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Journal articles on the topic 'Invading pathogens'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Witzell, Johanna, and Juan A. Martín. "Phenolic metabolites in the resistance of northern forest trees to pathogens — past experiences and future prospects." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 11 (2008): 2711–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-112.

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Phenolic metabolites are frequently implicated in chemical defense mechanisms against pathogens in woody plants. However, tree breeding programmes for resistance to pathogens and practical tree-protection applications based on these compounds seem to be scarce. To identify gaps in our current knowledge of this subject, we explored some of the recent literature on the involvement of phenolic metabolites in the resistance of northern forest trees (Pinus, Picea, Betula, Populus, and Salix spp.) to pathogens. Although it is evident that the phenolic metabolism of trees is often activated by pathog

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2

Mastellos, Dimitrios, and John D. Lambris. "Complement: more than a ‘guard’ against invading pathogens?" Trends in Immunology 23, no. 10 (2002): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4906(02)02287-1.

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3

Islam, Waqar, Muhammad Qasim, Ali Noman, et al. "Plant microRNAs: Front line players against invading pathogens." Microbial Pathogenesis 118 (May 2018): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.008.

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4

Akira, Shizuo. "Innate immunity and adjuvants." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1579 (2011): 2748–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0106.

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Innate immunity was for a long time considered to be non-specific because the major function of this system is to digest pathogens and present antigens to the cells involved in acquired immunity. However, recent studies have shown that innate immunity is not non-specific, but is instead sufficiently specific to discriminate self from pathogens through evolutionarily conserved receptors, designated Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Indeed, innate immunity has a crucial role in early host defence against invading pathogens. Furthermore, TLRs were found to act as adjuvant receptors that create a bridge

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5

DUCROT, ARNAUD, and MICHEL LANGLAIS. "TRAVELLING WAVES IN INVASION PROCESSES WITH PATHOGENS." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 18, no. 03 (2008): 325–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021820250800270x.

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This work is devoted to the study of a singular reaction–diffusion system arising in modelling the introduction of a lethal pathogen within an invading host population. In the absence of the pathogen, the host population exhibits a bistable dynamics (or Allee effect). Earlier numerical simulations of the singular SI model under consideration have exhibited stable travelling waves and also, under some circumstances, a reversal of the wave front speed due to the introduction of the pathogen. Here we prove the existence of such travelling wave solutions, study their linear stability and give anal

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6

Qiao, Yongli, Rui Xia, Jixian Zhai, et al. "Small RNAs in Plant Immunity and Virulence of Filamentous Pathogens." Annual Review of Phytopathology 59, no. 1 (2021): 265–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-121520-023514.

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Gene silencing guided by small RNAs governs a broad range of cellular processes in eukaryotes. Small RNAs are important components of plant immunity because they contribute to pathogen-triggered transcription reprogramming and directly target pathogen RNAs. Recent research suggests that silencing of pathogen genes by plant small RNAs occurs not only during viral infection but also in nonviral pathogens through a process termed host-induced gene silencing, which involves trans-species small RNA trafficking. Similarly, small RNAs are also produced by eukaryotic pathogens and regulate virulence.

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Cipriano, Michael J., and Stephen L. Hajduk. "Drivers of persistent infection: pathogen-induced extracellular vesicles." Essays in Biochemistry 62, no. 2 (2018): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20170083.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by invading pathogens and also by host cells in response to infection. The origin, composition, and function of EVs made during infection are diverse and provide effective vehicles for localized and broad dissimilation of effector molecules in the infected host. Extracellular pathogens use EVs to communicate with each other by sensing the host environment contributing to social motility, tissue tropism, and persistence of infection. Pathogen-derived EVs can also interact with host cells to influence the adhesive properties of host membranes and to alte

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Slimmen, Lisa J. M., Hettie M. Janssens, Annemarie M. C. van Rossum, and Wendy W. J. Unger. "Antigen-Presenting Cells in the Airways: Moderating Asymptomatic Bacterial Carriage." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (2021): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080945.

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Bacterial respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major global health burden, and the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in mounting an immune response to contain and clear invading pathogens is well-described. However, most encounters between a host and a bacterial pathogen do not result in symptomatic infection, but in asymptomatic carriage instead. The fact that a pathogen will cause infection in one individual, but not in another does not appear to be directly related to bacterial density, but rather depend on qualitative differences in the host response. Understanding the interacti

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9

Hendricks, Matthew R., and Jennifer M. Bomberger. "Who's really in control: microbial regulation of protein trafficking in the epithelium." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 306, no. 3 (2014): C187—C197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00277.2013.

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Due to evolutionary pressure, there are many complex interactions at the interface between pathogens and eukaryotic host cells wherein host cells attempt to clear invading microorganisms and pathogens counter these mechanisms to colonize and invade host tissues. One striking observation from studies focused on this interface is that pathogens have multiple mechanisms to modulate and disrupt normal cellular physiology to establish replication niches and avoid clearance. The precision by which pathogens exert their effects on host cells makes them excellent tools to answer questions about cell p

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10

Perry, William J., Jeffrey M. Spraggins, Jessica R. Sheldon, et al. "Staphylococcus aureus exhibits heterogeneous siderophore production within the vertebrate host." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 44 (2019): 21980–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913991116.

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Siderophores, iron-scavenging small molecules, are fundamental to bacterial nutrient metal acquisition and enable pathogens to overcome challenges imposed by nutritional immunity. Multimodal imaging mass spectrometry allows visualization of host−pathogen iron competition, by mapping siderophores within infected tissue. We have observed heterogeneous distributions of Staphylococcus aureus siderophores across infectious foci, challenging the paradigm that the vertebrate host is a uniformly iron-depleted environment to invading microbes.

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11

Falsig, Jeppe, Johan van Beek, Corinna Hermann, and Marcel Leist. "Molecular basis for detection of invading pathogens in the brain." Journal of Neuroscience Research 86, no. 7 (2008): 1434–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.21590.

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12

Górski, Andrzej, and Beata Weber-Dabrowska. "The potential role of endogenous bacteriophages in controlling invading pathogens." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 62, no. 5 (2005): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-004-4403-6.

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13

Parnell, S., T. R. Gottwald, T. Riley, and F. van den Bosch. "A generic risk-based surveying method for invading plant pathogens." Ecological Applications 24, no. 4 (2014): 779–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-0704.1.

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14

Kim, Byoung Sik. "Spatiotemporal Regulation of Vibrio Exotoxins by HlyU and Other Transcriptional Regulators." Toxins 12, no. 9 (2020): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12090544.

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After invading a host, bacterial pathogens secrete diverse protein toxins to disrupt host defense systems. To ensure successful infection, however, pathogens must precisely regulate the expression of those exotoxins because uncontrolled toxin production squanders energy. Furthermore, inappropriate toxin secretion can trigger host immune responses that are detrimental to the invading pathogens. Therefore, bacterial pathogens use diverse transcriptional regulators to accurately regulate multiple exotoxin genes based on spatiotemporal conditions. This review covers three major exotoxins in pathog

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Ashrafi, Nadia, Cristian Lapthorn, Frank S. Pullen, Fernando Naclerio, and Birthe V. Nielsen. "High performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry method for the detection of salivary human neutrophil alpha defensins HNP1, HNP2, HNP3 and HNP4." Analytical Methods 9, no. 46 (2017): 6482–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ay01676j.

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16

Kyrklund, Mikael, Heidi Kaski, Ramin Akhi, et al. "Existence of natural mouse IgG mAbs recognising epitopes shared by malondialdehyde acetaldehyde adducts and Porphyromonas gingivalis." Innate Immunity 27, no. 2 (2021): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753425920981133.

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Natural Abs are produced by B lymphocytes in the absence of external Ag stimulation. They recognise self, altered self and foreign Ags, comprising an important first-line defence against invading pathogens and serving as innate recognition receptors for tissue homeostasis. Natural IgG Abs have been found in newborns and uninfected individuals. Yet, their physiological role remains unclear. Previously, no natural IgG Abs to oxidation-specific epitopes have been reported. Here, we show the cloning and characterisation of mouse IgG mAbs against malondialdehyde acetaldehyde (MAA)-modified low-dens

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Danastas, Kevin, Monica Miranda-Saksena, and Anthony L. Cunningham. "Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Interactions with the Interferon System." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 14 (2020): 5150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145150.

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The interferon (IFN) system is one of the first lines of defense activated against invading viral pathogens. Upon secretion, IFNs activate a signaling cascade resulting in the production of several interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), which work to limit viral replication and establish an overall anti-viral state. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is a ubiquitous human pathogen that has evolved to downregulate the IFN response and establish lifelong latent infection in sensory neurons of the host. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which the host innate immune system detects invading HSV-1 v

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18

Sheldon, I. Martin, James G. Cronin, and John J. Bromfield. "Tolerance and Innate Immunity Shape the Development of Postpartum Uterine Disease and the Impact of Endometritis in Dairy Cattle." Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 7, no. 1 (2019): 361–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115227.

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Bacteria are ubiquitous in the bovine uterus after parturition, but 50 years ago, cows tolerated these bacteria and few animals developed uterine disease. Now, up to 40% of dairy cattle develop postpartum uterine disease. Uterine disease causes infertility by compromising the function of not only the endometrium but also the ovary. Animals defend themselves against pathogens using tolerance and resistance mechanisms. Tolerance is the ability to limit the disease severity induced by a given pathogen burden. Resistance is the ability to limit the pathogen burden and is usually the function of im

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19

Aliberti, Julio. "Immunity and Tolerance Induced by Intestinal Mucosal Dendritic Cells." Mediators of Inflammation 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3104727.

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Dendritic cells present in the digestive tract are constantly exposed to environmental antigens, commensal flora, and invading pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, these cells have high tolerogenic potential, triggering differentiation of regulatory T cells to protect the host from unwanted proinflammatory immune responses to innocuous antigens or commensals. On the other hand, these cells must discriminate between commensal flora and invading pathogens and mount powerful immune response against pathogens. A potential result of unbalanced tolerogenic versus proinflammatory responses media

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20

Nouwen, Lonneke V., and Bart Everts. "Pathogens MenTORing Macrophages and Dendritic Cells: Manipulation of mTOR and Cellular Metabolism to Promote Immune Escape." Cells 9, no. 1 (2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9010161.

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Myeloid cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, represent an important first line of defense against infections. Upon recognition of pathogens, these cells undergo a metabolic reprogramming that supports their activation and ability to respond to the invading pathogens. An important metabolic regulator of these cells is mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). During infection, pathogens use host metabolic pathways to scavenge host nutrients, as well as target metabolic pathways for subversion of the host immune response that together facilitate pathogen survival. Given the pivotal role

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21

Hardham, Adrienne R., and David M. Cahill. "The role of oomycete effectors in plant - pathogen interactions." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 10 (2010): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp10073.

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Plants constantly come into contact with a diverse range of microorganisms that are potential pathogens, and they have evolved multi-faceted physical and chemical strategies to inhibit pathogen ingress and establishment of disease. Microbes, however, have developed their own strategies to counteract plant defence responses. Recent research on plant–microbe interactions has revealed that an important part of the infection strategies of a diverse range of plant pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and oomycetes, is the production of effector proteins that are secreted by the pathogen and that pr

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22

Sharp, Ryan T., Michael W. Shaw, and Frank Bosch. "The effect of competition on the control of invading plant pathogens." Journal of Applied Ecology 57, no. 7 (2020): 1403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13618.

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23

Thompson, Robin N., Christopher A. Gilligan, and Nik J. Cunniffe. "Control fast or control smart: When should invading pathogens be controlled?" PLOS Computational Biology 14, no. 2 (2018): e1006014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006014.

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24

Carella, Philip. "Resistance on Tap: PDR Transporters Direct Antimicrobial Metabolites Toward Invading Pathogens." Plant Cell 31, no. 9 (2019): 1943–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.19.00470.

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25

Prolo, Carolina, María Noel Álvarez, and Rafael Radi. "Peroxynitrite, a potent macrophage-derived oxidizing cytotoxin to combat invading pathogens." BioFactors 40, no. 2 (2013): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biof.1150.

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26

Sun, Lixiang, Wenjie Liu, and Ling-juan Zhang. "The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Skin Host Defense, Psoriasis, and Atopic Dermatitis." Journal of Immunology Research 2019 (November 14, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1824624.

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As the key defense molecules originally identified in Drosophila, Toll-like receptor (TLR) superfamily members play a fundamental role in detecting invading pathogens or damage and initiating the innate immune system of mammalian cells. The skin, the largest organ of the human body, protects the human body by providing a critical physical and immunological active multilayered barrier against invading pathogens and environmental factors. At the first line of defense, the skin is constantly exposed to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

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27

Harrison, Rene E., and Sergio Grinstein. "Phagocytosis and the microtubule cytoskeleton." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80, no. 5 (2002): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o02-142.

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Phagocytosis is a critical host defense mechanism used by macrophages and neutrophils to clear invading pathogens. The complex sequence of events resulting in internalization and degradation of the pathogens is a coordinated process involving lipids, signaling proteins, and the cytoskeleton. Here, we examine the role of the microtubule cytoskeleton in supporting both the engulfment of pathogens and their elimination within phagolysosomes.Key words: macrophage, microtubule, phagocytosis, maturation, Fc receptor.

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28

Heller, Kira. "Dana Philpott: Exploring the land of NOD." Journal of Experimental Medicine 206, no. 4 (2009): 728–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.2064pi.

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29

Li, Yao, Shou-Long Deng, Zheng-Xing Lian, and Kun Yu. "Roles of Toll-Like Receptors in Nitroxidative Stress in Mammals." Cells 8, no. 6 (2019): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8060576.

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Free radicals are important antimicrobial effectors that cause damage to DNA, membrane lipids, and proteins. Professional phagocytes produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that contribute towards the destruction of pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a fundamental role in the innate immune response and respond to conserved microbial products and endogenous molecules resulting from cellular damage to elicit an effective defense against invading pathogens, tissue injury, or cancer. In recent years, several studies have focused on how the TLR-mediated act

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30

Kuhn, Christoph. "Immune Response to a Variable Pathogen: A Stochastic Model with Two Interlocked Darwinian Entities." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/784512.

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This paper presents the modeling of a host immune system, more precisely the immune effector cell and immune memory cell population, and its interaction with an invading pathogen population. It will tackle two issues of interest; on the one hand, in defining a stochastic model accounting for the inherent nature of organisms in population dynamics, namely multiplication with mutation and selection; on the other hand, in providing a description of pathogens that may vary their antigens through mutations during infection of the host. Unlike most of the literature, which models the dynamics with f

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Kounatidis, Ilias, and Petros Ligoxygakis. "Drosophila as a model system to unravel the layers of innate immunity to infection." Open Biology 2, no. 5 (2012): 120075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.120075.

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Summary Innate immunity relies entirely upon germ-line encoded receptors, signalling components and effector molecules for the recognition and elimination of invading pathogens. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster with its powerful collection of genetic and genomic tools has been the model of choice to develop ideas about innate immunity and host–pathogen interactions. Here, we review current research in the field, encompassing all layers of defence from the role of the microbiota to systemic immune activation, and attempt to speculate on future directions and open questions.

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Suttorp, Norbert, and Stefan Hippenstiel. "Interaction of pathogens with the endothelium." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 89, no. 01 (2003): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1613538.

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SummaryThe endothelium lines the inner surface of the vessel wall establishing a multifunctional, semi-permeable cellular barrier at blood-tissue interface. The large total surface of the endothelium is exposed to pathogens, pathogen-derived products as well as to agents of the activated host defense during an inflammatory reaction. The endothelium is not only specifically targeted by important infective agents like Rickettsiae (1) or Bartonella (2), it is involved in virtually most, if not all, acute inflammatory responses. Pathogens attack the endothelium by a wide variety of strategies, as

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Parnell, S., T. R. Gottwald, C. A. Gilligan, N. J. Cunniffe, and F. van den Bosch. "The Effect of Landscape Pattern on the Optimal Eradication Zone of an Invading Epidemic." Phytopathology® 100, no. 7 (2010): 638–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-100-7-0638.

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A number of high profile eradication attempts on plant pathogens have recently been attempted in response to the increasing number of introductions of economically significant nonnative pathogen species. Eradication programs involve the removal of a large proportion of a host population and can thus lead to significant social and economic costs. In this paper we use a spatially explicit stochastic model to simulate an invading pathogen and show that it is possible to identify an optimal control radius, i.e., one that minimizes the total number of hosts removed during an eradication campaign th

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34

Medina, Eva, and Dominik Hartl. "Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Infection: A General Overview." Journal of Innate Immunity 10, no. 5-6 (2018): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000489830.

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After initial infection, the immune response that serves to restrict the invading pathogen needs to be tightly calibrated in order to avoid collateral immunopathological damage. This calibration is performed by specialized suppressor mechanisms, which are capable of dampening overwhelming or unremitting inflammation in order to prevent tissue damage. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are emerging as key players in counter-balancing inflammatory responses and pathogenesis during infection. However, some pathogens are able to exploit the suppressive activities of MDSC to favor pathogen per

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Kerrigan, Steve W., and Alastair Poole. "Focusing on the role of platelets in immune defence against invading pathogens." Platelets 26, no. 4 (2015): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09537104.2015.1038230.

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Fujita, Naonobu, Eiji Morita, Takashi Itoh, et al. "Recruitment of the autophagic machinery to endosomes during infection is mediated by ubiquitin." Journal of Cell Biology 203, no. 1 (2013): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201304188.

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Although ubiquitin is thought to be important for the autophagic sequestration of invading bacteria (also called xenophagy), its precise role remains largely enigmatic. Here we determined how ubiquitin is involved in this process. After invasion, ubiquitin is conjugated to host cellular proteins in endosomes that contain Salmonella or transfection reagent–coated latex (polystyrene) beads, which mimic invading bacteria. Ubiquitin is recognized by the autophagic machinery independently of the LC3–ubiquitin interaction through adaptor proteins, including a direct interaction between ubiquitin and

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Künstler, András, Gábor Gullner, Attila L. Ádám, Judit Kolozsváriné Kolozsváriné Nagy, and Lóránt Király. "The Versatile Roles of Sulfur-Containing Biomolecules in Plant Defense—A Road to Disease Resistance." Plants 9, no. 12 (2020): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121705.

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Sulfur (S) is an essential plant macronutrient and the pivotal role of sulfur compounds in plant disease resistance has become obvious in recent decades. This review attempts to recapitulate results on the various functions of sulfur-containing defense compounds (SDCs) in plant defense responses to pathogens. These compounds include sulfur containing amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, the tripeptide glutathione, thionins and defensins, glucosinolates and phytoalexins and, last but not least, reactive sulfur species and hydrogen sulfide. SDCs play versatile roles both in pathogen perc

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Fingerhut, Leonie, Gaby Dolz, and Nicole de Buhr. "What Is the Evolutionary Fingerprint in Neutrophil Granulocytes?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 12 (2020): 4523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124523.

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Over the years of evolution, thousands of different animal species have evolved. All these species require an immune system to defend themselves against invading pathogens. Nevertheless, the immune systems of different species are obviously counteracting against the same pathogen with different efficiency. Therefore, the question arises if the process that was leading to the clades of vertebrates in the animal kingdom—namely mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fish—was also leading to different functions of immune cells. One cell type of the innate immune system that is transmigrating as

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Thatcher, Louise F., Jonathan P. Anderson, and Karam B. Singh. "Plant defence responses: what have we learnt from Arabidopsis?" Functional Plant Biology 32, no. 1 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp04135.

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To overcome the attack of invading pathogens, a plant’s defence system relies on preformed and induced responses. The induced responses are activated following detection of a pathogen, with the subsequent transmission of signals and orchestrated cellular events aimed at eliminating the pathogen and preventing its spread. Numerous studies are proving that the activated signalling pathways are not simply linear, but rather, form complex networks where considerable cross talk takes place. This review covers the recent application of powerful genetic and genomic approaches to identify key defence

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Mok, Adley CH, Christopher H. Mody, and Shu Shun Li. "Immune Cell Degranulation in Fungal Host Defence." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 6 (2021): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7060484.

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Humans have developed complex immune systems that defend against invading microbes, including fungal pathogens. Many highly specialized cells of the immune system share the ability to store antimicrobial compounds in membrane bound organelles that can be immediately deployed to eradicate or inhibit growth of invading pathogens. These membrane-bound organelles consist of secretory vesicles or granules, which move to the surface of the cell, where they fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents in the process of degranulation. Lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, eosin

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Hussain, Abid, Muhammad Waqar Ali, Ahmed Mohammed AlJabr, and Saad Naser AL-Kahtani. "Insights into the Gryllus bimaculatus Immune-Related Transcriptomic Profiling to Combat Naturally Invading Pathogens." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4 (2020): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6040232.

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Natural pathogen pressure is an important factor that shapes the host immune defense mechanism. The current study primarily aimed to explore the molecular basis of the natural immune defense mechanism of a sporadic pest, Gryllus bimaculatus, during swarming by constructing cDNA libraries of the female mid-gut, male mid-gut, testes, and ovaries. The Illumina HiSeq platform generated an average of 7.9 G, 11.77 G, 10.07 G, and 10.07 G bases of outputs from the male mid-gut, female mid-gut, testes, and ovaries and libraries, respectively. The transcriptome of two-spotted field crickets was assembl

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Lea, S. "Interactions of CD55 with non-complement ligands." Biochemical Society Transactions 30, no. 6 (2002): 1014–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0301014.

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Decay Accelerating Factor (or CD55) is a major regulator of the alternative and classical pathways of complement activation and is expressed on all serum-exposed cells. It is commonly hijacked by invading pathogens, including many enteroviruses and uropathogenic Escherichia coli, to promote cellular attachment prior to infection. This review will attempt to summarize our knowledge about these interactions between CD55 and various pathogens and also what is known about the non-complement interaction between CD55 and CD97.

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Mauthe, Mario, Wenqi Yu, Oleg Krut, et al. "WIPI-1 Positive Autophagosome-Like Vesicles Entrap PathogenicStaphylococcus aureusfor Lysosomal Degradation." International Journal of Cell Biology 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/179207.

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Invading pathogens provoke the autophagic machinery and, in a process termed xenophagy, the host cell survives because autophagy is employed as a safeguard for pathogens that escaped phagosomes. However, some pathogens can manipulate the autophagic pathway and replicate within the niche of generated autophagosome-like vesicles. By automated fluorescence-based high content analyses, we demonstrate thatStaphylococcus aureusstrains (USA300, HG001, SA113) stimulate autophagy and become entrapped in intracellular PtdIns(3)P-enriched vesicles that are decorated with human WIPI-1, an essential PtdIns

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Eisele, Nicholas A., and Deborah M. Anderson. "Host Defense and the Airway Epithelium: Frontline Responses That Protect against Bacterial Invasion and Pneumonia." Journal of Pathogens 2011 (2011): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/249802.

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Airway epithelial cells are the first line of defense against invading microbes, and they protect themselves through the production of carbohydrate and protein matrices concentrated with antimicrobial products. In addition, they act as sentinels, expressing pattern recognition receptors that become activated upon sensing bacterial products and stimulate downstream recruitment and activation of immune cells which clear invading microbes. Bacterial pathogens that successfully colonize the lungs must resist these mechanisms or inhibit their production, penetrate the epithelial barrier, and be pre

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Behl, Jyotsna Dhingra, N. K. Verma, Neha Tyagi, Priyanka Mishra, Rahul Behl, and B. K. Joshi. "The Major Histocompatibility Complex in Bovines: A Review." ISRN Veterinary Science 2012 (May 28, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/872710.

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Productivity in dairy cattle and buffaloes depends on the genetic factors governing the production of milk and milk constituents as well as genetic factors controlling disease resistance or susceptibility. The immune system is the adaptive defense system that has evolved in vertebrates to protect them from invading pathogens and also carcinomas. It is remarkable in the sense that it is able to generate an enormous variety of cells and biomolecules which interact with each other in numerous ways to form a complex network that helps to recognize, counteract, and eliminate the apparently limitles

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Liaskou, Evaggelia, Daisy V. Wilson, and Ye H. Oo. "Innate Immune Cells in Liver Inflammation." Mediators of Inflammation 2012 (2012): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/949157.

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Innate immune system is the first line of defence against invading pathogens that is critical for the overall survival of the host. Human liver is characterised by a dual blood supply, with 80% of blood entering through the portal vein carrying nutrients and bacterial endotoxin from the gastrointestinal tract. The liver is thus constantly exposed to antigenic loads. Therefore, pathogenic microorganism must be efficiently eliminated whilst harmless antigens derived from the gastrointestinal tract need to be tolerized in the liver. In order to achieve this, the liver innate immune system is equi

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Ekanayake, Gayani, Erica D. LaMontagne, and Antje Heese. "Never Walk Alone: Clathrin-Coated Vesicle (CCV) Components in Plant Immunity." Annual Review of Phytopathology 57, no. 1 (2019): 387–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045841.

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At the host–pathogen interface, the protein composition of the plasma membrane (PM) has important implications for how a plant cell perceives and responds to invading microbial pathogens. A plant's ability to modulate its PM composition is critical for regulating the strength, duration, and integration of immune responses. One mechanism by which plant cells reprogram their cell surface is vesicular trafficking, including secretion and endocytosis. These trafficking processes add or remove cargo proteins (such as pattern-recognition receptors, transporters, and other proteins with immune functi

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Thompson, Robin N., Richard C. Cobb, Christopher A. Gilligan, and Nik J. Cunniffe. "Management of invading pathogens should be informed by epidemiology rather than administrative boundaries." Ecological Modelling 324 (March 2016): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.12.014.

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Morey, Jacqueline R., Christopher A. McDevitt, and Thomas E. Kehl-Fie. "Host-imposed manganese starvation of invading pathogens: two routes to the same destination." BioMetals 28, no. 3 (2015): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10534-015-9850-z.

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Zhang, Ji, and Serge Rivest. "Is Survival Possible Without Arachidonate Metabolites in the Brain During Systemic Infection?" Physiology 18, no. 4 (2003): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/nips.01415.2002.

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The central nervous system mediates a coordinated set of biological responses during systemic immune stimuli. These responses are essential for the organism to eliminate invading pathogens and restore health. Coincidentally, centrally produced prostaglandins play a determinant role in activating the neuronal circuits involved in the control of autonomic functions.

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