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1
Martynov, A. V., and O. V. Popova. "Methodology to Determine Expansion Rate, Strength, and Adhesion of Protective Coating Produced Based on Formed Coked Form." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 9 (September 2024): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2024-9-66-73.
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Today, the production volumes of intumescent paints comprise a significant part of the entire fire-protection production. At the same time, both uncertified and low-quality products can be often offered within the segment. The main implicit factors of the violation of the intumescent coating quality are the thickness of the layer and the degree of dilution of ready-to-use paint immediately before use. These factors affect the quality of coked foam, i.e., its layer thickness and its density; however, these cannot be detected during the external examination of the paint layer, measuring its thickness and conditional adhesion in accordance with modern standards. The reliability of the results of intumescent coating fire-retardant properties evaluation can only be ensured considering the evaluation of additional parameters of coked foam (strength and homogeneity) applied to protected structures measured in conditions close to real fire conditions. A methodology of express analysis of intumescent coatings on steel structures has been considered; the analysis aims to determine the expansion rate, strength, and adhesion of protective coating produced based on formed coked foam. The methodology is based on the theoretical studies of the effects of intumescent paint parameters (layer thickness, degree of dilution) on coked foam parameters and contains non-standard methods of intumescent fire-protection parameters. The intumescent coating spot heating method at sampling sites has been developed; the efficiency of the penetromety method to determine the coked foam strength has been proved. These methods are simple and do not require using any expensive equipment. The methodology can be applied to evaluate the fire-retardant coating directly at a construction site by the following parameters: coked foam intumescence, homogeneity of its structure, ultimate strength in compression, and shear-breakout. It has been established that high values of the intumescence coefficient do not guarantee the reliability of fire protection. The higher the intumescence coefficient is, the lower the thickness and strength of the coked foam. Considering this interdependence of parameters, it is reasonable to establish, on a regulatory basis, the ultimate values of the coked foam intumescence coefficient.
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Martynov, A. V., O. V. Popova, and V. V. Grekov. "Non-Standard Methods for Assessing the Quality of Intumescent Coatings." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 6 (June 2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-6-15-20.
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The main most frequently used structural materials are monolithic reinforced concrete, steel profiles and lightweight thin-walled building structures, which in case of fire at temperatures above 500 °C lose their mechanical properties, deform, and collapse. To protect the load-bearing structures from dangerous deformations for a certain time before the start of extinguishing a fire, various fire-retardant materials are used, among which thin-layer intumescent coatings occupy a special place. Serious problems with the quality of intumescent coatings are associated with the use by manufacturers of paint components (often counterfeit products of low quality) that do not correspond to those stated in the certificates. In these cases, the intumescent coating does not guarantee the formation of a high-quality protective layer of the coke foam in case of fire. Standard methods for assessing the quality of such coatings allow to assess appearance, thickness, and adhesion of the coating prior to coke foam formation. However, it is required to check directly on the object the additional non-standard parameters of the intumescent coatings: intumescence coefficient, appearance and strength of the coke foam. Ways are described related to the implementation of measuring the structural and mechanical properties of the coke foam: intumescence coefficient, penetration and shear-breakout strength. It is proposed to measure the strength characteristics of the coke foam by the penetrometry method on an original installation (analogue of a cone penetrometer). The proposed measurement method is simple, demonstrative and does not require expensive equipment. The dependence is revealed concerning the strength of the coke foam on its density, which is determined by the intumescence coefficient at all other things being equal. The higher the intumescence coefficient, the lower the density and strength of the coke foam. Therefore, high values of the intumescence coefficient do not guarantee the reliability of fire protection. It is recommended to set normatively limit values for the intumescence coefficient, which will differ for different compositions of the intumescent paints.
3
Häßler, Mai, Dustin Häßler, Sascha Hothan, and Simone Krüger. "Fire tests of steel tension rod systems with intumescent coating." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 11, no. 1 (August 5, 2019): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-01-2019-0005.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the performance of intumescent coating on tension rod systems and their components. Steel tension rod systems consist of tension rods, fork end connectors and associated intersection or gusset plates. In case of fire, beside the tension rods themselves, the connection parts require appropriate fire protection. Intumescent fire protection coatings prevent a rapid heating of the steel and help secure the structural load-carrying capacity. Because the connection components of tension rod systems feature surface curvature and a complex geometry, high demand is placed on the intumescence and thermal protection performance of the coatings. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, experimental studies were carried out for steel tension rod systems with intumescent coating. The examined aspects include the foaming and cracking behaviour, the influence of different dry film thicknesses, the heating rate of the steel connecting parts in comparison to the tension rods, and the mounting orientation of the tension rods together with their fork end connectors. Findings The results show that a decrease in surface curvature and/or an increase in mass concentration of the steel components leads to a lower heating rate of the steel. Moreover, the performance of the intumescent coating on tension rod systems is influenced by the mounting orientation of the steel components. Originality/value The findings based on fire tests contribute to a better understanding of the intumescent coating performance on connection components of tension rod systems. This subject has not been extensively studied yet.
4
Çırpıcı, Burak Kaan, Süleyman Nazif Orhan, and Türkay Kotan. "Numerical modelling of heat transfer through protected composite structural members." Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics 5, no. 3 (September 11, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2019.03.003.
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Among many various types of passive fire protection materials (i.e. plaster boards, sprayed materials and intumescent coatings) thin film intumescent coatings have become the preferable option owing to their good advantages such as flexibility, good appearance (aesthetics), light weight to the structure and fast application. Despite their popularity, there is also a lack of good understanding of fire behaviour. In general, experimental methods are used to push this knowledge with labour and high-energy consumption and extremely expensive processes. With the development of computer technology, numerical models to predict the heat transfer phenomena of intumescent coatings have been developed with time. In this work, the numerical model has been established to predict the heat transfer performance including material properties such as thermal conductivity and dry film thickness of intumescent coating. The developed numerical model has been divided into different layers to understand the sensitivity of steel temperature to the number of layers of intumescent coating and mesh sizes. The temperature-dependent thermal conductivity of intumescent coatings can be calculated based on inverse solution of the equation for calculating temperatures in protected steel according to the Eurocodes (EN 1993-1-2 and EN 1994-1-2). However, as the temperature distribution in the intumescent coatings is highly non-uniform, that Eurocode equation does not give accurate coating thermal conductivity-temperature relationship for use in numerical heat transfer modelling when the coating is divided into a number of layers, each having its characteristic thermal conductivity values. The comparison study of steel temperature under Standard (ISO 834) and Fast fire conditions against Eurocode analytical solution has also been made by assuming both constant thermal conductivity and variable thermal conductivity. The obtained results show close agreement with the Eurocode solution choosing a minimum certain mesh, number of layer and best-fitted thermal conductivity of the intumescent coating.
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Li, GQ, Jun Han, and Yong C. Wang. "Constant effective thermal conductivity of intumescent coatings: Analysis of experimental results." Journal of Fire Sciences 35, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 132–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904117693857.
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This article presents the results of an investigation to obtain the constant effective thermal conductivities of intumescent coatings under the influence of different intumescent coating factors (type of intumescent coating, coating thickness, steel section factor, fire condition), based on the analysis of an extensive collection of fire test data. The constant effective thermal conductivity is not a fundamental property of the intumescent coating, but is a desired quantity for simplified practical fire resistance design. It is defined as the temperature-averaged value of the temperature-dependent effective thermal conductivity within the temperature range of interest for fire resistance design of steel structures. The results indicate that for each of the intumescent coating types examined, a consistent constant effective thermal conductivity exists. The constant effective thermal conductivity tends to increase with decreasing steel section factor and to decrease with increasing coating thickness. For intumescent coating–protected steel I-sections, incorporating the shadow effect gives more consistent values of constant thermal conductivity compared to those without accounting for the effect. The same constant effective thermal conductivity obtained from the ISO fire tests may be used for different fire conditions as long as the steel temperature is higher than 400 °C. The results of this research make it possible to develop a simple method to calculate temperatures of intumescent coating–protected steel sections under different fire conditions.
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Piperopoulos, Elpida, Giuseppe Scionti, Mario Atria, Luigi Calabrese, Antonino Valenza, and Edoardo Proverbio. "Optimizing Ammonium Polyphosphate–Acrylic Intumescent Coatings with Sustainable Fillers for Naval Fire Safety." Materials 17, no. 21 (October 26, 2024): 5222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17215222.
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This study explores the potential of natural and recycled materials to enhance the fire behavior of eco-friendly intumescent coatings, compared to a traditional ammonium polyphosphate (APP)-based one. To achieve this, cork, halloysite clay, and recycled glass were evaluated as natural fillers and sustainable components within the coating formulation. The aim was to reduce the reliance on synthetic materials and minimize the environmental impact while maintaining fire performance. Fire exposure tests were conducted to assess the in situ char formation and its relationship to the heat source and char foaming process. The results highlighted that all functionalized coatings exhibited suitable intumescent behavior. The best results were evidenced by cork-filled coating that evidenced an intumescent capacity about 40% higher than the traditional ammonium polyphosphate (APP)-based one. This provided valuable insights into the coating’s real-time response to fire, determining its suitability for various fire-resistant applications.
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Hussain, Atif, Véronic Landry, Pierre Blanchet, Doan-Trang Hoang, and Christian Dagenais. "Fire Performance of Intumescent Waterborne Coatings with Encapsulated APP for Wood Constructions." Coatings 11, no. 11 (October 20, 2021): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111272.
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In this work, intumescent coatings were prepared for protection of wood from fire. The fire-retardant chemical ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is known to have poor resistance to water and high humidity as it is hygroscopic in nature. To improve the water resistance, durability and fire resistance of the intumescent coating, APP was modified using a hybrid organic-inorganic polysiloxane encapsulation shell prepared by the sol–gel method. The physical and chemical properties of the intumescent mix containing microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (EAPP) particles were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water absorption, dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The EAPP mix showed 50% reduction in water absorption, 75% reduction in water vapor sorption and increased thermal stability when compared to the APP mix. The intumescent coatings were applied on wood samples, and their fire performance was evaluated using a cone calorimeter test. The intumescent coatings containing EAPP mix showed better fire retarding properties with longer time to ignition, lower heat release rate and shorter heat release peak when compared to the coating without EAPP mix. The prepared intumescent coating shows higher resistance to water and moisture, and it has great potential to be used in bio-based construction industry for enhancing the fire resistance of wood.
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Yew, M. C., N. H. Ramli Sulong, M. K. Yew, M. A. Amalina, and M. R. Johan. "Fire Propagation Performance of Intumescent Fire Protective Coatings Using Eggshells as a Novel Biofiller." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/805094.
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This paper aims to synthesize and characterize an effective intumescent fire protective coating that incorporates eggshell powder as a novel biofiller. The performances of thermal stability, char formation, fire propagation, water resistance, and adhesion strength of coatings have been evaluated. A few intumescent flame-retardant coatings based on these three ecofriendly fire retardant additives ammonium polyphosphate phase II, pentaerythritol and melamine mixed together with flame-retardant fillers, and acrylic binder have been prepared and designed for steel. The fire performance of the coatings has conducted employing BS 476: Part 6-Fire propagation test. The foam structures of the intumescent coatings have been observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy. On exposure, the coated specimens’ B, C, and D had been certified to be Class 0 due to the fact that their fire propagation indexes were less than 12. Incorporation of ecofriendly eggshell, biofiller into formulation D led to excellent performance in fire stopping (index value,(I)=4.3) and antioxidation of intumescent coating. The coating is also found to be quite effective in water repellency, uniform foam structure, and adhesion strength.
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Amir, Norlaili, Faiz Ahmad, and Puteri S. M. Megat Yusoff. "Char Strength of Wool Fibre Reinforced Epoxy-Based Intumescent Coatings (FRIC)." Advanced Materials Research 626 (December 2012): 504–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.504.
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Fire protective intumescent coating cannot insulate a base material effectively if its char lacks mechanical strength. This research therefore, studied the effects of fibre reinforcement to epoxy-based intumescent coatings char strength. The fibres used include glass wool fibre, Rockwool fibre and ceramic wool fibre of 10mm length. The three formulations mechanical performances were compared to both, a famous commercial intumescent coating and a control formulation without fibre. These coatings were fire tested up to 800°C in an electric furnace for an hour. Their chars mechanical properties were evaluated for char resistance test using predetermined weight loads. In the test, masses from 100g to 3600g were loaded continuously on top of the chars where the fibre reinforced intumescent coating (FRIC) has shown better strength and resistance to deformation. As a result, they produced lower percentage of height reduction i.e. 34% - 83% different when compared to unreinforced coating. Control char also ruptured at as low as 4N load. It was deduced that fire insulative wool fibres are effective reinforcement for improved char strength of the FRIC.
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Vasilchenko, Alexey, Yuriy Otrosh, Nikolay Adamenko, Evgeny Doronin, and Andrey Kovalov. "Feature of fire resistance calculation of steel structures with intumescent coating." MATEC Web of Conferences 230 (2018): 02036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823002036.
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The problem of estimation of fire resistance of steel frame structures with intumescent coatings is considered. It implies that both physical properties of a covering (its thickness and structure) and mechanical properties of a metal structure change critically at heating. All above changes should be considered to maintain the standard values of fire resistance of a construction at calculation. Usually, known technical characteristics of fire resistance of intumescent coverings are used for estimation of fire resistance of steel structures with intumescent coverings. Importance of taking into account the influence of strength loss time at heating of a steel structure on calculation of fire resistance limit of system “intumescent fireproof coating steel structure” is shown in the article. On an example of calculation of heating time to the critical temperature of steel columns and beams protected by intumescent coating, it is shown that own heating time of steel structures before they lose strength makes 10 to 16 % from a settlement limit of fire resistance. This fact should be considered at the forecast of fire resistance of steel frame structures with intumescent coatings.
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Printseva, Maria, and Tatyana Teplyakova. "IONNOCHROMATOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF FIRE RETARDANT COATINGS IN FIRE EXAMINATION." Problems of risk management in the technosphere 2024, no. 2 (July 5, 2024): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.61260/1998-8990-2024-2-140-148.
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Fire protection of structures, as well as increasing the fire resistance of metal structures is an important task in reducing losses from fires. One common way to improve the fire resistance of a structure is to apply an intumescent flame retardant coating to the structure. Currently, expert practice has more often raised questions about establishing the presence or absence of fire protection on structures. The article considers the possibility of using the method of ion chromatography in order to determine the presence of fire-retardant components in the coating and determine the composition of the fire-retardant coating. The study was conducted on three flame retardant intumescent coatings with different binders. Two sample preparation methods were selected for the study: the study of directly aqueous solutions of intumescent coatings and the study of aqueous solutions of gases released during thermal destruction of coatings. Chromatograms of aqueous solutions of the tested coatings are given, indicating the presence of ions of fire-retardant components formed during hydrolysis. The results of the study showed that both methods have both advantages and disadvantages and can be used in preparation for analysis by ion chromatography to study flame retardant intumescent coatings.
12
Zeng, Ying, Claus Erik Weinell, Kim Dam-Johansen, Louise Ring, and Søren Kiil. "Comparison of an industrial- and a laboratory-scale furnace for analysis of hydrocarbon intumescent coating performance." Journal of Fire Sciences 38, no. 3 (April 13, 2020): 309–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904120902852.
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Due to increasing demands for fire protection in high-risk environments, such as petrochemical processes and offshore platforms, so-called hydrocarbon intumescent coatings are increasingly used to protect structural steel in the event of a hydrocarbon fire. For these coatings, the fire-resistance performance is typically evaluated in a series of costly experiments with industrial-scale (i.e. 1–10 m3) furnaces, programmed to follow a standard hydrocarbon fire test curve. In this work, we propose a laboratory-scale furnace for coating evaluation, which can simulate the conditions of a typical hydrocarbon fire curve, that is, the standard UL 1709. In a case study with five hydrocarbon intumescent coating formulations, the correlation between the laboratory- and the industrial-scale furnace was investigated and a good agreement was found for the temperature progression of the coated steel plates. The physical and chemical properties of the intumescent coating chars were also similar for the two furnaces. In summary, the low-cost, time-efficient laboratory-scale furnace can provide reliable screening of hydrocarbon intumescent coatings and is recommended as a complementary tool for industrial fire tests.
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Li, Zhishi, Huajin Wang, Sheng Zhang, Wei Zhao, Qinghuai Jiang, Mingqiang Wang, Jun Zhao, and Wei Lu. "Smoke density evaluation of acrylic resin and intumescent flame retardant coatings." Pigment & Resin Technology 45, no. 2 (March 7, 2016): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-03-2014-0023.
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Purpose – This paper aims to discuss how acrylic resin influences the smoke generation of intumescent flame retardant coatings. Design/methodology/approach – Thermal decomposition kinetics is used in this study to simulate the burning process. The thermal decomposition of acrylic resin can be identified in the intumescent coatings through the multi-peak fitting of derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves. The dormant influence of acrylic resin, combined with the smoke density, is calculated. Findings – Multiple peaks fitting method of DTG curves helps estimate the decomposition process of acrylic resin in flame retardant coating. Combining DTG data with the smoking curve, smoking generation of acrylic resin during the combustion could be evaluated. The decomposition conversion rate of acrylic resin is 21.13 per cent. Acrylic resin generates 34.64 per cent of the total amount of smoke produced during the combustion of intumescent flame retardant coatings. Research limitations/implications – All the other intumescent flame retardant coating systems could be studied using the same approach as that used in this work to achieve an improved understanding of the smoke generation process during combustion. Practical implications – The method developed here provided a simple and practical solution to analyse the decomposition and smoking generation of acrylic resin in the coating mixtures. It also can be used to analyse any thermal decomposition process of any mixed compounds. Originality/value – The analysis method to evaluate resin’s smoking generation of coating’s total generation is novel, and it could be applied in all kinds of coatings and mixtures to estimate the smoking generation of one composition.
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MARTYNOV, A., V. GREKOV, and O. POPOVA. "MEASURING TOOL KIT FOR EXPRESS ANALYSIS OF INTUMESCENT FIRE PROTECTION AT A CONSTRUCTION FACILITY." Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination 3 (2021): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/fe.2021.3.61-68.
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Purpose. Existing methods for checking the quality of intumescent coatings do not allow determining the implicit properties of these coatings, for example, the properties of foamed coke (FC), which is formed from a layer of intumescent paint during a fire. The authors analyze the issues of developing a measuring tool kit to evaluate intumescent coatings outside the laboratory, thus minimizing the possibility of using inappropriate quality paints and excluding violations of the work technology. Methods. The work uses theoretical research and experimental methods for measuring physical and mechanical parameters. Findings. The results of studies of the FC structural and mechanical properties obtained from the most popular intumescent paints Defender M Solvent are given. A scheme for a comprehensive assessment of intumescent coating properties is developed. To assess the FC quality a set of measuring tools is proposed, including equipment of our own design. Research application field. The results obtained are the basis for the development of an express analysis methodology for intumescent coatings quality directly at the construction site to ensure fire safety of these facilities. Conclusions. The proposed measuring tool kit makes it possible to assess the quality of the foamed coke by the following parameters: layer thickness, intumescent coefficient, compressive strength, shear-detachment strength. This set of parameters is sufficient for assessing the working properties of a fire proof coating and allows revealing hidden defects of the intumescent paint directly at the place of its application.
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Đỗ, Trung. "Development of an epoxy-based intumescent retardant coatings comprising of different fillers for steel structure." Journal of Military Science and Technology 87 (May 25, 2023): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54939/1859-1043.j.mst.87.2023.70-77.
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Intumescent coating is one of the useful methods to protect steel structures under fire conditions. In this study, the influence of single and hybrid two or three flame-retardant fillers among TiO2, Al(OH)3, and Mg(OH)2 on paints containing ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (MEL), pentaerythritol (PER) based on the epoxy resin was investigated to improve the fire protection performance of the intumescent coatings. The performances of the intumescent coatings were determined by a fire test at 950oC for 1 hour. The coating degradation was characterized by Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The morphology and composition of the char after the fire test were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS). The results revealed that Al(OH)3 or combination of Al(OH)3 and TiO2 are the effective solution to increase fire protective performances of the epoxy-based intumescent coatings.
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Beh, Jing Han, Ming Chian Yew, Lip Huat Saw, and Ming Kun Yew. "Fire Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Intumescent Coating Using Novel BioAsh for Steel." Coatings 10, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111117.
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Recent developments of intumescent fire-protective coatings used in steel buildings are important to ensure the structural integrity and safe evacuation of occupants during fire accidents. Flame-retardant intumescent coating applied to structural steel could delay the spread of fire and heat propagation across spaces and structures in minimizing fire risks. This research focuses on formulating a green intumescent coating utilized the BioAsh, a by-product derived from natural rubberwood (hardwood) biomass combustion as the natural substitute of mineral fillers in the intumescent coating. Fire resistance, chemical, physical and mechanical properties of all samples were examined via Bunsen burner, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), carbolite furnace, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), freeze–thaw cycle, static immersion and Instron pull-off adhesion test. Sample BioAsh intumescent coating (BAIC) 4-7 incorporated with 3.5 wt.% BioAsh exhibited the best performances in terms of fire resistance (112.5 °C for an hour under the Bunsen burner test), thermal stability (residual weight of 29.48 wt.% at 1000 °C in TGA test), adhesion strength (1.73 MPa under Instron pull-off adhesion test), water resistance (water absorption rate of 8.72%) and freeze–thaw durability (no crack, blister and color change) as compared to other samples. These results reveal that an appropriate amount of renewable BioAsh incorporated as natural mineral fillers into the intumescent coating could lead to better fire resistance and mechanical properties for the steel structures.
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Ustinov, Andrei, Anastasiia Babikova, Ol’ga Zybina, Denis Lobov, Marya Printseva, Irina Klaptyuk, and Mikhail Shkitronov. "Improvement of Methodology for Assessing Fire-Protective Efficiency of Intumescent Coatings Applied on Metal Constructions." E3S Web of Conferences 320 (2021): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132002009.
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The article observes the possibility and feasibility of introducing new and improved methodology for assessing the performance of fire retardant intumescent coatings for steel structures. The results of a comparative assessment of coatings based on a set of parameters obtained in laboratory conditions are presented: swelling coefficient, adhesion coefficient, adhesion of the coating system under high temperature conditions, kinetic parameters of thermolysis, thermal insulation. The smallscale laboratory test was developed to evaluate thermal insulating ability of 4 intumescent coatings applied to small steel plates. An improvement of the control method for assessing the fire retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings is proposed – instead of one test plate with dimensions of 600x600x5 mm with intumescent coating applied, a design of a metal frame-holder is proposed, in which 4 plates with dimensions of 300x300x5 mm can be fixed, and a set of thermocouples can be installed on each of them; all 4 plates are heated in the same conditions, thus the contradictions which may occur between the results of separate experiments are avoided. Such improvements made in the methodology of investigating the properties of intumescent coatings appeared to be fruitful, as correlation can be established between the laboratory tests and large-scale tests.
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Mac Van Phuc, Dao Phi Hung, Nguyen Anh Hiep, Nguyen Thien Vuong, and Trinh Van Thanh. "Effect of graphene on properties of acrylic emulsion intumescent fire retardant coating." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 62, no. 2 (April 19, 2024): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/16894.
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Nowadays, intumescent paint is one of the most popular fireproof paint products and is widely used in buildings. They can be applied to steel, wood, concrete, etc. This study aimed to enhance the properties of intumescent coating by graphene addition. The effect of graphene (GR) content on fire resistance, thermal and mechanical properties of water-based intumescent coatings were studied. Intumescent coating formulations include acrylic emulsion binder (R4152), flame retardant additives (Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) - acid source, pentaerythritol (PER) - carbon source, melamine (MEL) - foaming source), fire retardant fillers (TiO2, Al(OH)3) were prepared by mixing different graphene content (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 wt.% GR). The investigated coating properties were examined by fire protection test, furnace test, static water immersion test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and mechanical properties (adhesion, pendulum hardness). The results showed that the GR could effectively enhance the fire resistance performance (from 13.6 % to 23.4 %), thermal stability (from 2.9 % to 5.2 %), water resistance (from 5.0 % to 11.9 %), and mechanical properties (from 5 % to 12 %) of the coating.
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Vakhitova, Liubov, Kostyantyn Kalafat, Viktoriia Plavan, Volodymyr Bessarabov, Nadezhda Тaran, and Glib Zagoriy. "Comparing the effect of nanoclays on the water-resistance of intumescent fire-retardant coatings." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 6 (111) (June 18, 2021): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.232822.
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This paper reports a study into the effect of nanoclays on the water-resistance of the intumescent system ammonium polyphosphate/melamine/pentaerythritol/titanium dioxide/polymer (ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or styrene acrylate (SA). It has been established that adding nanoclay to a coating based on ethylene vinyl acetate increases the fire resistance limit of a metal plate by 30 %, and to a coating based on styrene acrylate – by 50 %. At the same time, coatings that include the EVA polymer are characterized by greater fire-retardant efficiency and less water resistance than coatings containing the SA polymer. It has been shown that intumescent coatings, regardless of the nature of the polymer, under the conditions of 80 % humidity over 800 days their reduce fire-protective properties by an average of 10 %. The loss of coating fire resistance occurs due to the leaching of pentaerythritol, ammonium polyphosphate, and polymer degradation by hydrolysis. The admixtures of nanoclays with a high degree of exfoliation to the studied system create a barrier effect and maximize the chemical formulation of the intumescent coating. The fireproof properties of coatings with organically-modified montmorillonite admixtures are maintained or reduced to 5 % under the conditions of 80 % humidity over 800 days. It has been determined that the direct effect of water on the coating over a period of more than 2 days leads to a significant decrease in the swelling coefficient of intumescent coatings, regardless of the content of a nanoclay admixture in their composition. At the same time, the half-decay period of coatings without nanoclay, calculated on the basis of solubility constant in water, is 0.5 days. For coatings, which include the admixtures of organically-modified nanoclays, the half-decay period increases to 2 days. The results reported in this paper could be recommended for designing water-proof fire-resistant reactive-type nano-coatings with prolonged service life.
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Mohd Sabee, Mohd Meer Saddiq, Zarina Itam, Salmia Beddu, Nazirul Mubin Zahari, Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal, Daud Mohamad, Norzeity Amalin Zulkepli, Mohamad Danial Shafiq, and Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid. "Flame Retardant Coatings: Additives, Binders, and Fillers." Polymers 14, no. 14 (July 17, 2022): 2911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142911.
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This review provides an intensive overview of flame retardant coating systems. The occurrence of flame due to thermal degradation of the polymer substrate as a result of overheating is one of the major concerns. Hence, coating is the best solution to this problem as it prevents the substrate from igniting the flame. In this review, the descriptions of several classifications of coating and their relation to thermal degradation and flammability were discussed. The details of flame retardants and flame retardant coatings in terms of principles, types, mechanisms, and properties were explained as well. This overview imparted the importance of intumescent flame retardant coatings in preventing the spread of flame via the formation of a multicellular charred layer. Thus, the intended intumescence can reduce the risk of flame from inherently flammable materials used to maintain a high standard of living.
21
Lebedchenko, O. S., S. V. Puzach, and V. I. Zykov. "The application efficiency of intumescent coatings for power cables of safety systems of nuclear power plants under fire conditions." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 30, no. 4 (September 14, 2021): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2021.30.04.36-47.
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Introduction. The reliable operation of safety systems, that allows for the failure of no more than one safety system component, entails the safe shutdown and cool-down of an NPP reactor in the event of fire. However, the co-authors have not assessed the loss of performance by an insulating material, treated by intumescent compositions and used in the power cables of the above safety systems exposed to the simultaneous effect of various modes of fire and current loads.Goals and objectives. The purpose of the article is the theoretical assessment of the application efficiency of intumescent fire-retardant coatings in power cables used in the safety systems of nuclear power plants having water-cooled and water-moderated reactors under fire conditions. To achieve this goal, the temperature of the outer surface of the insulation and the intumescent fire-retardant coating was analyzed depending on the mode of fire. Theoretical foundations. A non-stationary one-dimensional heat transfer equation is solved to identify the temperature distribution inside the multilayered insulation and the fire-protection layer of a conductive core.Results and their discussion. The co-authors have identified dependences between the temperature of the outer surface of the insulation and the fire retarding composition of the three-core cable VVGng (A)-LS 3x2.5-0.66, on the one hand, and the temperature of the indoor gas environment for three standard modes of fire and one real fire mode. It is found that before the initiation of the process of destruction of the insulation material, the intumescence of the fire-retardant coating occurs only in case of a hydrocarbon fire. Under real fire conditions, the maximal insulation melting time before the initiation of intumescence of the fire-retardant coating at the minimal temperature of intumescence is 4.75 minutes, while the maximal time period from the initiation of destruction of the insulation material to the moment of the insulation melting is 6.0 minutes.Conclusions. An experimental or theoretical substantiation of parameters of intumescent fire retardants, performed using standard modes of fire, has proven the potential loss of operational properties by insulating materials of power cables, used in the safety systems of nuclear power plants, in case of a real fire. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a scientific rationale for the efficient use of fire retardants in the above cables with regard for the conditions of a real fire.
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Solis-Pomar, Francisco, Andrés Díaz-Gómez, María Elizabeth Berrío, Jesús Ramírez, Andrés Felipe Jaramillo, Katherina Fernández, David Rojas, Manuel Francisco Melendrez, and Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina. "A Dual Active-Passive Coating with Intumescent and Fire-Retardant Properties Based on High Molecular Weight Tannins." Coatings 11, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11040460.
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In this study, the tannins extracted from the Pinus radiata bark were used to develop an active–passive dual paint scheme with intumescent (IN) and fire-resistant (FR) behaviors. The properties of the coating were observed to depend on the concentration of high-molecular-weight tannins (H-MWT) incorporated into the formulation. At high concentrations (13% w/w), the coating exhibits fire-retardant properties due to the generation of a carbonaceous layer; however, at low concentrations (2.5% w/w), it generates an intumescent effect due to the formation of a carbonaceous foam layer. The dual IN–FR scheme was evaluated against fire by flame advance tests, carbonization index, mass loss, and intumescent effect, and was also compared to a commercial coating. The dual scheme presented good mechanical properties with a pull-off adhesion value of 0.76 MPa and an abrasion index of 54.7% at 1000 cycles, when using a coating with a high solid content (>60%) and the same thickness as those of the commercial coatings. The results of the fire resistance test indicate that the dual scheme generates a protective effect for wood and metal, with an excellent performance that is comparable to that of a commercial intumescent coating.
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Pestereva, L., N. Shakirov, and Оlga G. Shakirova. "Intumescent Type Fire Retardant Epoxy Coating." Materials Science Forum 992 (May 2020): 605–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.992.605.
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This article discusses one of the methods of fire protection, namely, the coating of metal structures with fire retardant paints. Intumescent coatings are currently the most widely used. Fire retardant coatings based on epoxy paints have high performance characteristics and are promising. As the foaming component, the system of ammonium polyphosphate - pentaerythritol - melamine (in a ratio of 2: 1: 1) was selected. The fire retardant properties of the developed material were investigated. Coatings on the base of the developed fire retardant paint allow us to increase own level of fire resistance of metal constructions up to three (90 minutes).
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Zia-ul-Mustafa, Muhammad, Faiz Ahmad, Puteri S. M. Megat-Yusoff, and Hammad Aziz. "The Effect of Wollastonite Filler on Thermal Performance of Intumescent Fire Retardant Coating." Advanced Materials Research 970 (June 2014): 328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.970.328.
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Various types of intumescent fire retardant coatings (IFRCs) have been used to protect the substrates exposed to fire. In current study, high temperature filler Wollastonite (W) filler was used to improve fire performance of intumescent fire retardant coating. The basic ingredients of the coating were ammonium poly-phosphate (APP) as acid source, expandable graphite (EG) as carbon source, melamine (MEL) as blowing agent in epoxy binder, boric acid as additive and hardener as curing agent. In this study a range of coating formulations were developed by using different weight percentages of Wollastonite filler. The coated steel substrate samples were tested for fire performance using Bunsen burner and char expansion was measured using furnace fire test. Composition of the char was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The char morphology was studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Results showed that Intumescent coating with addition of Wollastonite filler enhanced anti-oxidation of the char. Presence of phosphorus, calcium and silicon in char layer further improved the thermal stability of char.
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Pyrzyński, Kajetan, and Agnieszka Michalska. "New intumescent coatings for protection flammable materials interior and outside buildings." Polimery 68, no. 7-8 (October 17, 2023): 424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2023.7.8.
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The effect of silica on the intumescent fire-retardant coating’s properties. Cone calorimetry and a single burning item test were used to determine flammability. The silica-modified intumescent coating allows obtaining a Bs1d0 class non-flammable material for the protection of wood and wood-based materials (e.g., plywood, chipboard, fiberboard, other lignocellulosic composites).
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Huang, Haoqi, Junpin Deng, Boyang Xu, and Le Kang. "Synergistic effect of coal gangue on intumescent flame retardants." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2819, no. 1 (August 1, 2024): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2819/1/012052.
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Abstract In order to improve the flame retardant properties of wood plywood, intumescent flame retardant coatings were prepared using melamine, borate, pentaerythritol and urea as the basic formulations and gangue as a modified additive. The flame retardancy of the samples was characterized using a cone calorimeter, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. In addition, the study investigated the effect of gangue content on the properties of the prepared coatings. The results show that the doping of gangue in intumescent flame retardant coatings can improve the flame retardant effect of the coatings. Specifically, when the mass fraction of gangue was 8 wt%, the exothermic rate, total smoke production and total exothermic amount of the coating were significantly reduced. Moreover, the addition of gangue promoted the formation of a continuous and dense carbon layer structure during the combustion process of the coating, which produced a molten substance that effectively isolated oxygen and heat, thus strengthening the fire-retardant and heat-insulating properties of the coating. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the development of flame retardant coating formulations for wood plywood.
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Drizhd, Varvara. "Effect of metal fire retardants on fire resistance and operational characteristics of intumescent fire-protective coating for wood." InterConf, no. 30(143) (February 19, 2023): 420–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51582/interconf.19-20.02.2023.043.
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Fire-protective properties for wood (according to GOST 16363) and hiding power (according to ISO 6504-3) were tested for eighteen samples of intumescent coatings with various combinations and ratios of metal-containing fire-retardant additives in order to distinguish the optimal metal fire retardant for future use in designing the formulation and technological scheme for production of intumescent fire-protective coating with enhanced operational characteristics.
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Rizzolo, Daniel, Carlos E. Schvezov, and Carlos A. Giudice. "Anti-condensation, Thermal Insulation and Intumescent Coating." Revista de Ciencia y Tecnología, no. 39 (May 1, 2023): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36995/j.recyt.2023.39.004.
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A formula of a paint for interior use for roofing sheet zinc was optimized. The properties developed and optimized were thermal insulation, anticondensation capacity and fire-retardant properties. A fire-retardant latex coating was used as the formulation base and three types of fillers were investigated: hollow glass microspheres, hollow ceramic microspheres and expanded perlite. The thermal transfer coefficient of the different coatings, the water absorption capacity and the thermal flame transmission were evaluated. From the results, it was determined that the formulation with the best performance, both in thermal insulation and in water absorption capacity, was the one that contained expanded perlite. Regarding the thermal transmission due to the action of the flame, no significant difference was observed between the different loads used.
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Bourbigot, S., M. Le Bras, and R. Delobel. "Fire Degradation of an Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Using the Cone Calorimeter." Journal of Fire Sciences 13, no. 1 (January 1995): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419501300101.
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This work studies the fire degradation of an intumescent for mulation Polypropylene (PP)-Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP)/Pentaerythri tol (PER) using the cone calorimeter. An intumescence model is described which introduces the notion of degradation front. From the weight loss data recorded by the cone calorimeter and the results of the invariant kinetic pa rameters method (given in appendix) applied to the PP and to the PP-APP/PER system, the respective temperatures of the degradation fronts are measured. A stability zone is shown where the protection is effective. The intumescent coating degrades then by forming a carbonaceous residue which reduces the heat flux evolved.
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Vakhitova, Lyubov, Nadiya Taran, Konstantin Kalafat, Volodymyr Bessarabov, Viktor Shologon, and Svitlana Pridatko. "FIRE PROTECTIVE EFFICIENCY OF INTUMESCENT TYPE EPOXIDE COATING." JOURNAL of Donetsk mining institute, no. 1 (2021): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/1999-981x-2021-1-143-153.
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Purpose. The purpose of this work is to study the thermal degradation of epoxy polymers and nanocomposites based on them in a fire retardant intumescent coating having a composition – ammonium polyphosphate / melamine / pentaerythritol. Methods. Thermogravimetric studies have been performed on the device “Thermoscan-2”, fire tests were performed by the method of “Bunsen burner”. Results. The influence of the structure of epoxy resin as a polymer component of the intumescent system on oxidative thermal destruction and fire retardant efficiency of reactive coating has been researched. The obtained results allow us to state that the best result has been demonstrated by Araldite GY 783 – epoxy resin of bisphenols A/F with a reactive solvent. The thermal properties of various epoxy resins and nanocomposites based on them with organomodified montmorillonite have been studied. It was found that montmorillonite in the nanocomposite increases the decomposition temperature of epoxy resin. Scientific novelty. It has been shown that the variation of the polymer component of the intumescent coating has little effect on the swelling rate, but the fire retardant efficiency of the intumescent composition containing epoxy resin of bisphenols A/F is higher than the same characteristic for the composition based on epoxy resin of bisphenol A. It has been established that the exclusion of pentaerythritol from the formulation of the epoxy intumescent system causes the formation of a more regular and durable char insulation layer. It has been proved that the use of additional, including nanostructured flame retardants, namely, modified montmorillonite, can increase the fire retardant efficiency of the coating. Practical significance. The obtained results are of practical importance for the development of new scientific approaches to the design of fire-fighting materials with improved performance characteristics through the use of polymers that provide the construction of a thermostable thermal insulation char layer. Through a series of systematic tests, it has been demonstrated that the use of nanoclay and nanocomposites based on epoxy resins allows to improve the formulations of intumescent coatings with high performance with the help of budget nanotechnologies.
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Hryhorenko, Oleksandr, and Yevheniia Zolkina. "Development and optimization of fire-protective coating composition based on epoxypolymers." Technology audit and production reserves 4, no. 3(60) (July 31, 2021): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.237982.
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The object of research is intumescent fire retardant coatings based on epoxy resins. The research is aimed at the development of mathematical models of the dependence of the swelling rate of intumescent fire retardant coatings on their composition. Considering the complexity of the processes during the formation of a protective carbon layer, it is advisable to select the optimal ratio of the components of an intumescent fire retardant coating experimentally, followed by the construction of mathematical dependences of the swelling ratio on the coating composition. Therefore, experimental studies aimed at developing and optimizing the composition of an intumescent fire retardant coating based on epoxy polymers are an important task. The studies were carried out in accordance with the theory of planning experiments with the construction of an orthogonal compositional plan of the second order. A linear swelling factor was chosen as the response function. Compositions based on the ED-20 epoxy oligomer, cured with polyethylene polyamine and filled with ammonium polyphosphate, aluminum hydroxide, and graphite additive were used for the study. Based on the results of processing the experimental results, a regression equation was obtained and response surfaces were constructed that describe the dependence of the linear swelling coefficient Cs of an intumescent composition based on an epoxy oligomer on the content of ammonium polyphosphate, aluminum hydroxide and graphite additive. A complex relationship is shown between the content of components and the linear swelling coefficient Cs with different ratios of the components. The optimum by the linear swelling coefficient (Cs=68.1) content of the components in the epoxy polymer was determined, amounting to 20 wt. including for ammonium polyphosphate, 15 mass parts including for aluminum hydroxide and 3 mass parts for the graphite additive. However, with such a ratio, the «self-extinguishing» condition is not met (Cs=27 %). Filling the composition with ammonium polyphosphate in an amount of 26.3 mass parts including, aluminum hydroxide 25 mass parts and 3.5 mass parts including graphite additives allows to get an intumescent fire retardant coating with a swelling ratio Cs over 63 and a reduced level of flammability (Ci=31 %)
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Piperopoulos, Elpida, Gabriele Grifò, Giuseppe Scionti, Mario Atria, Luigi Calabrese, Giancarlo Consolo, and Edoardo Proverbio. "Study of Intumescent Coatings Growth for Fire Retardant Systems in Naval Applications: Experimental Test and Mathematical Model." Coatings 12, no. 8 (August 15, 2022): 1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081180.
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Onboard ships, fire is one of the most dangerous events that can occur. For both military and commercial ships, fire risks are the most worrying; for this reason they have an important impact on the design of the vessel. The intumescent coatings react when heated or in contact with a living flame, and a multi-layered insulating structure grows up, protecting the underlying structure. In this concern, the aim of the paper is to evaluate the intumescent capacity of different composite coatings coupling synergistically modeling and experimental tests. In particular, the experiments have been carried out on a new paint formulation, developed by Colorificio Atria S.r.l., in which the active components are ammonium polyphosphate or pentaerythritol. The specimens were exposed to a gas-torch flame for about 70 s. The degree of thermal insulation of the coating was monitored by means of a thermocouple placed on the back of the sample. In order to get insights into the intumescent mechanism, experimental data was compared with the results of a mathematical model and a good agreement is detected. Furthermore, a predictive model on the swelling rate is addressed. The results highlight that all coatings exhibit a clear intumescent and barrier capacity. The best results were observed for coating enhanced with NH4PO3 where a regular and thick, porous char was formed during exposure to direct flame.
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Pang, Sung-Jun, Kyung-Sun Ahn, Min-Jeong Kim, Sung-Wook Hwang, Seog Goo Kang, Hyo Won Kwak, Hwanmyeong Yeo, and Jung-Kwon Oh. "Effect of intumescent coating on the charring rate of nail-laminated timber." BioResources 17, no. 4 (September 8, 2022): 5999–6018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.4.5999-6018.
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Intumescent coating was studied relative to the fire performance of nail-laminated timber. Three NLT specimens were coated with three different intumescent coating thicknesses (1, 2, and 3 mm) in even-numbered laminae and compared to uncoated NLT specimens. As a result of the coating, the internal temperature of the coated specimen increased more slowly than that of the uncoated specimen. The average charring rate of the intumescent coating specimen was reduced by 12.8% (1-mm thickness), 14.1% (2-mm thickness), and 15.4% (3-mm thickness) compared with the uncoated specimen. However, statistical analysis showed there was no significance between 1-, 2-, and 3-mm coating thicknesses. The combustion of wide surfaces of timber laminae between the plywood was delayed due to the coated plywood, and the timber laminae became a one-dimensional charring rate problem. Therefore, if even laminae are coated with an intumescent, then the NLT can be designed with a one-dimensional charring rate condition.
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Jiang, Yuping, Hongyu Yang, Xiang Lin, Simeng Xiang, Xiaming Feng, and Chaojun Wan. "Surface Flame-Retardant Systems of Rigid Polyurethane Foams: An Overview." Materials 16, no. 7 (March 29, 2023): 2728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072728.
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Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is one of the best thermal insulation materials available, but its flammability makes it a potential fire hazard. Due to its porous nature, the large specific surface area is the key factor for easy ignition and rapid fires spread when exposed to heat sources. The burning process of RPUF mainly takes place on the surface. Therefore, if a flame-retardant coating can be formed on the surface of RPUF, it can effectively reduce or stop the flame propagation on the surface of RPUF, further improving the fire safety. Compared with the bulk flame retardant of RPUF, the flame-retardant coating on its surface has a higher efficiency in improving fire safety. This paper aims to review the preparations, properties, and working mechanisms of RPUF surface flame-retardant systems. Flame-retardant coatings are divided into non-intumescent flame-retardant coatings (NIFRCs) and intumescent flame-retardant coatings (IFRCs), depending on whether the flame-retardant coating expands when heated. After discussion, the development trends for surface flame-retardant systems are considered to be high-performance, biological, biomimetic, multifunctional flame-retardant coatings.
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Ahmad Zakwan, Fariz Aswan, Ruqayyah Ismail, Renga Rao Krishnamoorthy, and Azmi Ibrahim. "Predicted temperature development on protected cellular steel beam (CSB) under fire exposure." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 11, no. 2 (November 23, 2019): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-10-2018-0030.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the predicted temperature behaviour of the protected cellular steel beam (CSB) with circular web openings at elevated temperature through finite element simulation. Design/methodology/approach Temperature development along the CSB were analysed and used for parametric investigation. In addition, this research paper investigates the novelty application of various intumescent coating thicknesses covering the whole CSB to cut down the temperature development along the beam section. Findings From the simulation outcomes, it shows that intumescent coating has a significant effect in reducing the temperature development along the CSB section. Thicker intumescent coating contributes to a higher temperature drop at the bottom tee section than the upper tee section. Originality/value The use of structural CSB has gained popularity among engineers and architects. This type of beam allows serviceability ducts and pipes to pass through the main steel web section under the flooring system, thus providing larger headroom for designers. Nevertheless, in any structural steel building, it is highly risky for CSB to be exposed to fire hazard if it were triggered accidentally. To mitigate and reduce fire exposure risk which might compromise the strength and stiffness of CSB, a passive fire protection is proposed to minimise the risk. One of the common passive fire protection materials used for steel beam section is intumescent coating. Intumescent coating is by far the cheapest solution to protect CSB as compared to other passive fire protection system. Intumescent coating can absorb some portion of heat exposure which subsequently translates a lower temperature development along the CSB section.
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Md Nasir, K., N. H. Ramli Sulong, M. R. Johan, and A. M. Afifi. "An investigation into waterborne intumescent coating with different fillers for steel application." Pigment & Resin Technology 47, no. 2 (March 5, 2018): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-09-2016-0089.
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Purpose This study aims to discuss the modification and/or improvement of intumescent coating system by incorporating waterborne resin with an appropriate combination of flame-retardant additives and four different fillers, namely, TiO2, Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3. Design/methodology/approach Coating mixtures are characterized using the Bunsen burner, thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index, scanning electron microscope, static immersion bath, Fourier transform infrared and adhesion tester. Findings Results show that the combination of coating with CaCO3 filler significantly improved fire protection performance because of its thick char layer and the equilibrium temperature being 264°C. Char layer showed a uniform dense foam structure on micrograph and this formulation had adhesion strength of 2.13 MPa, which indicates effectiveness of the interface adhesion on substrate. Conversely, the combination of coating with Al(OH)3 exhibited highest oxygen index of 35 per cent, which resulted in excellent flammability resistance. Research limitations/implications This paper discusses only the effect of mineral fillers on properties of intumescent coatings. Practical implications In the modern design of building infrastructure, fire safety is significant for the protection of human life and assets. The application of intumescent coating in buildings is currently practiced because of its effect on material flammability during a fire. Originality/value The analysis method to evaluate the performance of water-borne resin with different fillers is formulated, and it could be applied in all kinds of coatings and mixtures to be used as an effective fire protection system for steel constructions.
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Ali Kazmi, Muhammad, Ghulam Hassan Askari, Muhammad Ali Nasir, Riffat Asim Pasha, and Amina Parveen. "Fabrication of Intumescent Fire-Retardant Coating for Structural Applications." MATEC Web of Conferences 381 (2023): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338102001.
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Applicability of materials limited by the effect of flammability in case of any sudden incident. Worldwide protection of any structure from the fire is covered through intumescent fire resistant coatings since many past years. Purpose of this study is to prepare and to fabricate several intumescent fire retardant coatings (IFRC) using different proportions of materials per unit weight. Also to find most optimistic formulations and analyse the performance of intumescent fire retardant coatings (IFRC). On the basis of background studies 5 different materials were considered to prepare several formulations i-e Titanium dioxide (TiO2), Ammonium polyphosphate (APP), Zinc borate, Epoxy hardener, Kaolinite (Clay), Melamine (MEL) and Expandable Graphite (EG). IFRC formulations were applied on Mild Steel plates after its preparation Each formulation was subjected to a temperature of 700°C for a period of five minutes. The results revealed that the coatings, Out of 5 formulations of IFRC, IFRC-4 exhibited promising performance. It demonstrated excellent stability and adhesion at the elevated temperature, lasting for over five minutes. Additionally, its coating expanded up to four times the initial thickness. Heat Transfer rate was completely reduced.
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Kraus, Peter, Martin Mensinger, Florian Tabeling, and Peter Schaumann. "Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Steel Profiles with Intumescent Coating Adjacent to Space-Enclosing Elements in Fire." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 6, no. 4 (June 17, 2015): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2040-2317.6.4.237.
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In this paper, the research program “Optimized use of intumescent coating systems on steel members” is presented. The aim of the project is to quantify the influence of space-enclosing elements on the thermal behavior of supporting steel members. Those elements partially result in a restrained expansion of the fire protection system. Experimental investigations on coated beams and columns directly connected to space-enclosing elements are presented. Additionally, numerical simulations are performed for temperature field calculations of steel elements with intumescent coating. As a new development, the numerical model takes into account the expansion process of the intumescent coating.
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Chen, Sin-Nan, Pei-Kai Li, Tar-Hwa Hsieh, Ko-Shan Ho, and Yu-Meng Hong. "Enhancements on Flame Resistance by Inorganic Silicate-Based Intumescent Coating Materials." Materials 14, no. 21 (November 3, 2021): 6628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216628.
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Flame-retardant coatings have drawn much attention in recent years. In this study, an inorganic sodium silicate-based intumescent flame-resistance coating with an excellent flameproof properties is developed by mainly utilizing sodium silicate as the ceramizable binder, via hydrolysis and self-condensation reaction. Fly ash, metakaoline, and wollastonite behave as supplement cementing materials. Major formulation encompasses the combination of the ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol as the flame-retardant additives, and aluminum hydroxide or expandable graphite as the intumescence-improving filler agents. Expandable graphite was found to play an important role in the eventual performance of flame-resistance testing. The results showed that solid interaction forces can be formed between metakaoline and sodium silicate, resulting in a similar material to geopolymer with excellent physical properties. After high-temperature flame testing, a densely complex protective layer of carbon-char created on top of the robust silicon dioxide networks offers notable flame resistance. An optimal ratio in this inorganic intumescent coating contains sodium silicate—metakaoline (weight ratio = 9:1)—ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol, aluminum hydroxide (3, 3, 10 wt.%)—expandable graphite (1 wt.%), which can create 4.7 times higher expansion ratio compared with neat sodium silicate matrix. The results of flame testing demonstrate only 387.1 °C and 506.3 °C on the back surface of steel substrate after one and three hours flaming (>1000 °C) on the other surface, respectively, which could meet the requirements according to the level of fire rating.
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Markert, F., I. González, C. De La Parra Rogero, and E. Serra Hosta. "Protection of pre-treated wood and construction materials using intumescent coatings." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2654, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2654/1/012084.
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Abstract Intumescent paints’ behaviour is investigated for protecting wood pre-treated with phosphate or a silicate-based flame retardant. Additionally, the ageing effects of intumescent paint under several conditions are investigated. The cone calorimeter is applied, measuring the reaction to heat responses and the char development. Pre-treatment showed an improved fire performance of samples with intumescent coatings. The effects depend on the moisture contents and the homogeneity of the pre-treatments. Also, the experiments showed differences in fire resistance depending on the ageing method. UV exposure ageing retained the heat-insulating properties, while samples immersed in acid suffered a drastic reduction of their fire resistance. The latter ageing test increased the char’s pore size resulting in a reduced expansion factor and reduced thermal insulation performance of the intumescent coating.
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Song, Wei, Muting Wu, Yanrong He, Yuzhang Wu, and Wei Qu. "The Evolution of Intumescent Char in Flame-Retardant Coatings Based on Amino Resin." Coatings 11, no. 6 (June 12, 2021): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060709.
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Intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) coatings have been gaining more attention. The behaviors of intumescent char in IFR coatings play the most important role in its flame-retardant properties. However, the evolution of intumescent char throughout the whole process of protection is still unclear. In this study, both the formation and shrinkage of char were studied. The formulation of IFR includes melamine modified urea-formaldehyde resin (MUF), ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER). The flame-retardant properties of the coating were measured by the cone calorimeter (CONE). The evolution of the volume and the pore size distribution of char were monitored. The morphological and chemical structures were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that the evolution of intumescent char could be divided into three stages. More than 50% shrinkage of char occurs in the second stage. There are obvious transformations of the morphological and chemical structures of char between the different stages.
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Tsapko, Yu, O. Tsapko, O. Bondarenko, Z. Sirko, K. Kaverin, and D. Semigran. "FEATURES OF FIRE PROTECTION TREATMENT OF LOAD-BEARING BUILDING STRUCTURES." Scientific Bulletin of Building, no. 110 (June 27, 2024): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2311-7257.2024.110.1.12.
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The article emphasizes that wood is a flammable material, flames spread quickly, which poses a threat to building structures. Therefore, it must be protected by effective means of fire protection. Regulatory and technical documentation is presented, which establishes requirements for the quality of fire protection of wooden structures. Using the example of state reserve enterprises, it is shown that there are many methods of fire-resistant treatment of wooden structures with flame retardants. Among them are the impregnation of wood with inorganic salts and the application of coatings on an organic basis. These include impregnation of wood with inorganic salts and application of coatings on an organic basis. It is shown that the specified methods of processing have disadvantages during application and operation, which include the moistening of wood under the influence of external natural factors, which leads to the dissolution and leaching of salts, increased smoke formation, and the formation of toxic combustion products. The constituent parts of the intumescent coating are proposed and their effectiveness in relation to fire protection of wood is determined. Depending on the content of PVA-dispersion, a change in the coefficient of swelling was determined, which is in the range from 14.3 to 25.1. Thus, it was determined that when mineral fillers are added to the composition of the organo-mineral composition in the amount of 10%, it helps to increase the coefficient of swelling from 30 to 36.7, which is 1.5...1.84 times greater than the value of the coefficient of swelling of the optimal composition of the organo-mineral composition without fillers. The article presents research on the creation of fire-resistant intumescent coatings capable of providing a wide range of fire-resistant and operational properties. After testing samples treated with an intumescent coating, under the action of a burner flame, a sample weight loss of no more than 6% was obtained, and the temperature of flue gases did not exceed 184ºС, which refers the treated wood to the group of non-combustible materials. Thus, the intumescent coating provides the first group of fire protection efficiency. Keywords: building structures, fire-resistant treatment, state reserve enterprises, intumescent coatings, fire-resistant properties, efficiency.
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Bhoite, Sangram P., Jonghyuck Kim, Wan Jo, Pravin H. Bhoite, Sawanta S. Mali, Kyu-Hwan Park, and Chang-Kook Hong. "Expanded Polystyrene Beads Coated with Intumescent Flame Retardant Material to Achieve Fire Safety Standards." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 2662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162662.
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The compatibility and coating ratio between flame retardant materials and expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam is a major impediment to achieving satisfactory flame retardant performance. In this study, we prepared a water-based intumescent flame retardant system and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)-coated expandable polystyrene microspheres by a simple coating approach. We investigated the compatibility, coating ratio, and fire performance of EPS- and MDI-coated EPS foam using a water-based intumescent flame retardant system. The microscopic study revealed that the water-based intumescent flame retardant materials were successfully incorporated with and without MDI-coated EPS microspheres. The cone calorimeter tests (CCTs) of the MDI-coated EPS containing water-based intumescent flame retardant materials exhibited better flame retardant performance with a lower total heat release (THR) 7.3 MJ/m2, peak heat release rate (PHRR) 57.6 kW/m2, fire growth rate (FIGRA) 2027.067 W/m2.s, and total smoke production (TSP) 0.133 m2. Our results demonstrated that the MDI-coated EPS containing water-based intumescent flame retardant materials achieved flame retarding properties as per fire safety standards.
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TSAPKO, Yuriy, Olga BONDARENKO, and Oleksiy TSAPKO. "RESEARCH OF SOME ASPECTS OF WATER PERMEABILITY OF FIRE-RETARDANT FABRIC FOR TENTS." Building constructions. Theory and Practice, no. 10 (June 27, 2022): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2522-4182.10.2022.108-116.
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The development of reliable methods for studying the conditions of fire protection of fabrics leads to the creation of new types of fireproof materials. At the same time, there is a need to determine the conditions for the formation of a barrier to water mass transfer and to establish a mechanism for inhibiting water penetration through the material. As a result of the conducted researches the influence of intumescent coating on water resistance was determined and the criterion relationswere obtained, which allow to obtain the change of water permeability on the fabric surface, ie the value of water exposure over time, characterized by the amount of absorbed water. . The water penetration time of the sample of the fireproof element of the tent exceeds the data, compared to the untreated sample by more than 30 times.Peculiarities of inhibition of the mass transfer process under the action of water are the isolation of the surface of the fire-retardant fabric by insoluble complexes of the intumescent coating. Thus, a sample of fire-retardant fabric with an intumescent coating on the reverse side after exposure to water showed the amount of absorbed water not more than0.00011 kg, and a sample of uncoated fabric absorbed 0.01 kg.Thus, the obtained data on the influence of intumescent coating on the process of inhibition of water absorption suggest that the main regulator of the process is not so much the formation of a significant number of water-insoluble complexes, as some fireretardant coatings are destroyed by moisture. In this case, a significant impact on the process of protection of natural combustible material in the application of fire-retardant coating is carried out in the direction of waterproofing the fabric surface with a polymer shell resistant to destruction by moisture.
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Wang, Feiyue, Hui Liu, Long Yan, and Yuwei Feng. "Comparative Study of Fire Resistance and Anti-Ageing Properties of Intumescent Fire-Retardant Coatings Reinforced with Conch Shell Bio-Filler." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 2620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162620.
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Conch shell bio-filler (CSBF) was prepared by washing, ultrasonicating, and pulverizing of conch shells and then was applied in waterborne intumescent fire-retardant coatings. The influence of CSBF on fire resistance and anti-ageing properties of intumescent fire-retardant coatings were studied by using different analytical methods. The fire protection and smoke density tests showed that when the mass fraction of CSBF was 3%, the resulting FRC3 coating had the optimum synergistic flame-retardant and smoke-suppression effects concomitant with a flame-spread rating of 10.7, equilibrium backside temperature of 152.4 °C at 900 s, and smoke-density rating value of 10.4%, which were attributed to the establishment of a more dense and stable intumescent char layer against heat and mass transfer. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the presence of CSBF increased the thermal stability and char-forming performance of the coatings, and the char residue of FRC3 rose to 34.6% at 800 °C from 28.6% of FRC0 without CSBF. The accelerated ageing test suggested that the incorporation of CSBF reduced the migration and decomposition of the flame retardants and the yellowing, blistering, and powdering phenomenon, thus improving the structural stability of the coating, resulting in better durability of flame retardancy and smoke-suppression performance.
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de Silva, Donatella, Naveed Alam, Ali Nadjai, Emidio Nigro, and Faris Ali. "Finite Element Modelling for Structural Performance of Slim Floors in Fire and Influence of Protection Materials." Applied Sciences 11, no. 23 (November 29, 2021): 11291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311291.
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Slim floor systems are very common nowadays and various types are currently being used for the construction of high-rise buildings and car parks. Concrete in slim floor beams encases the steel beam section which helps to improve their fire resistance. Despite their higher fire resistance, several fire protection materials like intumescent coatings are often used to achieve a higher fire resistance where desired. The thermal properties and behaviour of various intumescent coating materials were previously studied through experimental investigations. This paper presents finite element analyses to simulate the response of unprotected and protected slim floor beams in fire using different simulation tools. For this purpose, fire tests conducted on unprotected slim floor beams and intumescent coating materials are modelled using research and commercial software. Results from the analyses are compared and verified with the available test data. These validated models are later combined to study the behaviour of protected slim floor beams in fire. Results from the study show that the research and the commercial software replicate the behaviour of slim floor beams and protection materials with good accuracy. Due to the presence of the intumescent coating, the protected slim floor beams displayed a better fire resistance as the temperature of the steel part remained below 400 °C even after 60-min of standard heating. The protected slim floor beams continued to support the external loads even after 120 min of heating.
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Kandola, Baljinder K., Katherine V. Williams, and John R. Ebdon. "Organo-Inorganic Hybrid Intumescent Fire Retardant Coatings for Thermoplastics Based on Poly(Vinylphosphonic Acid)." Molecules 25, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030688.
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Thin coatings of crosslinked poly(vinylphosphonic acid), PVPA, display good adhesion and excellent intumescent, fire-retardant barrier properties when applied to the surfaces of a typical thermoplastic, such as poly(methyl methacrylate), but perform relatively poorly in water-soak tests. To strengthen and further improve the barrier properties of the intumescent char and to make the coating more hydrophobic, PVPA has been complexed with various inorganic and organic species. The chars formed from coatings of some of these hybrid materials are less friable than chars from coatings synthesized from crosslinked PVPA alone, and show higher levels of water tolerance with no significant reduction in dry adhesion to the substrate.
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Amir, Norlaili, Faiz Ahmad, Muhammad Hazwan Abdul Halim, Qandeel Fatima Gillani, Puteri S. M. Megat Yusoff, Hammad Aziz, and Rafiq Ahmad. "Synergistic Effects of Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Borate on Thermal Degradation and Water Resistance of Epoxy Based Intumescent Fire Retardant Coatings." Key Engineering Materials 740 (June 2017): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.740.41.
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Abstract. This studies discuss the synergistic effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc borate on thermal stability and water resistance of intumescent fire retardant coatings. TiO2 in association with a traditional intumescent flame retardant system which contains ammonium polyphosphate/expandable graphite/melamine/ zinc borate (APP–EG–MEL-ZB) was introduced to epoxy based coatings to improve the fire resistance. The influences of TiO2 on the properties of the coatings were investigated in detail by using Bunsen burner fire test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and water immersion test. Bunsen burner test revealed that incorporation of titanium dioxide in intumescent formulation reduced the steel substrate temperature from 240 °C to 116 °C. The TGA results proved that addition of TiO2 could enhance the anti-oxidation of the char layers and increase the residue weights of the coatings. The FESEM images demonstrated that addition of TiO2 could improve the foam structure of the char residue. Sea water resistance test demonstrated that the optimum mass % age of TiO2 (6%) exhibited great synergism with natural anti-corrosion agent, zinc borate, and improved corrosion resistance performance of intumescent coating formulations.
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Luangtriratana, Piyanuch, Baljinder K. Kandola, Sophie Duquesne, and Serge Bourbigot. "Quantification of Thermal Barrier Efficiency of Intumescent Coatings on Glass Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites." Coatings 8, no. 10 (September 29, 2018): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8100347.
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In this work, the thermal barrier efficiency of three commercial intumescent coatings of varying thicknesses on glass fibre-reinforced epoxy (GRE) composites has been studied using cone calorimetric parameters and temperature profiles through the thicknesses, obtained by inserting thermocouples in the sample during the experiment. The methodologies developed to measure char expansion of the three coatings during the cone experiment as well under slow heating conditions using an advanced rheometric expansion system have been discussed. While the expansion ratios in the two experiments were different, the trends were similar. Thermal conductivities of the chars as a function of time were measured, which could be related to the intumescence steps of respective coatings. The accurate measurements of these parameters are important in predicting the surface requirements of an ideal coating that can enable a given composite structure to survive a defined thermal threat for a specified period of time.
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Andryushkin, А. Yu, A. A. Kirshina, and E. N. Kadochnikova. "The evaluation of the fire-retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings of steel structures exposed to high-temperature gas flows." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 30, no. 4 (September 14, 2021): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2021.30.04.14-26.
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Introduction. High-temperature gas flows often occur in case of a fire at oil and gas facilities; gas flows out of holes, cracks, ruptures in depressurized items of equipment and pipelines. The fire-retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings of steel structures, exposed to high-temperature gas flows, plummets. Hence, the task of developing a methodology for the adequate assessment of their fire-retardant efficiency is relevant.Goals and objectives. The purpose of the study was to develop a methodology for evaluating the fire-retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings for steel structures exposed to high-temperature gas flows and experimentally evaluate the fire-retardant efficiency of various intumescent coatings. The following research-focused tasks were solved: the evaluation of the velocity of high-temperature gas flows leaving depressurized items that normally operate under pressure; the analysis of the methodology designated for identifying the fire-retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings of steel structures in a calm (sedentary) gaseous medium; the development of a method for evaluating the fire-retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings of steel structures exposed to high-temperature gas flows; the experimental evaluation of the fire-retardant efficiency of various intumescent coatings in a high-temperature gas flow.Methods. The velocity of high-temperature gas flows, leaving depressurized items that normally operate under pressure, has been calculated. The co-authors have analyzed the established methodology used to identify the fire-retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings of steel structures in a steady (sedentary) environment, where gas temperature in a furnace is the only factor taken into account. The co-authors propose a method for evaluating the fire-retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings of steel structures exposed to high-temperature gas flows, which takes into account gas flow temperature and velocity. To evaluate the fire-retardant efficiency of an intumescent coating exposed to a high-temperature gas flow, a coefficient of relative fire resistance is introduced. An experimental evaluation of various intumescent coatings is carried out. It shows a substantial fire- retardant efficiency decrease in a high-temperature gas flow that fosters the hydrocarbon temperature regime.Results and discussion. Mutual aerodynamic and thermal effects of a gas flow substantially reduce the fire- retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings of steel structures, and this is proven by the results of experiments conducted according to the proposed method. The method for evaluating the fire-retardant effectiveness of intumescent coatings of steel structures takes into account the temperature and velocity of a gas flow that affects the sample.Conclusions. It is relevant and necessary to evaluate the fire-retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings of steel structures at oil and gas facilities, operating under pressure, since a substantial decrease in their fire-retardant efficiency is observed in high-temperature gas flows.