Journal articles on the topic 'Invasive mosquitoes'
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Drakou, Katerina, Thessalia Nikolaou, Marlen Vasquez, Dusan Petric, Antonios Michaelakis, Apostolos Kapranas, Athina Papatheodoulou, and Maria Koliou. "The Effect of Weather Variables on Mosquito Activity: A Snapshot of the Main Point of Entry of Cyprus." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 21, 2020): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041403.
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Mosquitoes are vectors of pathogens, causing human and animal diseases. Their ability to adapt and expand worldwide increases spread of mosquito-borne diseases. Climate changes contribute in enhancing these “epidemic conditions”. Understanding the effect of weather variables on mosquito seasonality and host searching activity contributes towards risk control of the mosquito-borne disease outbreaks. To enable early detection of Aedes invasive species we developed a surveillance network for both invasive and native mosquitoes at the main point of entry for the first time in Cyprus. Mosquito sampling was carried out for one year (May 2017–June 2018), at bimonthly intervals around Limassol port. Morphological and molecular identification confirmed the presence of 5 species in the study region: Culex. pipiens, Aedes detritus, Ae. caspius, Culiseta longiareolata and Cs. annulata. No invasive Aedes mosquito species were detected. The Pearson’s correlation and multiple linear regression were used to compare number of sampled mosquitoes and weather variables for three most numerous species (Cx. pipiens, Ae. detritus and Ae. caspius). The population densities of the most numerous species were highest from February to April. Number of Cx. pipiens (−0.48), Ae. detritus (−0.40) and Ae. caspius (−0.38) specimens sampled was negatively correlated with average daily temperature. Monthly relative humidity showed positive correlation with the numbers of the species sampled, Cx. pipiens (0.66) Ae. detritus (0.68), and Ae. caspius (0.71). Mosquito abundance of Cx. pipiens (0.97) and Ae. detritus (0.98) was strongly correlated to seasonal precipitation as well. Our work is a stepping stone to further stimulate implementation of International Health Regulations and implementation of early warning surveillance system for detection of invasive Aedes mosquitoes, native mosquitoes and arboviruses they may transmit. A network for the surveillance of both invasive and native mosquito species at the main point of entry for the first time in Cyprus was developed. Number of mosquitoes sampled was correlated with weather factors to identify parameters that might predict mosquito activity and species distribution to the prevention of international spread of vector mosquitoes and vector-borne diseases.
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Wilke, André B. B., Chalmers Vasquez, Augusto Carvajal, Maday Moreno, William D. Petrie, and John C. Beier. "Mosquito surveillance in maritime entry ports in Miami-Dade County, Florida to increase preparedness and allow the early detection of invasive mosquito species." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): e0267224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267224.
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Invasive mosquito vector species have been inadvertently transported to new areas by humans for decades. Strong evidence supports that monitoring maritime, terrestrial, and aerial points of entry is an essential part of the effort to curb the invasion and establishment of invasive vector mosquito species. Miami-Dade County, Florida is an important operational hub for the cruise ship industry and leisure boats that routinely visit nearby areas in the Caribbean, and freight cargo ships transporting goods from Miami-Dade to Caribbean countries and vice versa. To deal with the increasing public health concern, we hypothesized that mosquito surveillance in small- and medium-sized maritime ports of entry in Miami-Dade is crucial to allow the early detection of invasive mosquito species. Therefore, we have selected 12 small- and medium-sized maritime ports of entry in Miami-Dade County with an increased flow of people and commodities that were not covered by the current mosquito surveillance system. Collection sites were comprised of two distinct environments, four marinas with international traffic of leisure boats, and eight maintenance and commercial freight cargo ship ports. Mosquitoes were collected weekly at each of the 12 collection sites for 24 hours for 6 weeks in the Spring and then for 6 additional weeks in the Summer using BG-Sentinel traps. A total of 32,590 mosquitoes were collected, with Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti being the most abundant species totaling 19,987 and 11,247 specimens collected, respectively. Our results show that important mosquito vector species were present in great numbers in all of the 12 maritime ports of entry surveyed during this study. The relative abundance of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti was substantially higher in the commercial freight cargo ship ports than in the marinas. These results indicate that even though both areas are conducive for the proliferation of vector mosquitoes, the port area in the Miami River is especially suitable for the proliferation of vector mosquitoes. Therefore, this potentially allows the establishment of invasive mosquito species inadvertently brought in by cargo freights.
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Kalan, Katja, Jana Šušnjar, Jure Jugovic, and Vladimir Ivović. "Pilot Study of Invasive Mosquito Species Control in Selected Slovenian Municipalities." Acta Veterinaria 72, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2022-0020.
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Abstract To reduce the population of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) (Diptera: Culicidae), a mosquito control campaign was organized by five Slovenian municipalities in 2020. The campaign focused on the application of Aquatain AMFTM in public water containers. The main objective of our study was to test the efficacy of the agent by directly testing the water drains for mosquito larvae and monitoring the density of the mosquito population. The drains were inspected before and after the application of the product from May to September. A water sample was taken from the drains using a dipper. For mosquito monitoring, the number of mosquito eggs and adult mosquitoes was counted from June to October. Up to two weeks after the application of the product, we observed the lethal effect of Aquatain on mosquito larvae, pupae and adult mosquitoes. After rainfall, the product was washed away and the live mosquitoes were sampled in the inspected water drains. The average number of eggs collected per site was twice as high in the area without mosquito control as in the threated locations. Nevertheless, we assessed the mosquito control campaign as partially successful, as mosquito abundance was still high in the locations with mosquito control. However, we believe that this is a good starting point and that mosquito control should be continued in the future together with the citizen education campaign.
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Gallegos, Dylan C., Stacy Rodriguez, Immo Hansen, and Kathryn Hanley. "2610. A Deadly Intrusion: Competitive Strain Displacement among Dengue Virus Strains in Sri lanka." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S907—S908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2288.
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Abstract Background Mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV), the agent of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), is genetically diverse, and new strains regularly invade distant locations and displace existing strains. Invasive strains often cause higher rates of DHF than displaced strains, so it is critical to identify the mechanisms that enable invasion. We tested the hypothesis that invasive strains are less susceptible to RNA interference (RNAi), the major antiviral defense in mosquitoes, than displaced strains. Methods We knocked-down (KD) RNAi in vivo in Aedes aegypti, the DENV vector, by injecting mosquitoes with double-stranded RNA against Argonaute 2 (Ago2), a key enzyme in the RNAi pathway, or a control dsRNA. Ago2 KD and control mosquitoes were fed bloodmeals containing 1 of 3 isolates each of 3 different strains of DENV that had undergone sequential competitive displacement in Sri Lanka, termed, in order of displacement, Pre-DHF, Post-DHF and Ultra-DHF. We predicted that the Pre-DHF strain, which we have previously shown to be less infectious for mosquitoes than the other two strains, would show a greater increase in infectivity than those strains. Engorged mosquitoes were incubated for 10 days, homogenized, and assayed for virus. Results Ago2 KD efficiency ranged from 79% to 98%, as determined by semi-quantitative PCR and band densitometry. The percentage of mosquitoes infected following Ago2 vs. control KD was not significantly different (33% vs. 47%; paired t-test, DF = 8, P = 0.08). However, among infected mosquitoes, virus titer was significantly higher in Ago2 KD mosquitoes (3.98 vs. 3.38 log10 plaque forming units/body; t-test, DF = 14, P = 0.02). Contra our prediction, a two-factor ANOVA did not reveal a significant interaction between the effect of virus strain and treatment (DF = 5, P = 0.58), indicating that Pre-DHF viruses did not show a larger response to Ago2 KD than Post and Ultra-DHF viruses. Conclusion These data support the role of RNAi as a key mosquito defense against virus replication in mosquitoes but indicate that the differences in competitive success among the 3 DENV strains studied are not due to differences in interactions with Ago2 during initial stages of mosquito infection. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Tsecouras, Julie, William Walton, Roselyn Schimerlik, and Lee W. Cohnstaedt. "Continuing the Role of the Citizen Scientist." American Biology Teacher 84, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2022.84.4.195.
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New introductions to invasive mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, increase the risk for vector-borne diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika in the United States. Tracking these new introductions is more important than ever. This lesson plan focuses on the collection of mosquito larvae and pupae before the onset of summer with a focus on insect development. Students will observe the immature mosquitoes grow and metamorphose into adults. Novel aspects include collecting larvae and pupae around the home/school, observing the mosquito life cycle by safely rearing them from immature stages (larvae and pupae) to adults, and learning important background information on mosquito biology and pathogens that mosquitoes can transmit. The lesson describes new tools to use with the Invasive Mosquito Project, an international citizen science–based mosquito surveillance program exploring mosquitoes and the pathogens they may transmit to interested community members (including students and teachers) and their companion animals. This project is a stand-alone or follow-up lesson plan to the mosquito egg collection lesson used prior to the onset of winter (see Cohnstaedt et al., 2016). Students are able to participate in a hands-on tutorial to build a sealed emergence chamber to safely raise mosquitoes. Long-term data sets can also be used by teachers and students for further classroom discussions on the risks of mosquito-borne illnesses nationwide. This lesson further focuses on how individuals must play an active role in protecting their communities and pets from illness and increasing awareness of the dangerous pathogens mosquitoes can transmit and the importance of mosquito management. Materials from this lesson plan (available at http://www.citizenscience.us) can be adapted for each classroom but are best-suited for middle school to high school classes, as well as Advanced Placement classes.
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Touray, M. G., A. Warburg, A. Laughinghouse, A. U. Krettli, and L. H. Miller. "Developmentally regulated infectivity of malaria sporozoites for mosquito salivary glands and the vertebrate host." Journal of Experimental Medicine 175, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 1607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.175.6.1607.
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Sporozoites are an invasive stage of the malaria parasite in both the mosquito vector and the vertebrate host. We developed an in vivo assay for mosquito salivary gland invasion by preparing Plasmodium gallinaceum sporozoites from infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes under physiological conditions and inoculating them into uninfected female Ae. aegypti. Sporozoites from mature oocysts were isolated from mosquito abdomens 10 or 11 d after an infective blood meal. Salivary gland sporozoites were isolated 13 or 14 d after an infective blood meal. Purified oocyst sporozoites that were inoculated into uninfected female mosquitoes invaded their salivary glands. Using the same assay system, sporozoites derived from salivary glands did not reinvade the salivary glands after inoculation. Conversely, as few as 10 to 50 salivary gland sporozoites induced infection in chickens, while only 2 of 10 chickens inoculated with 5,000 oocyst sporozoites were infected. Both sporozoite populations were found to express a circumsporozoite protein on the sporozoite surface as determined by immunofluorescence assay and circumsporozoite precipitation test using a circumsporozoite protein-specific monoclonal antibody. We conclude that molecules other than this circumsporozoite protein may be responsible for the differential invasion of mosquito salivary glands or infection of the vertebrate host.
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Cvetkovikj, Aleksandar, Igor Djadjovski, Kiril Krstevski, Zagorka Popova, Ljubica Rashikj, Kristina Atanasova, Iskra Cvetkovikj, and Jovana Stefanovska. "New Records of the Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus) in North Macedonia." Macedonian Veterinary Review 43, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/macvetrev-2020-0025.
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AbstractAedes albopictus is an invasive mosquito species spreading throughout Europe and its presence in North Macedonia was recorded in 2016. Following the first detection in September 2018, we conducted a two-week mosquito monitoring by ovitraps in order to determine if there were established populations of Aedes albopictus in Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia. Ninety-four Ae. albopictus eggs (0 to 18 eggs per ovitrap per week) were collected from 7 (14%) ovitraps in 3 (30%) municipalities. Thirty-eight eggs (40.4%) successfully hatched and the adult mosquitoes were identified by morphology and PCR. No other potentially invasive species were identified during the monitoring period. Ae. albopictus distribution is expanding and poses a risk for an Aedes-borne disease transmission in North Macedonia. The available data highlight the need for a regular monitoring for tiger mosquitoes to plan adequate control measures.
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Nanfack-Minkeu, Ferdinand, Alexander Delong, Moses Luri, and Jelmer W. Poelstra. "Invasive Aedes japonicus Mosquitoes Dominate the Aedes Fauna Collected with Gravid Traps in Wooster, Northeastern Ohio, USA." Insects 14, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14010056.
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Aedes japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae), or the Asian rock pool mosquito, is an invasive mosquito in Europe and America. It was first detected outside of Asia in 1990 in Oceania. It has since expanded to North America and Europe in 1998 and 2000, respectively. Even though it is classified as a secondary vector of pathogens, it is competent to several arboviruses and filarial worms, and it is contributing to the transmission of La Crosse virus (LACV) and West Nile virus (WNV). In this study, CDC light, BG-sentinel, and gravid traps were used to collect mosquitoes between June and October 2021, in Wooster, Northeastern Ohio, USA. Morphological identification or/and Sanger sequencing were performed to identify the collected mosquitoes. Our results revealed that (adult) Ae. japonicus mosquitoes were the most abundant mosquito species collected with gravid traps in Wooster in 2021, confirming its establishment in Ohio. Molecular analyses of Ae. japonicus showed 100% nucleotide similarity with Ae. japonicus collected in Iowa (USA) and Canada, suggesting multiple introductions. Its presence may increase the risk of future arbovirus outbreaks in Wooster, Ohio. This study stresses the importance of actively monitoring the density and distribution of all members of the Ae. japonicus complex.
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Montalvo, Tomas, Agustin Higueros, Andrea Valsecchi, Elisenda Realp, Cristina Vila, Alejandro Ortiz, Víctor Peracho, and Jordi Figuerola. "Effectiveness of the Modification of Sewers to Reduce the Reproduction of Culex pipiens and Aedes albopictus in Barcelona, Spain." Pathogens 11, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11040423.
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Mosquitoes breeding in urban sewage infrastructure are both a source of nuisance to the local population and a public health risk, given that biting mosquitoes can transmit pathogenic organisms to humans. The increasing presence of the invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus in European cities has further exacerbated the problems already caused by native Culex pipiens. We tested the effectiveness of modifications to sewage structures as an alternative to the use of biocides to prevent mosquito breeding. The placing of a layer of concrete at the bottom of sand sewers to prevent water accumulation completely eliminated mosquito reproduction, and so eliminates the need for biocides in modified structures. Sewer modification is thus a valid low-cost alternative for mosquito control.
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Patyka, T. I., and M. V. Patyka. "Bacillus thuringiensis spp. israelensis and Control of Aedes aegypti Invasive Mosquitoes Species in Ecosystems." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 82, no. 5 (October 17, 2020): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj82.05.088.
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The review presents materials on microbiocontrol of vector mosquitoes using entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis (Bti). Control of invasive ectoparasites is a major health issue, as mosquito species are capable of transmitting diseases, including extremely dangerous human and animal infections (malaria, tularemia, yellow fever, hemorrhagic fevers, dengue fever, taiga (or tickborne) encephalitis, filariasis, Ku fever, cattle anaplasmosis and many other infections and invasions). Bti is considered worldwide as a promising microbial agent that combines targeted efficacy in protective measures and environmental safety. The study of the effect of Bti δ-endotoxins on the intestinal epithelium of Aedes genus mosquitoes, search and characterization of specific receptors are extremely important for understanding the mechanism of action and activity of entomocidal proteins, the basis of the pathogenic effect of polytypic B. thuringiensis. Synergism, a combination of selective larvicidal action of natural Bti strains in combination with strategies of resistance emergence preventing demonstrate a wide range of possibilities of their use and unique evolutionary features of this endospore-forming bacterium as a modern larvicidal agent against Aedes aegypti population.
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Kollars, Thomas, Peggy G. Kollars, and Bannie Hulsey. "Reducing the risk to marine ports from invasive mosquito species, zika, dengue, chikungunya viruses and filariasis." International Journal of Medicine 4, no. 2 (September 26, 2016): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijm.v4i2.5922.
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Background: Mosquitoes are the principal vector of pathogens to humans throughout the world. Ports are a primary means to which invasive mosquito species and the pathogens they carry are introduced into new areas and where the mosquito species was once eradicated.Methods: The ports of Porto Cortes (Honduras) and Savannah Port, (USA) were evaluated using the Bioagent Transport and Environmental Modeling System (BioTEMS) invasive species model to determine what species would be most likely to invade and survive in the Jebel Ali Port area (UAE). The Porto Cortes study site was evaluated to determine if mosquito control using ecofriendly pesticides was practical at the port of origin. Conclusion: The Bioagent Transport and Environmental Modeling System TIGER model provides information that can be utilized to interdict and control invasive mosquito species to reduce the risk they become permanently established. The receiving ports were at risk from mosquito invasion, however, because of niche parameters, the Savannah Port was at risk from four invasive species from Honduras and the Jebel Ali Port was at risk from Ae. albopictus from Porto Cortes and Savannah and Ae. vexans from Savannah. Mosquito control was obtained at the point of origin and optimal surveillance and control sites were identified.
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Damiani, Claudia, Alessia Cappelli, Francesco Comandatore, Fabrizio Montarsi, Aurelio Serrao, Alice Michelutti, Michela Bertola, et al. "Wolbachia in Aedes koreicus: Rare Detections and Possible Implications." Insects 13, no. 2 (February 21, 2022): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13020216.
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The emerging distribution of new alien mosquito species was recently described in Europe. In addition to the invasion of Aedes albopictus, several studies have focused on monitoring and controlling other invasive Aedes species, as Aedes koreicus and Aedes japonicus. Considering the increasing development of insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes, new control strategies, including the use of bacterial host symbionts, are proposed. However, little is known about the bacterial communities associated with these species, thus the identification of possible candidates for Symbiotic Control is currently limited. The characterization of the natural microbiota of field-collected Ae. koreicus mosquitoes from North-East Italy through PCR screening, identified native infections of Wolbachia in this species that is also largely colonized by Asaia bacteria. Since Asaia and Wolbachia are proposed as novel tools for Symbiotic Control, our study supports their use for innovative control strategies against new invasive species. Although the presence of Asaia was previously characterized in Ae. koreicus, our study characterized this Wolbachia strain, also inferring its phylogenetic position. The co-presence of Wolbachia and Asaia may provide additional information about microbial competition in mosquito, and to select suitable phenotypes for the suppression of pathogen transmission and for the manipulation of host reproduction in Ae. koreicus.
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Serkova. "MEDICAL AND VETERINARY SIGNIFICANCE OF BLOOD-SUCKING MOSQUITOES (REVIEW)." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 22 (May 19, 2021): 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-1-3.2021.22.469-473.
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This article presents an analysis of studies on harmful effects of blood-sucking mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), which are one of the components of the gnat complex. Many individuals of this family are vectors of pathogens for a number of invasive and infectious diseases that are dangerous for animals and humans. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that today, climate warming and urbanization lead to expansion of the area of mosquitos, increase in their number, and as a result, the spread of diseases to new territories of Russia. Mosquito bites are accompanied by damage to the skin of a victim, a feeder, and introduction of toxic saliva which has a strong anticoagulant and hemolytic effect. Erythema, inflammation and itching are developed at the place of the insect bite. Multiple bites cause edema, and increased body temperature and local inflammation. It is difficult to estimate losses caused by mosquitoes to agriculture due to the fact that mosquitoes attack cattle together with other blood-sucking dipterans: horseflies, blackflies and sandflies. A massive attack of insects causes anxiety in cattle, disrupts normal grazing of livestock, and results in injuries caused by movements to protect themselves from insects, which leads to disruption of normal grazing and a decrease in their productivity.
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Andriamifidy, Rija Falimanalina, Nils Benjamin Tjaden, Carl Beierkuhnlein, and Stephanie Margarete Thomas. "Do we know how mosquito disease vectors will respond to climate change?" Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 3, no. 2 (April 25, 2019): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20180125.
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Abstract Mosquito-borne diseases are on the rise globally. Besides invasion processes and the increasing connectivity between distant regions through the trade of goods and human mobility, climate change is seen as an important driver for changing the likelihood of occurrence of vectors and diseases, respectively. Ectothermic insects respond directly to thermal conditions and thus we can expect them to follow climatic trends. However, a variety of species and different stages in their life cycles need to be considered. Here, we review the current literature in this field and disentangle the state of knowledge and the challenges and open questions for future research. The integration of diurnal temperature ranges in prospective experimental studies will strongly improve the knowledge of mosquitoes’ ecology and mosquito-borne disease transmission for temperate regions in particular. In addition, invasive mosquitoes are known to rapidly adapt to the climatic conditions, but the underlying processes are not yet fully understood.
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Martinet, Jean-Philippe, Hubert Ferté, Pacôme Sientzoff, Eva Krupa, Bruno Mathieu, and Jérôme Depaquit. "Wing Morphometrics of Aedes Mosquitoes from North-Eastern France." Insects 12, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040341.
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Background: In the context of the increasing circulation of arboviruses, a simple, fast and reliable identification method for mosquitoes is needed. Geometric morphometrics have proven useful for mosquito classification and have been used around the world on known vectors such as Aedes albopictus. Morphometrics applied on French indigenous mosquitoes would prove useful in the case of autochthonous outbreaks of arboviral diseases. Methods: We applied geometric morphometric analysis on six indigenous and invasive species of the Aedes genus in order to evaluate its efficiency for mosquito classification. Results: Six species of Aedes mosquitoes (Ae. albopictus, Ae. cantans, Ae. cinereus, Ae. sticticus, Ae. japonicus and Ae. rusticus) were successfully differentiated with Canonical Variate Analysis of the Procrustes dataset of superimposed coordinates of 18 wing landmarks. Conclusions: Geometric morphometrics are effective tools for the rapid, inexpensive and reliable classification of at least six species of the Aedes genus in France.
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Yuda, Masao, Hiroshi Sakaida, and Yasuo Chinzei. "Targeted Disruption of the Plasmodium berghei Ctrp Gene Reveals Its Essential Role in Malaria Infection of the Vector Mosquito." Journal of Experimental Medicine 190, no. 11 (December 6, 1999): 1711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.190.11.1711.
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CTRP (circumsporozoite protein and thrombospondin-related adhesive protein [TRAP]-related protein) of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei (PbCTRP) makes up a protein family together with other apicomplexan proteins that are specifically expressed in the host-invasive stage 1. PbCTRP is produced in the mosquito-invasive, or ookinete, stage and is a protein candidate for a role in ookinete adhesion and invasion of the mosquito midgut epithelium. To demonstrate involvement of PbCTRP in the infection of the vector, we performed targeting disruption experiments with this gene. PbCTRP disruptants showed normal exflagellation rates and development into ookinetes. However, no oocyst formation was observed in the midgut after ingestion of these parasites, suggesting complete loss of their invasion ability. On the other hand, when ingested together with wild-type parasites, disruptants were able to infect mosquitoes, indicating that the PbCTRP gene of the wild-type parasite rescued infectivity of disruptants when they heterologously mated in the mosquito midgut lumen. Our results show that PbCTRP plays a crucial role in malaria infection of the mosquito midgut and suggest that similar molecular mechanisms are used by malaria parasites to invade cells in the insect vector and the mammalian host.
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Endersby-Harshman, Nancy M., Andrew R. Weeks, and Ary A. Hoffmann. "The detection and significance of emerging insecticide resistance in mosquitoes." Microbiology Australia 39, no. 2 (2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma18022.
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Mosquito-borne arboviruses are increasing in incidence around the world. Australia enjoys some protection from pests and diseases afforded by its geographic isolation coupled with strict biosecurity control at its borders. However, as the volume of global trade, travel and transport expands, risk of exotic incursions to Australia is increasing. Detection of foreign mosquitoes at airports and seaports around Australia is becoming commonplace. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, which has expanded its range throughout Europe and the Americas1, has not become established in mainland Australia, but is encountered as an exotic incursion2. The yellow fever mosquito and dengue vector, Aedes. aegypti, occurs naturally in northern Queensland, but is also captured at Australia’s ports on a recurrent basis as an incursion from overseas3. Although Ae. aegypti is established in Australia, its detection as an incursion is still cause for concern. Apart from the possibility that invasive mosquitoes will carry exotic arboviruses, genetic characteristics of a foreign insect population can be very different from those observed in local mosquitoes, particularly in terms of insecticide resistance. Our recent research has shown that invading mosquitoes from overseas carry insecticide resistance alleles not found in Australia4 and our development of a global genomic database is helping us to pinpoint their source.
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Claborn, D. M., M. Poiry, O. D. Famutimi, D. Duitsman, and K. R. Thompson. "A Survey of Mosquitoes in Southern and Western Missouri." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/18-6737.1.
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ABSTRACT A survey of adult and immature mosquitoes in southern and western Missouri conducted from June 14 to September 23, 2016, yielded 32 species and 7 genera. The invasive species Aedes albopictus and Ae. japonicus were dispersed widely in the state, but the survey failed to collect any Ae. aegypti. This note discusses the impact of changes in the Missouri mosquito fauna on the risk of human disease transmission.
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Kavran, Mihaela, Aleksandra Ignjatović-Ćupina, and Dušan Petrić. "Invasive mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) in Serbia." Biljni lekar 49, no. 5 (2021): 686–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2105686k.
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Invasive mosquito species surveillance has been carried out in Europe since late 1990s, and the results revealed that their distribution range and population density have been increasing every year (ECDC, 2020). Majority of European countries are affected by at least one of invasive mosquito species, which are considered as important vector species of public health concern. Aedes invasive species are very aggressive daily biters and highly competitive with native mosquito species coexisting in the same breeding sites. Although pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes are much bigger problem in tropical areas, imported and autothonous cases of these diseases have been recorded every year in Europe. International and intercontinental transport of humans and goods increase the likely-hood of outbreaks caused by vector-borne pathogens. Cases of imported invasive mosquito species and cases of imported human infection (with Dengue and Chikungunya virus, imported and autohtonous) are increasing every year. Together with the presence of invasive mosquito species, outbreaks caused by vector-borne pathogens are significantly driven by human behaviour, ecosystem and climat changes. Two invasive mosquito species were present in Serbia so far: Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) and Aedes japonicus (Japaneese bush mosquito). Populations of Ae. albopicus has been succesfully spreading in many urban and suburban areas in our country, while Ae. japonicus was identified in only two localities up today. According to the experience from Croatia, where this mosquito species is widely spread, similar scenario could be expected in Serbia as well.
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Hernández-Triana, Luis M., Victor A. Brugman, Nadya I. Nikolova, Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo, Elsa Barrero, Leigh Thorne, Mar Fernández de Marco, et al. "DNA barcoding of British mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) to support species identification, discovery of cryptic genetic diversity and monitoring invasive species." ZooKeys 832 (March 19, 2019): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.832.32257.
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Correct mosquito species identification is essential for mosquito and disease control programs. However, this is complicated by the difficulties in morphologically identifying some mosquito species. In this study, variation of a partial sequence of the cytochromecoxidase unit I (COI) gene was used for the molecular identification of British mosquito species and to facilitate the discovery of cryptic diversity, and monitoring invasive species. Three DNA extraction methods were compared to obtain DNA barcodes from adult specimens. In total, we analyzed 42 species belonging to the generaAedesMeigen, 1818 (21 species),AnophelesMeigen, 1818 (7 species),CoquillettidiaTheobald, 1904 (1 species),CulexLinnaeus, 1758 (6 species),CulisetaFelt, 1904 (7 species), andOrthopodomyiaTheobald, 1904 (1 species). Intraspecific genetic divergence ranged from 0% to 5.4%, while higher interspecific divergences were identified betweenAedesgeminusPeus, 1971/Culisetalitorea(Shute, 1928) (24.6%) andAe.geminus/An.plumbeusStephens, 1828 (22.5%). Taxonomic discrepancy was shown betweenAn.daciaeLinton, Nicolescu & Harbach, 2004 andAn.messeaeFalleroni, 1828 indicating the poor resolution of theCOIDNA barcoding region in separating these taxa. Other species such asAe.cantans(Meigen, 1818)/Ae.annulipes(Meigen, 1830) showed similar discrepancies indicating some limitation of this genetic marker to identify certain mosquito species. The combination of morphology and DNA barcoding is an effective approach for the identification of British mosquitoes, for invasive mosquitoes posing a threat to the UK, and for the detection of hidden diversity within species groups.
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Niazyan, Lyudmila G. "PREDICTING THE FUTURE ECOLOGICAL NICHE OF $CULEX$ $PIPIENS$ AND ASSOCIATED BIORISKS IN ARMENIA." Proceedings of the YSU B: Chemical and Biological Sciences 55, no. 2 (255) (August 30, 2021): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/pysu:b/2021.55.2.181.
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West Nile virus disease is an emerging infectious vector borne disease. Of registered invasive species of mosquitoes in Armenia, Culex pipiens is the most implicated one in the potential transmission of West Nile virus (WNV). In previous years (1985–1999), research on circulation of mosquito-borne arboviruses in Armenia was conducted by the research Institute of Epidemiology and WNV, Batai, Sindbis, Tahyna and Gheta were found in mosquitoes. The only mosquito-borne disease historically registered in Armenia was malaria, without autochtonous cases since 2006. However, per retrospective medical chart review study (2016–2019) in the Nork Infection Clinical Hospital, about 30% of febrile patients is diagnosed as “Fever of Unknown Origin”. We hypothesize that these arboviruses are circulating in Armenia and largely mis-diagnosed and/or under reported. Based on the geographical locations of mosquitoes, the MaxEnt model with 19 bioclimatic variables was developed to predict future ecological niche of C. pipiens and potential high-risk areas for West Nile virus disease. It is the first step for the implementation of a statistically rigorous system for real-time alert of biorisk.
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Upshur, Irvin Forde, Elizabeth Annadel Bose, Cameron Hart, and Chloé Lahondère. "Temperature and Sugar Feeding Effects on the Activity of a Laboratory Strain of Aedes aegypti." Insects 10, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10100347.
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Aedes aegypti is an invasive mosquito species that is expected to expand its global distribution through climate change. As poikilotherms, mosquitoes are greatly affected by the temperature of the environment which can impact host-seeking, blood-feeding, and flight activity as well as survival and ability to transmit pathogens. However, an important aspect of mosquito biology on which the effect of temperature has not been investigated is water and sugar-feeding and how access to a sugar source might affect the insect’s activity and survival under different thermal conditions. To close this knowledge gap, we relied on actometer experiments to study the activity of both female and male Ae. aegypti at 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C, providing either water or 10% sucrose to the insects. We then measured the total carbohydrate contents of alive mosquitoes using the anthrone protocol. Survival was assessed and compared between all groups. Results from this study will inform on the thermal biology of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and how access to sugar affects their activity.
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Roslavtseva, Svetala Aleksandrovna, Alla Iosifovna Frolova, and Mikhail Anatol’evich Alekseev. "New data on distribution of invasive mosquito species in the Europe and in Russia." Disinfection affairs, no. 4 (June 2021): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35411/2076-457x-2021-2-36-43.
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Literature on distribution of invasive mosquito species that are vectors of especially dangerous infections (dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, yellow fever, and Japanese encephalitis) in the Europe and Russia was briefly reviewed. Global warming of the climate as well as an increase in the volume of world trade and the biological characteristics of mosquitoes contribute to the widespread of these species on territories of many countries and continents
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Onen, Hudson, Miryam M. Luzala, Stephen Kigozi, Rebecca M. Sikumbili, Claude-Josué K. Muanga, Eunice N. Zola, Sébastien N. Wendji, et al. "Mosquito-Borne Diseases and Their Control Strategies: An Overview Focused on Green Synthesized Plant-Based Metallic Nanoparticles." Insects 14, no. 3 (February 23, 2023): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14030221.
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Mosquitoes act as vectors of pathogens that cause most life-threatening diseases, such as malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, Yellow fever, Zika, West Nile, Lymphatic filariasis, etc. To reduce the transmission of these mosquito-borne diseases in humans, several chemical, biological, mechanical, and pharmaceutical methods of control are used. However, these different strategies are facing important and timely challenges that include the rapid spread of highly invasive mosquitoes worldwide, the development of resistance in several mosquito species, and the recent outbreaks of novel arthropod-borne viruses (e.g., Dengue, Rift Valley fever, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile, yellow fever, etc.). Therefore, the development of novel and effective methods of control is urgently needed to manage mosquito vectors. Adapting the principles of nanobiotechnology to mosquito vector control is one of the current approaches. As a single-step, eco-friendly, and biodegradable method that does not require the use of toxic chemicals, the green synthesis of nanoparticles using active toxic agents from plant extracts available since ancient times exhibits antagonistic responses and broad-spectrum target-specific activities against different species of vector mosquitoes. In this article, the current state of knowledge on the different mosquito control strategies in general, and on repellent and mosquitocidal plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles in particular, has been reviewed. By doing so, this review may open new doors for research on mosquito-borne diseases.
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Cebrián-Camisón, Sonia, Josué Martínez-de la Puente, and Jordi Figuerola. "A Literature Review of Host Feeding Patterns of Invasive Aedes Mosquitoes in Europe." Insects 11, no. 12 (November 29, 2020): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11120848.
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Aedes invasive mosquitoes (AIMs) play a key role as vectors of several pathogens of public health relevance. Four species have been established in Europe, including Aedes aegypti, Aedesalbopictus, Aedes japonicus and Aedes koreicus. In addition, Aedes atropalpus has been repeatedly recorded although it has not yet been established. In spite of their importance in the transmission of endemic (e.g., heartworms) and imported pathogens (e.g., dengue virus), basic information of parameters affecting their vectorial capacity is poorly investigated. The aim of this study is to review the blood feeding patterns of these invasive mosquito species in Europe, summarizing available information from their native and introduced distribution ranges. The feeding patterns of mosquitoes constitute a key parameter affecting the contact rates between infected and susceptible hosts, thus playing a central role in the epidemiology of mosquito-borne pathogens. Our results highlight that these mosquito species feed on the blood of different vertebrate groups from ectotherms to birds and mammals. However, humans represent the most important source of blood for these species, accounting for 36% and 93% of hosts identified for Ae. japonicus and Ae. aegypti, respectively. In spite of that, limited information has been obtained for some particular species, such as Ae. koreicus, or it is restricted to a few particular areas. Given the high vector competence of the four AIM species for the transmission of different emerging arboviruses such as dengue, Chikungunya, Zika or Yellow fever viruses and their high feeding rates on humans, these AIM species may have an important impact on the vectorial capacity for such pathogens on urban and periurban areas. Finally, we propose directions for future research lines based on identified knowledge gaps.
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Martinet, Jean-Philippe, Hubert Ferté, Anna-Bella Failloux, Francis Schaffner, and Jérôme Depaquit. "Mosquitoes of North-Western Europe as Potential Vectors of Arboviruses: A Review." Viruses 11, no. 11 (November 14, 2019): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11111059.
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Background: The intensification of trade and travel is linked to the growing number of imported cases of dengue, chikungunya or Zika viruses into continental Europe and to the expansion of invasive mosquito species such as Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus. Local outbreaks have already occurred in several European countries. Very little information exists on the vector competence of native mosquitoes for arboviruses. As such, the vectorial status of the nine mosquito species largely established in North-Western Europe (Aedes cinereus and Aedes geminus, Aedes cantans, Aedes punctor, Aedes rusticus, Anopheles claviger s.s., Anopheles plumbeus, Coquillettidia richiardii, Culex pipiens s.l., and Culiseta annulata) remains mostly unknown. Objectives: To review the vector competence of both invasive and native mosquito populations found in North-Western Europe (i.e., France, Belgium, Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, The Netherlands, Luxembourg and Switzerland) for dengue, chikungunya, Zika, West Nile and Usutu viruses. Methods: A bibliographical search with research strings addressing mosquito vector competence for considered countries was performed. Results: Out of 6357 results, 119 references were related to the vector competence of mosquitoes in Western Europe. Eight species appear to be competent for at least one virus. Conclusions: Aedes albopictus is responsible for the current outbreaks. The spread of Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus increases the risk of the autochthonous transmission of these viruses. Although native species could contribute to their transmission, more studies are still needed to assess that risk.
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Schaffner, F., J. M. Medlock, and W. Van Bortel. "Public health significance of invasive mosquitoes in Europe." Clinical Microbiology and Infection 19, no. 8 (August 2013): 685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12189.
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Medlock, J. M., K. M. Hansford, V. Versteirt, B. Cull, H. Kampen, D. Fontenille, G. Hendrickx, H. Zeller, W. Van Bortel, and F. Schaffner. "An entomological review of invasive mosquitoes in Europe." Bulletin of Entomological Research 105, no. 6 (March 25, 2015): 637–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485315000103.
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AbstractAmong the invasive mosquitoes registered all over the world,Aedesspecies are particularly frequent and important. As several of them are potential vectors of disease, they present significant health concerns for 21st century Europe. Five species have established in mainland Europe, with two (Aedes albopictusandAedes japonicus) becoming widespread and two (Ae. albopictusandAedes aegypti) implicated in disease transmission to humans in Europe. The routes of importation and spread are often enigmatic, the ability to adapt to local environments and climates are rapid, and the biting nuisance and vector potential are both an ecomonic and public health concern. Europeans are used to cases of dengue and chikungunya in travellers returning from the tropics, but the threat to health and tourism in mainland Europe is substantive. Coupled to that are the emerging issues in the European overseas territorities and this paper is the first to consider the impacts in the remoter outposts of Europe. If entomologists and public health authorities are to address the spread of these mosquitoes and mitigate their health risks they must first be prepared to share information to better understand their biology and ecology, and share data on their distribution and control successes. This paper focusses in greater detail on the entomological and ecological aspects of these mosquitoes to assist with the risk assessment process, bringing together a large amount of information gathered through the ECDC VBORNET project.
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Mansfield, Karen L., Arran J. Folly, Luis M. Hernández-Triana, Sanam Sewgobind, and Nicholas Johnson. "Batai Orthobunyavirus: An Emerging Mosquito-Borne Virus in Europe." Viruses 14, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 1868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14091868.
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Batai virus (BATV) is a zoonotic orthobunyavirus transmitted by a wide range of mosquito vectors. The virus is distributed throughout Asia and parts of Africa and has been sporadically detected in several European countries. There is increasing evidence that BATV is emerging in Europe as a potential threat to both animal and human health, having been detected in mosquitoes, mammals, birds and humans. In recent years, serological surveillance in cattle, sheep and goats has suggested an antibody prevalence of up to 46% in European livestock, although human serological prevalence remains generally low. However, the recent and continued spread of invasive mosquito species into Europe may facilitate the establishment of competent populations of mosquitoes leading to increased BATV transmission. Migratory birds may also potentially facilitate the emergence of BATV in geographical locations where it was previously undetected. Although BATV has the potential to cause disease in humans and livestock, our understanding of the impact in wild animal populations is extremely limited. Therefore, there is a need for increased surveillance for BATV in mosquitoes, livestock, wild mammals and birds in Europe to understand the true impact of this virus.
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Paronyan, Lusine, Lilit Babayan, Arsen Manucharyan, Dezdemonia Manukyan, Haykuhi Vardanyan, Gayane Melik-Andrasyan, Francis Schaffner, and Vincent Robert. "The mosquitoes of Armenia: review of knowledge and results of a field survey with first report of Aedes albopictus." Parasite 27 (2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020039.
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Background: In 2016, a field study was implemented in all Armenian provinces in order to update knowledge on the presence and distribution of both native and invasive mosquito species. Larvae and adult mosquitoes were sampled and identified on the basis of their morphology. Supplementary field surveys were performed in 2017–2018. Results: Between June 20 and July 12, 2016, 117 localities were visited. A total number of 197 sampling units were checked, of which 143 (73%) were positive for mosquitoes (with 1–6 species per sampling unit). A total number of 4157 mosquito specimens were identified to species or species complex level. Ten species represent first records for Armenia: Aedes albopictus, Ae. annulipes, Ae. cataphylla, Ae. cinereus/geminus (probably Ae. cinereus), Ae. flavescens, Anopheles plumbeus, Coquillettidia richiardii, Culex martinii, Cx. torrentium and Culiseta subochrea. The invasive species Ae. albopictus was recorded in a single locality (Bagratashen) at the border point with Georgia, along the main road Tbilisi-Yerevan. This species was further recorded in 2017 and 2018, demonstrating its establishment and spread in north Armenia. These surveys confirm the presence of vectors of malaria parasites (in particular An. sacharovi) and West Nile virus (Cx. pipiens). Conclusion: The knowledge of the Armenian mosquito fauna is extended to a list of 28 species. The record of Aedes albopictus, an important potential vector of many arboviruses, has important implications for public health.
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Bajwa, Waheed I. "A Taxonomic Checklist and Relative Abundance of the Mosquitoes of New York City." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/18-6738.1.
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ABSTRACT This is the 1st time that a comprehensive checklist of the mosquitoes of New York City has been compiled. This list is based on an arrayed collection of 2.3 million mosquitoes trapped and identified from 1,369 locations in the city between 2000 and 2017. Forty-seven species and 6 subspecies were identified belonging to 9 mosquito genera. Culex pipiens was the most prevalent species, most frequently encountered throughout the city. Over time, species diversity in the genus Aedes has increased from 10 species in the 1930s to 23 species in the recent surveys (2000–17). Invasive species Aedes albopictus and Ae. japonicus japonicus, which were rare in 2000, are now well established in all 5 boroughs of the city.
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Balatsos, Georgios, Arianna Puggioli, Vasileios Karras, Ioanna Lytra, George Mastronikolos, Marco Carrieri, Dimitrios P. Papachristos, et al. "Reduction in Egg Fertility of Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes in Greece Following Releases of Imported Sterile Males." Insects 12, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12020110.
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Aedes albopictus, an invasive mosquito species, is currently well established in many European countries, posing high risks to human health. A preliminary trial using repetitive releases of irradiated sterile male mosquitoes was designed, implemented and evaluated for the first time in Greece. The main scope of this trial was to investigate the efficacy of sterile insect technique (SIT) on wild population egg hatch rate in Greece using mass-produced sterile male mosquitoes from another country (Italy). The study was conducted in Vravrona area, close to Athens International Airport (Attica Region). The number of eggs laid in ovitraps was similar in all intervention and control plots. However, a significant reduction in egg hatch rate was recorded in the SIT plot in comparison with both control plots starting two weeks after the first release. This trial validates the logistics (transportation, releases handling and monitoring) as a major step towards implementing efficient, environmentally safe control approaches as an additional tool against the invasive Aedes species in Greece and more widely in Europe.
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Serkova. "FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIROFILARIASIS PATHOGENS IN INTERMEDIATE HOSTS, BLOOD-SUCKING MOSQUITOES (REVIEW)." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 23 (April 18, 2022): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-9-9.2022.23.417-421.
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Dirofilariasis is a transmissible parasitic disease caused by helminths Dirofilaria repens and D. immitis. Vectors of pathogens are blood-sucking mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). Climate change, urbanization, and importation of exotic mosquito species into the territory of Russia lead to the expansion of the Dirofilaria vector range and, consequently, an increase in the incidence of the disease among the population and animals. The purpose of this research was to study the literature data on factors of the dirofilariasis pathogen development in blood-sucking mosquitoes. An important factor in the development of Dirofilaria from the larval stage to the invasive stage is an optimal environmental temperature, the average daily value of which should not be less than 130. This number is referred to as the "Dirofilaria Development Unit (DDU)". The immune response of the insect plays an important role in the helminth development in the intermediate host. Melanin, which is produced by mosquito hemocytes, forms a capsule around the larvae thus preventing their maturation. However, the extent of this response depends on the phenoloxidase enzyme and the age of the mosquito. The symbiotic intracellular Wolbachia bacteria found in Dirofilaria are essential for the helminth development in mosquitoes. But no information has currently been found on interaction between mosquito immunity and these bacteria in the literature; although a correlation has been found between the mosquito infected with the bacteria and the probability of infection transmitted by them.
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Felix, Gilberto E., Roberto Barrera, Jesus Vazquez, Kyle R. Ryff, Jorge L. Munoz-Jordan, Katia Y. Matias, and Ryan R. Hemme. "Entomological Investigation of Aedes aegypti In Neighborhoods With Confirmed Human Arbovirus Infection In Puerto Rico." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/18-6741.1.
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ABSTRACT The exotic arboviruses chikungunya (CHIKV) and Zika (ZIKV) recently caused large outbreaks and continue to circulate in Puerto Rico, prompting entomological investigations at 9 locations with confirmed CHIKV- or ZIKV-infected human cases. Adult mosquitoes were collected using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention autocidal gravid ovitraps over a 14-day period at each site. Mean female Aedes aegypti captured per trap-week ranged from 13.47 per trap-week to 1.27 per trap-week. Arbovirus-positive pools were detected at 7 of the 9 sampling sites. We investigated vertical transmission by collecting Ae. aegypti eggs in a single location where ZIKV was found in adult mosquitoes. We discuss the relationship between vector density and infection rates and its implications for determining mosquito density thresholds of novel invasive arboviruses such as CHIKV and ZIKV.
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Hanford, Jayne K., Dieter F. Hochuli, and Cameron E. Webb. "Oviposition Behavior of Culex annulirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) Is Affected by the Recent Presence of Invasive Gambusia holbrooki (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 4 (March 24, 2019): 1165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz027.
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Abstract Constructed wetlands are popular tools for managing threatened flora and fauna in urban settings, but there are concerns that these habitats may increase mosquito populations and mosquito-related public health risks. Understanding the interactions occurring between mosquitoes of public health concern and co-occurring organisms is critical to informing management of these habitats to mitigate potential health risks and balance the multiple values of urban wetlands. This study examined how oviposition behavior of Culex annulirostris Skuse, the most important pest mosquito species associated with freshwater wetland habitats in Australia, is influenced by the presence of Gambusia holbrooki Girard, a widespread invasive fish. Water was collected from urban wetlands that are intensively managed to reduce G. holbrooki populations to assist conservation of locally threatened frogs, and adjacent unmanaged wetlands where G. holbrooki was abundant. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the oviposition response by Cx. annulirostris to water samples from these two habitats. Experiments were conducted on two occasions, once in February following draining and refilling of the urban wetlands, and repeated following a substantial rainfall event in March. The results clearly demonstrate that ovipositing mosquitoes were able to detect and avoid water derived from habitats containing fish, even in the absence of the fish themselves. Understanding how invasive species affect the behavior and spatial distribution of pest species such as Cx. annulirostris will enable future wetland design and management to maximize benefits of urban wetlands and minimize potential public health risks.
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Watters, Amanda M., Freya E. Rowland, and Raymond D. Semlitsch. "Larval salamanders are as effective at short-term mosquito predation as mosquitofish." Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 10 (October 2018): 1165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0267.
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Biological control of mosquitoes can have unintended ecological consequences. One example is the introduction of the genus Gambusia Poey, 1854 into ponds and wetlands. Gambusia spp. are invasive in many parts of the world and have the potential to alter ecosystems by changing trophic interactions and extirpating amphibians. We sought to determine whether larval amphibians are capable of consuming larval mosquitoes as effectively as Gambusia spp. We tested the predation ability of larval Spotted Salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw, 1802); n = 13), Southern Leopard Frog (Rana sphenocephala Cope, 1886; n = 12) tadpoles, and western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard, 1853); n = 13) across a range of body sizes in laboratory experiments. Our results showed that over a 24 h period, salamander larvae (mean ± SE; 238 ± 14) and mosquitofish (195 ± 17) consumed a statistically equivalent number of mosquito larvae, whereas tadpoles consumed a large number (113 ± 14) but significantly less. All species had significant (or marginally significant) positive relationships between body size and rate of mosquito consumption. Further studies into the ability of native larval amphibians to consume mosquito larvae are needed to assess whether amphibians can be successful at mosquito control instead of introducing nonnative species to new areas.
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Fish, Durland, Robert B. Tesh, Hilda Guzman, Amelia P. A. Travassos da Rosa, Victoria Balta, James Underwood, Charles Sither, and Nikos Vasilakis. "Emergence potential of mosquito-borne arboviruses from the Florida Everglades." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 22, 2021): e0259419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259419.
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The Greater Everglades Region of South Florida is one of the largest natural wetlands and the only subtropical ecosystem found in the continental United States. Mosquitoes are seasonally abundant in the Everglades where several potentially pathogenic mosquito-borne arboviruses are maintained in natural transmission cycles involving vector-competent mosquitoes and reservoir-competent vertebrate hosts. The fragile nature of this ecosystem is vulnerable to many sources of environmental change, including a wetlands restoration project, climate change, invasive species and residential development. In this study, we obtained baseline data on the distribution and abundance of both mosquitos and arboviruses occurring in the southern Everglades region during the summer months of 2013, when water levels were high, and in 2014, when water levels were low. A total of 367,060 mosquitoes were collected with CO2-baited CDC light traps at 105 collection sites stratified among the major landscape features found in Everglades National Park, Big Cypress National Preserve, Fakahatchee State Park Preserve and Picayune State Forest, an area already undergoing restoration. A total of 2,010 pools of taxonomically identified mosquitoes were cultured for arbovirus isolation and identification. Seven vertebrate arboviruses were isolated: Everglades virus, Tensaw virus, Shark River virus, Gumbo Limbo virus, Mahogany Hammock virus, Keystone virus, and St. Louis encephalitis virus. Except for Tensaw virus, which was absent in 2013, the remaining viruses were found to be most prevalent in hardwood hammocks and in Fakahatchee, less prevalent in mangroves and pinelands, and absent in cypress and sawgrass. In contrast, in the summer of 2014 when water levels were lower, these arboviruses were far less prevalent and only found in hardwood hammocks, but Tensaw virus was present in cypress, sawgrass, pinelands, and a recently burned site. Major environmental changes are anticipated in the Everglades, many of which will result in increased water levels. How these might lead to the emergence of arboviruses potentially pathogenic to both humans and wildlife is discussed.
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McKenzie, Benjamin A., Kelly Stevens, Ansley E. McKenzie, Jovana Bozic, Derrick Mathias, and Sarah Zohdy. "Aedes Vector Surveillance in the Southeastern United States Reveals Growing Threat of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 6 (July 3, 2019): 1745–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz115.
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Abstract Mosquito-borne diseases are on the rise globally, and have the potential to thrive along the Gulf Coast of the United States, where subtropical conditions may facilitate the introduction or movement of mosquito vectors. Despite surveillance efforts, Aedes aegypti (L.) had not been detected in the Gulf state of Alabama for nearly three decades. The detection of Ae. aegypti in Alabama may suggest remnant or reemergent populations of this vector. We conducted adult sampling between May and August of 2018 to capture mosquitoes during a time frame when all species should be active. This was to ensure no species were missed due to overwintering and to identify the distributions of Aedes mosquitoes of medical importance. No Ae. aegypti were detected in Alabama over the period of this study. We detected Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in 65 counties and the recently invasive Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald) in 30 counties across the state. These results indicate that while Ae. aegypti was recently reported from parts of Alabama, the state is not experiencing a major resurgence of the species, whereas Ae. albopictus remains ubiquitous. Further, results indicate that a third wave of Aedes invasion may be occurring, that of Ae. japonicus japonicus. All three of these species are medically important vectors and may pose threats to the public health of the Gulf Coast of the United States.
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Kroth, N., G. D. Cozzer, G. de Carvalho, A. S. Cassol, J. Breaux, J. A. Lutinski, M. A. Busato, W. A. Roman Junior, José Junior dos Santos, and D. Albeny-Simões. "Oviposition preferences of the mosquito Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, 1762 (Culicidae): an urban environment bioassay." Bulletin of Entomological Research 109, no. 6 (June 19, 2019): 762–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000748531900021x.
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AbstractThe establishment of an invasive species depends on reproductive success and dispersion capability in the new environment. One of the striking examples of invasion in urban environments is the mosquito Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, 1762 (Culicidae). The success of this species is primarily attributed to its ability to colonize urban environments, and some of the important adaptive strategies associated with this ability is the preference for humans as a blood source and intense occupation of residential (indoor) environments. This study evaluated the effects of location (indoor vs. outdoor) and water nutrient level (% organic matter) on the oviposition preference of A. aegypti in an urban environment. We used oviposition choice experiments to evaluate mosquito oviposition in containers holding 1:1 vs 1:0 ratios of water: organic matter placed indoors and outdoors. Eggs were sampled once per week for nine weeks. Our results revealed a strong oviposition preference for outdoor containers, with a significant preference for containers with higher concentrations of organic matter during the fifth to ninth weeks. However, mosquitoes occupying indoor environments did not prefer to lay eggs in containers with lower levels of organic matter. A better understanding of the preferences of A. aegypti regarding the nutrient level and location of oviposition containers can increase our understanding of the behavioral factors allowing mosquitoes to utilize anthropogenic environments.
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Fitzpatrick, Daniel M., Lindsey M. Hattaway, Andy N. Hsueh, Maria E. Ramos-Niño, and Sonia M. Cheetham. "PCR-Based Bloodmeal Analysis of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in St. George Parish, Grenada." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 1170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz037.
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Abstract Blood-feeding patterns of mosquitoes affect the transmission and maintenance of arboviral diseases. In the Caribbean, Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say mosquitoes are the dominant mosquito species in developed areas. However, no information is available on the bloodmeal hosts of these invasive vectors in Grenada, where arboviral pathogens such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses cause significant human suffering. To this end, Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were investigated from five semirural locations near houses in St. George’s Parish, from 2017 to 2018. Polymerase chain reaction was conducted on DNA extracted from individual blood-fed mosquitoes using vertebrate-specific cytochrome b primers. The 32 Ae. aegypti bloodmeals included humans (70%), mongooses (18%), domestic dogs (6%), a domestic cat (3%), and an unidentified bird (3%). Thirty-seven Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes took bloodmeals from seven species of birds (51%), humans (27%), domestic cats (8%), iguanas (5%), a domestic dog (3%), a rat (3%), and a common opossum (3%). The high percentage of human bloodmeal hosts in our study, especially by the normally anthropophilic Ae. aegypti, is expected. The bloodmeal sources and the percentage of nonhuman bloodmeals (30%) taken by Ae. aegypti are comparable to other studies. The large range of hosts may be explained in part by the semirural nature of most local housing. Accordingly, this may contribute to an exchange of pathogens between domestic, peridomestic, and sylvatic transmission cycles.
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Dianavinnarasi, Joseph, Ramachandran Raja, Jehad Alzabut, Michał Niezabitowski, and Ovidiu Bagdasar. "Controlling Wolbachia Transmission and Invasion Dynamics among Aedes Aegypti Population via Impulsive Control Strategy." Symmetry 13, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13030434.
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This work is devoted to analyzing an impulsive control synthesis to maintain the self-sustainability of Wolbachia among Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes. The present paper provides a fractional order Wolbachia invasive model. Through fixed point theory, this work derives the existence and uniqueness results for the proposed model. Also, we performed a global Mittag-Leffler stability analysis via Linear Matrix Inequality theory and Lyapunov theory. As a result of this controller synthesis, the sustainability of Wolbachia is preserved and non-Wolbachia mosquitoes are eradicated. Finally, a numerical simulation is established for the published data to analyze the nature of the proposed Wolbachia invasive model.
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Pryce, Joseph, Nils Pilotte, Benjamin Menze, Allison R. Sirois, Michael Zulch, Jean Pierre Agbor, Steven A. Williams, Charles S. Wondji, and Lisa Reimer. "Integrated xenosurveillance of Loa loa, Wuchereria bancrofti, Mansonella perstans and Plasmodium falciparum using mosquito carcasses and faeces: A pilot study in Cameroon." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): e0010868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010868.
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Background Community presence of loiasis must be determined before mass drug administration programmes for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis can be implemented. However, taking human blood samples for loiasis surveillance is invasive and operationally challenging. A xenosurveillance approach based on the molecular screening of mosquitoes and their excreta/feces (E/F) for Loa loa DNA may provide a non-invasive method for detecting the community presence of loiasis. Methods We collected 770 wild mosquitoes during a pilot study in a known loiasis transmission area in Mbalmayo, Cameroon. Of these, 376 were preserved immediately while 394 were kept in pools to collect 36-hour E/F samples before processing. Carcasses and E/F were screened for L. loa DNA. To demonstrate this method’s potential for integrated disease surveillance, the samples were further tested for Wuchereria bancrofti, Mansonella perstans, and Plasmodium falciparum. Results Despite limited sample numbers, L. loa DNA was detected in eight immediately-stored mosquitoes (2.13%; 95% CI 1.08 to 4.14), one carcass stored after providing E/F (0.25%; 95% CI 0.04 to 1.42), and three E/F samples (estimated prevalence 0.77%; 95% CI 0.15 to 2.23%). M. perstans and P. falciparum DNA were also detected in carcasses and E/F samples, while W. bancrofti DNA was detected in E/F. None of the carcasses positive for filarial worm DNA came from pools that provided a positive E/F sample, supporting the theory that, in incompetent vectors, ingested parasites undergo a rapid, complete expulsion in E/F. Conclusions Mosquito xenosurveillance may provide a useful tool for the surveillance of loiasis alongside other parasitic diseases.
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Martínez-de la Puente, Josué, Alazne Díez-Fernández, Tomás Montalvo, Rubén Bueno-Marí, Quentin Pangrani, Ramón C. Soriguer, Juan Carlos Senar, and Jordi Figuerola. "Do Invasive Mosquito and Bird Species Alter Avian Malaria Parasite Transmission?" Diversity 12, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12030111.
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Alien mosquito and vertebrate host species may create novel epidemiological scenarios for the transmission of pathogens naturally circulating in the invaded area. The exotic Monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) has established populations in Europe and is currently considered an invasive pest. Due to their high abundance in urban areas, Monk parakeets could be involved in the transmission of pathogens, potentially affecting wildlife and livestock. To test this hypothesis, we determined the prevalence and diversity of three vector-borne parasites, namely Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon, in Monk parakeets from Barcelona. Many areas of southern Europe shelter high densities of the invasive Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus, which in addition to native mosquito species could affect the transmission of mosquito-borne parasites, such as avian Plasmodium. Thus, we also sampled mosquitoes in the area to trace their blood-feeding hosts and determine the presence of Plasmodium parasites. Monk parakeets were neither infected by Plasmodium nor by Haemoproteus parasites, and only five individuals (3.13%; n = 160) were infected by Leucocytozoon. Monk parakeets were bitten by Culiseta longiareolata and represented 9.5% of Culex pipiens blood meals. The invasive Ae. albopictus showed a clear anthropophilic feeding pattern, with humans dominating its diet. Three Plasmodium lineages were detected in pools of Cx pipiens. These results suggest that Plasmodium circulating in the area cannot develop in the invasive Monk parakeet, in spite of the relatively high fraction of native mosquito vectors feeding on this species in its invaded distribution range.
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Vaux, Alexander G. C., Colin Johnston, Thom Dallimore, Liz McGinley, Clare Strode, Archie K. Murchie, Nalini Iyanger, et al. "Working towards a Co-Ordinated Approach to Invasive Mosquito Detection, Response and Control in the UK." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 5166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145166.
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The United Kingdom (UK) has reported a single detection of the eggs of the invasive mosquito vector Aedes albopictus in each of the three years from 2016 to 2018, all in southeast England. Here, we report the detection of mosquito eggs on three occasions at two sites in London and southeast England in September 2019. Mosquito traps were deployed at 56 sites, in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, as part of a coordinated surveillance programme with local authorities, Edge Hill University, and government departments. Response to each detection was coordinated by Public Health England’s (PHE) local health protection teams, with technical support from PHE’s Medical Entomology group, and control conducted by the respective local authority. Control, including source reduction and larviciding, was conducted within a 300 metre radius of the positive site. The response followed a National Contingency Plan for Invasive Mosquitoes: Detection of Incursions. Although the response to these incidents was rapid and well co-ordinated, recommendations are made to further develop mosquito surveillance and control capability for the UK.
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Villena, Oswaldo C., Ivana Terry, Kayoko Iwata, Edward R. Landa, Shannon L. LaDeau, and Paul T. Leisnham. "Effects of tire leachate on the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus and the native congener Aedes triseriatus." PeerJ 5 (September 5, 2017): e3756. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3756.
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Discarded vehicle tire casings are an important artificial habitat for the developmental stages of numerous vector mosquitoes. Discarded vehicle tires degrade under ultraviolet light and leach numerous soluble metals (e.g., barium, cadmium, zinc) and organic substances (e.g., benzothiazole and its derivatives [BZTs], polyaromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]) that could affect mosquito larvae that inhabit the tire casing. This study examined the relationship between soluble zinc, a common marker of tire leachate, on mosquito densities in tire habitats in the field, and tested the effects of tire leachate on the survival and development of newly hatched Aedes albopictus and Aedes triseriatus larvae in a controlled laboratory dose-response experiment. In the field, zinc concentrations were as high as 7.26 mg/L in a single tire and averaged as high as 2.39 (SE ± 1.17) mg/L among tires at a single site. Aedes albopictus (37/42 tires, 81.1%) and A. triseriatus (23/42, 54.8%) were the most widespread mosquito species, co-occurred in over half (22/42, 52.4%) of all tires, and A. triseriatus was only collected without A. albopictus in one tire. Aedes triseriatus was more strongly negatively associated with zinc concentration than A. albopictus, and another common mosquito, C. pipiens, which was found in 17 tires. In the laboratory experiment, A. albopictus per capita rate of population change (λ′) was over 1.0, indicating positive population growth, from 0–8.9 mg/L zinc concentration (0–10,000 mg/L tire leachate), but steeply declined to zero from 44.50–89.00 mg/L zinc (50,000–100,000 mg/L tire leachate). In contrast, A. triseriatus λ′ declined at the lower concentration of 0.05 mg/L zinc (100 mg/L tire leachate), and was zero at 0.45, 8.90, 44.50, and 89.00 mg/L zinc (500, 10,000, 50,000 and 100,000 mg/L tire leachate). These results indicate that tire leachate can have severe negative effects on populations of container-utilizing mosquitoes at concentrations commonly found in the field. Superior tolerance to tire leachate of A. albopictus compared to A. triseriatus, and possibly other native mosquito species, may have facilitated the replacement of these native species as A. albopictus has invaded North America and other regions around the world.
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Faizah, Astri Nur, Daisuke Kobayashi, Michael Amoa-Bosompem, Yukiko Higa, Yoshio Tsuda, Kentaro Itokawa, Kozue Miura, Kazuhiro Hirayama, Kyoko Sawabe, and Haruhiko Isawa. "Evaluating the competence of the primary vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, and the invasive mosquito species, Aedes japonicus japonicus, in transmitting three Japanese encephalitis virus genotypes." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 12 (December 28, 2020): e0008986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008986.
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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is maintained in an enzootic cycle between swine, water birds, and mosquitoes. JEV has circulated indigenously in Asia, with Culex tritaeniorhynchus as the primary vector. In some areas where the primary vector is scarce or absent, sporadic cases of Japanese encephalitis have been reported, with Aedes japonicus japonicus presumed to have the potential as a secondary vector. As one of the world’s most invasive culicid species, Ae. j. japonicus carries a considerable health risk for spreading diseases to wider areas, including Europe and North America. Thus, evaluation of its competency as a JEV vector, particularly in a native population, will be essential in preventing potential disease spread. In this study, the two mosquito species’ vector competence in transmitting three JEV genotypes (I, III, and V) was assessed, with Cx. tritaeniorhynchus serving as a point of reference. The mosquitoes were virus-fed and the infection rate (IR), dissemination rate (DR), and transmission rate (TR) evaluated individually by either RT-qPCR or focus forming assay. Results showed striking differences between the two species, with IR of 95% (261/274) and 9% (16/177) in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Ae. j. japonicus, respectively. Both mosquitoes were susceptible to all three JEV genotypes with significant differences in IR and mean viral titer. Results confirm the primary vector’s competence, but the fact that JEV was able to establish in Ae. j. japonicus is of public health significance, and with 2%–16% transmission rate it has the potential to successfully transmit JEV to the next host. This may explain the human cases and infrequent detection in primary vector-free areas. Importantly, Ae. j. japonicus could be a relevant vector spreading the disease into new areas, indicating the need for security measures in areas where the mosquito is distributed or where it may be introduced.
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Chen, Xiao-Guang, Xuanting Jiang, Jinbao Gu, Meng Xu, Yang Wu, Yuhua Deng, Chi Zhang, et al. "Genome sequence of the Asian Tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, reveals insights into its biology, genetics, and evolution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 44 (October 19, 2015): E5907—E5915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516410112.
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The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is a highly successful invasive species that transmits a number of human viral diseases, including dengue and Chikungunya fevers. This species has a large genome with significant population-based size variation. The complete genome sequence was determined for the Foshan strain, an established laboratory colony derived from wild mosquitoes from southeastern China, a region within the historical range of the origin of the species. The genome comprises 1,967 Mb, the largest mosquito genome sequenced to date, and its size results principally from an abundance of repetitive DNA classes. In addition, expansions of the numbers of members in gene families involved in insecticide-resistance mechanisms, diapause, sex determination, immunity, and olfaction also contribute to the larger size. Portions of integrated flavivirus-like genomes support a shared evolutionary history of association of these viruses with their vector. The large genome repertory may contribute to the adaptability and success of Ae. albopictus as an invasive species.
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Klobucar, Ana, Nikola Benic, Darko Krajcar, Mirjana Lana Kosanovic-Licina, Vanja Tesic, Enrih Merdic, Ivana Vrucina, et al. "An overview of mosquitoes and emerging arboviral infections in the Zagreb area, Croatia." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 10, no. 12 (December 30, 2016): 1286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.7988.
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Mosquito control in the Zagreb area has been conducted for many years, whereas the fauna has only been investigated in the last 20 years. So far 30 mosquito species have been detected in the city area. Culex pipiens form molestus is the dominant mosquito species in indoor breeding sites. In forested areas and areas exposed to flooding, the active period is early spring and the dominant species are Ochlerotatus sticticus, Ochlerotatus cantans, Ochlerotatus geniculatus and Aedes vexans. The eudominant mosquito species found in the artificial breeding sites are Culex pipiens and the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus. Invasive Ae. albopictus, present in the Zagreb area since 2004, has expanded to a larger area of the city during the last three years. The recent emergence of the human West Nile virus and Usutu virus neuroinvasive disease in Zagreb and its surroundings highlighted the role of mosquitoes as vectors of emerging arboviruses. The paper focuses on mosquito species and arboviral infections detected in humans and animals in the Zagreb area, Croatia.
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Carraretto, Davide, Laura Soresinetti, Irene Rossi, Anna R. Malacrida, Giuliano Gasperi, and Ludvik M. Gomulski. "Behavioural Responses of Male Aedes albopictus to Different Volatile Chemical Compounds." Insects 13, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13030290.
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The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, has become one of the most important invasive vectors for disease pathogens such as the viruses that cause chikungunya and dengue. Given the medical importance of this disease vector, a number of control programmes involving the use of the sterile insect technique (SIT) have been proposed. The identification of chemical compounds that attract males can be very useful for trapping purposes, especially for monitoring the makeup of the male population during control programmes, such as those involving the use of the SIT. Twenty-eight chemical compounds from different chemical classes were evaluated using a dual-port olfactometer assay. The compounds included known animal, fungal and plant host volatiles, and components of a putative Aedes aegypti pheromone. Many of the compounds were repellent for male mosquitoes, especially at the highest concentration. One compound, decanoic acid, acted as an attractant for males at an intermediate concentration. Decanoic acid did not elicit a significant response from female mosquitoes.
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Martina, C., L. Krenn, L. Krupicka, H. Yamada, R. Hood-Nowotny, P. F. Lahuatte, J. Yar, et al. "Evaluating Volatile Plant Compounds of Psidium galapageium (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) as Repellents Against Invasive Parasitic Diptera in the Galapagos Islands." Journal of Medical Entomology 59, no. 1 (November 11, 2021): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab183.
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Abstract Plant-based repellents represent a safe, economic, and viable alternative to managing invasive insects that threaten native fauna. Observations of self-medication in animals can provide important cues to the medicinal properties of plants. A recent study in the Galapagos Islands found that Darwin’s finches apply the leaves of Psidium galapageium (Hooker 1847) to their feathers, extracts of which were repellent to mosquitoes and the parasitic fly Philornis downsi (Dodge & Aitkens 1968; Diptera: Muscidae). Introduced mosquitoes are suspected vectors of avian pathogens in the Galapagos Islands, whereas the larvae of P. downsi are blood-feeders, causing significant declines of the endemic avifauna. In this study, we investigated the volatile compounds found in P. galapageium, testing each against a model organism, the mosquito Anopheles arabiensis (Patton 1905; Diptera: Culicidae), with the aim of singling out the most effective compound for repelling dipterans. Examinations of an ethanolic extract of P. galapageium, its essential oil and each of their respective fractions, revealed a mixture of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, the latter consisting mainly of guaiol, trans-nerolidol, and β-eudesmol. Of these, trans-nerolidol was identified as the most effective repellent to mosquitoes. This was subsequently tested at four different concentrations against P. downsi, but we did not find a repellence response. A tendency to avoid the compound was observed, albeit significance was not achieved in any case. The lack of repellence suggests that flies may respond to a combination of the volatile compounds found in P. galapageium, rather than to a single compound.