ER between the radiance images simulated by DART and measured by satellite sensors (ER<2% for any spectral band) and the relative error EQ* between Q* simulated and measured by flux towers. For the year 2016, |EQ*|< 4.5% for 321 Q* maps over Basel, and |EQ*|< 4.4% for 278 London Q* maps. This capacity of deriving from satellite imagery precis Q* maps is really promising in light of the always increasing availability of urban geometrical databases, of high resolution temporal series of satellite images, and of the improvement of 3D radiative transfer modeling
Guillot, Laurent. "Apports de l'anisotropie sismique à la connaissance de la minéralogie du manteau supérieur." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GLOB0013.
Full textQuestions relatives to the mineralogical composition of the Earth's upper mantle are tackled using its elastic properties. First we determine the elastic stiffnesses of periclase and forsterite at simultaneous high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, taking benefit of their intrinsic temperature dependence. A simple statistical model is then presented to describe the dependence. A simple statistical model is then presented to describe the effective elastic stiffnesses of upper mantle aggregates ; a compact formulation is obtained thanks to the use of canonical and tensor spherical harmonics bases. This then leads to quick calculations. Finally, synthetic tests are performed to determine the sensitivity of some seismological data to changes in composition and orientation parameters. An incomplete inverse problem shows that taking the anisotropy into account may help to discriminate between petrological models
Vincensini, Anaïs. "Contribution de IASI à l’estimation des paramètres des surfaces continentales pour la prévision numérique du temps." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0127/document.
Full textThe Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), on-board the EUMETSAT Polar System Metop satellite, is developed by CNES in the framework of a co-operation agreement with EUMETSAT. IASI enables, amongst other, infrared soundings of temperature, moisture and retrievals of surface parameters. However in the numerical weather prediction context, these observations are not as intensively used over land as they are over sea because of larger uncertainties about land emissivity and land surface temperature (LST). These uncertainties have an impact on the quality of radiative transfer simulation and hinder the use of these measurements in numerical weather prediction models. Only channels that are not sensitive to the surface are currently assimilated in operations, which limits the potential of sounding instruments to the highest atmospheric layers. This PhD aims to improve the description of land surface parameters in the ARPEGE global model of Météo-France to assimilate IASI data over land. First of all, we tried to improve the surface modelling (surface emissivity and LST) over land in the ARPEGE model. To this end, two emissivity atlases were integrated in this model. The first one is the emissivity climatology computed from the IASI Level-2 products from EUMETSAT and the second one is the global high spectral resolution infrared land surface emissivity database (called UWIREMIS) developed by the Space Science and Engineering Center at University of Wisconsin. Hence, the LST was retrieved from IASI surface channels using these atlases as input parameters in the radiative transfer model. These LSTs were compared to land LST products: the MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) products from the NASA and the IASI Level-2 products from EUMETSAT. These comparisons enabled us to choose the IASI channel combination that provided the best LST estimates. The use of a realistic surface modelling contributed to improve the quality of radiative transfer simulations for surface sensitive channels. Then, surface sensitive IASI radiances were assimilated over land in ARPEGE in clear sky conditions using the surface parameters as previously defined. The impact on analysis and forecast quality was studied. The use of good estimates of surface emissivity and LST significantly increased the number of assimilated observations. The main improvements are for geopotential and temperature forecasts for pressure levels lower than 400~hPa (except in the tropics and in the stratosphere). Finally, from a climatological point of view and within the more specific framework of the Concordiasi campaign, we assessed and validated the use of IASI data in Antarctica. The temperature and humidity retrieved in this particular study proved of better quality than the model profiles, as assessed against the sonde measurements. The improvement is particularly striking for surface temperature. In this framework, the LST retrieved in this PhD were compared with in situ measurements at Concordia and at South Pole station. These estimates are of a great accuracy at Concordia