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1
Toso, Mario. "DOTTRINA SOCIALE DELLA CHIESA: GUERRA DI INVASIONE DELLA RUSSIA IN UCRAINA." Społeczeństwo 160, no. 4 (January 17, 2023): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.58324/s.299.
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prolusione con cui l’Autore ripercorre l’insegnamento magisteriale ed evangelico sui temi della violenza, della dottrina della cosiddetta “guerra giusta”, sulla legittima difesa in caso di attacco militare, di diritto all’uso delle armi. Nella conclusione, l’Autore propone alcune riforme dei sistemi di governo nazionali e internazionali al fine di poter creare una società più giusta e di ristrutturare istituzioni antiche, fondandoli sui principi della pace e del bene comune
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Losavio, Clelia. "Le norme sul finanziamento e sul riordino delle Comunitŕ montane al vaglio della Corte costituzionale." AGRICOLTURA ISTITUZIONI MERCATI, no. 1 (June 2011): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/aim2011-001006.
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Con le sentenze n. 237 del 2009 e nn. 27 e 326 del 2010, la Corte costituzionale, pur confermando la competenza esclusiva delle regioni in materia di comunitŕ montane a seguito della riforma del titolo V della Costituzione, riconosce, tuttavia, il potere dello Stato di incidere su tale materia se l'intervento statale rinviene un autonomo titolo di legittimazione nella sua competenza concorrente di coordinamento della finanza pubblica. Le norme dei provvedimenti statali presi ad esame dalla Corte, dunque, sebbene riguardino il riordino e il finanziamento delle comunitŕ montane, non costituiscono di per sé un'indebita invasione dell'area riservata all'autonomia delle regioni, ma la loro legittimitŕ deve essere valutata in base al criterio di riparto delle competenze concorrenti.
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Gianella, Pietro, Tanja Fusi, and Enos Bernasconi. "La trasformazione di una sindrome lombovertebrale in stato confusionale acuto." Praxis 103, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1661-8157/a001519.
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Si tratta di un ragazzo somalo 19enne che viene condotto in pronto soccorso a causa di un'importante lombalgia senza nozione di trauma, ormai persistente da diversi mesi. L'esame clinico all'arrivo mostra una dolenzia diffusa alla percussione della muscolatura paravertebrale sinistra senza coinvolgimento neurologico. Gli esami di laboratorio evidenziano un importante rialzo dei parametri di flogosi (CRP 154 mg/l, procalcitonina 0,05 µg/l), le emoculture permangono negative ed una TAC toraco-lombare risulta senza particolarità (G1). Un approfondimento diagnostico mediante risonanza magnetica evidenzia un ascesso a livello della muscolatura paravertebrale sinistra con invasione dello spazio epidurale (G2). Il quadro clinico evolutivo si complica in seguito alla comparsa di una rigidità nucale, associata ad uno stato confusionale acuto, conseguenze della rottura nello spazio meningeo dell'ascesso (G3). Una rachicentesi permetterà di coltivare uno Staphylococcus aureus meticillino-sensibile quale microorganismo eziologicamente responsabile.
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Terrusi, Alessia. "La famosa invasione degli orsi in Sicilia di Dino Buzzati: una fiaba-romanzo tra testo e immagini d’autore." Italica Wratislaviensia 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/iw.2017.08.10.
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Richardson, David M., and Petr Pyšek. "Plant invasions: merging the concepts of species invasiveness and community invasibility." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 30, no. 3 (July 2006): 409–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133306pp490pr.
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This paper considers key issues in plant invasion ecology, where findings published since 1990 have significantly improved our understanding of many aspects of invasions. The review focuses on vascular plants invading natural and semi-natural ecosystems, and on fundamental ecological issues relating to species invasiveness and community invasibility. Three big questions addressed by the SCOPE programme in the 1980s (which species invade; which habitats are invaded; and how can we manage invasions?) still underpin most work in invasion ecology. Some organizing and unifying themes in the field are organism-focused and relate to species invasiveness (the tens rule; the concept of residence time; taxonomic patterns and Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis; issues of phenotypic plasticity and rapid evolutionary change, including evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis; the role of long-distance dispersal). Others are ecosystem-centred and deal with determinants of the invasibility of communities, habitats and regions (levels of invasion, invasibility and propagule pressure; the biotic resistance hypothesis and the links between diversity and invasibility; synergisms, mutualisms, and invasional meltdown). Some theories have taken an overarching approach to plant invasions by integrating the concepts of species invasiveness and community invasibility (a theory of seed plant invasiveness; fluctuating resources theory of invasibility). Concepts, hypotheses and theories reviewed here can be linked to the naturalization-invasion continuum concept, which relates invasion processes with a sequence of environmental and biotic barriers that an introduced species must negotiate to become casual, naturalized and invasive. New research tools and improved research links between invasion ecology and succession ecology, community ecology, conservation biology and weed science, respectively, have strengthened the conceptual pillars of invasion ecology.
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D'Aprile, P., F. Macina, G. Tripoli, and A. Carella. "Meningiomi intracranici." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 7, no. 6 (December 1994): 875–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140099400700604.
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Scopo del presente studio è stata la verifica dell'apporto diagnostico della Angiografia a Risonanza Magnetica (Angio-RM) nella valutazione pre-operatoria dei meningiomi intracranici. Sono stati esaminati 15 pazienti (portatori di 16 meningiomi), sottoposti ad esame RM di base e ad Angio-RM dei vasi arteriosi e venosi (impiegando sequenze TOF, rispettivamente FISP-3D e FISP-2D), anche dopo somministrazione ev di Gadolinio (Gd-DTPA). L'Angio-RM, nel corso dello studio del comparto venoso, ha permesso una accurata valutazione della invasione dei seni e della dislocazione delle vene corticali. Lo studio dei vasi arteriosi ha permesso di rilevare stenosi del segmento cavernoso della arteria carotide interna (nei meningiomi a sede latero-sellare), effetto massa sui vasi adiacenti, ed, in alcuni casi, le più grosse afferenze arteriose. L'Angio-RM è in grado di fornire un soddisfacente bilancio diagnostico dei meningiomi, con particolare riferimento ai loro rapporti con le strutture vascolari adiacenti, limitando il ricorso a successive valutazioni angiografiche tradizionali a casi selezionati, o nei quali si reputi necessario un trattamento embolico pre-chirurgico.
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Stigall, Alycia L. "The Invasion Hierarchy: Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Invasions in the Fossil Record." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 50, no. 1 (November 2, 2019): 355–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062638.
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Species invasions are pervasive in Earth history, yet the ecological and evolutionary consequences vary greatly. Ancient invasion events can be organized in a hierarchy of increasing invasion intensity from ephemeral invasions to globally pervasive invasive regimes. Each level exhibits emergent properties exceeding the sum of interactions at lower levels. Hierarchy levels correspond to, but do not always exactly correlate with, geographic extent of invasion success. The ecological impacts of lower-level impacts can be negligible or result in temporary community accommodation. Invasion events at moderate to high levels of the hierarchy permanently alter ecological communities, regional faunas, and global ecosystems. The prevalence of invasive species results in evolutionary changes by fostering niche evolution, differential survival of ecologically generalized taxa, faunal homogenization, and suppressing speciation. These impacts can contribute to mass extinctions and biodiversity crises that alter the trajectory of ecological and evolutionary patterns of life. The fossil record provides a long-term record of how invasion impacts may scale up through time, which can augment ecological studies of modern species invasions.
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Lazzarin, Stefano. "Un livre pour les enfants et pour les adultes : La famosa invasione degli orsi in Sicilia (1945) de Dino Buzzati." Transalpina, no. 14 (September 30, 2011): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/transalpina.2393.
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Oswalt, Christopher M., Songlin Fei, Qinfeng Guo, Basil V. Iannone III, Sonja N. Oswalt, Bryan C. Pijanowski, and Kevin M. Potter. "A subcontinental view of forest plant invasions." NeoBiota 24 (January 16, 2015): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.24.4526.
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Over the last few decades, considerable attention has focused on small-scale studies of invasive plants and invaded systems. Unfortunately, small scale studies rarely provide comprehensive insight into the complexities of biological invasions at macroscales. Systematic and repeated monitoring of biological invasions at broad scales are rare. In this report, we highlight a unique invasive plant database from the national Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the United States Forest Service. We demonstrate the importance and capability of this subcontinental-wide database by showcasing several critical macroscale invasion patterns that have emerged from its initial analysis: (1) large portion of the forests systems (39%) in the United States are impacted by invasive plants, (2) forests in the eastern United States harbor more invasive species than the western regions, (3) human land-use legacies at regional to national scales may drive large-scale invasion patterns. This accumulated dataset, which continues to grow in temporal richness with repeated measurements, will allow the understanding of invasion patterns and processes at multi-spatial and temporal scales. Such insights are not possible from smaller-scale studies, illustrating the benefit that can be gained by investing in the development of regional to continental-wide invasion monitoring programs elsewhere.
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Cuthbert, Ross N., Angela C. Bartlett, Anna J. Turbelin, Phillip J. Haubrock, Christophe Diagne, Zarah Pattison, Franck Courchamp, and Jane A. Catford. "Economic costs of biological invasions in the United Kingdom." NeoBiota 67 (July 29, 2021): 299–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.59743.
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Although the high costs of invasion are frequently cited and are a key motivation for environmental management and policy, synthesised data on invasion costs are scarce. Here, we quantify and examine the monetary costs of biological invasions in the United Kingdom (UK) using a global synthesis of reported invasion costs. Invasive alien species have cost the UK economy between US$6.9 billion and $17.6 billion (£5.4 – £13.7 billion) in reported losses and expenses since 1976. Most costs were reported for the entire UK or Great Britain (97%); country-scale cost reporting for the UK's four constituent countries was scarce. Reports of animal invasions were the costliest ($4.7 billion), then plant ($1.3 billion) and fungal ($206.7 million) invasions. Reported damage costs (i.e. excluding management costs) were higher in terrestrial ($4.8 billion) than aquatic or semi-aquatic environments ($29.8 million), and primarily impacted agriculture ($4.2 billion). Invaders with earlier introduction years accrued significantly higher total invasion costs. Invasion costs have been increasing rapidly since 1976, and have cost the UK economy $157.1 million (£122.1 million) per annum, on average. Published information on specific economic costs included only 42 of 520 invaders reported in the UK and was generally available only for the most intensively studied taxa, with just four species contributing 90% of species-specific costs. Given that many of the invasive species lacking cost data are actively managed and have well-recognised impacts, this suggests that cost information is incomplete and that totals presented here are vast underestimates owing to knowledge gaps. Financial expenditure on managing invasions is a fraction (37%) of the costs incurred through damage from invaders; greater investments in UK invasive species research and management are, therefore, urgently required.
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Singh, Atul K. "State of aquatic invasive species in tropical India: An overview." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 24, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/aehm.024.02.05.
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Abstract India, a megadiverse tropical country is grappling with the rising trend of aquatic invasions. Out of 532 introduced non-native fish, 16 species of freshwater aquaculture and aquarium were assessed invasive by using a risk assessment protocol, ‘Fish Invasiveness Screening Test’. Six major identified invasion pathways of the aquatic invasive species were inadvertent or deliberate releases, escapes, contaminants from hatcheries, river corridors, stowaways and unaided introductions. Invasion mechanism further elucidated the factors promoting successful invasion in freshwater ecosystems. For predictive future performance of invasive fish, the concrete and predictive values based on mean abundance by weight was calculated. Over 28.67% and 29.02 % persistent increased yield of the invasive Tilapia and Common Carp respectively was predicted in the Ganga river in the coming decades. Single species Tilapia invasion facilitated multiple species fish invasion, manifesting in invasion meltdown. The trophic changes due to fish invasion exhibited biotic homogenization with trophic downgrading. Aquatic invasive species were found highly competitive interacting with native species causing serious biodiversity loss, health hazards, and economic damage consequently affecting the ecosystem services. In spite of available regulatory approaches and guidelines to manage aquatic invasive species, fish invasion has been on the rise. This paper suggests modifications and stringent implementation of the existing regulatory mechanisms besides adopting linkages, cutting-edge research on invasion science and modern molecular containment tools for effective management.
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Norton, David A. "Species Invasions and the Limits to Restoration: Learning from the New Zealand Experience." Science 325, no. 5940 (July 30, 2009): 569–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1172978.
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Species invasions impose key biotic thresholds limiting the success of ecological restoration projects. These thresholds may be difficult to reverse and will have long-term consequences for restoration because of invasion legacies such as extinctions; because most invasive species cannot be eliminated given current technology and resources; and because even when controlled to low levels, invasive species continue to exert substantial pressure on native biodiversity. Restoration outcomes in the face of biological invasions are likely to be novel and will require long-term resource commitment, as any letup in invasive species management will result in the loss of the conservation gains achieved.
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Ibáñez, Inés, Gang Liu, Laís Petri, Sam Schaffer-Morrison, and Sheila Schueller. "Assessing vulnerability and resistance to plant invasions: a native community perspective." Invasive Plant Science and Management 14, no. 2 (May 3, 2021): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2021.15.
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AbstractRisk assessments of biological invasions rarely account for native species performance and community features, but the assessment presented here could provide additional insights for management aimed at decreasing vulnerability or increasing resistance of a plant community to invasions. To gather information on the drivers of native plant communities’ vulnerability and resistance to invasion, we conducted a literature search and meta-analysis. Using the data we collected, we compared native and invasive plant performance between sites with high and low levels of invasion. We then investigated conditions under which native performance increased, decreased, or did not change with respect to invasive plants. We analyzed data from 214 publications summing to 506 observations. There were six main drivers of vulnerability to invasion: disturbance, decrease in resources, increase in resources, lack of biotic resistance, lack of natural enemies, and differences in propagule availability between native and invasive species. The two mechanisms of vulnerability to invasion associated with a strong decline in native plant performance were propagule availability and lack of biotic resistance. Native plants marginally benefited from enemy release and from decreases in resources, while invasive plants strongly benefited from both increased resources and lack of enemies. Fluctuation of resources, decreases and increases, were strongly associated with higher invasive performance, while native plants varied in their responses. These differences were particularly strong in instances of decreasing water or nutrients and of increasing light and nutrients. We found overall neutral to positive responses of native plant communities to disturbance, but natives were outperformed by invasive species when disturbance was caused by human activities. We identified ecosystem features associated with both vulnerability and resistance to invasion, then used our results to inform management aimed at protecting the native community.
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VilÀ, Montserrat, Alison M. Dunn, Franz Essl, Elena GÓmez-DÍaz, Philip E. Hulme, Jonathan M. Jeschke, MartÍn A. NÚÑez, et al. "Viewing Emerging Human Infectious Epidemics through the Lens of Invasion Biology." BioScience 71, no. 7 (May 19, 2021): 722–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab047.
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Abstract Invasion biology examines species originated elsewhere and moved with the help of humans, and those species’ impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being. In a globalized world, the emergence and spread of many human infectious pathogens are quintessential biological invasion events. Some macroscopic invasive species themselves contribute to the emergence and transmission of human infectious agents. We review conceptual parallels and differences between human epidemics and biological invasions by animals and plants. Fundamental concepts in invasion biology regarding the interplay of propagule pressure, species traits, biotic interactions, eco-evolutionary experience, and ecosystem disturbances can help to explain transitions between stages of epidemic spread. As a result, many forecasting and management tools used to address epidemics could be applied to biological invasions and vice versa. Therefore, we advocate for increasing cross-fertilization between the two disciplines to improve prediction, prevention, treatment, and mitigation of invasive species and infectious disease outbreaks, including pandemics.
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Haubrock, Phillip J., Ross N. Cuthbert, Andrea Sundermann, Christophe Diagne, Marina Golivets, and Franck Courchamp. "Economic costs of invasive species in Germany." NeoBiota 67 (July 29, 2021): 225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.59502.
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Invasive alien species are a well-known and pervasive threat to global biodiversity and human well-being. Despite substantial impacts of invasive alien species, quantitative syntheses of monetary costs incurred from invasions in national economies are often missing. As a consequence, adequate resource allocation for management responses to invasions has been inhibited, because cost-benefit analysis of management actions cannot be derived. To determine the economic cost of invasions in Germany, a Central European country with the 4th largest GDP in the world, we analysed published data collected from the first global assessment of economic costs of invasive alien species. Overall, economic costs were estimated at US$ 9.8 billion between 1960 and 2020, including US$ 8.9 billion in potential costs. The potential costs were mostly linked to extrapolated costs of the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus, the black cherry Prunus serotina and two mammals: the muskrat Ondatra zibethicus and the American mink Neovison vison. Observed costs were driven by a broad range of taxa and mostly associated with control-related spending and resource damages or losses. We identified a considerable increase in costs relative to previous estimates and through time. Importantly, of the 2,249 alien and 181 invasive species reported in Germany, only 28 species had recorded economic costs. Therefore, total quantifications of invasive species costs here should be seen as very conservative. Our findings highlight a distinct lack of information in the openly-accessible literature and governmental sources on invasion costs at the national level, masking the highly-probable existence of much greater costs of invasions in Germany. In addition, given that invasion rates are increasing, economic costs are expected to further increase. The evaluation and reporting of economic costs need to be improved in order to deliver a basis for effective mitigation and management of invasions on national and international economies.
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Kinlocka, Nicole L., Bracha Y. Schindler, and Jessica Gurevitch. "Biological invasions in the context of green roofs." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 62, no. 1-2 (April 12, 2016): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15659801.2015.1028143.
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Green roofs can mitigate a number of urban environmental problems when green roof plant communities provide ecosystem services. However, this perspective may fail to address ecological aspects of the plant community. In particular, it does not account for the potential for green roofs to facilitate biological invasions. We consider current research in green roof ecology in light of the literature on biological invasions, focusing on plant invasion. We evaluate the role of species composition and novel communities, species interactions, succession, and dispersal on the trajectory of green roof plant communities. Green roofs have the potential to introduce invasive species through initial plantings, to become dominated by invasive species, and to spread invasive species, and we provide recommendations for plant selection and maintenance to reduce the risks of facilitating plant invasions to surrounding communities.
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Young, Stephen L., David R. Clements, and Antonio DiTommaso. "Climate Dynamics, Invader Fitness, and Ecosystem Resistance in an Invasion-Factor Framework." Invasive Plant Science and Management 10, no. 3 (September 2017): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2017.28.
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As researchers and land managers increasingly seek to understand plant invasions and the external (climate) and internal (plant genetics) conditions that govern the process, new insight is helping to answer the elusive question of what makes some invasions successful and others not. Plant invasion success or failure is based on a combination of evolutionary and ecological processes. Abiotic (e.g., climate) and biotic (e.g., plant competition) conditions in the environment and plant genetics (e.g., fitness) combine in either decreasing or increasing invasion, yet it has proven challenging to know exactly which of these conditions leads to success for a given species, even when a wealth of empirical data is available. Further, current regional distribution models for invasive plant species rarely consider biotic and fitness interactions, instead focusing primarily on abiotic conditions. The crucial role of all three factors (climate dynamics, invader fitness, and ecosystem resistance) must not be ignored. Here we construct a three-factor invasion framework from which we develop conceptual models using empirical studies for yellow starthistle, nonnative common reed, and musk thistle, three dissimilar but commonly occurring invasive plant species in North America. We identify how components of the invasion process—rapid population increase, established local dominance, and rapid range expansion—are influenced by ecosystem resistance, invader fitness, and/or climate dynamics, a set of broadly defined factors for each of the three invasive plant species. Our framework can be used to (1) establish research priorities, (2) address gaps in theoretical understanding, and (3) identify invasion process components that can be targeted to improve management. Building on previous models, our unifying framework, which can be used for assessing any invasive plant species having sufficient empirical data, simultaneously shows the influence of ecosystem resistance, invader fitness, and climate dynamics factors on the invasion process.
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Florance, Daniel, Jonathan K. Webb, Tim Dempster, Michael R. Kearney, Alex Worthing, and Mike Letnic. "Excluding access to invasion hubs can contain the spread of an invasive vertebrate." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1720 (February 23, 2011): 2900–2908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0032.
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Many biological invasions do not occur as a gradual expansion along a continuous front, but result from the expansion of satellite populations that become established at ‘invasion hubs’. Although theoretical studies indicate that targeting control efforts at invasion hubs can effectively contain the spread of invasions, few studies have demonstrated this in practice. In arid landscapes worldwide, humans have increased the availability of surface water by creating artificial water points (AWPs) such as troughs and dams for livestock. By experimentally excluding invasive cane toads ( Bufo marinus ) from AWP, we show that AWP provide a resource subsidy for non-arid-adapted toads and serve as dry season refuges and thus invasion hubs for cane toads in arid Australia. Using data on the distribution of permanent water in arid Australia and the dispersal potential of toads, we predict that systematically excluding toads from AWP would reduce the area of arid Australia across which toads are predicted to disperse and colonize under average climatic conditions by 38 per cent from 2 242 000 to 1 385 000 km 2 . Our study shows how human modification of hydrological regimes can create a network of invasion hubs that facilitates a biological invasion, and confirms that targeted control at invasion hubs can reduce landscape connectivity to contain the spread of an invasive vertebrate.
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Ritvo, Harriet. "Invasion/Invasive." Environmental Humanities 9, no. 1 (May 2017): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/22011919-3829190.
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Kourantidou, Melina, Ross N. Cuthbert, Phillip J. Haubrock, Ana Novoa, Nigel G. Taylor, Boris Leroy, César Capinha, et al. "Economic costs of invasive alien species in the Mediterranean basin." NeoBiota 67 (July 29, 2021): 427–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.58926.
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Invasive alien species (IAS) negatively impact the environment and undermine human well-being, often resulting in considerable economic costs. The Mediterranean basin is a culturally, socially and economically diverse region, harbouring many IAS that threaten economic and societal integrity in multiple ways. This paper is the first attempt to collectively quantify the reported economic costs of IAS in the Mediterranean basin, across a range of taxonomic, temporal and spatial descriptors. We identify correlates of costs from invasion damages and management expenditures among key socioeconomic variables, and determine network structures that link countries and invasive taxonomic groups. The total reported invasion costs in the Mediterranean basin amounted to $27.3 billion, or $3.6 billion when only realised costs were considered, and were found to have occurred over the last three decades. Our understanding of costs of invasions in the Mediterranean was largely limited to a few, primarily western European countries and to terrestrial ecosystems, despite the known presence of numerous high-impact aquatic invasive taxa. The vast majority of costs were attributed to damages or losses from invasions ($25.2 billion) and were mostly driven by France, Spain and to a lesser extent Italy and Libya, with significantly fewer costs attributed to management expenditure ($1.7 billion). Overall, invasion costs increased through time, with average annual costs between 1990 and 2017 estimated at $975.5 million. The lack of information from a large proportion of Mediterranean countries, reflected in the spatial and taxonomic connectivity analysis and the relationship of costs with socioeconomic variables, highlights the limits of the available data and the research effort needed to improve a collective understanding of the different facets of the costs of biological invasions. Our analysis of the reported costs associated with invasions in the Mediterranean sheds light on key knowledge gaps and provides a baseline for a Mediterranean-centric approach towards building policies and designing coordinated responses. In turn, these could help reach socially desirable outcomes and efficient use of resources invested in invasive species research and management.
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Ingenloff, Kathryn, Christopher M. Hensz, Tashitso Anamza, Vijay Barve, Lindsay P. Campbell, Jacob C. Cooper, Ed Komp, et al. "Predictable invasion dynamics in North American populations of the Eurasian collared dove Streptopelia decaocto." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1862 (September 6, 2017): 20171157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1157.
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Species invasions represent a significant dimension of global change yet the dynamics of invasions remain poorly understood and are considered rather unpredictable. We explored interannual dynamics of the invasion process in the Eurasian collared dove ( Streptopelia decaocto ) and tested whether the advance of the invasion front of the species in North America relates to centrality (versus peripherality) within its estimated fundamental ecological niche. We used ecological niche modelling approaches to estimate the dimensions of the fundamental ecological niche on the Old World distribution of the species, and then transferred that model to the New World as measures of centrality versus peripherality within the niche for the species. Although our hypothesis was that the invasion front would advance faster over more favourable (i.e. more central) conditions, the reverse was the case: the invasion expanded faster in areas presenting less favourable (i.e. more peripheral) conditions for the species as it advanced across North America. This result offers a first view of a predictive approach to the dynamics of species' invasions, and thereby has relevant implications for the management of invasive species, as such a predictive understanding would allow better anticipation of coming steps and advances in the progress of invasions, important to designing and guiding effective remediation and mitigation efforts.
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Ward, Sarah M., John F. Gaskin, and Linda M. Wilson. "Ecological Genetics of Plant Invasion: What Do We Know?" Invasive Plant Science and Management 1, no. 1 (January 2008): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-07-022.1.
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AbstractThe rate at which plant invasions occur is accelerating globally, and a growing amount of recent research uses genetic analysis of invasive plant populations to better understand the histories, processes, and effects of plant invasions. The goal of this review is to provide natural resource managers with an introduction to this research. We discuss examples selected from published studies that examine intraspecific genetic diversity and the role of hybridization in plant invasion. We also consider the conflicting evidence that has emerged from recent research for the evolution of increased competitiveness as an explanation for invasion, and the significance of multiple genetic characteristics and patterns of genetic diversity reported in the literature across different species invasions. High and low levels of genetic diversity have been found in different invading plant populations, suggesting that either selection leading to local adaptation, or pre-adapted characteristics such as phenotypic plasticity, can lead to aggressive range expansion by colonizing nonnative species. As molecular techniques for detecting hybrids advance, it is also becoming clear that hybridization is a significant component of some plant invasions, with consequences that include increased genetic diversity within an invasive species, generation of successful novel genotypes, and genetic swamping of native plant gene pools. Genetic analysis of invasive plant populations has many applications, including predicting population response to biological or chemical control measures based on diversity levels, identifying source populations, tracking introduction routes, and elucidating mechanisms of local spread and adaptation. This information can be invaluable in developing more effectively targeted strategies for managing existing plant invasions and preventing new ones. Future genetic research, including the use of high throughput molecular marker systems and genomic approaches such as microarray analysis, has the potential to contribute to better understanding and more effective management of plant invasions.
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Goldstein, Joshua, Jaewoo Park, Murali Haran, Andrew Liebhold, and Ottar N. Bjørnstad. "Quantifying spatio-temporal variation of invasion spread." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1894 (January 9, 2019): 20182294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2294.
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— The spread of invasive species can have far-reaching environmental and ecological consequences. Understanding invasion spread patterns and the underlying process driving invasions are key to predicting and managing invasions. — We combine a set of statistical methods in a novel way to characterize local spread properties and demonstrate their application using simulated and historical data on invasive insects. Our method uses a Gaussian process fit to the surface of waiting times to invasion in order to characterize the vector field of spread. — Using this method, we estimate with statistical uncertainties the speed and direction of spread at each location. Simulations from a stratified diffusion model verify the accuracy of our method. — We show how we may link local rates of spread to environmental covariates for two case studies: the spread of the gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar ), and hemlock woolly adelgid ( Adelges tsugae ) in North America. We provide an R-package that automates the calculations for any spatially referenced waiting time data.
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Atad, J., Y. Ben-David, M. Hallak, O. Klein, H. Abramovici, S. Weill, and M. Lurie. "Intraoperative frozen section examination of myometrial invasion depth in patients with endometrial carcinoma." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 4, no. 5 (1994): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1438.1994.04050352.x.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of frozen sections (FS) as a method for estimation of the depth of myometrial invasion in patients with stage I endometrial carcinoma. During a 3-year period (1989–1992), 46 consecutive patients with FIGO stage I endometrial carcinoma were included in this study. The depth of myometrial invasion was estimated by FS examination performed during surgery. The final histologic findings of the surgical specimen were compared to the FS evaluation. The results of this study demonstrate that deep or superficial myometrial invasions were correctly diagnosed by FS in 42 out of 46 cases (91.3%). Three cases (6.6%) with deep myometrial invasion were falsely diagnosed as superficially invasive. One case with superficial invasion (2.1%) was falsely diagnosed as deeply invasive. In conclusion, intraoperative FS examination of depth of myometrial invasion by endometrial carcinoma is a simple and accurate method, providing a good correlation with the final histologic report of the surgical specimen.
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Zuo, Youwei, Huanhuan Qu, Changying Xia, Huan Zhang, Jiahui Zhang, and Hongping Deng. "Moso Bamboo Invasion Reshapes Community Structure of Denitrifying Bacteria in Rhizosphere of Alsophila spinulosa." Microorganisms 10, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010180.
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The uncontrolled invasion of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) dramatically alters soil nitrogen cycling and destroys the natural habitat of Alsophila spinulosa. Nevertheless, no clear evidence points out the role of denitrifying bacteria in the invasion of bamboo into the habitat of A. spinulosa. In the present study, we found that low (importance value 0.0008), moderate (0.6551), and high (0.9326) bamboo invasions dramatically altered the underground root biomass of both P. pubescens and A. spinulosa. The root biomass of A. spinulosa was maximal at moderate invasion, indicating that intermediate disturbance might contribute to the growth and survival of the colonized plant. Successful bamboo invasion significantly increased rhizospheric soil available nitrogen content of A. spinulosa, coupled with elevated denitrifying bacterial abundance and diversity. Shewanella, Chitinophaga, and Achromobacter were the primary genera in the three invasions, whereas high bamboo invasion harbored more denitrifying bacteria and higher abundance than moderate and low invasions. Further correlation analysis found that most soil denitrifying bacteria were positively correlated with soil organic matter and available nitrogen but negatively correlated with pH and water content. In addition, our findings illustrated that two denitrifying bacteria, Chitinophaga and Sorangium, might be essential indicators for evaluating the effects of bamboo invasion on the growth of A. spinulosa. Collectively, this study found that moso bamboo invasion could change the nitrogen cycling of colonized habitats through alterations of denitrifying bacteria and provided valuable perspectives for profound recognizing the invasive impacts and mechanisms of bamboo expansion.
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Pinto, Anderson Silva, Fernanda Kalina da Silva Monteiro, Maiara Bezerra Ramos, Rubenice da Costa Correia Araújo, and Sérgio de Faria Lopes. "Invasive plants in the Brazilian Caatinga: a scientometric analysis with prospects for conservation." Neotropical Biology and Conservation 15, no. 4 (November 27, 2020): 503–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.15.e57403.
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Understanding the impacts caused by invasive plant species, especially in regions where studies are scarce, is of great importance to the development of management and conservation strategies. Amongst the biomes present in Brazil, the Caatinga (Dry Tropical Forest) stands out for having had few studies dealing with biological invasions by plants and animals. An evaluation of scientific production can provide a means by which the progress of invasion-related studies can be assessed, as well as identify research gaps and provide a broad overview of the importance of invasions in this biome. Thus, the objective of this study was to perform a scientometric analysis to evaluate the development of scientific research over the years on exotic and invasive plant species in the Caatinga. We found 46 papers dealing with invasive plants in the Caatinga published over a 14-year period. The main objectives of most of the papers focused on identifying the main strategies used by plants in the process of invasion and characterising the invaded environment. A total of 28 species were cited as invasive for the Caatinga, with Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC., Cryptostegia madagascariensis Bojer, Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton and Parkinsonia aculeata L. being the most cited species. Although studies on the subject are incipient, there is already important information about the dynamics of the invasiveness of plant species in the Caatinga, which can serve as a basis for new studies, as well as for the development of management policies, based on consistent information. Biological invasion, dry forest, exotic species, northeast Brazil, scientometry, semi-arid
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Krist, Amy, and Mark Dybdahl. "The Invasive New Zealand Mudsnail, Potamopyrgus Antipodarum, Reduces Growth of the Native Snail, Fossaria SP." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 29 (January 1, 2005): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2005.3605.
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Invasive species are one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity. Hence, understanding the role of invasive species is of grave importance to managing and minimizing the impact of biological invasions. To date, the ecological impacts of biological invasions have received significant attention, but little effort has been made to address the evolutionary impact (Sakai et al. 2001, Cox 2004). This is despite the fact that evolutionary impacts are likely to be widespread; invasive species have been shown to alter patterns of natural selection or gene flow within native populations (Parker et al. 1999), and many of the best examples of rapid evolution involve invasive species interacting with native species (Reznick and Ghalambor 2001, Strauss et al. 2006). We have begun to address some of the evolutionary consequences of the invasion of the New Zealand mud snail, (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) on a species of native snail in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA).
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Hulme, Philip E. "Biological invasions: winning the science battles but losing the conservation war?" Oryx 37, no. 2 (April 2003): 178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060530300036x.
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Biological invasions by non-indigenous species (NIS) are widely recognized as a significant component of human-caused global environmental change. However, the standard programme of mapping distributions, predicting future ranges, modelling species spread, assessing impacts, developing management guidelines and screening species suffers from a number of serious limitations. NIS distribution maps can often be as misleading as they are instructive. Perceptions of the intensity, scale and rate of invasion are a function of mapping resolution, and the lack of common mapping standards prevents accurate comparative assessments. Coarse resolution data may overestimate the role of climate in the invasion process relative to other variables such as land use or human population density. Climate envelopes have therefore been widely used to predict species future ranges, but often overestimate potential distributions. Without an appropriate mechanistic understanding of the invasion process, correlative approaches may misinterpret the relative risks posed by different NIS. In addition, statistical models of invasion fail to encapsulate the complexity of human-mediated dispersal, which includes such diverse processes as transatlantic timber trade, horticultural fashion and the continuing expansion of road networks. Screening tools based on species traits, taxonomy and/or invasion history can sometimes result in high discrimination rates. Yet where the cost of false positives outweighs the risks from false negatives, a higher discriminatory power is required. Certain research outputs have perhaps been counterproductive in the war against invasive species. Studies have highlighted that only a tiny proportion of NIS are invasive, that most invasions occur in human dominated rather than pristine ecosystems, that indigenous and non-indigenous species are sufficiently similar that their impacts may not necessarily be different, and that there is evidence that introduced species augment rather than reduce species diversity. It is crucial to address these wider perceptions of the problem in order to mobilize the resources necessary for a global invasive species management programme.
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Lovenshimer, Joseph B., and Michael D. Madritch. "Plant Community Effects and Genetic Diversity of Post-fire Princess Tree (Paulownia tomentosa) Invasions." Invasive Plant Science and Management 10, no. 2 (June 2017): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2017.14.
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Many naturalized populations of the invasive tree princess tree exist in North America, yet little research has quantified its effect on native plant communities. A series of recent wildfires in the Linville Gorge Wilderness Area (LGWA) promoted multiple large-scale princess tree invasions in this ecologically important area. To measure community shifts caused by these princess tree invasions across burn areas, we sampled vegetation in paired invaded and noninvaded plots in mature and immature invasions within two burn areas of the LGWA. Plant community composition shifted in response to princess tree invasion across all invasion stages and burn areas. Species richness and Shannon diversity values decreased in invaded plots. Overall community structure also differed in invaded plots within immature invasions (P=0.004). The distribution of princess tree age classes in both burn areas indicates that fire promotes invasion but is not necessary for subsequent recruitment. Additionally, preliminary genetic analyses among distinct princess tree populations revealed very low genetic diversity, suggesting that a single introduction may have occurred in the LGWA. This information regarding community shift and strong post-fire recruitment by princess tree may inform management decisions by prioritizing princess tree control immediately after wildfires and immediately before and after prescribed burns.
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Young, Glenn M., Julie L. Badger, and Virginia L. Miller. "Motility Is Required To Initiate Host Cell Invasion by Yersinia enterocolitica." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 4323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.7.4323-4326.2000.
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ABSTRACT Invasin-mediated invasion of host cells by the pathogenYersinia enterocolitica was shown to be affected by flagellar-dependent motility. Motility appears to be required to ensure the bacterium migrates to and contacts the host cell. Nonmotile strains of Y. enterocolitica were less invasive than motile strains, but the reduction in invasion could be overcome by artificially bringing the bacteria into host cell contact by centrifugation. Mutations in known regulatory genes of the flagellar regulon, flhDC and fliA, resulted in lessinv expression but did not have a significant effect on invasin levels. However, invasin levels were reduced for strains that harbored flhDC on a multicopy plasmid, apparently as a result of increased proteolysis of invasin.
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Adomako, Michael Opoku, Sergio Roiloa, and Fei-Hai Yu. "The COVID-19 Restrictions and Biological Invasion: A Global Terrestrial Ecosystem Perspective on Propagule Pressure and Invasion Trajectory." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 14783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214783.
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Biological invasions driven by climate change, transportation, and intercontinental trade, as well as land-use change and tourism, pose severe threats to biodiversity and ecosystem services worldwide. However, the COVID-19-induced shutdowns and cross-border restrictions could have significantly impacted some of these drivers. Thus, COVID-19-induced restrictions may potentially alter the invasion trajectories and propagule pressure of invasive alien species, yet very few studies have examined this possibility. Here, we provide a unique conceptual framework to examine how COVID-19-induced restrictions may influence the rate, magnitude, and trajectories of biological invasions. We also discuss the similarities between the high-hit regions of COVID-19 and the global hotspot of biological invasions. Additionally, we assessed whether previous predictions of biological invasions still hold despite the strong impact of COVID-19 on the drivers of invasions. Finally, we emphasize the possibility of harnessing such restrictive measures to manage invasive species, nature reserves, and national parks. The present study is a significant addition to the current understanding of the interplay between pandemic outbreaks and biological invasions in the context of both direct and indirect effects of global ecosystem change.
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Dick, Jaimie T. A., Dirk Platvoet, and David W. Kelly. "Predatory impact of the freshwater invader Dikerogammarus villosus (Crustacea: Amphipoda)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 1078–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-074.
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To assess the increasing threats to aquatic ecosystems from invasive species, we need to elucidate the mechanisms of impacts of current and predicted future invaders. Dikerogammarus villosus, a PontoCaspian amphipod crustacean, is invading throughout Europe and predicted to invade the North American Great Lakes. European field studies show that populations of macroinvertebrates decline after D. villosus invasion. The mechanism of such impacts has not been addressed empirically; however, D. villosus is known to prey upon and replace other amphipods. Therefore, in this study, we used microcosm and mesocosm laboratory experiments, with both single and mixed prey species scenarios, to assess any predatory impact of D. villosus on a range of macroinvertebrate taxa, trophic groups, and body sizes. Dikerogammarus villosus predatory behaviour included shredding of prey and infliction of "bite" injuries on multiple victims. Dikerogammarus villosus killed significantly greater numbers of macroinvertebrates than did the native Gammarus duebeni, which is currently being replaced by D. villosus. This invader thus appears to impact on freshwater ecosystems through its exceptional predatory capabilities. We predict that future invasions by D. villosus will have serious direct and indirect effects on freshwaters, with its invasion facilitated in a larger "invasional meltdown" in regions like the North American Great Lakes.
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Olazcuaga, Laure, Anne Loiseau, Hugues Parrinello, Mathilde Paris, Antoine Fraimout, Christelle Guedot, Lauren M. Diepenbrock, et al. "A Whole-Genome Scan for Association with Invasion Success in the Fruit Fly Drosophila suzukii Using Contrasts of Allele Frequencies Corrected for Population Structure." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 2369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa098.
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Abstract Evidence is accumulating that evolutionary changes are not only common during biological invasions but may also contribute directly to invasion success. The genomic basis of such changes is still largely unexplored. Yet, understanding the genomic response to invasion may help to predict the conditions under which invasiveness can be enhanced or suppressed. Here, we characterized the genome response of the spotted wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii during the worldwide invasion of this pest insect species, by conducting a genome-wide association study to identify genes involved in adaptive processes during invasion. Genomic data from 22 population samples were analyzed to detect genetic variants associated with the status (invasive versus native) of the sampled populations based on a newly developed statistic, we called C2, that contrasts allele frequencies corrected for population structure. We evaluated this new statistical framework using simulated data sets and implemented it in an upgraded version of the program BayPass. We identified a relatively small set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms that show a highly significant association with the invasive status of D. suzukii populations. In particular, two genes, RhoGEF64C and cpo, contained single-nucleotide polymorphisms significantly associated with the invasive status in the two separate main invasion routes of D. suzukii. Our methodological approaches can be applied to any other invasive species, and more generally to any evolutionary model for species characterized by nonequilibrium demographic conditions for which binary covariables of interest can be defined at the population level.
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Golebie, Elizabeth J., Carena J. van Riper, Robert Arlinghaus, Megan Gaddy, Seoyeon Jang, Sophia Kochalski, Yichu Lu, Julian D. Olden, Richard Stedman, and Cory Suski. "Words matter: a systematic review of communication in non-native aquatic species literature." NeoBiota 74 (May 31, 2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.74.79942.
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How scientists communicate can influence public viewpoints on invasive species. In the scientific literature, some invasion biologists adopt neutral language, while others use more loaded language, for example by emphasizing the devastating impacts of invasive species and outlining consequences for policy and practice. An evaluation of the use of language in the invasion biology literature does not exist, preventing us from understanding which frames are used and whether there are correlations between message framing in scientific papers and local environmental impacts associated with invasive species. Thus, we conducted a systematic literature review of 278 peer-reviewed articles published from 2008–2018 to understand communication styles adopted by social and natural scientists while reporting on aquatic non-native species research. Species-centered frames (45%) and human-centered frames (55%) were adopted to nearly equal degrees. Negative valence was dominant in that 81.3% of articles highlighted the negative risks and impacts of invasive species. Additionally, the use of terminology was found to broadly align with the stage of invasion, in that “invasive” was most commonly used except when the research was conducted at early stages of invasion, when “non-native” was most commonly used. Terminology use therefore enables readers of scientific papers to infer the status and severity of ongoing invasions. Given that science communication within the peer-reviewed literature affects public understanding of research outcomes, these findings provide an important point of reflection for researchers.
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Coakley, Stephanie, and Carloalberto Petti. "Impacts of the Invasive Impatiens glandulifera: Lessons Learned from One of Europe’s Top Invasive Species." Biology 10, no. 7 (July 3, 2021): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10070619.
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Biological invasions are renowned for their negative ecological and economic implications, however from studying invasions invaluable insights can be gained in the fields of ecology and evolution- potentially contributing towards conservation plans to deal, not only with biological invasion, but with other concerning issues, such as climate change. Impatiens glandulifera, or Himalayan balsam, is widely considered to be a highly problematic invasive, having spread across more than thirty countries during the past century. This paper will examine the findings which have arose from studying I. glandulifera and its impacts on the invaded ecosystem.
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Garcia, Raquel A., and Susana Clusella-Trullas. "Thermal landscape change as a driver of ectotherm responses to plant invasions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1905 (June 26, 2019): 20191020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1020.
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A growing body of research demonstrates the impacts of invasive alien plants on native animals, but few studies consider thermal effects as a driver of the responses of native organisms. As invasive alien plants establish and alter the composition and arrangement of plant communities, the thermal landscapes available to ectotherms also change. Our study reviews the research undertaken to date on the thermal effects of alien plant invasions on native reptiles, amphibians, insects and arachnids. The 37 studies published between 1970 and early 2019 portray an overall detrimental effect of invasive plants on thermal landscapes, ectothermic individuals' performance and species abundance, diversity and composition. With a case study of a lizard species, we illustrate the use of thermal ecology tools in plant invasion research and test the generality of alien plant effects: changes in thermoregulation behaviour in invaded landscapes varied depending on the level of invasion and lizard traits. Together, the literature review and case study show that thermal effects of alien plants on ectotherms can be substantial albeit context-dependent. Further research should cover multiple combinations of native/invasive plant growth forms, invasion stages and ectotherm traits. More attention is also needed to test causality along the chain of effects from thermal landscapes to individuals, populations and communities.
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Vattimo, A., L. Burroni, P. Bertelli, D. Volterrani, and A. Vella. "Metastasi spinali: Ruolo della medicina nucleare." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 8, no. 2 (April 1995): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140099500800204.
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Per lo studio delle metastasi scheletriche ed in particolare del rachide la medicina nucleare riesce a dare il suo apporto mediante la scintigrafia scheletrica con MDP-Tc99m e gamma-camera tradizionale e con F-18 e PET. Il midollo osseo può a sua volta essere indagato con microcolloidi marcati con Tc99m. Siccome numerosi tumori (mammella, prostata, polmone, rene e tiroide) metastatizzano frequentemente nello scheletro e prevalentemente nel midollo rosso, con il rachide come segmento più spesso coinvolto, la scintigrafia scheletrica rappresenta una indagine fondamentale per la stadiazione della malattia. Tale metodica presenta infatti una sensibilità molto elevata (maggiore del 95%) nel rilevare le lesioni ossee ed una specificità egualmente alta quando si tratta di lesioni multiple. Per le metastasi del rachide, la tecnica SPET è più sensibile e più accurata nel rilevare la lesione. Scarsa sensibilità e specificità si hanno invece nel mieloma multiplo. Dal punto di vista scintigrafico la lesione ossea si manifesta come un aumento focale di fissazione dell'indicatore radioattivo, dovuto alla reazione osteoblastica, alla neoformazione di osso ed all'aumento del flusso ematico. Meno frequentemente la lesione si manifesta come riduzione di fissazione dell'indicatore per la sostituzione di minerale in assenza di rimaneggiamento osseo circostante. Nel caso di una lesione unica, in cui la specificità della metodica è meno elevata, si procede alla esecuzione di una scintigrafia del midollo osseo per valutare il grado di invasione midollare. Alcune metastasi (carcinomi tiroidei, surrenalici, intestinali) possono infine essere studiate con indicatori positivi, in grado di legarsi alle cellule tumorali per le loro caratteristiche fisico-chimiche e/o fisiopatologiche.
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Blackburn, Gwylim S., Pierre Bilodeau, Tracey Cooke, Mingming Cui, Michel Cusson, Richard C. Hamelin, Melody A. Keena, et al. "An Applied Empirical Framework for Invasion Science: Confronting Biological Invasion Through Collaborative Research Aimed at Tool Production." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 113, no. 4 (March 2, 2020): 230–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz072.
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Abstract Global ecosystem functions, services, and commodities are increasingly threatened by biological invasions. As a result, there is an urgent need to manage invasive species through global collaborative research. We propose an ‘applied empirical framework’ (AEF) to aggressively confront the current global biological invasion crisis. The AEF builds on existing models for invasion science that advocate 1) standardized research designs to reveal key aspects of biological invasion, and 2) collaborative research to facilitate the sharing of resources and information. The AEF further emphasizes the need for 3) the production of research ‘tools’ (e.g., data, methodologies, technical instruments) designed for direct uptake by agencies that manage biological invasion, and 4) a taxonomically targeted approach in which task forces conduct rapid, in-depth research on top-priority invasive species across their entire geographic range. We review collaborative science and the distinctive roles played by different collaborator types. We then provide an example of the AEF in action through the BioSAFE initiative (Biosurveillance of Alien Forest Enemies), a highly collaborative project aimed at developing genomic research tools to facilitate biosurveillance and intervention for forest invasive species. We illustrate the BioSAFE approach through our research on two polyphagous insect species: the wood-borer Anoplophora glabripennis, Motschusky (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae; Asian longhorned beetle) and the defoliator Lymantria dispar, Linnaeus spp. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae; gypsy moth). These examples illustrate how the AEF can focus and accelerate our response to the global biological invasion crisis by applying the resource capabilities of collaborative research groups to generate management tools for top-priority invasive species.
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Zhang, Xiaojuan, Guoyan Wang, Peihao Peng, Yongxiu Zhou, Zhuo Chen, Yu Feng, Yanru Wang, Songlin Shi, and Jingji Li. "Influences of environment, human activity, and climate on the invasion of Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) in Southwest China." PeerJ 11 (March 9, 2023): e14902. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14902.
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With economic and social globalization, invasive alien species have significantly threatened local ecological security. Identifying the invasive mechanisms of invasive alien species can aid in preventing species invasions and protecting local ecological and economic security. As a globally invasive plant, Ageratina adenophora (Asteraceae) has spread to many parts of the world and had a seriously impacted the ecology and economy of its invaded areas. Using observational data and Landsat OLI images in an arid valley region in southwest China, this study examined how climate, human activity and environmental factors influence the invasion of A. adenophora and its underlying mechanism. Our results showed that the invasion abundance of A. adenophora was significantly affected by environmental factors (the relative importance was 87.2%), but was less influenced by human activity and climate factors (the relative importance was 2% and 10.8%, respectively). The A. adenophora abundance significantly decreased with aspect, community canopy density, shrub layer coverage, herb layer coverage, Simpson diversity index of shrub and herb layers, the shortest distance to residential areas and temperature seasonality, whereas it increased with soil moisture, temperature annual range, precipitation of wettest month and precipitation of driest month. We conclude that biotic competition is the most influential factor in the invasion of this plant in the arid valley regions. Our results are of great significance for invasion prevention and forest conservation and management in southwest China. Our work emphasized that optimizing the community structure, such as by increasing canopy and shrub coverage and species biodiversity, may help control and mitigate the A. adenophora invasion in southwest China.
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Northfield, Tobin D., Susan G. W. Laurance, Margaret M. Mayfield, Dean R. Paini, William E. Snyder, Daniel B. Stouffer, Jeffrey T. Wright, and Lori Lach. "Native turncoats and indirect facilitation of species invasions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1871 (January 24, 2018): 20171936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1936.
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At local scales, native species can resist invasion by feeding on and competing with would-be invasive species. However, this relationship tends to break down or reverse at larger scales. Here, we consider the role of native species as indirect facilitators of invasion and their potential role in this diversity-driven ‘invasion paradox’. We coin the term ‘native turncoats’ to describe native facilitators of non-native species and identify eight ways they may indirectly facilitate species invasion. Some are commonly documented, while others, such as indirect interactions within competitive communities, are largely undocumented in an invasion context. Therefore, we use models to evaluate the likelihood that these competitive interactions influence invasions. We find that native turncoat effects increase with the number of resources and native species. Furthermore, our findings suggest the existence, abundance and effectiveness of native turncoats in a community could greatly influence invasion success at large scales.
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Rocchini, Duccio, Veronica Andreo, Michael Förster, Carol Ximena Garzon-Lopez, Andrew Paul Gutierrez, Thomas W. Gillespie, Heidi C. Hauffe, et al. "Potential of remote sensing to predict species invasions." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 39, no. 3 (March 25, 2015): 283–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133315574659.
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Understanding the causes and effects of species invasions is a priority in ecology and conservation biology. One of the crucial steps in evaluating the impact of invasive species is to map changes in their actual and potential distribution and relative abundance across a wide region over an appropriate time span. While direct and indirect remote sensing approaches have long been used to assess the invasion of plant species, the distribution of invasive animals is mainly based on indirect methods that rely on environmental proxies of conditions suitable for colonization by a particular species. The aim of this article is to review recent efforts in the predictive modelling of the spread of both plant and animal invasive species using remote sensing, and to stimulate debate on the potential use of remote sensing in biological invasion monitoring and forecasting. Specifically, the challenges and drawbacks of remote sensing techniques are discussed in relation to: i) developing species distribution models, and ii) studying life cycle changes and phenological variations. Finally, the paper addresses the open challenges and pitfalls of remote sensing for biological invasion studies including sensor characteristics, upscaling and downscaling in species distribution models, and uncertainty of results.
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Mauritz, M., and D. L. Lipson. "Altered phenology and temperature sensitivity of invasive annual grasses and forbs changes autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration rates in a semi-arid shrub community." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 4 (April 3, 2013): 6335–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-6335-2013.
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Abstract. Many invasions, like the wide-spread establishment of annual grasses and forbs in semi-arid shrublands, are associated with climate change. In order to predict ecosystem carbon (C) storage it is critical that we understand how invasion affects soil respiration (Rt). Because plants and microbes have different seasonal dynamics, determining the relative contribution of autotrophic (Ra) and heterotrophic (Rh) respiration provides critical insight into soil C processes. Using automated soil respiration measurements and root exclusion cores we evaluated the moisture and temperature sensitivity of Rt and Rh and calculated the contribution of Ra in native shrub and invaded areas. Invasion increased cumulative Rt by 40% from 695 (±51) g C m−2 under shrubs to 1050 g C m−2 (±44) in invaded areas. Cumulative Rh did not change but invasion altered the seasonal pattern of Rh. Throughout the season Rt and Rh responded positively to temperature increases when soils were wet and negatively when soils were dry. Invasion increased temperature sensitivity of Rt and Rh in wet soils and decreased temperature sensitivity in dry soils. The altered temperature sensitivity of invasives was attributed largely to differences in phenology. Early phenology of invasive grasses caused rapid Ra increases early in the season; late phenology of invasive forbs resulted in the surprising maintenance of diurnal Ra and Rh signals despite high temperatures and low soil moisture. Invasion extended the respiration season of the system. Ability of the invasive community to withstand high temperatures and drought could confer greater resilience if temperature and precipitation patterns in the region change. The high contribution of Ra by invasive annuals means ecosystem C storage will depend heavily on seasonal rainfall dynamics and productivity of invasive annuals. In semi-arid ecosystems even small scale changes in plant community composition alter Rt, Ra and Rh and should be considered when attempting to predict Rt.
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Haubrock, Phillip J., Ross N. Cuthbert, Elena Tricarico, Christophe Diagne, Franck Courchamp, and Rodolphe E. Gozlan. "The recorded economic costs of alien invasive species in Italy." NeoBiota 67 (July 29, 2021): 247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.57747.
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Whilst the ecological impacts of invasion by alien species have been well documented, little is known of the economic costs incurred. The impacts of invasive alien species on the economy can be wide-ranging, from management costs, to loss of crops, to infrastructure damage. However, details on these cost estimates are still lacking, particularly at national and regional scales. In this study, we use data from the first global assessment of economic costs of invasive alien species (InvaCost), where published economic cost data were systematically gathered from scientific and grey literature. We aimed to describe the economic cost of invasions in Italy, one of the most invaded countries in Europe, with an estimate of more than 3,000 alien species. The overall economic cost of invasions to Italy between 1990 and 2020 was estimated at US$ 819.76 million (EUR€ 704.78 million). This cost was highest within terrestrial habitats, with considerably fewer costs being exclusively associated with aquatic habitats and management methods, highlighting a bias within current literature. There was also a clear indication of informational gaps, with only 15 recorded species with costs. Further, we observed a tendency towards particular taxonomic groups, with insect species accounting for the majority of cost estimates in Italy. Globally, invasion rates are not slowing down and the associated economic impact is thus expected to increase. Therefore, the evaluation and reporting of economic costs need to be improved across taxa, in order to mitigate and efficiently manage the impact of invasions on economies.
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Varón-González, Ceferino, Antoine Fraimout, Arnaud Delapré, Vincent Debat, and Raphaël Cornette. "Limited thermal plasticity and geographical divergence in the ovipositor of Drosophila suzukii." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 1 (January 2020): 191577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191577.
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Phenotypic plasticity has been repeatedly suggested to facilitate adaptation to new environmental conditions, as in invasions. Here, we investigate this possibility by focusing on the worldwide invasion of Drosophila suzukii : an invasive species that has rapidly colonized all continents over the last decade. This species is characterized by a highly developed ovipositor, allowing females to lay eggs through the skin of ripe fruits. Using a novel approach based on the combined use of scanning electron microscopy and photogrammetry, we quantified the ovipositor size and three-dimensional shape, contrasting invasive and native populations raised at three different developmental temperatures. We found a small but significant effect of temperature and geographical origin on the ovipositor shape, showing the occurrence of both geographical differentiation and plasticity to temperature. The shape reaction norms are in turn strikingly similar among populations, suggesting very little difference in shape plasticity among invasive and native populations, and therefore rejecting the hypothesis of a particular role for the plasticity of the ovipositor in the invasion success. Overall, the ovipositor shape seems to be a fairly robust trait, indicative of stabilizing selection. The large performance spectrum rather than the flexibility of the ovipositor would thus contribute to the success of D. suzukii worldwide invasion.
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Oguz, S., A. Sargin, H. Aytan, S. Kelekci, and H. Dumanli. "Doppler study of myometrium in invasive gestational trophoblastic disease." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 14, no. 5 (2004): 972–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200409000-00034.
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ObjectiveIn this prospective study, we aimed to assess the prognostic and diagnostic role of color Doppler flow of myometrium in patients with invasive gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).MethodsThirty-seven patients, who were enrolled in the study with invasive mole, were assessed with the help of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasound before and after chemotherapy. The place and the size of the myometrial invasions were assessed.ResultsThirty patients of 37 were treated with the help of single-agent chemotherapy – methotrexate (mtx). In this group, the resistance index (RI) ratios ranged between 0.26 and 0.45 and the size of the myometrial invasion varied between 10 and 50 mm. On the other hand, six patients were treated with mtx and actinomycin D combination and one patient was treated with the help of total abdominal hysterectomy. In this group, the RI ratios ranged between 0.16 and 0.25 and the size of the myometrial invasion varied between 60 and 90 mm. Remission was achieved in all patients.ConclusionTransvaginal color Doppler study can easily detect invasive GTD. When the depth and the width of the myometrial invasion increase and when there is a low diastolic/systolic ratio, the number of courses and the need for combination of chemotherapy increase.
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Malynovskyi, A. "Problem-analytical database of Invasive species: structure, functions and perspectives of application." Proceedings of the State Natural History Museum, no. 35 (December 8, 2019): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36885/nzdpm.2019.35.125-142.
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Alongside global climatic and anthropogenic changes of the second half of the XX century, problems of expanding habitats and the negative impact of invasive species on natural ecosystems have become more acute. Biological invasions are caused by a number of natural and anthropogenic factors: invasions associated with outbreaks of the population and the expansion of the habitat; introduction for practical purposes and cultivation in botanical gardens, nurseries; accidental spreading by transport network, by import of agricultural products, etc. Strategies for mitigating the effects of invasive species on the environment consist of objective assessments and reliable forecasts based on various potential scenarios of climate change and extent of environmental degradation. The database "Invasive species" was developed as the main component of the regional monitoring network of the resettlement control of invasive and potentially invasive plant species. It is based on the accumulation, generalization and multivariate analysis data analysis and the possibility of predicting further invasions under different scenarios of environmental changes. The obtained results will be the basis for the development of a new integrated technology for risks assessment of invasion and the widest usage of effective methods of biocontrol in agriculture and forestry, health care and biodiversity conservation, monitoring of the invasive process, forecasting environmental situations, organizing measures to control invasive species and, ultimately, to ensure environmental and economic security. Information product in the form of a database provides access to the network resource and technologies is a subject of interest to a number of ministries and departments, a wide range of state and commercial structures working in various fields, and also serve as a social advertisement for improving environmental education.
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Castaño-Quintero, Sandra, Jazmín Escobar-Luján, Luis Osorio-Olvera, A. Townsend Peterson, Xavier Chiappa-Carrara, Enrique Martínez-Meyer, and Carlos Yañez-Arenas. "Supraspecific units in correlative niche modeling improves the prediction of geographic potential of biological invasions." PeerJ 8 (December 22, 2020): e10454. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10454.
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Background Biological invasions rank among the most significant threats to biodiversity and ecosystems. Correlative ecological niche modeling is among the most frequently used tools with which to estimate potential distributions of invasive species. However, when areas accessible to the species across its native distribution do not represent the full spectrum of environmental conditions that the species can tolerate, correlative studies often underestimate fundamental niches. Methods Here, we explore the utility of supraspecific modeling units to improve the predictive ability of models focused on biological invasions. Taking into account phylogenetic relationships in correlative ecological niche models, we studied the invasion patterns of three species (Aedes aegypti, Pterois volitans and Oreochromis mossambicus). Results Use of supraspecific modeling units improved the predictive ability of correlative niche models in anticipating potential distributions of three invasive species. We demonstrated that integrating data on closely related species allowed a more complete characterization of fundamental niches. This approach could be used to model species with invasive potential but that have not yet invaded new regions.
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Brodin, Tomas, and Marcus K. Drotz. "Individual variation in dispersal associated behavioral traits of the invasive Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis, H. Milne Edwards, 1854) during initial invasion of Lake Vänern, Sweden." Current Zoology 60, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.3.410.
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Abstract Understanding and predicting species range-expansions and biological invasions is an important challenge in modern ecology because of rapidly changing environments. Recent studies have revealed that consistent within-species variation in behavior (i.e. animal personality) can be imperative for dispersal success, a key stage in the invasion process. Here we investigate the composition and correlation of two important personality traits associated with invasion success, activity and boldness, and how they are connected to sex and individual size in a newly colonised population of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis in Lake Vänern, Sweden. We found no effect of sex or size on behavioral expressions of E. sinensis but a clear positive correlation between boldness and activity. In addition, this study generates important baseline data for monitoring behavioral development, and thereby changing ecological impact, of an invading population over time. This has implications for predicting ecological effects of invasive species as well as for managing ecological invasions.
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Grice, A. C. "The impacts of invasive plant species on the biodiversity of Australian rangelands." Rangeland Journal 28, no. 1 (2006): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj06014.
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Most parts of the Australian rangelands are at risk of invasion by one or more species of non-native plants. The severity of current problems varies greatly across the rangelands with more non-native plant species in more intensively settled regions, in climatic zones that have higher and more reliable rainfall, and in wetter and more fertile parts of rangeland landscapes. Although there is quantitative evidence of impacts on either particular taxonomic groups or specific ecological processes in Australian rangelands, a comprehensive picture of responses of rangeland ecosystems to plant invasions is not available. Research has been focused on invasive species that are perceived to have important effects. This is likely to down play the significance of species that have visually less dramatic influences and ignore the possibility that some species could invade and yet have negligible consequences. It is conceivable that most of the overall impact will come from a relatively small proportion of invasive species. Impacts have most commonly been assessed in terms of plant species richness or the abundance of certain groups of vertebrates to the almost complete exclusion of other faunal groups. All scientific studies of the impacts of invasive species in Australian rangelands have focused on the effects of individual invasive species although in many situations native communities are under threat from a complex of interacting weed species. Invasion by non-native species is generally associated with declines in native plant species richness, but faunal responses are more complex and individual invasions may be associated with increase, decrease and no-change scenarios for different faunal groups. Some invasive species may remain minor components of the vegetation that they invade while others completely dominate one stratum or the vegetation overall.
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Merow, Cory, Sarah Treanor Bois, Jenica M. Allen, Yingying Xie, and John A. Silander. "Climate change both facilitates and inhibits invasive plant ranges in New England." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 16 (March 27, 2017): E3276—E3284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1609633114.
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Forecasting ecological responses to climate change, invasion, and their interaction must rely on understanding underlying mechanisms. However, such forecasts require extrapolation into new locations and environments. We linked demography and environment using experimental biogeography to forecast invasive and native species’ potential ranges under present and future climate in New England, United States to overcome issues of extrapolation in novel environments. We studied two potentially nonequilibrium invasive plants’ distributions, Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) and Berberis thunbergii (Japanese barberry), each paired with their native ecological analogs to better understand demographic drivers of invasions. Our models predict that climate change will considerably reduce establishment of a currently prolific invader (A. petiolata) throughout New England driven by poor demographic performance in warmer climates. In contrast, invasion of B. thunbergii will be facilitated because of higher growth and germination in warmer climates, with higher likelihood to establish farther north and in closed canopy habitats in the south. Invasion success is in high fecundity for both invasive species and demographic compensation for A. petiolata relative to native analogs. For A. petiolata, simulations suggest that eradication efforts would require unrealistic efficiency; hence, management should focus on inhibiting spread into colder, currently unoccupied areas, understanding source–sink dynamics, and understanding community dynamics should A. petiolata (which is allelopathic) decline. Our results—based on considerable differences with correlative occurrence models typically used for such biogeographic forecasts—suggest the urgency of incorporating mechanism into range forecasting and invasion management to understand how climate change may alter current invasion patterns.