Journal articles: 'Invasive ambrosia beetles'

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Holuša, Jaroslav, Tomáš Fiala, and Jiří Foit. "Ambrosia Beetles Prefer Closed Canopies: A Case Study in Oak Forests in Central Europe." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091223.

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Research Highlights: The percentage of canopy closure was found to be the main factor associated with ambrosia beetle abundance and species richness. The latter two variables increased as canopy closure increased, probably because a high percentage of canopy closure provides a stable and humid environment suitable for the growth of ambrosia fungi. Objectives: Oak is a common host tree for ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), which have independently evolved a nutritional mutualism with fungi. We suspected that ambrosia beetles might have specific habitat preferences that are different from those of other saproxylic beetles and that reflect the specific habitat preferences of their food, i.e., ambrosia fungi. Methods: We assessed ambrosia beetle abundance with ethanol-lured traps in five old-growth oak dominated forests and five managed oak dominated forests (one trap per forest) during the vegetation period in 2020. We determined whether ambrosia beetle abundance and species richness depend on forest type (managed vs. unmanaged), degree of canopy closure, abundance of oak trees, abundance of coarse deadwood, and abundance of dead oak branches. Results: In total, 4137 individuals of six species of ambrosia beetles associated with oaks were captured. The native ambrosia beetle Anisandrus dispar represented the majority of trapped ambrosia bark beetles. A. dispar along with another ambrosia beetle, Xyleborinus saxesenii, represented 99% of all captured beetles. Conclusions: In addition to canopy closure, the abundance of oak trees and the abundance of dead oak branches were significantly associated with ambrosia beetle abundance and species richness. The abundance of A. dispar was mainly correlated with dead oak branch abundance and the degree of canopy closure, whereas the abundances of X. saxesenii and of the invasive species Xyleborinus attenuatus and Cyclorhipidion bodoanum were mainly correlated with the net area occupied by oak trees.

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Viloria, Zenaida, Raul T. Villanueva, Ric Bessin, Paul O'Neal, Christopher M. Ranger, and Winston Dunwell. "Scolytinae in Nursery and Fruit Crops of Western Kentucky and Seasonal Population Patterns of Four Invasive Ambrosia Beetles." Journal of Entomological Science 56, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 374–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/jes20-50.

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Abstract Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) inoculate species specific symbiotic fungi into the sapwood of their hosts. Some fungi are innocuous, but others are pathogenic and can kill plants in a short time. The main objectives of this study were to identify ambrosia beetle species found in wholesale and retail nurseries and an apple orchard in western Kentucky and monitor population abundance and phenology of the more common invasive ambrosia beetles. Baker traps baited with ultra-high or standard release ethanol were deployed in late February or March and removed in either fall (2016 and 2017) or August (2018). Sixteen ambrosia beetle species were captured, and eight of them were invasive. The invasive species Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford), Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky), Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford), and Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg) were the most common and abundant species. The highest counts of these invasive species were recorded from April to May. In addition, we are reporting 13 bark beetle species captured in this study; among them, Phloeotribus dentrifrons (Blackman) and Thysanoes fimbricornis LeConte are reported for the first time for Kentucky, whereas Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) was the only invasive bark beetle collected.

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Short, Dylan P. G., Kerry O’Donnell, Jason E. Stajich, Jiri Hulcr, Teiya Kijimoto, Matthew C. Berger, Angie M. Macias, et al. "PCR Multiplexes Discriminate Fusarium Symbionts of Invasive Euwallacea Ambrosia Beetles that Inflict Damage on Numerous Tree Species Throughout the United States." Plant Disease 101, no. 1 (January 2017): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-16-1046-re.

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Asian Euwallacea ambrosia beetles vector Fusarium mutualists. The ambrosial fusaria are all members of the ambrosia Fusarium clade (AFC) within the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC). Several Euwallacea–Fusarium mutualists have been introduced into nonnative regions and have caused varying degrees of damage to orchard, landscape, and forest trees. Knowledge of symbiont fidelity is limited by current identification methods, which typically requires analysis of DNA sequence data from beetles and the symbionts cultured from their oral mycangia. Here, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic tools were developed to identify the six Fusarium symbionts of exotic Euwallacea spp. currently known within the United States. Whole-genome sequences were generated for representatives of six AFC species plus F. ambrosium and aligned to the annotated genome of F. euwallaceae. Taxon-specific primer-annealing sites were identified that rapidly distinguish the AFC species currently within the United States. PCR specificity, reliability, and sensitivity were validated using a panel of 72 Fusarium isolates, including 47 reference cultures. Culture-independent multiplex assays accurately identified two AFC fusaria using DNA isolated from heads of their respective beetle partners. The PCR assays were used to show that Euwallacea validus is exclusively associated with AF-4 throughout its sampled range within eastern North America. The rapid assay supports federal and state agency efforts to monitor spread of these invasive pests and mitigate further introductions.

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Kendra, Paul E., Wayne S. Montgomery, Teresa I. Narvaez, and Daniel Carrillo. "Comparison of Trap Designs for Detection of Euwallacea nr. fornicatus and Other Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) That Vector Fungal Pathogens of Avocado Trees in Florida." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 2 (November 19, 2019): 980–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz311.

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Abstract Laurel wilt and Fusarium dieback are vascular diseases caused by fungal symbionts of invasive ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Both diseases threaten avocado trees in Florida. Redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, is the primary vector of the laurel wilt pathogen, Raffaelea lauricola, but in recent years this symbiont has been transferred laterally to at least nine other species of ambrosia beetle, which now comprise a community of secondary vectors. Dieback disease, caused by Fusarium spp. fungi, is spread by shot hole borers in the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex. In this study, we conducted field tests in Florida avocado groves to compare efficacy of four trap designs for detection of Scolytinae. Treatments included an 8-funnel Lindgren trap, black 3-vane flight interception trap, green 3-vane interception trap, white sticky panel trap, and an unbaited sticky panel (control). In two tests targeting E. nr. fornicatus and X. glabratus, traps were baited with a two-component lure (α-copaene and quercivorol). In a test targeting other species, traps were baited with a low-release ethanol lure. For E. nr. fornicatus, sticky panels and black interception traps captured significantly more beetles than Lindgren traps; captures with green traps were intermediate. With ethanol-baited traps, 20 species of bark/ambrosia beetle were detected. Trap efficacy varied by species, but in general, sticky traps captured the highest number of beetles. Results indicate that sticky panel traps are more effective for monitoring ambrosia beetles than Lindgren funnel traps, the current standard, and may provide an economical alternative for pest detection in avocado groves.

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Ruzzier, Enrico, Stefan Cristian Prazaru, Massimo Faccoli, and Carlo Duso. "Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894) on Grapevines in Italy with a Compilation of World Scolytine Weevils Developing on Vitaceae." Insects 12, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12100869.

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The invasive ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus germanus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini) is recorded for the first time infesting wine grapes in Italy. The type of the attack is illustrated and the possible causes of the onset of the infestation are discussed. Furthermore, given the continuously increasing number of alien wood-borer beetles introduced worldwide, we provide and discuss the updated world checklist of Scolytinae attacking Vitaceae, and Vitis sp. in particular.

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Mayers, Chase G., Thomas C. Harrington, and Christopher M. Ranger. "First report of a sexual state in an ambrosia fungus: Ambrosiella cleistominuta sp. nov. associated with the ambrosia beetle Anisandrus maiche." Botany 95, no. 5 (May 2017): 503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0297.

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Genera of ambrosia beetles in the tribe Xyleborini with large, mesonotal mycangia host unique fungal symbionts in the genus Ambrosiella. The symbiont of a recent invasive to the USA from Asia, Anisandrus maiche Stark, had not been previously characterized. We found the mycangium anatomy of An. maiche collected in Ohio to be similar to that of Anisandrus dispar and consistently isolated a novel fungus, Ambrosiella cleistominuta sp. nov., from An. maiche mycangia and galleries. The fungus was distinguished from other named Ambrosiella by morphological characters and DNA sequences (ITS rDNA and tef-1α). The mycangial symbionts of ambrosia beetles had been assumed to be strictly asexual, but A. cleistominuta produces cleistothecious ascomata with ascospores in beetle galleries and in culture. In contrast to ascomata of other Ceratocystidaceae, the relatively small ascomata of A. cleistominuta are neckless and without ostioles. The ascospores are relatively large, and single-ascospore colonies produced ascomata and ascospores in culture, showing that A. cleistominuta is homothallic.

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Ulyshen, Michael D., William T. Barrington, E. Richard Hoebeke, and Daniel A. Herms. "Vertically Stratified Ash-Limb Beetle Fauna in Northern Ohio." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/215891.

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To better understand the diversity and ecology of indigenous arthropods at risk from the invasive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennisFairmaire) in North American forests, saproxylic beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) were reared from ash (Fraxinussp.) limbs suspended in the canopy,~10–17 m above the ground, and from those placed on the ground in a mature mixed hardwood forest. In total, 209 specimens from 9 families and 18 species were collected from 30.0 m2of limbs. The generalist cerambycidNeoclytus acuminatus(Fabricius) was the most commonly captured taxon, followed by an assemblage of four exotic ambrosia beetles dominated byXylosandrus crassiusculus(Motschulsky). Two species largely or entirely restricted to ash, the buprestidAgrilus subcinctusGory and the curculionidHylesinus aculeatus(Say), were collected as well. Although there were no differences in beetle richness, abundance, or density between limb positions, community composition differed significantly. This can be largely attributed to phloem and wood-feeding species (i.e., Cerambycidae and Buprestidae) being more common in the suspended limbs and ambrosia beetles being more numerous on the forest floor. Possible explanations for these patterns are discussed.

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Roy, Kylle, Kelly A. Jaenecke, and Robert W. Peck. "Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Communities and Frass Production in ʻŌhiʻa (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) Infected With Ceratocystis (Microascales: Ceratocystidaceae) Fungi Responsible for Rapid ʻŌhiʻa Death." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 6 (September 16, 2020): 1345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa108.

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Abstract Rapid ʻŌhiʻa Death (ROD) is a deadly disease that is threatening the native Hawaiian keystone tree species, ʻōhiʻa lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha Gaudich). Ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and their frass are hypothesized to play a major role in the spread of ROD, although their ecological niches and frass production within trees and across the landscape are not well understood. We characterized the beetle communities and associated frass production from bolts (tree stem sections) representative of entire individual ʻōhiʻa trees from multiple locations across Hawaiʻi Island by rearing beetles and testing their frass for viable ROD-causing fungi. Additionally, we estimated frass production for three beetle species by weighing their frass over time. We found that Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzburg), Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff, Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabricius), Xyleborus perforans (Wollaston), and Xyleborus simillimus Perkins were commonly found on ROD-infected ʻōhiʻa and each produced frass containing viable Ceratocystis propagules. The Hawaiʻi Island endemic beetle and the only native ambrosia beetle associated with ʻōhiʻa, X. simillimus, was limited to high elevations and appeared to utilize similar tree heights or niche dimensions as the invasive X. ferrugineus. Viable Ceratocystis propagules expelled in frass were found throughout entire tree bole sections as high as 13 m. Additionally, we found that X. ferrugineus produced over 4× more frass than X. simillimus. Our results indicate the ambrosia beetle community and their frass play an important role in the ROD pathosystem. This information may help with the development and implementation of management strategies to control the spread of the disease.

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Grousset, Fabienne, Jean-Claude Grégoire, Hervé Jactel, Andrea Battisti, Anita Benko Beloglavec, Boris Hrašovec, Jiri Hulcr, Daegan Inward, Andrei Orlinski, and Françoise Petter. "The Risk of Bark and Ambrosia Beetles Associated with Imported Non-Coniferous Wood and Potential Horizontal Phytosanitary Measures." Forests 11, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030342.

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Many bark and ambrosia beetle species (Coleoptera: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) are known to have spread worldwide in relation to international trade. Concerns have been expressed within the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) about recent introductions of non-indigenous species of these groups. Regulation of the non-coniferous wood trade into many EPPO member countries is currently not sufficient to cover such risks. In 2018–2019, an EPPO study on the risk of bark and ambrosia beetles associated with imported non-coniferous wood was carried out, and the key characteristics contributing to the pest risk from introduced species were determined using expert consensus. This paper summarizes the key findings of the study, which are available in full detail on the EPPO website. The study identified biological and other risk factors and illustrated them with examples from 26 beetle species or groups of species known to be invasive or posing a threat to plant health. These representative species were classified into three categories based on known damage and level of uncertainty. In the present article, factorial discriminant analyses were used to identify features of bark and ambrosia beetle biology associated with damage caused and invasiveness. Based on the information assembled and consideration of the risk factors, it was recommended that in order to prevent the introduction of new bark and ambrosia beetles via non-coniferous wood commodities, horizontal phytosanitary measures should be adopted, irrespective of the host plant species and the origin (i.e., for all genera of non-coniferous woody plants and from all origins). Phytosanitary measures are presented here for various wood commodities.

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Kanzaki, Natsumi, Natsumi Kanzaki, Robin M. Giblin-Davis, Natsumi Kanzaki, Robin M. Giblin-Davis, Daniel Carrillo, Natsumi Kanzaki, et al. "Bursaphelenchus penai n. sp. (Tylenchomorpha: Aphelenchoididae), a phoretic associate of ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) from avocado in Florida." Nematology 16, no. 6 (2014): 683–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002797.

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During an experimental host-plant survey for the invasive redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, in Homestead, Florida, it and three native species of ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus affinis, X. volvulus and Xyleborinus gracilis were found to be associated with a Bursaphelenchus species. This nematode species, isolated from ambrosia beetles from the tribe Xyleborini, was cultured on Monilinia fructicola or Botryotinia fuckeliana for further study and was determined to be new to science and a putative sister species to B. kiyoharai because of two apomorphic characters in males, viz., possession of a tail spike vs the typical bursal flap, and the apparent absence of the P1 ventral single papilla, both typically plesiomorphic characters for the genus. Additionally, B. kiyoharai is associated with X. serriatus suggesting that the host and microbiome associations that are shared between these two species, both of which are carried by ambrosia beetles, may have ecological and biological significance in their evolution and lineage radiation. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the near-full-length small subunit (SSU: 18S) and the D2/D3 expansion segments of the large subunit (LSU: 28S) confirmed that B. penai n. sp. is very closely related to B. kiyoharai which is a member of the B. fungivorus clade that includes B. thailandae and B. willibaldi. Bursaphelenchus penai n. sp. and B. kiyoharai both share very similar overall spicule morphology with the B. fungivorus clade. The new species is described and can be typologically differentiated from B. kiyoharai by the position of the hemizonid and excretory pore and its different geographical and host associations.

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Hartshorn, Jessica A., and David R. Coyle. "Comparative Meta-analysis Effects of Nonnative Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), and Bark and Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Native Confamilials." Environmental Entomology 50, no. 3 (April 2, 2021): 622–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab017.

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Abstract Nonnative species often transform local communities to the detriment of native species. Much of the existing invasion ecology research focuses on the effects of a few extremely impactful species, and it is less clear how nonnative species which are not causing economic or ecological impacts alter closely related natives at risk of being displaced. Filling these knowledge gaps is critical because consequences of nonnative species are likely to vary depending on taxonomic scale, functional trait, and spatial or temporal niche. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate how biodiversity of native Formicidae (ants), Carabidae (ground beetles), and Scolytinae (bark and ambrosia beetles) species changes across a gradient of pressure from nonnative confamilials. We calculated Hill numbers for each group from data presented in literature and correlated native diversity metrics to proportion of nonnative species. Species richness of native ants was significantly negatively correlated with proportions of nonnative ants, whereas bark and ambrosia beetle metrics showed a nonsignificant negative correlation. Nonnative ground beetles had neutral effects on diversity of native ground beetles. Resulting contrasting patterns of invasive species effects on natives suggest complex biotic and abiotic factors driving effects of nonnative species in these groups. Our results suggest that a few extreme examples (e.g., red imported fire ants) drive most of the changes seen in native arthropod communities. To accurately assess impacts of invaders on native arthropod diversity, baseline data are needed, and community analyses must consider diverse functional traits of native taxa and improve the depth and breadth of community sampling.

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Mazur, Andrzej, Radosław Witkowski, Jarosław Góral, and Grzegorz Rogowski. "Occurrence of Gnathotrichus Materiarius (Fitch, 1858) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in South-Western Poland." Folia Forestalia Polonica 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2018-0015.

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Abstract Gnathotrichus materiarius is listed as an alien ambrosia beetle in European fauna. This is an invasive species from North America, which was found in Europe (France) in the 1930s. In Poland, it was recorded in 2015. Already in 2017 numerous infestations of G. materiarius on lying Pinus sylvestris wood were obsereved. G. materairius is a xylomycophagous species and wood damage to its feeding is similar to that caused by striped ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum. The paper presents sites of G. materairius occurrence found in 2016 and 2017. These include 15 sites located in managed forests (5 forest districts) as well as in 2 national parks situated along south-western border of Poland. G. materairius beetles were found in pheromone-baited traps used to monitor Ips duplicatus and I. amitinus or collected from infested Scots pine wood. The paper presents the description and characteristics of wood damage due to G. materiarius as well as its distinguishing features.

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Aistova, Elena V., Vitaliy G. Bezborodov, Tatyana O. Markova, Mikhail V. Maslov, and Lyubov A. Fedina. "THE FORMATION OF THE CONSORTIA RELATIONS OF MOLIPTERYX FULIGINOSA (UHLER, 1860) (HEMIPTERA, COREIDAE) WITH AMBROSIA ARTEMISIIFOLIA IN THE PRIMORSKII KRAI OF RUSSIA." Ecologica Montenegrina 21 (May 25, 2019): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2019.21.11.

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Currently, invasive species spreading is becoming a key problem on the global scale. Scope of invasive species control get solved at governmental level in many countries; hundreds of billions dollars a year are allocated as financial support; global programs are created. For the first time, biological control of invasive species Ambrosia artemisiifolia using an introduced phytophage insect was applied in Russia (former USSR) in the 60-70s years of the 20th century and it remains a unique large-scale example until to nowadays. Ambrosia leaf beetle (Zygogramma suturalis (Fabricius, 1775) was brought to the Russian Far East for biological control of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in the 80-90s years of the 20th century for the first time, however the targeted result was not achieved. At present, Zygogramma suturalis were adapted at the Primorskii Krai in the south of the Far East, but due to climatic conditions its numbers are low and, as a result, the impact on ambrosia is minimal. The search for native insect species with capable of effectively suppressing the spread of aggressive quarantine weed in local conditions remains in the area of focus. At the moment, two species of native leaf beetles have been identified, using Ambrosia as an additional element in the diet. Climate changes and the shift of biogeographic boundaries cause the natural expansion of the areals of some East Asian insect species to the north within the Russian Far East. Bug-edge Molipteryx fuliginosa (Uhler, 1860) is one of such species. Expanding the area to the north and east, the species also corrects trophic preferences. As a result of our research in the south of Primorskii Krai, the trophic relations of Molipteryx fuliginosa were studied in the field conditions and in rearing cages. The same work was carried out in places where Ambrosia artemisiifolia were growing in a great number. For insects observing were used standard methods. As a result, firstly was established and confirmed that the bug-edge uses Ambrosia artemisiifolia as a feed plant only in select developmental stages, including imago. The feeding of larvae of IV – V ages was noted in natural conditions. The long-time Molipteryx fuliginosa development cycle on ambrosia leads to break the course of normal plant ontogenesis and causes wilting of individual organs.

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Gugliuzzo, Antonio, Peter H. W. Biedermann, Daniel Carrillo, Louela A. Castrillo, James P. Egonyu, Diego Gallego, Khalid Haddi, et al. "Recent advances toward the sustainable management of invasive Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles." Journal of Pest Science 94, no. 3 (May 15, 2021): 615–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-021-01382-3.

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AbstractWe provide an overview of both traditional and innovative control tools for management of three Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), invasive species with a history of damage in forests, nurseries, orchards and urban areas. Xylosandrus compactus, X. crassiusculus and X. germanus are native to Asia, and currently established in several countries around the globe. Adult females bore galleries into the plant xylem inoculating mutualistic ambrosia fungi that serve as food source for the developing progeny. Tunneling activity results in chewed wood extrusion from entry holes, sap outflow, foliage wilting followed by canopy dieback, and branch and trunk necrosis. Maintaining plant health by reducing physiological stress is the first recommendation for long-term control. Baited traps, ethanol-treated bolts, trap logs and trap trees of selected species can be used to monitor Xylosandrus species. Conventional pest control methods are mostly ineffective against Xylosandrus beetles because of the pests’ broad host range and rapid spread. Due to challenges with conventional control, more innovative control approaches are being tested, such as the optimization of the push–pull strategy based on specific attractant and repellent combinations, or the use of insecticide-treated netting. Biological control based on the release of entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi, as well as the use of antagonistic bacteria, has yielded promising results. However, these technologies still require validation in real field conditions. Overall, we suggest that management efforts should primarily focus on reducing plant stress and potentially be combined with a multi-faceted approach for controlling Xylosandrus damage.

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Viloria, Z., G. Travis, W. Dunwell, and R. Villanueva. "Seasonal emergence of invasive ambrosia beetles in Western Kentucky in 2017©." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1212 (September 2018): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2018.1212.41.

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Procter, M., W. J. Nel, S. Marincowitz, P. W. Crous, and M. J. Wingfield. "A new species of Raffaelea from beetle-infested Leucaena leucocephala." Fungal Systematics and Evolution 6, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2020.06.16.

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Species of Raffaelea (Ophiostomatales: Ascomycota) are obligate symbionts of ambrosia beetles, some of which pose a substantial threat to forest trees. Leucaena leucocephala is a small mimosoid tree species that is considered as an invasive weed in most of its introduced range globally. During a field expedition on the French island of Réunion, dying L. leucocephala trees were observed. Samples were taken from these trees and isolations made from symptomatic wood tissues that included beetle tunnels, but in the absence of the beetles themselves. Multiple isolates of a fungus resembling a Raffaelea species were obtained from the discoloured wood associated with the beetle tunnels. To determine their identity, microscopic examination was performed and DNA sequences for three gene regions (ITS, LSU, TUB) were obtained. Phylogenetic analyses based on these gene regions revealed that the isolates represent a new species of Raffaelea, described here as R. borbonica sp. nov. A pathogenicity test was conducted with the fungus, which was shown to cause lesions on the inoculated seedlings, but with a low level of aggressiveness.

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Noseworthy, Meghan K., Leland M. Humble, Jon Sweeney, Peter Silk, and Peter Mayo. "Attraction of Monarthrum scutellare (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to hydroxy ketones and host volatiles." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 10 (October 2012): 1851–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-122.

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Species of ambrosia beetle Monarthrum are potentially invasive and pose a threat to forest resources around the world. Due to their cryptic lifestyle, these beetles are difficult to detect and monitor. In 2008, we set up traps baited with synthetic pheromones and host volatiles in mixed coniferous–deciduous forested areas in Metchosin, British Columbia, to test the efficacy of various lures at detecting species of Cerambycidae and discovered that the combination of ethanol (EtOH) and the synthetic cerambycid pheromone racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one (C8-ketol) was a very effective attractant for Monarthrum scutellare (LeConte). In 2009, an experiment was set up in Garry oak ( Quercus garryana Douglas ex Hook.) forests to test the effect of baiting traps with C8-ketols or EtOH, or both lures combined, on capture of M. scutellare. A significant number of M. scutellare males were captured in funnel traps baited with EtOH and EtOH paired with C8-ketol. The use of C8-ketol paired with EtOH lures substantially increased trap sensitivity and should therefore improve the efficacy of detecting M. scutellare in bark and ambrosia beetle surveys and surveillance programs.

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Galko, Juraj, Marek Dzurenko, Christopher Ranger, Ján Kulfan, Emanuel Kula, Christo Nikolov, Milan Zúbrik, and Peter Zach. "Distribution, Habitat Preference, and Management of the Invasive Ambrosia Beetle Xylosandrus germanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in European Forests with an Emphasis on the West Carpathians." Forests 10, no. 1 (December 25, 2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10010010.

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The black timber bark beetle Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) is an invasive ambrosia beetle that originates from Southeast Asia and has become successfully established within Europe and North America. Herein, we provide a review of the spread and distribution of this tree and timber pest species across Europe, before and after 2000, along with a review of its habitat preferences. Since the spread of X. germanus across Europe has accelerated rapidly post-2000, emphasis is placed on this period. X. germanus was first recorded in Germany in 1951 and since then in 21 other European countries along with Russia. Ethanol-baited traps were deployed in oak, beech, and spruce forest ecosystems in the Western Carpathians, Central Europe, Slovakia, to characterize the distribution and habitat preferences of this non-native ambrosia beetle. Captures of X. germanus within Slovakia have been rising rapidly since its first record in 2010, and now this species dominates captures of ambrosia beetles. X. germanus has spread throughout Slovakia from south-southwest to north-northeast over a period of 5–10 years, and has also spread vertically into higher altitudes within the country. While living but weakened trees in Europe and North America are attacked by X. germanus, the greatest negative impact within Slovakia is attacks on recently felled logs of oak, beech and spruce trees, which provide high quality timber/lumber. We suggest that the recent rapid spread of X. germanus in Central Europe is being facilitated by environmental changes, specifically global warming, and the increasing frequency of timber trade. Recommendations for the management of X. germanus in forest ecosystems are proposed and discussed, including early detection, monitoring, sanitary measures, etc.

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Werle, Christopher T., Karla M. Addesso, Blair J. Sampson, Jason B. Oliver, and John J. Adamczyk. "Integrating Kaolin Clay for Ambrosia Beetle Management in Ornamental Crops of Eastern Redbud." HortScience 52, no. 1 (January 2017): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11351-16.

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Invasive ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are an important pest problem at ornamental tree nurseries. Available chemical treatments are not completely effective and, due to the length of the beetle dispersal period and insecticide breakdown, repeated treatments can become costly in terms of application expense and nontarget impacts. Additional options are needed to reduce application frequency and to provide an acceptable level of crop protection. Four treatments were tested using ethanol-injected eastern redbud trees at research sites in Mississippi (MS) and Tennessee (TN) over 2 years (2014–15), with the number of new ambrosia beetle galleries compared over time on 1) nontreated control trees, 2) kaolin-treated trees, 3) bifenthrin-treated trees, and 4) kaolin + bifenthrin (k + b)-treated trees. Kaolin-treated trees rapidly lost their coating after rain events and, at 6 days after treatment (DAT) in TN, no differences were detected in the number of beetle galleries between kaolin and nontreated control trees. Kaolin + bifenthrin-treated trees appeared to retain treatment residue longer, but were not better-protected than bifenthrin-treated trees at any time. Further research is needed to determine whether an adjuvant, such as a surfactant, spreader, or sticker, may enhance the modest impact offered by kaolin in our test, or if a reduction in rates of bifenthrin may be allowable.

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Lin, Wei, Miaofeng Xu, Lei Gao, Yongying Ruan, Shengchang Lai, Ye Xu, and You Li. "New records of two invasive ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini) to mainland China." BioInvasions Records 10, no. 1 (2021): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/bir.2021.10.1.09.

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Gomez, Demian F., Jiri Hulcr, and Daniel Carrillo. "Invasive Shot Hole Borers Euwallacea fornicatus, E. kuroshio, and E. perbrevis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." EDIS 2020, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fr422-2019.

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Invasive species, those that are nonnative and cause economic damage, are one of the main threats to ecosystems around the world. Ambrosia beetles are some of the most common invasive insects. Currently, severe economic impacts have been increasingly reported for all the invasive shot hole borers in South Africa, California, Israel, and throughout Asia. This 7-page fact sheet written by Demian F. Gomez, Jiri Hulcr, and Daniel Carrillo and published by the School of Forest Resources and Conservation describes shot hole borers and their biology and hosts and lists some strategies for prevention and control of these pests. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr422

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Mayorquin, Joey S., Joseph D. Carrillo, Mathias Twizeyimana, Beth B. Peacock, Kameron Y. Sugino, Francis Na, Danny H. Wang, John N. Kabashima, and Akif Eskalen. "Chemical Management of Invasive Shot Hole Borer and Fusarium Dieback in California Sycamore (Platanus racemosa) in Southern California." Plant Disease 102, no. 7 (July 2018): 1307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-17-1569-re.

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Fusarium dieback (FD) is a new vascular disease of hardwood trees caused by Fusarium spp. and other associated fungal species which are vectored by two recently introduced and highly invasive species of ambrosia beetle (Euwallacea spp. nr. fornicatus). One of these ambrosia beetles is known as the polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) and the other as the Kuroshio shot hole borer (KSHB). Together with the fungi that they vector, this pest–disease complex is known as the shot hole borer–Fusarium dieback (SHB-FD) complex. Mitigation of this pest–disease complex currently relies on tree removal; however, this practice is expensive and impractical given the wide host range and rapid advancement of the beetles throughout hardwoods in southern California. This study reports on the assessment of various pesticides for use in the management of SHB-FD. In vitro screening of 13 fungicides revealed that pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, and azoxystrobin generally have lower effective concentration that reduces 50% of mycelial growth (EC50) values across all fungal symbionts of PSHB and KSHB; metconazole was found to have lower EC50 values for Fusarium spp. and Paracremonium pembeum. Triadimefon and fluxapyroxad were not capable of inhibiting any fungal symbiont at the concentrations tested. A 1-year field study showed that two insecticides, emamectin benzoate alone and in combination with propiconazole, and bifenthrin, could significantly reduce SHB attacks. Two injected fungicides (tebuconazole and a combination of carbendazim and debacarb) and one spray fungicide (metconazole) could also significantly reduce SHB attacks. Bioassays designed to assess fungicide retention 1 year postapplication revealed that six of the seven fungicides exhibited some level of inhibition in vitro and all thiabendazole-treated trees sampled exhibiting inhibition. This study has identified several pesticides which can be implemented as part of an integrated pest management strategy to reduce SHB infestation in low to moderately infested landscape California sycamore trees and potentially other landscape trees currently affected by SHB-FD.

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Luna-Hernández, Saúl A., Israel Bonilla-Landa, Alfonso Reyes-Luna, Alfredo Rodríguez-Hernández, Ulises Cuapio-Muñoz, Luis A. Ibarra-Juárez, Gabriel Suarez-Mendez, et al. "Synthesis and Insecticidal Evaluation of Chiral Neonicotinoids Analogs: The Laurel Wilt Case." Molecules 26, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 4225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144225.

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Xyleborus sp beetles are types of ambrosia beetles invasive to the United States and recently also to Mexico. The beetle can carry a fungus responsible for the Laurel Wilt, a vascular lethal disease that can host over 300 tree species, including redbay and avocado. This problem has a great economic and environmental impact. Indeed, synthetic chemists have recently attempted to develop new neonicotinoids. This is also due to severe drug resistance to “classic” insecticides. In this research, a series of neonicotinoids analogs were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated against Xyleborus sp. Most of the target compounds showed good to excellent insecticidal activity. Generally, the cyclic compounds also showed better activity in comparison with open-chain compounds. Compounds R-13, 23, S-29, and 43 showed a mortality percent of up to 73% after 12 h of exposure. These results highlight the enantioenriched compounds with absolute R configuration. The docking results correlated with experimental data which showed both cation-π interactions in relation to the aromatic ring and hydrogen bonds between the search cavity 3C79 and the novel molecules. The results suggest that these sorts of interactions are responsible for high insecticidal activity.

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Gomez, Demian F., Robert J. Rabaglia, Katherine E. O. Fairbanks, and Jiri Hulcr. "North American Xyleborini north of Mexico: a review and key to genera and species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)." ZooKeys 768 (June 19, 2018): 19–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.768.24697.

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Bark and ambrosia beetles (Scolytinae) are the most successful group of invasive wood borers worldwide, and the most invasive among them are species in the tribe Xyleborini. This haplodiploid, highly inbred, fungus-farming group is represented by 30 non-native species in North America, of which at least five are serious pests. The few identification resources for Xyleborini that exist are becoming outdated due to new species arrivals and nomenclatural changes. Here we present a new comprehensive key to Xyleborini currently known from the continental United States. Compared to the previous key, the following species have been added to the North American fauna:Ambrosiodmusminor(Stebbing),Ambrosiophilusnodulosus(Eggers),AnisandrusmaicheKurentsov,Coptoboruspseudotenuis(Schedl),Cyclorhipidionfukiense(Eggers),DryocoetoidesreticulatusAtkinson,Dryoxylononoharaense(Murayama),Euwallaceainterjectus(Blandford),Xyleborinusandrewesi(Blandford),Xyleborinusartestriatus(Eichhoff),Xyleborinusoctiesdentatus(Murayama),XyleborusbispinatusEichhoff,XyleborusseriatusBlandford,XyleborusspinulosusBlandford, andXylosandrusamputatus(Blandford).

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Egonyu, James Peter, Yosia Mukasa, Robert Ekwaru, Isaac Ogari, and Gladys Ahumuza. "Occurrence of Euwallacea sp. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and its ambrosia fungus Cunninghamella echinulata on Ricinus communis in Coffea canephora gardens in Uganda." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 37, no. 03 (June 27, 2017): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758417000121.

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AbstractEuwallaceaspp. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) are polyphagous globally distributed invasive ambrosia beetles. One of the species was recently detected attackingRicinus communisgrowing inCoffea canephoragardens in Uganda. This study was undertaken to: (a) determine the distribution, incidence, and relative abundance ofEuwallaceasp. onR. communisin Uganda; (b) determine the influence of the presence ofC. canephoraon the incidence and abundance ofEuwallaceasp. onR. communis; and (c) identify ambrosia fungus ofEuwallaceasp. onR. communis.FiveC. canephorafarms withR. communisand five others withR. communisbut withoutC. canephorawere sampled in each of the six districts surveyed. Incidence ofEuwallaceasp. onR. communiswas measured, by inspecting the host trees in each farm for the presence or absence of the pest. Abundance ofEuwallaceasp. onR. communiswas estimated, by counting holes ofEuwallaceasp. at the lower 1.7 m ofR. communisstems. A fungus was isolated from galleries ofEuwallaceasp. onR. communisand identified. Results show thatEuwallaceasp. was present onR. communisin all districts surveyed, with 30–70% of the farms infested in each district and 5–28 holes ofEuwallaceasp. found on each sampled stem ofR. communis. Coffea canephoraappeared to facilitate the infestation ofR. communisbyEuwallaceasp., although it did not seem to influence the multiplication of the insect inside the host.Cunninghamella echinulataappeared to be the ambrosia fungus associated withEuwallaceasp. Therefore,Euwallaceasp. is a threat to many economically important plants in Uganda that are known to be hosts of this pest.

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DiGirolomo, Marc F., and Kevin J. Dodds. "Comparison of the species richness and abundance of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) and Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) captured in aerial malaise traps with and without a bottom collector." Canadian Entomologist 149, no. 3 (January 24, 2017): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2016.70.

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AbstractMethods for detection and monitoring invasive insect species are continually being refined and developed. Detecting invasive pests early can improve chances of eradication or management of populations. Aerial malaise traps are successfully used in monitoring for insects such as longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). These traps have both a top and bottom collecting cup. The bottom portion of these traps leading to the collection cup collects canopy litter at a high rate, greatly increasing time required to sort through and possibly affecting the diversity and abundance of insects captured. Traps with top and bottom collecting cups were compared with traps with only top collecting cups to determine the effect on species richness and abundance of cerambycids and scolytines. There was no significant difference in species richness and abundance of cerambycids, and abundance of scolytines, however species richness of scolytines was significantly higher in top/bottom traps. We conclude that removing the bottoms from aerial malaise traps would benefit monitoring programmes that use this type of trap in combination with funnel traps, albeit with the potential loss of information on scolytine richness.

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Dodge, Christine, Jessica Coolidge, Miriam Cooperband, Allard Cossé, Daniel Carrillo, and Richard Stouthamer. "Quercivorol as a lure for the polyphagous and Kuroshio shot hole borers, Euwallacea spp. nr. fornicatus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), vectors of Fusarium dieback." PeerJ 5 (August 17, 2017): e3656. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3656.

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The polyphagous shot hole borer and Kuroshio shot hole borer, two members of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), are invasive ambrosia beetles that harbor distinct species of Fusarium fungal symbionts. Together with the damage caused by gallery construction, these two phytopathogenic Fusarium species are responsible for the emerging tree disease Fusarium dieback, which affects over 50 common tree species in Southern California. Host trees suffer branch dieback as the xylem is blocked by invading beetles and fungi, forcing the costly removal of dead and dying trees in urban areas. The beetles are also threatening natural riparian habitats, and avocado is susceptible to Fusarium dieback as well, resulting in damage to the avocado industries in California and Israel. Currently there are no adequate control mechanisms for shot hole borers. This paper summarizes efforts to find a suitable lure to monitor shot hole borer invasions and dispersal. Field trials were conducted in two counties in Southern California over a span of two years. We find that the chemical quercivorol is highly attractive to these beetles, and perform subsequent field experiments attempting to optimize this lure. We also explore other methods of increasing trap catch and effects of other potential attractants, as well as the deterrents verbenone and piperitone.

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Williams, G. M., and M. D. Ginzel. "Spatial and Climatic Factors Influence Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Abundance in Intensively Managed Plantations of Eastern Black Walnut." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 1 (November 20, 2019): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz125.

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Abstract Invasive ambrosia beetles are among the most economically important pests of forest and plantation trees world-wide. The development of effective management guidelines for these pests in plantations of high-value hardwood species is hindered by a lack of baseline information regarding their seasonal abundance and dispersal behavior. By analyzing long-term monitoring data from intensively-managed plantations of eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) in north-central Indiana, we identified key spatial and climatic variables that could improve the timing and precision of management actions to reduce ambrosia beetle populations. We also used geospatial analyses to compare species-specific spatial patterns of population density and evaluate the sensitivity of the trap density deployed in our long-term monitoring efforts. Xyleborinus saxesenii Ratzeburg and Xylosandrus crassiusculus Matschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were more abundant during the spring in years preceded by a hot, dry growing season, and cold winter. Both species were positively associated with plantation edges during the fall flight period. However, X. saxesenii was less abundant in plantations close to forest corridors, whereas X. crassiusculus was more abundant in plantations closer to woodlots and other walnut plantations. Geospatial analysis revealed X. crassiusculus is active in larger, more spatially continuous patches than X. saxesenii, and that 200-m trap spacing is likely to be sufficient to detect both species in the spring flight period but may be insufficient to detect X. saxesenii during the fall flight period. Our findings underscore the power and utility of long-term monitoring to improve management strategies.

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Chen, Yigen, Paul L. Dallara, Lori J. Nelson, Tom W. Coleman, Stacy M. Hishinuma, Daniel Carrillo, and Steven J. Seybold. "Comparative morphometric and chemical analyses of phenotypes of two invasive ambrosia beetles (Euwallacea spp.) in the United States." Insect Science 24, no. 4 (June 15, 2016): 647–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1744-7917.12329.

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Brockerhoff, Eckehard G., John Bain, Mark Kimberley, and Milos Knížek. "Interception frequency of exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) and relationship with establishment in New Zealand and worldwide." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-250.

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Scolytinae species are among the most damaging forest pests, and many of them are invasive. Over 1500 Scolytinae interceptions were recorded at New Zealand's borders between 1950 and 2000. Among the 103 species were Dendroctonus ponderosae, Ips typographus, and other high-risk species, but actual arrivals probably included many more species. Interceptions were primarily associated with dunnage, casewood (crating), and sawn timber, and originated from 59 countries, mainly from Europe, Australasia, northern Asia, and North America. New Zealand and United States interception data were highly correlated, and 7 of the 10 most intercepted species were shared. Interception frequency and establishment in New Zealand were not clearly related. By combining New Zealand and United States interceptions of true bark beetles we obtained data on species found in shipments from around the world. Logistic regression analysis showed that frequently intercepted species were about four times as likely as rarely intercepted species to be established somewhere. Interception records of wood and bark borers are valuable for the prediction of invaders and for our general understanding of invasions. The use of alternatives to solid wood packaging, such as processed wood, should be encouraged to reduce the spread of invasive wood and bark borers.

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Steininger, M. S., J. Hulcr, M. igut, and A. Lucky. "Simple and Efficient Trap for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to Facilitate Invasive Species Monitoring and Citizen Involvement." Journal of Economic Entomology 108, no. 3 (March 18, 2015): 1115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/tov014.

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Hulcr, Jiri, and Robert R. Dunn. "The sudden emergence of pathogenicity in insect–fungus symbioses threatens naive forest ecosystems." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1720 (July 13, 2011): 2866–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1130.

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Invasive symbioses between wood-boring insects and fungi are emerging as a new and currently uncontrollable threat to forest ecosystems, as well as fruit and timber industries throughout the world. The bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) constitute the large majority of these pests, and are accompanied by a diverse community of fungal symbionts. Increasingly, some invasive symbioses are shifting from non-pathogenic saprotrophy in native ranges to a prolific tree-killing in invaded ranges, and are causing significant damage. In this paper, we review the current understanding of invasive insect–fungus symbioses. We then ask why some symbioses that evolved as non-pathogenic saprotrophs, turn into major tree-killers in non-native regions. We argue that a purely pathology-centred view of the guild is not sufficient for explaining the lethal encounters between exotic symbionts and naive trees. Instead, we propose several testable hypotheses that, if correct, lead to the conclusion that the sudden emergence of pathogenicity is a new evolutionary phenomenon with global biogeographical dynamics. To date, evidence suggests that virulence of the symbioses in invaded ranges is often triggered when several factors coincide: (i) invasion into territories with naive trees, (ii) the ability of the fungus to either overcome resistance of the naive host or trigger a suicidal over-reaction, and (iii) an ‘olfactory mismatch’ in the insect whereby a subset of live trees is perceived as dead and suitable for colonization. We suggest that individual cases of tree mortality caused by invasive insect–fungus symbionts should no longer be studied separately, but in a global, biogeographically and phylogenetically explicit comparative framework.

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Bernard, Jared, Curtis Ewing, and Russell Messing. "The Structure and Phenology of Non-Native Scolytine Beetle Communities in Coffee Plantations on Kauaʻi." Insects 9, no. 4 (September 20, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9040123.

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Populations and communities are known to respond to abiotic conditions, but the forces determining the distribution of particular insect pests are sometimes overlooked in the process of developing control methods. Bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are important pests of crops, forestry, and ecosystems worldwide, yet the factors that influence their success are unknown for many species. The Hawaiian archipelago is host to over three dozen invasive scolytines, many of which occur on Kauaʻi and are pests of agriculture. We analyzed scolytine community dynamics at two coffee estates: a hand-harvested site in a tropical wet forest and a mechanically harvested site in a tropical dry savanna. Our regression analyses show overall scolytine abundance was negatively correlated with rainfall, as were four species: the tropical nut borer (Hypothenemus obscurus), H. brunneus, Cryphalus longipilus, and Xyleborinus andrewesi. These relationships contributed to the compositions of the communities being markedly dissimilar despite having the same species richness. Multivariate analysis found no influence from temperature or harvest method on community dynamics. This information can be valuable for the timing of pest control methods, for predicting the success of possible new scolytine arrivals on Kauaʻi, and for forecasting how these species may spread with climate change.

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Tian, Zhenqi, Yan Zhang, Chao Ma, Hongsong Chen, Jianying Guo, and Zhongshi Zhou. "Silencing the Myosin Regulatory Light Chain Gene sqh Reduces Cold Hardiness in Ophraella communa LeSage (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." Insects 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2020): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11120844.

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Ambrosia artemisiifolia is a noxious invasive alien weed, that is harmful to the environment and human health. Ophraella communa is a biocontrol agent for A. artemisiifolia, that was accidentally introduced to the Chinese mainland and has now spread throughout southern China. Recently, we found that upon artificial introduction, O. communa can survive in northern China as well. Therefore, it is necessary to study the cold hardiness of O. communa. Many genes have been identified to play a role in cold-tolerance regulation in insects, but the function of the gene encoding non-muscle myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC-sqh) remains unknown. To evaluate the role played by MRLC-sqh in the cold-tolerance response, we cloned and characterized MRLC-sqh from O. communa. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that MRLC-sqh was expressed at high levels in the gut and pupae of O. communa. The expression of MRLC-sqh was shown to decrease after cold shock between 10 and 0 °C and ascend between 0 and −10 °C, but these did not show a positive association between MRLC-sqh expression and cold stress. Silencing of MRLC-sqh using dsMRLC-sqh increased the chill-coma recovery time of these beetles, suggesting that cold hardiness was reduced in its absence. These results suggest that the cold hardiness of O. communa may be partly regulated by MRLC-sqh. Our findings highlight the importance of motor proteins in mediating the cold response in insects.

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Li, You, James Skelton, Sawyer Adams, Yukako Hattori, Matthew E. Smith, and Jiri Hulcr. "The Ambrosia Beetle Sueus niisimai (Scolytinae: Hyorrhynchini) is Associated with the Canker Disease Fungus Diatrypella japonica (Xylariales)." Plant Disease 104, no. 12 (December 2020): 3143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-20-0482-re.

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Ambrosia beetles in the subtribe Hyorrhynchini are one example of an entire ambrosia beetle lineage whose fungi have never been studied. Here, we identify one dominant fungus associated with a widespread Asian hyorrhynchine beetle Sueus niisimai. This fungus was consistently isolated from beetle galleries from multiple collections. Phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS rDNA and β-tubulin sequences identified the primary fungal symbiont as Diatrypella japonica Higuchi, Nikaido & Hattori (Diatrypaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes), which was recently described as a pathogen of sycamore (Platanus spp.) in Japan. To assess the invasion potential of this beetle-fungus interaction into the U.S., we have investigated the pathogenicity of two D. japonica strains on four species of healthy landscape trees native to the southeastern United States. Only Shumard oak (Quercus shumardii) responded with lesions significantly greater than the control inoculations, but there was no observable dieback or tree mortality. Although disease symptoms were not as prominent as in previous studies of the same fungus in Japan, routine reisolation from the inoculation point suggests that this species is capable of colonizing healthy sapwood of several tree species. Our study shows that the geographical area of its distribution is broader in Asia and potentially includes many hosts of its polyphagous vector. We conclude that the Sueus-Diatrypella symbiosis has high invasion potential but low damage potential, at least on young trees during the growing season.

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Rassati, Davide, Lorenzo Marini, and Antonino Malacrinò. "Acquisition of fungi from the environment modifies ambrosia beetle mycobiome during invasion." PeerJ 7 (November 18, 2019): e8103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8103.

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Microbial symbionts can play critical roles when their host attempts to colonize a new habitat. The lack of symbiont adaptation can in fact hinder the invasion process of their host. This scenario could change if the exotic species are able to acquire microorganisms from the invaded environment. Understanding the ecological factors that influence the take-up of new microorganisms is thus essential to clarify the mechanisms behind biological invasions. In this study, we tested whether different forest habitats influence the structure of the fungal communities associated with ambrosia beetles. We collected individuals of the most widespread exotic (Xylosandrus germanus) and native (Xyleborinus saxesenii) ambrosia beetle species in Europe in several old-growth and restored forests. We characterized the fungal communities associated with both species via metabarcoding. We showed that forest habitat shaped the community of fungi associated with both species, but the effect was stronger for the exotic X. germanus. Our results support the hypothesis that the direct contact with the mycobiome of the invaded environment might lead an exotic species to acquire native fungi. This process is likely favored by the occurrence of a bottleneck effect at the mycobiome level and/or the disruption of the mechanisms sustaining co-evolved insect-fungi symbiosis. Our study contributes to the understanding of the factors affecting insect-microbes interactions, helping to clarify the mechanisms behind biological invasions.

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Rassati, Davide, Massimo Faccoli, Robert A. Haack, Robert J. Rabaglia, Edoardo Petrucco Toffolo, Andrea Battisti, and Lorenzo Marini. "Bark and Ambrosia Beetles Show Different Invasion Patterns in the USA." PLOS ONE 11, no. 7 (July 26, 2016): e0158519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158519.

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Susaeta, Andres, José R. Soto, Damian C. Adams, and Jiri Hulcr. "Pre-invasion economic assessment of invasive species prevention: A putative ambrosia beetle in Southeastern loblolly pine forests." Journal of Environmental Management 183 (December 2016): 875–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.037.

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Gomez, Demian F., and Jiri Hulcr. "The Punky Wood Ambrosia Beetle and Fungus in Florida that Cause Wood Rot: Ambrosiodmus minor and Flavodon subulatus." EDIS 2021, no. 2 (March 11, 2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fr434-2020.

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Ambrosiodmus minor is an invasive ambrosia beetle in the southeastern United States, including Florida. It is considered of low importance because evident economic or ecological impacts have not been observed. However, it is associated with a unique ambrosia fungus, Flavodon subulatus, which causes rapid wood rot. Wood decay caused by this association between Ambrosiodmus and Flavodon is increasing in dead trees across the introduced range, especially in Florida. This 4-page fact sheet written by Demian F. Gomez and Jiri Hulcr and published by the UF/IFAS School of Forest Resources and Conservation offers guidance in identification of the pest, the symptoms of an infestation, and explanation of the insect?s biology. In addition, we provide an updated overview of contemporary management and monitoring of the species.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr434

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KIRKENDALL, LAWRENCE R., and FRODE ØDEGAARD. "Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in southern Central America (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." Zootaxa 1588, no. 1 (September 19, 2007): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1588.1.3.

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Old-growth tropical forests are widely believed to be immune to the establishment of alien species. Collections from tropical regions throughout the world, however, have established that this generalization does not apply to inbreeding host generalist bark and ambrosia beetles. Scolytine saproxylophages are readily spread by shipping, inbreeders can easily establish new populations, and host generalists readily find new breeding material, apparently regardless of stage of forest succession. Consequently, many inbreeding scolytines are globally distributed and abundant in all forest types, often being among the dominant species in their wood-borer communities. We report the recent introductions to lower Central America of two Old World inbreeding ambrosia beetles: Xylosandrus crassiusculus, which breeds primarily in smaller diameter trunks, small branches, and twigs, and Xyleborinus exiguus, which is apparently not size selective. We also document the establishment of Euwallacea fornicatus in the region, known previously from a single collection in Panama. Xylosandrus crassiusculus and E. fornicatus are notorious agricultural and forestry pests, as are several previously established alien species in the region. Studying the spread of species such as these three new arrivals into millions of years-old faunas could help us to understand if the saproxylic communities of old-growth tropical forests are peculiarly vulnerable to invasion.

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LEZA, MAR, LUIS NUÑEZ, JOSEP MARIA RIBA, CLAUDIA COMPARINI, ÁLVARO ROCA, and DIEGO GALLEGO. "First record of the black twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Spain." Zootaxa 4767, no. 2 (April 24, 2020): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4767.2.9.

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We present the first record for Spain of the black twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus, an ambrosia beetle of Asian origin, collected from an infested carob tree located in Calvià (Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain). X. compactus is included in the EPPO Alert List, and it has been recently reported causing damages in a Mediterranean maquis ecosystem in Italy and Southern France. Here, we discuss about the first steps of management of this Invasive Alien species (IAS), the eradication plan and the hypothesis of the path of introduction in this Western Mediterranean island.

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Boland, John M., and Deborah L. Woodward. "Thick bark can protect trees from a severe ambrosia beetle attack." PeerJ 9 (February 16, 2021): e10755. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10755.

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Thick bark has been shown to protect trees from wildfires, but can it protect trees from an ambrosia beetle attack? We addressed this question by examining the distribution of holes of the invasive Kuroshio Shot Hole Borer (KSHB, Euwallacea kuroshio; Coleoptera: Scolytinae) in the bark of Goodding’s black willow (Salix gooddingii), one of the KSHB’s most-preferred hosts. The study was conducted in the Tijuana River Valley, California, in 2016–17, during the peak of the KSHB infestation there. Using detailed measurements of bark samples cut from 27 infested trees, we tested and found support for two related hypotheses: (1) bark thickness influences KSHB attack densities and attack locations, i.e., the KSHB bores abundantly through thin bark and avoids boring through thick bark; and (2) bark thickness influences KSHB impacts, i.e., the KSHB causes more damage to thinner-barked trees than to thicker-barked trees. Our results indicate that thick bark protects trees because it limits the density of KSHB entry points and thereby limits internal structural damage to low, survivable levels. This is the first study to identify bark thickness as a factor that influences the density of KSHB—or any ambrosia beetle—in its host tree, and the first to link bark thickness to rates of host tree mortality.

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Iannella, Mattia, Walter De Simone, Paola D’Alessandro, Giulia Console, and Maurizio Biondi. "Investigating the Current and Future Co-Occurrence of Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Ophraella communa in Europe through Ecological Modelling and Remote Sensing Data Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18 (September 14, 2019): 3416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183416.

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The common ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia has spread throughout Europe since the 1800s, infesting croplands and causing severe allergic reactions. Recently, the ragweed leaf beetle Ophraella communa was found in Italy and Switzerland; considering that it feeds primarily on A. artemisiifolia in its invaded ranges, some projects started biological control of this invasive plant through the adventive beetle. In this context of a ‘double’ invasion, we assessed the influence of climate change on the spread of these alien species through ecological niche modelling. Considering that A. artemisiifolia mainly lives in agricultural and urbanized areas, we refined the models using satellite remote-sensing data; we also assessed the co-occurrence of the two species in these patches. A. artemisiifolia is predicted to expand more than O. communa in the future, with the medium and high classes of suitability of the former increasing more than the latter, resulting in lower efficacy for O. communa to potentially control A. artemisiifolia in agricultural and urbanized patches. Although a future assessment was performed through the 2018 land-cover data, the predictions we propose are intended to be a starting point for future assessments, considering that the possibility of a shrinkage of target patches is unlikely to occur.

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Boland, John M. "The impact of an invasive ambrosia beetle on the riparian habitats of the Tijuana River Valley, California." PeerJ 4 (June 21, 2016): e2141. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2141.

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The Tijuana River Valley is the first natural habitat in California to be substantially invaded by the Kuroshio Shot Hole Borer (KSHB,Euwallaceasp.), an ambrosia beetle native to Southeast Asia. This paper documents the distribution of the KSHB in the riparian vegetation in the valley and assesses the damage done to the vegetation as of early 2016, approximately six months after the beetle was first observed in the valley. I divided the riparian habitats into 29 survey units so that the vegetation within each unit was relatively homogenous in terms of plant species composition, age and density. From a random point within each unit, I examined approximately 60 individuals of the dominant plant species for evidence of KSHB infestation and evidence of major damage such as limb breakage. In the 22 forested units,I examined the dominant arroyo and black willows (Salix lasiolepisBenth. andS. gooddingiiC.R. Ball), and in the seven scrub units, I examined mule fat (Baccharis salicifolia(Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.). Evidence of KSHB infestation was found in 25 of the 29 units. In the forest units, infestation rates ranged from 0 to 100% and were high (>60%) in 16 of the units. In the scrub units, infestation rates ranged from 0 to 33%. Infestation rates were significantly correlated with the wetness of a unit; wetter units had higher infestation rates. Evidence of major physical damage was found in 24 units, and dense stands of willows were reduced to broken trunks in several areas. Overall, I estimated that more than 280,000 (70%) of the willows in the valley were infested, and more than 140,000 had suffered major limb damage. In addition, I recorded evidence of KSHB infestation in the other common plant species in the valley; of the 23 species examined, 14 showed evidence of beetle attack. The four species with the highest rates of infestation were native trees in the Salicaceae family. The three species considered to be the worst invasive plants in the valley,Ricinus communisL., Tamarix ramosissimaLedeb. andArundo donaxL., had low rates of infestation. Several findings from this study have significance for resource managers: (1) the KSHB attack caused extensive mortality of trees soon after being first discovered so, if managers are to control the spread of the beetle, they will need to develop an effective early detection and rapid response program; (2) infestation rates were highest in units that were wet, so resource managers trying to detect the beetle in other areas should thoroughly search trees near water, particularly nutrient-enriched water; (3) the infestation appears to be a novel form of disturbance, and the affected forests may need special management actions in order to recover; and (4) the infestation has altered the structure of the forest canopy, and this is likely to promote the growth of invasive plant species that were relatively inconspicuous in the forests prior to the beetle attack but will now need more attention.

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Hulcr, Jiri, Adam Black, Kirsten Prior, Chi-Yu Chen, and Hou-Feng Li. "Studies of Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Their Native Ranges Help Predict Invasion Impact." Florida Entomologist 100, no. 2 (June 2017): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/024.100.0219.

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Eskalen, Akif, Richard Stouthamer, Shannon Colleen Lynch, Paul F. Rugman-Jones, Mathias Twizeyimana, Alex Gonzalez, and Tim Thibault. "Host Range of Fusarium Dieback and Its Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) Vector in Southern California." Plant Disease 97, no. 7 (July 2013): 938–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-12-1026-re.

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The polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) is an invasive ambrosia beetle that forms a symbiosis with a new, as-yet-undescribed Fusarium sp., together causing Fusarium dieback on avocado and other host plants in California and Israel. In California, PSHB was first reported on black locust in 2003 but there were no records of fungal damage until 2012, when a Fusarium sp. was recovered from the tissues of several backyard avocado trees infested with PSHB in Los Angeles County. The aim of this study was to determine the plant host range of the beetle–fungus complex in two heavily infested botanical gardens in Los Angeles County. Of the 335 tree species observed, 207 (62%), representing 58 plant families, showed signs and symptoms consistent with attack by PSHB. The Fusarium sp. was recovered from 54% of the plant species attacked by PSHB, indicated by the presence of the Fusarium sp. at least at the site of the entry hole. Trees attacked by PSHB included 11 species of California natives, 13 agriculturally important species, and many common street trees. Survey results also revealed 19 tree species that function as reproductive hosts for PSHB. Additionally, approximately a quarter of all tree individuals planted along the streets of southern California belong to a species classified as a reproductive host. These data suggest the beetle–disease complex potentially may establish in a variety of plant communities locally and worldwide.

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Umeda, Colin, and Timothy Paine. "Temperature can limit the invasion range of the ambrosia beetle Euwallacea nr. fornicatus." Agricultural and Forest Entomology 21, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/afe.12297.

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RIBA-FLINCH, JOSEP M., MAR LEZA, and DIEGO GALLEGO. "First records of Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in the Iberian Peninsula: an expanding alien species?" Zootaxa 4970, no. 1 (May 13, 2021): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.1.8.

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Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Col.: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) is an ambrosia beetle species native to subtropical Eastern Asia, with great concern due to its high invasive ability. This species has invaded 54 countries worldwide, including 4 European countries (Italy, France, Greece, and Spain); it was detected in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) in October 2019. In the present work, X. compactus is recorded for the first time in the Iberian Peninsula (Girona province, NE Spain); specimens were collected in Banyoles (August 2020, attacking twigs of Laurus nobilis and Liquidambar styraciflua) and Platja d’Aro (October 2020, attacking twigs of L. nobilis). Up-to-date information is presented about its geographical distribution, host plants, biology, symptoms, associate damages, and the possible origin of this species in Europe.

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Pérez-Torres, Claudia-Anahí, Enrique Ibarra-Laclette, Eric-Edmundo Hernández-Domínguez, Benjamín Rodríguez-Haas, Alan-Josué Pérez-Lira, Emanuel Villafán, Alexandro Alonso-Sánchez, Clemente de Jesús García-Ávila, José-Abrahán Ramírez-Pool, and Diana Sánchez-Rangel. "Molecular evidence of the avocado defense response to Fusarium kuroshium infection: a deep transcriptome analysis using RNA-Seq." PeerJ 9 (April 14, 2021): e11215. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11215.

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Fusarium kuroshium is a novel member of the Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC) that has been recognized as one of the symbionts of the invasive Kuroshio shot hole borer, an Asian ambrosia beetle. This complex is considered the causal agent of Fusarium dieback, a disease that has severely threatened natural forests, landscape trees, and avocado orchards in the last 8 years. Despite the interest in this species, the molecular responses of both the host and F. kuroshium during the infection process and disease establishment remain unknown. In this work, we established an in vitro pathosystem using Hass avocado stems inoculated with F. kuroshium to investigate differential gene expression at 1, 4, 7 and 14 days post-inoculation. RNA-seq technology allowed us to obtain data from both the plant and the fungus, and the sequences obtained from both organisms were analyzed independently. The pathosystem established was able to mimic Fusarium dieback symptoms, such as carbohydrate exudation, necrosis, and vascular tissue discoloration. The results provide interesting evidence regarding the genes that may play roles in the avocado defense response to Fusarium dieback disease. The avocado data set comprised a coding sequence collection of 51,379 UniGenes, from which 2,403 (4.67%) were identified as differentially expressed. The global expression analysis showed that F. kuroshium responsive UniGenes can be clustered into six groups according to their expression profiles. The biologically relevant functional categories that were identified included photosynthesis as well as responses to stress, hormones, abscisic acid, and water deprivation. Additionally, processes such as oxidation-reduction, organization and biogenesis of the cell wall and polysaccharide metabolism were detected. Moreover, we identified orthologues of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich receptors, and their possible action mode was analyzed. In F. kuroshium, we identified 57 differentially expressed genes. Interestingly, the alcohol metabolic process biological category had the highest number of upregulated genes, and the enzyme group in this category may play an important role in the mechanisms of secondary metabolite detoxification. Hydrolytic enzymes, such as endoglucanases and a pectate lyase, were also identified, as well as some proteases. In conclusion, our research was conducted mainly to explain how the vascular tissue of a recognized host of the ambrosia complex responds during F. kuroshium infection since Fusarium dieback is an ambrosia beetle-vectored disease and many variables facilitate its establishment.

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Formby, John P., John C. Rodgers, Frank H. Koch, Natraj Krishnan, Donald A. Duerr, and John J. Riggins. "Cold tolerance and invasive potential of the redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus) in the eastern United States." Biological Invasions 20, no. 4 (October 28, 2017): 995–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1606-y.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Invasive ambrosia beetles'

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